 Passive sentences emphasize the action.

We use the passive when we are more

interested in the action than in the person who does the action. We make the

passive with a form of the verb to be + v-past participle. Here are the patterns:

- Present Passive: Subj + verb to be (am /is /are) + V-past participle +by / with +

(compl)

ie: (A) Children make this pen in China (P) This pen is made by children in

China.

- Past Passive: Subj+ verb to be (was / were) + V-past participle + by / with +

(compl)

ie: (A) My father wrote this email (P) This email was written by my father/ him.

- Future Passive: Subj +will be+ v-past participle + by / with + (compl)

Subj + is / are going to be+ v-past participle + by / with+(compl)

ie: (A) This doctor will give the class (P) The class will be given by this doctor.

ie: (A) They are going to repair their broken glasses tomorrow (P) Their glasses

are going to be repaired by them tomorrow.

-In the interrogative form, we write the verb to be before the subject.

ie: Is coffee grown in Caracas? Yes, it is/ No, it isn’t.

ie: Was the film made in Japan? Yes, it was / no, it wasn’t.

ie: Will the cake be made by your mother? Yes, it will / No, it won’t.

 The agent complement can be introduced by BY / WITH. By introduces people and

with introduces tools.

 ie: The house is cleaned by my brother.

ie: The drawing is coloured with a paintbrush.

 We need to change the pronouns to do the passive form:

I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
You You
They Them

UNCOUNTABLE COUNTABLE / C COUNTABLE NOUNS

NOUNS UUNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Much / so much Some Many / so many

too much Any too many

(a)little Enough (a)Few

There is A lot of /plenty of (affir- There is / there are

How much? mative sentences) How many?

 The difference between little/ few and a little/ a few is:

-we consider that with the article they are supposed to be more positive than

without it (una mica-poc)

 A defining relative clause gives us essential information about the noun it

refers to. The sentence doesn’t make sense without this information. We can

use pronoun THAT instead of which or who in defining relative clauses.

ie: This is the street which has many traffic lights.

ie: This is the street that has many traffic lights.

 A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about the

noun or clause it refers to. The sentence makes sense without this informa-

tion. The relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence with

commas. We can’t omit non-defining relative pronouns and we can’t use

THAT.

ie: Rome, where I grew up, is the capital of Italy.

No: Rome, that I grew up, is the capital of Italy.