CN: _____ Name: _________________________________

Grade 10 – Section _________________ Date: ______________

BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES

• A huge array of molecules is present in the cell. The structure of each molecule • Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of organic compounds found in living
determines the chemical reactions it is able to participate and the role it plays in the things.
cell’s life process. These molecules produced by living organisms are called
biomolecules. • Carbohydrates are known to be the chief source of energy of almost all living
organisms.
• Biochemistry is the branch of both biology and chemistry. It is the study of the
substances found in living organisms and of the chemical reactions underlying the • The word carbohydrate comes from the French term hydrate de carbone, which
processes of life. means “hydrates of carbon.” It is sometimes called saccharide, from the Greek word
sakcharon, meaning sugar.
Elements Present in Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). They
• Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms which consists have an H:C:O ratio of 2:1:1, which is based on the general formula Cn(H2O)n.
mainly of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N).
• These compounds are white solids at room temperature. Because they have polar,
• Biomolecules are categorized into four different classes. These are carbohydrates, hydroxyl (-OH) groups in their molecular structures, they are very soluble in water.
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Carbohydrates include sugar, starches, cellulose, and many other compounds in
• Biomolecules are polymers of repeating units of smaller molecules called organisms.
monomers. These monomers are joined together by a covalent type of bond to
make various forms of each organic molecule. • Sometimes we eat too much, especially when we are tired, the excess glucose is
stored in the liver as glycogen for later use.
Biomolecule Element Content Example Building Block
Carbohydrate carbon, hydrogen, and Polysaccharide Monosaccharide • It is very important to have a steady supply of glucose in the blood to maintain body
oxygen functions. As what they say, too much or too little of anything may lead to some
Lipid carbon, hydrogen, and Triglyceride Glycerol and diseases.
oxygen fatty acid
Protein carbon, hydrogen, Polypeptide Amino acid
• When too much glucose is in the blood, the pancreas secrete a hormone called
oxygen, nitrogen, and
insulin which stimulates cells in the liver, muscles and fat to absorb glucose and
sulphur
transform it into glycogen or fats, which can be stored for a period of time.
Nucleic Acid carbon, hydrogen, DNA/RNA Nucleotide
oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus
 • When blood glucose drops, the pancreas secretes glucagon, which causes the liver, Monosaccharide Derivation of Description Sources
muscles and fat to convert glycogen back to glucose. Name
Glucose Greek word for • sometimes referred to as grape sugar.
• The primary functions of carbohydrates in living organisms are as follows: sweet wine dextrose blood sugar,
1. Substrate for respiration or source of energy • most important and most dextrose
2. Intermediate substances in respiration abundant monosaccharide
3. Energy storage (e.g. starch and glycogen) in nature
4. Structure (e.g. chitin in arthropod exoskeletons) • found in bloodstream and
5. Transport (e.g. sucrose transported in the phloem of plants) provides immediate source
of energy of the body’s cells
and tissue
Classifications of Carbohydrates
Fructose Latin word for • known as the fruit sugar as found in fruits,
fruit, fructus; it is likely to be found in nectar of
• Carbohydrates may be grouped into two: micromolecule, monosaccharide, and also known as flowers and
fruits
macromolecules, disaccharide and polysaccharide. levulose • sweetest among all sugars honey
Galactose Greek word for • does not occur freely in found as
milk, galact nature component of
1. MONOSACCHARIDE • produced in the body lactose in milk
through the digestion of a
o Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates also known as simple disaccharide lactose
sugars.
o Unlike other types of sugars, monosaccharides are the only sugars that can 2. DISACCHARIDE
be absorbed and utilized by the body. o Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units bound together by
o Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common examples of simple sugars, covalent bond known as glycosidic linkage.
each bearing the same molecular formula of C6H12O6. o All disaccharides has a molecular formula C12H22O11.
o Condensation reaction is a reaction in which two molecules or parts of the
same molecule combine. During the condensation of monosaccharides to
form disaccharides, one molecule of water is lost. When two glucose
molecules are combined, maltose is formed and water is lost during the
process.
o Hydrolysis reaction occurs when the bond between monosaccharides is
broken with the addition of a water molecule.
o Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are common examples of disaccharides.
 Polysaccharide Description
Starch • primary form of polysaccharide stored in plants
• consists of the polymers, amylase and amylopectin
• sources:
Disaccharide Derivation of Description Sources cereal such as wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats
Name tubers such as potatoes
Sucrose French word • also known as table sugar table sugar, Cellulose • major component of the rigid cell walls in plants
Glucose + Fructose for sugar, sucre • found in many plants cane sugar, beet • composed of many monosaccharide units
sugar • cannot be digested by man, only cows and horses can
Lactose Latin word for • known as milk sugar milk and milk digest them whose enzyme can break down the
Glucose + Galactose milk, lact • lactase is an enzyme products molecules of cellulose
necessary to help break the Glycogen • primary form of polysaccharide found in animals and
bond between two human which is synthesized mainly in the liver and
monosaccharides when the muscles
lactose is digested
Maltose French word • known as malt sugar found in Iodine Test for Starch
Glucose + Glucose malt • broken down to glucose, germinating Iodine-potassium iodide reagent is used to test for the presence of
which is absorbed in the grains; used to starch. Iodine changes from yellow to intense blue-black color, a change
small intestine make beer that arises because of the presence of amylase in starch.

3. POLYSACCHARIDE Benedict’s Test for Reducing Sugar

o Polysaccharides are composed of a long chain of monosaccharide units. Benedict’s solution changes color depending on the amount of
They are also referred to as polymers with high molecular mass. reducing sugar. The change in color is due to the formation of the brick red
o Polysaccharides are of two types: precipitate, Cu2O.
1. Homopolysaccharide - formed by the same type of monosaccharides (e.g.
starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
2. Heteropolysaccharide – formed by different types of monosaccharides
(e.g. glycosamines and peptidoglycans)