CT223 - MIDTERM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 1
EARTHWORKS
● Earthworks - removal or placement of soils and other
excavated material
● Cut and fill - essential process in construction, when dealing
with uneven ground or topography
Two major components of buildings
● substructure - part of the building that is underneath the
ground
● superstructure - everything that is above ground
Earthwork for Different Substructure
● Box Jacking - a construction technique used for tunneling or
creating underground spaces
● Sinking cofferdam - temporary structure used in
construction to create a dry working area below the water level
● Diaphragm wall or slurry wall is a continuous, reinforced
concrete wall constructed underground to support and retain
soil

Factors Affecting Excavation Cost

● Equipment
● Time of the year or season
● Soil type
● Location of the project from the excavation company
Calculation Methods For Engineering Earthwork
● Grid Method - principle of the square grid method is to divide
the site into a number of square grids
● Section method - most complex and precise way to calculate
an earthwork estimate
 ● Contour Method - calculation principle of the contour method
is to divide the topographic map into several parts with
contour lines

Safety Precautions - Earthworks

Hazard and Risks
● Collapse of the sides of the excavation.
● Materials falling onto the people working in the excavation.
● People and vehicles falling into the excavation.
● The undermining of nearby structures causing their collapse
into the excavation.
● Damage to underground services during excavation work
causing electrocution, explosion, gas escape, flooding etc.
● Ingress of water causing flooding

General Worker - Safety tips

● Always wear appropriate hard hats.
● Are trained on PPE and rescue equipment.
● Wear highly visible clothing and/or warning vests when near
vehicular traffic.
● Use safety harnesses and lifelines when entering deep,
confined excavations.
● Avoid working above others while working on slope faces or
benched excavations.
● Stand away from vehicles during loading and unloading.
● Never walk beneath suspended loads.
● Are protected from water accumulation by using appropriate
pumping equipment
● Are provided ventilation to prevent exposure to flammable or
hazardous atmospheres.
● Know the location of all electric, gas and waterlines, which
should be clearly marked.
 ● Closely monitor their surroundings within a trench for
hazards, including unstable edges, cave- ins, rigging hazards,
damaged utility lines, standing water, noxious gasses, etc.
● Never enter a trench, even briefly, without taking all the
necessary precautions.

● Site Preparation - refers to the multistage construction

process of all preparatory work carried out before building on
site.

Site Preparation Process

● Evaluate The Site
● Survey The Site
● Develop The Site Design Plan
● Create Site Access Points
● Clear The Site
● Install Drainage And Erosion
● System Controls
● Grade And Compact The Site

● Soil Testing - geotechnical investigation to determine whether

the soils on the site are capable of handling the weight of
buildings.
● Compaction - process of pressing the soil by mechanical
methods such as rolling and tamping.
Earthwork Process
1. Excavate Or Cut
2. Transport (Hauling)
3. Stockpile
4. Transport
5. Fill (Place, Moisture Condition, Compacted)
Four Different Processes Active In Soil Compaction
 ● pressure
● impact
● vibration
● manipulation

CHAPTER 2
FOUNDATION WORKS
● Foundation - structural part that carries or supports the
building's superstructure
Two types of Foundation
● Shallow Foundations - foundation that transfers structural
weight to the earth extremely close to the surface
Four Types:
● Isolated Footing
● Combined Footing
● Strip Footing
● Mat Foundation

● Deep Foundations - depth of the foundation is very large in

comparison to its width
Types:
● Pile Foundations

Factors Affecting Selection of Piles

● Location And Type Of Structures
● Ground Condition
● Durability
● Cost Consideration
Concrete Pile
 ● precast pile
● cast-in-place pile
Equipment Used
● Excavator
● Backhoe
● Pile Driver
● Concrete Mixer
● Compactor or Roller
Preparation Of Column Footing
● Prepare the site
● Dig the trench
● Set the rebars
● Mix and pour the concrete
Preparation of Shallow Foundations
● Soil investigation
● Foundation type and size
● Settlement analysis
● Slope stability analysis
● Reinforcement and Detailing
● Construction and quality control

● Piles - involves repeatedly pounding long pipes into the ocean

floor to support other structures, such as bridges
● Caissons - it is like a box, round or rectangular structure,
which is sunk from the surface of either land or water to some
desired depth.
2 types of caissons:
● Open Caisson
● Box caisson
Shape Of Wells
● single circular well
 ● rectangular well
● twin circular
● dumb well
● double-d well
● twin hexanol well
● twin octagonal well

CHAPTER 3
RCC
Types Of Welding
● Gas Metal Arc Welding
● Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
● Flux core Arc Welding
● Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Equipments in Welding
● Welding PPE
● Welding Machine
● Welding Clamp
● Welding Brush
● Welding Fume Extractor
● Grinding equipments
● Welding Pliers

● RCC - Is a type of concrete that uses reinforcing fibers to

improve the strength and stability of the concrete
Components of RCC
● cement
● aggregates
● water
● steel reinforcement
Advantages of RCC
 ● Strength
● Durability
● Fire Resistance
● Tensile Strength
● Economic
● Versatility
● Weather Resistance
● Sustainability

Disadvantages of RCC
● High Initial Cost
● Heavier than Steel Construction
● Tensile Strength Limitations
● Formwork and Construction Complexity
● Susceptibility to Cracking
RCC Limits
● Load Capacity
● Cracking
● Construction Techniques
● Environmental Condition
Construction Techniques
● Formworks Construction
● Concrete Mix Design
● Placement and Compaction
● Curing
● Quality Control And Testing
New Innovations
● Fiber Reinforced concrete
● High Performance concrete
● 3D Printing
● Green Concrete
CHAPTER 4
STEEL CONTRUCTION
● Mobilization - process of doing the tasks and preparations
required to move personnel,tools
Commonly Used Vehicle in Transporting Steel
● Crane
● Forklifts Trucks
● Trains
● Ships
Types Of Cranes
● Mobile Cranes
● Fixed Cranes
Installation Of Steels
● Preparation
● Hoisting
● Splicing
● Installation
● Onsite Commissioning
● Completion Acceptance
Steel Construction Types
● Structural Steel - category of steel used for making
construction materials in a variety of shapes
● Mild Steel - ferrous metal made from iron and carbon
● Rebar Steel - massed as reinforcing steel or steel
reinforcement
● Carbon Steel - steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up
to 2.1 percent by weight
● Stainless steel - a corrosion-resistant alloy of iron
Tools
 ● wrenches
● saws
● pins
● arc welding
● ripping bars

Equipment
● cranes
● protective gears
● welding machine
● measuring tools
● welding machine

CHAPTER 5
Wood Treatment

● Wood Treatment - wood that has been appropriately treated

with preservative chemicals
Different types of applications and preservatives are used to
protect wood fibers from:
● Structural degradation
● Decay fungi
● Termites
● Flames
● Marine organisms
Materials that can Protect Woods
● Solution
● Varnish
● Treated Wood
 ● Decay and Non Resistant wood
Types Of Wood Framing
● Platform Framing
● Balloon Framing
● Post and Beam Framing
Tools and Equipments
● Hammer
● Circular Saw
● Nails
● Drills
● Measuring Tape
● Level
Plywood Formwork Procedure
● Measure and cut the plywood sheets to the required size and
shape.
● Prepare the formwork surface by cleaning and applying form
release agent to prevent sticking.
● Erect the plywood sheets vertically or horizontally, depending
on the structure's design.
● Secure the plywood sheets using appropriate fasteners such
as nails or screws.
● Ensure proper alignment and support for the formwork to
withstand the pressure of the concrete.
● Pour the concrete into the formwork and vibrate it to remove
air pockets and achieve a smooth finish.
● Allow the concrete to cure before removing the formwork
Timber Work Framing
● Cut timber boards to the desired dimensions for the formwork.
● Assemble the timber boards into panels using nails or screws,
ensuring tight joints.
● Prop the formwork panels in place and brace them securely to
withstand the pressure of the concrete.
 ● Apply form release agent to the surface to facilitate easy
removal after pouring the concrete.
● Pour the concrete into the formwork and compact it using
vibration techniques.
● Allow the concrete to set before dismantling the formwork

CHAPTER 6
FINISHING WORKS
Roof Truss - structural framework designed to provide support and
strength to a roof
Components/Parts
● top chord
● bottom chord
● apex/peak
● pitching point
● web members

Types of Truss
● king post truss
● queen post truss
● monopitch truss
● double profile pitch truss
● fink truss
● scissor truss
● raised tie truss
Procedures
1. Site preparation
2. Install the inner parts of the truss.
3. Installing the remaining parts of trusses.
4. Securing the trusses.
5. Inserting the braces.
Tools and Equipment
● lumber
● roof sheathing
● brackets
● circular saw
● tape measure
● drill
● clamp
Electrical Supply Route
1. Power supply
2. Transmission Lines
3. Substation
4. Distribution Lines
5. Distribution Transformers
6. Houses
Electrical Tools
● outlets
● switch
● lighting fixtures
● appliance
● circuit breakers
● transformers
Plumbing Tools
● pipes
● hacksaw
● water meter
● pipe wrench
● plumbers putty

CHAPTER 7
OTHER FINISHING WORKS
 ● Wall finishes - final layer or coating applied to the surface of
interior or exterior walls.
● Plastering - process of covering the rough surfaces
● Plaster - plastic material used for plastering
● Rendering - refers to the process of covering exterior
surfaces/outer walls.
Cement Plaster Finish - prepared in the form of mortar with
cement, sand, and water
● Smooth Cast Finish
● Rough Cast Finish
Spatterdash - mixture of one part of cement to one and a half parts
of coarse sand with enough water
Tools
● gauging trowel
● putty knife
● straight edge
● float
● plumb bob
Paint - used to polish and finalize the appearance of the building’s
exterior and interior wall surfaces.

Type of Paint Finishes

● matte finish
● satin finish
● high gloss finish
● semi gloss finish
● eggshell finish
Tools in Painting Wall
● painter tape
● painter tray
 ● roller
● paint brush
● cardboard
Tiles - are usually thin, square, or rectangular coverings
manufactured from hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone,
metal, baked clay, or even glass.
Types of Tiles
● marble
● granite
● stone tiles
● ceramic tiles
● glass tile
Tools and Equipment
● electric mixer
● wooden handle slicker
● tile cutter
● tile spacer
● putty knife

● Glass - is a versatile and widely used material in construction

● Tempering - process in which the glass is heated to a high
temperature and then rapidly cooled
● Laminating - bonding multiple layer of glass with a layer of
polymeric material
● Coating - employed to enhance the performance of glass in
construction
● Etching - decorative process that adds texture, patterns, or
designs to the surface of the glass
Ceilings - buildings serve aesthetic and functional purposes,
including insulation, concealing wiring, and improving acoustics.
Two types of Ceiling
● metal ceiling
 ● plywood ceiling
Tools and equipment
● Laser level or string line
● Grid punch
● Metal Saw
● Aviation snips
● punches
Procedures
● Measure the room’s length and width for square footage.
● Add extra tiles for mistakes and cuts around fixtures.
● Mark control lines on the ceiling for tile layout.
● Cut and dry fit tiles before permanently attaching them.
● File sharp edges, add molding for a professional finish.

CHAPTER 8
DOORS AND WINDOWS
Door materials
● Wood
● metal
● UPVC
● glazed
● fiberglass
● aluminum

Door Hardware / Equipment

● hinges
● latches and locks
● automatic closer
● door accessory
Type Of Door Handles
 ● keyed entry door handle
● handleset
● modern door handle
● dummy door handle
● smart door handle
Installation Process for Doors
1. Position the door frame accurately using shims if needed.
2. Secure the frame by driving nails through predrilled holes.
3. Attach hinges to both sides of the door and the doorframe.
4. Align the door with the hinges and secure them using hinge
screws.
5. Adjust the door for levelness and alignment.
6. Apply silicone caulking around the edges of the door to prevent
air leakage and water intrusion.
7. Test the door for proper functioning before completing the
installation
Design Considerations
● Durability
● Resistance to Unauthorized Entry
● Ease of Operation
● Ventilation Needs
● Fire Resistance (for certain door)

Installation Process for Windows

1. Position the window frame in the opening, ensuring it is level and
plumb.
2. Secure the frame in place using screws or nails, making sure it is
tightly sealed.
3. Install insulation around the frame to prevent air leaks and
improve energy efficiency.
4. Place the window sashes into the frame and secure them
according to manufacturer guidelines.
5. Apply caulking or sealant around the edges of the window to
further seal it from external elements.
6. Test the window for proper operation and make any necessary
adjustments.

Wall Openings - gaps or spaces intentionally created in a wall to

allow for the installation of doors, windows, vents, or other
structural elements
Door opening - a typical door opening is 2 inches (5.1 cm) wider

CHAPTER 9
ROADS AND BRIDGES
The road construction process involves several distinct phases
to ensure the successful completion of a project.
● Earthworks
● Subbase
● Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
● Road Markings
● Quality Control

● Sieve Analysis - determines the gradation (the distribution of

aggregate particles, by size, within a given sample).
● Field density test (FDT) - involves measuring the in-situ
density of the soil using a nuclear density gauge or sand
replacement method.
 ● Soil compaction - hardening of soil due to continuous wheel
or foot traffic which squeezes the air from between the soil
particles.
● Pavement Markings - The main purpose of pavement
markings is to delineate traffic lanes and to indicate which
movements can and cannot be performed.
Types Of Bridges
● Suspension Bridge
● Truss Bridge
● Arch Bridge
● Cantilever Bridge
● Beam Bridge

● Deck - roadway surface of a bridge where vehicles,

pedestrians, or other forms of traffic travel.
● Beams - intended to resist and redistribute the load.
● Bearing - devices that connect the superstructure and
substructure.
● Abutments - it connects the deck of a bridge to the ground.
● Foundation - base of a bridge, transmits the load from the
piers to the ground

GOODLUCK!!