Professional Documents
Culture Documents
الجريمة والفساد في المنظمات لماذا تحدث وما الذي يجب فعله بشأنها♦
الجريمة والفساد في المنظمات لماذا تحدث وما الذي يجب فعله بشأنها♦
J:!.J.11
cl w. ·J .)..) Li 9J •
u9J II i.! I a gj .lJll .lJ Ig .l! •
.H~ .J '::('J:!11.
ULnDinll ~ .lUnOllg do.f.P.-11
Lm.iL~ al2D '.'?.! Y"ill lag Uni l.lla.J
.J:IJ.:ii
d_w. ·cJ ~U9J
og.•u iJ I ogj .lJII .lJlg.lJ
.H~ .J 'J'}.!l:S
~_µ
':l\,i 1~9,11 Jiu u.a CJ.I all I~ .~
u_s_ar_,a.a_-_~
( ________4"""
__ __. _______)
•.A\ i ,"\ ,LWI D.Jbtll ..1f£..o ©
. ~ I ~Li:il ~.,JI ~ c.illll ~ ~~
H1"\/iVri :tl..1:?JI ~J
'\'\"\•-\i-Yro-r :·'' 4.l.J
Crime and Corruption
in Organizations
RONALD J. BURKE,
EDWARD C. TOMLINSON
and
CARYL. COOPER
,. ........................................................................................................................................... ()~'
,, .......................................................................................................................................... wfi.) L!&a.l I
Y• ................................................................................................................................. wls~J_µ
L
, "\O ................................................... u ~ I ~ ~~t, ~~I 1.:-'~l :~WI ~J..:?JI
,
'1'C\ V ................................ u\.o.laal ~ .ll.u..iltg 4.4.i~I vA ~ I :~12,..ll ~~I
('
£. -( -( -< -< -< -< -< -< - - -
-( -< 0 -( -( -( • • > > -< -( {•
.F -< • -( I"' -( -C: < 0 0 -C: < ,J
t. ·i t· I>
;~ It
•Ci; E1
- ft~
s I 't, I> - I>
~ i:[C• ~
tX
·r '\.~
\-
J"[i, ~ f;""
1; ,£: fr: ,r t
t p-• .t'
~
,:: '&,
f.t.C irt irt '~·r. lE
[• '<i ,£: t C.
C•
f f.t.C C ·~ f.t.C { ~:
~
I>
~
C•
t
~- ~ ~-
~
~
t { ~! l.! f- I;; c..
'\. C• l,
~~ ~ 'f,
'
l 1. l: .~
l,'
~ ~ ·i D v i .t; - r.
t 't t,! ~ q~ .(t 'f ~ ,,.. i:~ r;s
~ - ~ c.. I> - -E
.r r e! &, li-
£' EI - 't~ iI ~: t!
l,
I:. •t' i ~t 'Lf ~ ~ ! [!
t ·\. ~ ft ~ 1
c.. r P-' E:
tr·
t' ~ .. ~~ '&· ~
[;1' fil l> [ fu f ~
t- t- f fi ~ - ~ ~ ~ r
,r~ f.,Cig
J 1 ~ ~ ~~
"° .
~i i;;- E . ~~ -~ F.
~ - Ci
~ E 'tf;_ {·e. r~r i·~
f rt
-(
-- -• >I <I <I <I "I "I "I "I 0I
-(
I E"
.!.. .!.. - -< - I"' -( -< - - -
> t t t C. t t t t t t t t i
JlJt~u~Li
• •
,Cary L. Cooper...H.JS .J ~~
1 --~-
r~..H~J= • ~bu a.u--~<t'l)I
.... '»-""..
J~~, 'r~
· · b ~ ulA·'·t\
~ ~'r ... t:..~ • j~j
~J ~..JL.:.J.I a..Lw ~ u ~ b r..1..-a: ~ .Brigham Young University
~Lla:'ol ~l-..uJ ~ ~~ uis\5 ~ . u ~ I ~..HJ ab.: ,11_,JI u~~I
- -
..>:..iA ~ ~L-..u ~ .~WI a<: Ml~ ~~I u~~.lJ J~'l'I
Director of Programming . LlJj..J..Ji LLO~ ulA.,WI oJbl ~~ ~~I
for the Center for Management of Information for the University of
uLA.,WI L~..,J~'l'I ~~I~ u'l'la.A u.,....:,15~ ...L..l_, .Arizona
~ J ,Journal of Forensic Accounting ~~I ~WI~~
~~I ~l_p,JI ~l..,J u'l'~'l'I ~ J ,Journal of Accounting ~WI
Communications of ACM (The Association for Computing Machinery)
. oJb?}IJ ulA.,W.' ~ J Decision Support Systems ) ~ I ~.l ~ i ~ J
~.l\5~1 ~ I ~L-..uJ 0-4 .;--:i- i .l~ ~J Information and Management
.~1..,
juJjji L....o~ 0..0.) .:' 111'?°" LoJ ..._g~I ~.)A ~ V"_,.,..J_,J~ ~ a.......1.w:,6..
J~~I ;;Jb)' ~~~ oAJ~~l ;;Jbl~~LoJ University of Toronto
\ 8; • ss, ,:j.A Y-JJJ, York
University l.!JJ~ 4£.4~ School of Business Schulich
Heiwa Business International L-=1J.J.ll J~}U I ~ o ~ I ~~~I
oY-.J.A ~ ~ ·L-=1J.J.ll J~~I CJ~)l;.~J CJ~~l ~ oJb?/4 a «oi:d.lJ
Transparency International Canada I ~ "--:lJ.J.ll ¥ ~ I ~ ~.J.:.;;;
,Wesley Gragg~!.,S~
;;~ b~
~
.::.., :. ~
u,u::-1-""" - . ~, ~ ~ ~J
- .. .< .<.:. •
"?~ emeritus
· · ~L:u..,,i
juJJ~ York University l.!JJ~ d..A~ School of Business Schulich J~~I
.,,
~ ~ I .;-J~J ~~ rL:9J ~J..UIJ cl:!.JAll CJ~I ~ I ~ ~ .I~
corporate citizenship u\5~ ~_jl\ _;..9 ..1...l\..9 Jw:. ~1 u~)l;.t u~~JA
,a 2 ;;2_,t,;J1 J~~IJ ~>Ll-~\ ~,.., 4.i+ll u~)l;.t_, .l~IJ ;;~.;JI ~J
."-,Ju..JI
. ~~ uJJ
· 'l.411 ~~ ~~'xi
.. . J ~L.uJI .. .. ~ IJ ,u~~~I
.. J
u~)l;.l 6~~ ~..\..iS:JI ~ I u~~ i-H.\-4 JI~ _;~..ul l:]6.. ~
Canadian Business Ethics Research Network (CBERN) JI 11 c~I
~~?JI_,~, j "?- 'i\ r.,_w...JI o ~ l '-'" , =:= " L....A~t ~,..,
Q
0-4 y,,,. i .l...u:.J Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)
.1~ ~ ~'Ll, 0-4 t9_;.ll..9 Jw:.~I u~~i o~l ~.lJ ~ ~~ LJ:C.>iJ.1
,Amy Guerber..>J~ ~i
..>-J..j->t-J
~
-
t -- •
~ ~ 0---:
4:JJ..ul ~ I ~ I ~..>-J~~c.!l.;L.!u-J ,Managerial Psychology 1.§Jb)'I
. Career Development International
,Jennifer L. Kisamore»-4~ . J ~
I.J.....J-1# y ~ cl.....£A4,. u--4 Dl.;.,....:0..ul ;;.l~ c.,---k.) .!Oi.!=:,, ,... \co>
~ I ~~~as'.;~ ;;~tu.ui L;Jb.. j4Li t..:rAJ University of South Florida
... .
-
~ ,:~.. ..... --~
~.....
..
~ -·-~~~
..........~ ..
\o lfj~ ~ ~ ' ? ~ I LA..9 ~..b,,j fall : ~ ~ I '?'9 .:al.wwiJ!g 41~1
.)I-'"° u,uJ-13 ~ University of Oklahoma in Tulsa ~.At lo_,A~Jt L.A~
Organizational Dynamics a.: 4.!t;, ;;ti u~~..ul ~w.J-H ~ I .)Jl..9.l.l DJ bl
~~J a.::' «ull ~ I u~~J d.lbl_,J.I ~ I l&Jlo~I u 4 ,;.,;; -~4
~~ ~ I J~~I u ~ .i9J .~.)\S'~I ~lj.lllJ~WI ~ a .!'!'~
Organizational Research Methods a.!4.!t;,;;JI ~~I ~Ll-4 ~ ~ u ~
J~)U 4J..ul ~IJ Journal of Business Ethics J~~I ul.jg)l;..i ~ J
~ ~ . International Journal of Selection and Assessment f .:.: oiJIJ
~l..>--J~4J..ul~l.r-J~~~~Wlu...-9.,JI~.; .:ai.:=!'
. Career Development International
George Lynn Cross u,ujfi 0:3 [J~ o~4,. c.)c. ~W1J~16~1 ~b...c,l
6~1 fa.J-A Y-.J.A ~J University of Oklahoma Lo~)lS'Jl 4.l.44c-:, 6 ~
. a..a..o ~ 4 Center for Applied Social Research a.: o.:: b; JI ~ ~ 'l' 1
~ 1 ~ ~->-4~1 a.:, a ~1 a..JLoj ~ J.....oG. .)J.,._.i-A.)-A J~..W1J
~ ~Ji(, t , o ,r rW)U) Fellow of the American Psychological Association
Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology '-::"YQ.!t;.. iill..9 ~l..u.o.l\ ~ I
~i ~ .ii..9 .American Psychological Society ~->-4~1 ~ \ ~ ~ J
0-J.J.r'l=A ~ ~J J)l;.. ~l..9 ;;..)~l..9 •b.! b~IJ tl.fo '11..9 ti ...l;')'I ~ yl..aA Y• • 0-4
~l ..)JJAAJAJ~.JJ\~ .TheLeadershipQuarterly;;..)~~\ ~\~
0.4~~~->-4i.;'1..9..)i,~ Yo oA~j ~t~~~~ -~ J ~4 --
~ I .aWl..9 National Science Foundation 4=,i.b.,JI r#l ~jAS' ~~
. Department of Defense t~.JJI ;;.;lj..9..9 National Institutes of Health 4=,i.b.,JI
~ UniversityofHaifa~b-""'hi ~~~~l~~_;...Ga~.!"~
. Center for School Evaluation and Administration U"".) I.J.l. I o.; I.llJ f .!.! ;; jS'.)A Y-...G
John M. Olin School ~ I J ~~ J~}U c:r:,J.,t ·r 0~ ~ ~ <.:.c...uJ.l .i9J
~~ ~~I a.....o~ ~ I ~ ~J of Business in Washington University
Ll~...)J . School of Education in the University of Illinois at Chicago
ti
\\ ~~~~~~ILoJ~~fall :u~l~~'-4l!J~~I
Journal of Applied Psychology'-:? ;;.!!b;JI ~ I ~ ~ ~ 4:l~i ~
o.)b~ ~..)lS'~I L.L:_d.lJ The Leadership Quarterly o..)~ ~ I L.L:_d.lJ
Business Ethics ~ I ~L;9)b.i ~ J Academy of Management Review
Canadian Journal of Administrative Studies ~b?ll ~L.ulJ.ill ~~I ~IJ
-
4:l..9...ul ~ I ~I~~ -lS'J~ I~~ -~~I o,,-o LA~J
. Career Development International
i~Li~..,µ
~ 0:4WI YJla: LA .J.1.4 ~~I~ ~~4 LA ..l>- ~1 l5~1 <.,-4~1 f~
4'~
-\.! - - ..
c~ei4u.."'°!'Oj ~ ~ I L.4."'°coJI (>A t~.,.ll ~b~~ ~ ~f...L-.;t
i . S ~ ~ o.J-tfi~~IJa.!4.!t;.,;;~~ ..)~IJ ~~I . ..)l.,.t.l 0A ~~I
~.,.ti r~~l 0A ~->11 ~ J . ~ I J ~ I J .)~I ~ ~t:; ~I~ ~J rJWI
~ i , l.:U • ..)L-..ill..9 ~~I ~~I~ J..Li ~IJ~1 l5f l.!JUA ~ ~i ~l \.fl
- ~
.o)~I ~ ..)~IJ ~~I y~I I.J.A y ;;!.! uf
Jy,, t.§~I ~I~ ~~ti' < >~..9...ul y~I ~)\.Aj..J t.§~ r..lli LS
1
.)I~~ ~.R ~..) York University l.!JJJ: d..-..44" c.::.«A..ll ..ll..9 ·f4l' t~.,.ll I.J.A
- ~
.< -~- .~
i~ . L. ~
. I
. J ~ ..ill~~
. - ll.L.t.A - i~
- ':r.)---'JJ - . LS .~~1
. I.J.fl
·~..>-'-"i ..)'~~
as~ ~l.bJJ Jonathan Norman c:,LAJ~ c:,l:iw~ ~ltJl..9~1 r..lli J..>:P"f
~ i f&9 ..)~J ~ t 0 LJw.?. ~J..)i ...L....4l .Gower Publishing~ J ~
i~1J~J~~l~o->1ol.:t:..ll~~~,~b.lJ~~~,Ja.! ... .;;Jl~b~
• ..)~I ".J.fl
Y•
s~...,i.l'tu~~
.~~\ .J-:C- y~I ':?t ~J...ul ybS14 .l~\ (i)
Y\
[.Z~-···,,~,'..:-·'',·,.:.•.. ••.(".·.,1:·.. :-., .. ,,-,.':=.•:,,~-... ,,·.;;JC"l-r:·.·.•
i~ _..,i..tt 4.4.WA
cUd ~ "?~I lAJ ~.J.>.j l~U :ul..Jo.UI ~ -l~IJ ~~I" yl:6' ~
ul..Jo.UI a__t.J-l J~ ~~I~ ~I u~~_jll 0,.4 -l~ w,k "'-fj~
0,.4
~bJ.IJ LWI o.Jb?JIJ a..u.~IJ '=?"24.!t:,;;tt ~ I ~J '=?"24.!t:,;;JI t~"il ~~
-l~IJ ~~I~~ ~ I u~~_jl.11.!.U:i 0-AJ . LA-*J J~~I o.JblJ
.JJ-lJ ~ I uW~ J.t.i:JIJ ~L;JIJ rWI ~lb.aJI u ~ ~ ls:iJ..!>- y~iJ
~~t
. -.:.L-:~ • .ll-i.a.JIJ ~--
~ ~'~l.Jl~~I
1
• - J~..,.... ·~~~I
·--~ 1~.&'lwt!!.)-'-"~
,A c.· - '
~j~~, u"i4'J.1 ~ .ll-i.a.JI .J~J ,vu.;1...LI.I ~ lS...U a.!4.!t:,;;Jt J>l.;.)U ~1
• cLi...o .J..:i.JI a.!:.§J a~: 11,6...l.lJ ~ I J
-
~lb.a.JI ~ -l~I c:,yilj..ll JJ~ ,'...4J~I I~ w_, .y~I <.>A JJ~I ~~I
- - - I
~l..ll_,.JI 4.UI~ . .)
.A' tr\ c.;r1.,~1 i.S.l4 rr ~l.bll
J.J"!t~t
C')uL4t.; t..tt ~ ~~~ ~~t
Ronald J. Burke .!J~ ·[ .ltll4" a~,~i
YV
I. -~--·Ll..sl.a
U':'"'""' -
:. • • ;;La..uJ.I -LJ6. a-J..UI • '~~, aS' :. . -~ . ~ , ~L.uL t\
~.>-'-"-'-'-" j:!J j - ~ :.r-. ~~~ - '.u-
J,J_,.b ~ ~..; Q~; , rel I ~ ~ ~ ~ J • New Century Financial Corp
.(US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2009) ~UI ~~J~ ~~,
·~~!g~~t~cS~l.4
Global Economic Crime Survey ~WI ~.l~~, ~~I~ ~J
Price waterhouse Cooopers ~ § '->"JLIJ:iJJ (.)-"--:1.,H aS'~ ~ ~t9 ~.:UI
J~\'I uo:.«o;....J ~J-'-"» &A~ ~.l~~I ~l~I o--41.A'r ul f' r • • \ rw:.
~~ ~J ,~I~,< J;4 4 al..,......,, ~ I J ~ Ji ,«asset misappropriation
~t ~lS'J . ~ I ~81 LJ:!.:UI ~L..-l!I &A 1.V1J J~.;JI &A 1.o'"\ ~~)~ ~j
Q .~.
~ -~~~l~c.!l~l..,0~UU'-41l=.J.lc.!l~l~~0i~~~
- -
LI.J.A ~ .J.aj~~~I ~· ~LoaL.tl ~ -~
· ·-Wual····tla..u
_,,__.. ~ ·w1 ~· ~l.oal.
_,,__.... t1 -·
~J o~Ull a..ill=.J.I ~l:_o_,L.uJI ~ c.!lliAJ • .)~I ~~~~~~I~
lfj~ ~_,..J ~ ci'11J ~_,.I.I ~ll~ o.)~4J • 5c.o o~..,JlS' ..b.lJ 0T ~ ~~i
rl~>Ll ~1-'""" ~.,.ti~~ ~I~~~ 4! r~I ~ ~~'}/I»
~ a.bl c.!lliA 0 1 ~ (Greenberg, 1995, p.154) «c:,...-i_,;.)U ~ Ji '-i.)J-411
~l.,HS~ ~ .~6JI "E.)~'}11.J~'}ll J ~ ~l~l 0--4 t-'"'111.J.A o.)Li,
~J+4 .J-AJSergey Aleynikov ~.AAJl if':"J-:-U' ~ ~ J ~ rY·' • rte.~
.JJA.J ~~~'}II~ Goldman Sachs~'--, 0 LA.JJ.?. ~~ 1.S.J.l '-:-'---'-"6.
~ .J.J.aj ci'11J ~WI ~b.l->'11 ~I~ ~~I ~~~4 ~L.;JI y~WI
LJt J~I ~IJ: .J-AJ .(Bray and Bunge, 2010) ~~I llfl ~I.J'}!J.JJI ~~
wfiJLJl~L& .i..otc.(JJ~Ja «114~.J.J.aj~l~~~o~~
. a l ~ ~ ~ ~~\S' ~.)LA ~ I ~~~IJ ~ I ~~I
LlJ.=!:=ill ~...>A\JI ~_,JI L.-.c.jll ~.l.JJl ,~~ ~1 d.....S~}
0 ~ ~Li.iulJ ~~I al.J-"" LJt (Y • • C\) US National Retail Foundation
~.J'}/J.)0~,, V ~~l t4.! LAJ,AJ 'r"· rlc.1.·, • A ~ ~ .ll.)~~I
•A
~".-~ti · ··
~ oJ.>,.:it:.A ~
· \..i.iu'}l c..r--
t("tl r-:-- I,\.& . rle.
---ti:c-:
..1A.J LAlc. · .. t~-: ~ti j:,~I
. ~~ j-J
aJ< Ml o.J.A. 0~ ~~I .J~ t4) ~)Ci~~~ '.J'}/J.) 0~ r\, o rY• •A rte.
~ .;s-t J ~'}/IJ al.;,-JI ~ 0_,.ilo.,.t.l ~ ~ .J;9 '-i~ <J-4 i~~ ps-i u.."'=: col
l&J ~ ~I ~~I o-41.Y'1 ~ a,j.)'-4.,o 1.tr a: ..,;JI~~ ~~1 Ji ~LjJI
, <,~
-
IJ,AllJi~ll~~~~1~~0_,.ilo.,.t.l~t ~ - ~ , . , ~
~ ~
t};;~ L..i:u~I
l...r ..
J~\.J
...
I.:. ..ul a..u
l.!U~~ u-- -~ . [ ~~.~
~ u. b~I
.. .
~ IJ-"
UI "-1.A.J
• ..
~ ~, ILl .l.!U~ c....a~ b ~ ~t ~~Lo~ j>.l <)A ~..u LA JS'
~~I LJA 1., '\ .;L:ui Y• • '\ r~ J.,...Hl ~ ~ ~.r!"i ~J.iS:JI ~ ._»-i ~ I
F Lo~ y ~ ~ :Jlj....u ~ ~4-1 ~ ()~~ ~~ J4-..,JI LJA 1.Y'\J
.;1~?}1 [~~~~LA~ J~b,) l.!U~J ~~ c....a~ b ~ ~i ~~ ~ o_jf
~-'44 ~i ,..,_;..i Jl:l.A ~J .(~\si:~i 0 i t~bi ,ui ~ ..>-'"°~ ~UJb, Ji ~~I
l.!L..J-:P .l.;w..H New York City Police Commissioner c.!l.;~~ ~..lA ak>-2,
<)A~I ~ J ~ ~..>A u\5 LA~~~, ~I~ y~ cG~ Bernard Kerik
~jjl J~~I ..1:,..l l.!L...># 0 \5 ~ ·r r ··tr~ Homeland Security Chief ~.,JI
~w~~ Loy~.;l.:1~i~~<JA~~.l6J1~,..1:,..ipi~ , ~
Yo·••• ~ d.!j.lA ~..>=J W~J J>..ul ~~ [~~ ~ y.All ~J ~l.r!"
-
~ o-k 41~ o-k \.a:il-. ~IJ ~I
..
<)A aJ~ Ji ~1~ .;~J.l
.. ~\5~11.S..1:,..!
,,
.(Bone, 2010) ~ ~,_,.;..u, &J~ cl:!,k ~ c....al.b.1.1 ~~ ~J -r~ t ~
y)lb UIJ:!~ <i'1'J The Insider J~L..ajl ,f~ ~ \si ,<c ~ I o.J.A
o.J.A~l~t,.:,.o~~~~~ -~4-~J~~lo.;bl~~w~4-
t~-"40lS' -iiJ .11~1 r~"~'~ k~-"4 r·, ·Jr··°' Ji;. a 0,!.,.~1
L:!J6. ~ ~~IJ ,John Rigas U"'~...> 0.?. ~ r • • C\ .>:'~t ~ ~~I ~ I
~~ I.At .Adelphia ~.bi ~_,...!W ,.s~l ..>:!..ul l.!U:, ~ c:,lS' ,.s~IJ ~I~
~~ ~ ~ ~ J ~(~~I~ ~t )w:. c:,l.:illl ol..u; WJ) U"'~...>
r'~'
0~..ul ,.:,.o .;"iJ~ 0.-,A, r, r ~Li>lJ as-~1 Jl-"41 ,.:,.o .;"iJ~ 0~ , • •
0~ nJ~~y&L.o~~.;"iJ~0~ ,r
U"'~->J,Ajt .J..a.J .c:,..,~I~
Loi .Jj.i.1.4 ~ I ~I~ ~WI ~t ,.:,.o .;~~I Uh.i.A ~1~ .;"iJ~
JJ.l.o~l ~~, ¥.;~ljaj~l,.:,.o.;"iJ~, ••• ,- iqcoi9,.Sj>~l~Lla.tll
c:,~~~«~r~» lAi .~_,...!Wl~l.;~0-4 \V ~l~J~.;~_,;i~~I
~ ~"i ~ I J>.~lJ ~I ~.:UI Sir Allen Stanford ~.;~lz..........., ~i ~ I
~ ~ ~ u ~ r ~ » l A l .4.4,J...?." n ~~~Jl-"4~1~Jt1~1
~JL.., ~ ~_,...!W J:,L..JI i.S-,.!.;;;JI J:!..UI Richard Scrushy ~~ ~JL:&a:i.,->
.~WI J~"il ~ ~6. c:,~I HealthS-outh Corporation
,.. .
i4 qt; c..tt ~t~ ~~t t.Ja;.c.a,
~1 J;;;2 LA:;.)~ 4lil ~1..b-1..,JI .)yi.110---4 L~ i~ .)~10t ~..,.11 ~
~wi .)..b,. ~ .(Zyglidopoulos and Fleming, 2008, 2009) (j-J...?-i <J.?..>~
4J: ~)lli. al.;-,~~ (r · · o) Joshi ~.?.J Ashforth t.JJ~iJ Anand
~ i ~ u~ ~.LJI ~_,JI~ ,rs ·u,;;~-:;~1 ~u~J-1~ A>-9~1 ~1
~ al..,_,~I o:U ~ .:;~I ~l:P_,L.«, 0,A ~ t?I ~.:.\.HJ r..1lll y : . ~ 0,A
lijl_,.1.IJ , ~ I .)_?.J J\S:jU , ~ 4 ~I~ ~I r~J '~Jj.....uJ.4 ~I~ ~I ~ J
t.J)\:iu.?~ W' .a4~1~.)a:tjlJAJ ,~l alhl....u,~1 s:.~IJ ,~~~I
.. .)~I al:P.,k,,, ~
[J--CJI_., s:-1~~1 ~J .. as°J~ .)l~~I ,, .)~ ~)lli. a ~
as°J~ ~..i:; c.,:JI :;~WI JAl~I 0,A ~ ufa,-4.JI .)..b-, l~l .~_,JI J_,.bJIJ
.. '
J.)~I ~.J.llJ ,~~~I s:.l.b.iJIJ ,~~I ~j~ :~J .)L..will aL:P_,k, ~ .)yi.11
. r .
. ~ I a.at! l ~ I ~t1 ~~1 ~~~I a~.~.;;ll-'<.r·~1 ~bJI . · LA
. . U::t
~_,L.,Jl 0i Ariely ~..JU Ayal J:iJ Gino ~.;-&loi YJ~l 0,-4 at , ,I, ·~J
ab 11:ll ~~I~~~ Jgi ~..>~ ~ A>-9~1 i.S..L! ~)l;.~I ~
r~-'="""~c.r--
'\ ...<-~ ~tl~~~I
.. . .>:!= WI ~
'""o.)~LLl
• .,...., ~~
~ l.a..A~l·-tl ..
. ~ I c.!l1:i j ~ ~J 0-t?-:ll ¥ 1 ~
s~WtJ~~t
'r' r · · '\ rk. >-'~t ~ ~ .JUL;,~ J ~ ~, u~6. ~ t wi ~1.,11 oA
insider trading uLA.,WI '-:-'-1..;---:i ~~~;;?.bl.I~ w~..J-4~1 w~I ~J
~ -
..u .a.JUI
-
-1 ~I - . J\ ·~ 1 -WI ~
"'Jj "'-'"'"" I..:'" ~
_..... ~.q ()A
· a:......-J i.k--~'I - .l~• ~ I
..,......... ~
w~~ ~J4=!CA ~ j A .JAJ Raj Rajaratnam rlnlJ~b [IJ ~ I ~~J.A ..b,.i
J~t .i!..9 • ~..>Ai ~~t ~ t ..b,.iJ ~~I ~.l~ .J--:!..1.AJ Galleon Group
'->..b,.1~~,~~,~w~?Jlo.A;;~_.,;;~~~~1~1~0.ll:J~I
J~J.l<J~ ro ":-IJ~ LA~,~~~~, ~~J.Awi w~lfi~ .i!..9 .ulS'~I
~.l~ ..b,.~ ~~~I, o.!i«oilJ ~JAo.Au~ji~ ~~J~~I ~_,Jo~
~J .(Associated Press, 2009b) '->~t ulS'~~~WI ~lboAJi.k~I
~~J.A~wlS' ~<J.J~ ~1 ~_.,~~, .llJS~' .l~ .llJaJ§,t='L...ut
..,li .i!..9 •Wall Street (Reuters, 2009a) ~UI JbJ~I JJ-'-" ~ wJ;L&AJ w.}Ab
~ .<Jj:l~ ~~ uLA~ d.._u~ ~l.A c(,~ Anil McKinsey ~j.i#LA J;,l
.(Glovin, 2010) rlnlJ~IJ ~ o.l~I ~ l~IJJ w~l.A ~L:a w.J»-i ..,li
Baht ul;, w~ \ t • LJ-"~I ~ ~J I...LiS' <)--A 4P-,__>3 ~ as.J-AA ~ J
c.!l~4 ~~ ~l_j.;JI .;1 .~.;,114 .J-AJ Rakesh Saxena ~ l - ~1..,J ':?4l:i
4:lUI LAJ\11 ~ "J~I ~ i ~LllJ Bangkok Bank Commerce ~J~I
4:1~1 ~J>S ~ ~,.,11 ~ ct.J ~ J ,c.!.Uj ~1 as~1 ·r' \\v rLc. ~~'
~<?Jlas'~l~lw,~loA~4l:i~4w~' ,"\0-:1 1 siq.!'J..l.....4i
. (Bangkok Post, 2010)
JSJ-A c.:..,j~ 4:llA akL.uJ as'~ ~J .Optionable Inc J-':'w~i as'~ lAt
- ~ ' oA ~..>Ai J':lJJ w~ Aor-:' o.Rb.ll w~ r"'· ·\ rW 4:1u1 a,..!,oaJI
.,
J~."4 I.A~~ ~L-""11~.,110-4 ~':l ~.ia as-~, wi ~J ..L....GJ
~I.J:iJ ~4JJ)-~ ~~J '-4.1..J~ ~J ,-, iq ,;,; ~ l:!l.a Bank of Montreal
J~."4 w,J-'4A JLi.u.w.l ~ LiS' .o.R\11 ~,J4--J ~b~ ~ I ~ 4 ~lA.,.;.J
~IJ':lJ..ul ~~J ~Llls:Aj ~~_,..:;s- ~ ,o;. ,~.It ~..>Ai J':ljJ w~ Yr ~..u
.~':l~J r~J ~ ~ udJ <?-'' J-'='w~t as-~
,BAE Systems Plc t_Ll..ulJ 0-4\'IJ ~ I ~ ) U ~~I as'~I lAi
~..>Ai J':lJJ w~ to· ~ J ~ ~,J ~ 'LJ::!:'JJ\11 t_Ll..ul ~J..&.w~i ~J
~ ~~ w~ ~jlS Jl.,s~ ~':lJ?/1 ~~ lAJIJll ~ ~...>AlJ ~lb...H ~µ
.(Reuters, 2010a) lSy,,-t JJJ
~~lBankofAmerica ~...>Af w,J-'4A~jirl'·' • rW~l~~~J
~bJ~IJ4:lUIJIJJ)Uo~I ~1:!':l_,JI a~.!,,.~~...>AiJ':lJJw~ ,o• lAJl..l4A
~ "~~ w~ ~lA~ ~ i w,~I w~ ~.,:,ts lS~J c.!.U~ ~ us SEC
~JA\11 a...oµ1 &,A4LA JJl."4~ 4.J~j;iMerrillLynch~ J.HA as'~
~ American Banker ~JA\PI ~~I~ ~J~I ~ .(Reuters, 2010b)
c.!.Uj ~ wlS .iaJ «Banker of the Year rWI ~J-'4A» ~..,.lJ Ken Lewis u----s~
·u".!';,:>JI ~1 ~L,.JI 4-'4'-" J;i ~..>At w,~ ~.J.!an i "'.!~J ecs.,JI
- ~ ~ 4:lUI ~LA..1,:1,JI t_Lk:a~~~I 0-J->:!.J.ll aeq ,11~.J-Li ~
rW ~J~ ~ .(<ab~~~» ~..u l>=.:.UI ~~I~ ~UA ~J
~ ~ ~~ JJJ ~~ ..b-f _,.,,.J ,McGee Hugh t.r-"."4-*"' ~ r r · · \
~L.;J, ~, a___,J..1.4 ~~t ~ ~1 a.JL-.uJ ,rts) ~w oA wfi-4 ~J-A ~
LiS" j~\11 w\P ~,ju .Lw,J.JJ.1 ~ 0-J.F--T ~_jAJ ~_,.JJ.1 ..b-i ~ 4Jl.b..a
- -
.(Quinn, 2009) <c~)G..i w~J» ~i ~ ~~I ~1 JLlit J~
~ ~..\+.I ~JL;. u 4 ~ ~ ~1.JAi w~ <J:.:UI U"°~~I ~'l'i ,.!J\lA
L~
. ~ . - L".L ~ ~IL·<
'+' . - =.>-4
~ti ..J.a.j - ~
,_,__..., J -
~, "l..ilJ . t.:. ..ul a..u
~ . 'T U-"'"
. . .l
-~ ~
~JL;. ~J~ ~ JIJ--A~I ~Li.;.!«.·: «er! j>-.l .lJy.5 J'l'J.l w~ '• • YJ~ LA
~1 15..,_;. l JJ.lJ 1.)-1-"-J-"""' ~ Jo~ I u.l i ..l..4l •15..,_;.~I ~l:tl I u Ib b ;.11 ~ J
~ i ..l!J ·U"°~~I ~Ji~~ ul..A~ ;;~I ul:'l'_,ll JJ..Lll ".j,A ...u_jjJ
Ji ul..,_;...l.A <.>A ~..u LA~,:, .:.,<Jr"·'. rk.. ~ ~ ..b.lJ rk.. ~ ~'l'JA
.Llb ul..A 1 .-:1 ~,,....._,
- . '+' ~.JA
s9r~~t~~t
1...9~1 ~ ~IJAi IJ..w ~.:UI ~~~I J ~ 'ii ~~ <J.A 1..S'i~I u~ c.!lUA
0-A 1..S'i~I u~ ~~ ~ ·~J-AbJI ~.>J~ «bb:i:..4 ~ ~ J i J~'il u ~
~J~lu~~ LsJU:,L!..j,-,;q,o;u~~ l~~.:UI ~~~I ~~I
.ll~~I ~ 'ijA ul ~ I <J.AJ .ulb~I c..ill:i ~ lfi.;~ f1 ~i ~..,JI~ u.;~I
~ ;;~ u4~ uJ~ ~ w
~_,JI~ o.;l,..UI u ~ I ~ ~.J ~
u.;~I <i'1' ;;~I u ~ j l l ~JA .J:?:.! , , ~ .;;...\:~ ~U;J ~ J ~ I
'.~
~J · - ;;~
...<ti u~=t\ .:t.:..
'.r ~~ ~
a:, l.o..A u&-~tl. -~ · .<j uL. ~ Jlu:..
- .,.... ~~ -
'ii ~
. • •
~I~ c.!.LJjJ - Arthur Anderson 0.J-'-".;...Gi .P.;i aS'~J Enron 0-.,.;,1 aS'.;--c!u
~U;J ~ ~4JI .ll~~I ~ ~ . .)~4 J:iJi al~ ~..u ui ~ ~1
o.;l,..UI ~l.uJI ~lS'~ Jy,- ~.,:JI u4,11, ~ t.G_,.J~ ~ I~~ ui 0..1:~
., -
4.;.Jl ~ l.-9.J-'-" ulS'_;--c:cJI c..ill:i ~ ~ I ~~I 0 i ~>1, I <J.A u~ (o...i..-WI )J
~..uJ~f1 .~..b-~~J~r..u:.~~~,~~~J . ~
.a ... .!,ociJI ~ u~?ll ~ ~U;J ~ J ~ I Bernard Madoff ~J.llA .l.Jw.>:'
~4 Eleanor Squillari c.S.;~ .;JLl:11 ~..D ~I 1..SJ.llA o..u:.~ u.;~l ~
- - ,,
J~~~~~~iJ~Ult~,~~J~J~ll~l~f1
1..SJ.llA~ o..u:.~ ~J Elaine Solomon uJA_,.l~ c.J:'1 u.;~i ~ . ~ I
\"O
~ J ~ J ~ I ~ u4~ ~ ~~ ~J.ll..o .l.;W..H ~ Peter Madoff
.(Lucchetti, 2009) «..u:.lZ.11 ~ ~t» ~~ ~J.ll..o ~ ~Jl ~., "->Y"'t
:a..Jbll
.. ~
~b.tll ~.~q
.. '.r J.J
~ ....
CJ-L4J..J
.~,~~u.fiF-
- ~~~
.....u f ~
l. 4 Jlu.:,..'ll
.. I •. '.&
~~~
:. ~t1 ~ I '-:!"""~
__j\ '--'I c.!J!.>J.. 1-
.a_jL.o\J4 c.ill ~ ~.J-4 r~ -
.~I u~~t ~ '->~ ~t ~~ .ll~I ~f ~ ~ -
-0.."'4 ~t ul~ ~ J ~t J~ i ~ ~ -
• -1:!~ LJ-A t~ ~ c.;~ rlJ~ ~ J _,t .lLli.;tll ~ J ~ I ~ fo -
.~WI c.ill)\AjJ c.ill~ o..u:.~ ~ t~I -
·.»-T ~.;~ Jol..!aj _,t ~ c.,11 J~ -
iu.J~L:, J~'it
. (Reuters, 2010c)
a.a..~ul
• ·
Y---1-"' ~~I
• t ... · -< .. _._~ ~ ~
~ <..»>-1.r-- .)
-L.:. uL:il
• u · ~~l.J
c
· i £>.·'
• u ~
J.4l
~ a..a.t.:J.I uLA.,W.I ~ as'~I [.JI,;.. 0-4 ~4JI ,-1 ,tbi ml:e as'~ ui .,_J
J_,.a.ll ~~~I ~Jml:e as'~ .)~I ~~~I~ .(Steenhuysen, 2009)
~~ J~ ~ 4AWI ulS'.;-c!JI ~~ ~_,-u, ~ uLA.,W.I i.!.U:i ~ ~bl u'-:t
- .LA~~..)f.;J\ -
ulS'~ ui (Spielmans, Biehn, Sawrey, 2010) I.S.)1.,-u,J u~J _j.j~ ..l.JJi
,P C - C lt
~ o.J:~ ul->-1,J ~I~ LI.J..ul 0-4 ~1~10-4 ~t&j ul:?-~I ~ ~ -l.Jji ~.)~I
'r ~ ~ ~ uLA.,W.I ~ ui ~1 LI.J.l~ ~tJ4J .o.>A JS~ ~IJ..ul ~~
.k~i ,1 ~~ ~uLA.,W.I ~ ui ~l ~\:i LI.J..l.J.!'~';LJ? ~ k~i
~ J ~..llS'l u ~ ~..lf.:JI ~~ ~ a!AWI ulS'.;-c!JI u~l ~ '.J~4
-~.JA.>A ~..)\S'l ul.J~ D.)J.>A -\:i~J ~.) ~ ~ -
u>4:J. o.)_i).A l:i~ ~~J -
Elsevier ~ 1 as'.;-c!J ~1-'"°i Merck ~..))U l.!l~ as'~~~ ul~lc.ll l.!l~
,l.!l~ as'~ l&b~.JI ~1 o.JL:u?JI J~l ~ o.)_i).A ~..llS'i u ~ ~ ~ ~
~
~ - J .u~'-4.tll L&:Jl~.#<.S.»-i~ ~ ,, w,k ~t~ LA~J
- -
0-4 ~'-:t ~ as'.;-c!JI ~~ 0-4 <)J_.;~ ui ~1 uLA.,W.I w,k l.!l~ ~~ ~
-~.;JI ~.)WI ~l~I
u~~ u~ ~-'"° Eli ~illy & Co~ ~1 ~~ 15...u u'-:t ul~\..c..)I l.!l~J
O.)~ ~ ,=-:::J ~..)\S'~I ~ I u ~ ~...\Ai~ ul ~ 0--'.J>-)U ~
I
- -
~,~ u-31 u\.: i.:i 11111 .»-IJi 0-4 as'~I u~.Jb °'.:a;; I.SY':" • c.ill~ ~ 1~1 I.J.A
.J-A l.!l.J~ ~ w~ .J1lJ ,u\.:i.:· «uitl ~I..L;t ~ ~l:i_,JI 0-4 ~ I ~J u\.:i.:i'-4:JI
r''\'\A rl&. ~J .(Brunner,2009)~~1 u ~ ~ ~ l ~ t : J I ~
ulAfi.=.,J ~->-4i ./1J~ w~ n "\ ~~ ~ o~I ul:~_,JI ~ ~I u~~ ~IJ
" ,,
L>'°~)U ~ I ~l&.yl ~~~LAL&. w,J~J ~I.SJ.A~ ul:~_,JI
~ af°LA~l ,,.:U, ~ ~I ~ I wl -~...Ltl4 ~~ ~,~ Lo1..>-4i wi,~ c.J:.:.UI
- - ,,
.a..u~, ~ F' ~ ~ ~ ~ Wb F' wi
~I ~tu.JI J~I ~ . J ~~~~IO:! ~Lli .J-AJ J ~ ~I o-4 .»-i tY ~LiAJ
y~~b1.S~l~J~irr· ·'\rL&.>='jiS'i~~ .~,J.l~~4JI Ls,J~..,:;
Hwang Woo-suk ~.,_...,,JJ ~I.J-A ~ ~ I ~J t'° LJ:AW ~~ ~ l:.)fi
rt&.~ . (BBC News, 2009b) ~~I l:)l;.JI w~ "-!J4-J ~ ~tu.J ".J-S..»"J
ScienceFl~~LA~~~JJ'.«: '".'o~l~~.J-A~rr··t
~ 0-4 ~ J ~ I ~ f1WI ~ ,, ~~ ~ JJi ~ ~ 4.ii ~ ~~
u ~ lA..L.u:.~IUJJ~ ~~~l~I~~ .ulJ ·t«cciicccA~~
u~~I ~ w~ ~I~~ w~~~~I ~J~ ~ -w~ ..>--J..»"JI t_§Jl.....:.~
.l.!l.J.:.U oJL:u)i'I wJ-l w,J.Y-)U ~-l~I u4~4 a.;~~I ~J , ~ I
u ~ t'° '-fj.:.WL,,,,,iJ uhA~ i~ o~_,JI ~~)WI w~ ~ ~ l.!ll~
~ ~ ,,~t; '. «: '"! l.!ll~J (Woodhouse, 2009) ~UI ~...l.11 ~ ~ J ~ ~I
-~~~~I ~I~ wl:?-~I
,,
t9,~~4PJ~J..aJ
jljlA ~J 'YJ'-=!:=JI o-4 a,
,11L11 ~ .o...\..4£A ~~~ U~IJ ~IJ y.JS:JI
o~ u ~ l ~ i (.):.:.UI ul-A4,JI y)lb wi (Y· ·'\) Zhong ~.J-AJJJ Mazar
,1....J.JS:JL)
• •
~
-
-'-- ~ ~ ,~~
a.a.,~ ,.~ - -· ~-~)Lo I......U.u&J)
• • •
c~ ,_. _
u)l;.
-
~' d...i>.w,
-
.
<.)A
.. .
&4..L..ii u ~
i·h 1 w,,....,..-:::' .
(Rutherford, Buller, and Stebbins, 2009) j i.::i , "J Y-':'J ~J~PJJ ~ ~
i~ ~'-=!:=JI ~Luu..,,j.1. ~J ~I ul: I~I ~ ~~ w ~ c.J:J.J'-=!:=JI -lljj-ll wi
l.!l.J~ ~~J -~~ Ji (.)J~JJA Ji (.)~JA Ji J~iJ Ji t,.,.Jb ~...l.J ~ ~~
!l'.l.f.lt'l'IG.'lc,4#,~k~S..!•Y'-'»'AS!.:..A"®\.;,,.t,;:..A¢1:'<,"1:~~-',.~"ft~•./L.'L~..Dllllll'I,~~- , .,4..,..,~
......,.._-,rJ.v-~~........ ~-,y,;n.
I.J.A ~ -~~I u.,~ ~ o.l~I ¥.;JI ":?t ,cc':r'~ y~» c.:,11 oJ~
, ~ ci'11 o~I ~ J ~~ o~ JfoJ a qJoiJI ~ ~ c.::Jl.o_,ia.o y.A.11
• ~ rlj:tl'il ~ 'i .l~J r':..14iJ ~L..JI ~~I .l~J ,~WI .l~J
c.::JJ~t ..1.o.l .((~ ~ t y~» ~ .)~ ~l.;-11 ~~I c.::Jl-....uj.ll ~
~~ '-4!ji 0 ~ ~ 1->At British Columbia ~lk.J..;+11 ~.,Sfi 4-LblaA ~ b
r'=..1,4jJ '-4il,.U ":!.J.£S' aS'~ ~J Rogers Communications c.::J'i~)U ~J.J
J~~((l..1.iS' ~~.,,!i,-o;.s\'I» ~~ ~~.ll ~J':iil ~_,.,~I c.::J'-4..wl
t.;--':it1~1»~~~J.Jas-~~.llot~..aJ .~)UIJ~'ilc.::J~
,
.
.(Sturgeon, 2009) o)\..c.'il I.J.A ~Ji ~ J ccl.J.£S' ~
,
-
i« lh I(ff' I
. .•
... ..,......._.. \J.lS»
&4.L..ii ~
U .t Alt .
~ ci'11 c.::J~I oA .)~ ~UA .((o.;J.).11» ~4.JI c.::Jb~ \l_,.., ~UA 0 t J~
o~~c.::J~~J(ylfilJJ~':iil o.;bl ~) l,c.l_isi, ;,1;'"C4.' ~4.JI c.::Jb~I
~..u ci'11 Peng Sun (jJ.IJ ~ ~4- ~ .(.,IJ..,:.S'.lJ~l.oJ LJ"'_,.,..J_,J~ c.::Jb~)
o.l~J ~.J:o .;'iJ.l ,. • • ~ ~UA c.::Jb~I t~ ~j~ '-:,WI c.::JLi..._;l..ill o).ll
c.::J~ ~4 ~t d.A.44.JI f.:r'..UJ -~.J:o J'ij.l t ••• ~ a..ow1 o).l?/1 ~ ~UI
. University of Toronto .¥JJ.Jji d.A.44-J York University~.;~ ~4.l c.::Jb~I
, -
~ 1 oA ~~1 ~ ots -~4 ~ ~1 W6 , l+.!11 ~ji ~ cGi ~ ~IJ
~J~c.::Jl~~c.:,ll~)lj ~~oA 'i~c.::Jb~I ~1~ I~~
clJ_.;.l~ ~l..,s' ~..u bl.i.,~ oA o~ c.::J~I .141 .(Brazao, 2008a) ~~ u.a~
~ ~.J.J~ ~,-o oA c.:,lJi ~4- o.l~, I.J:o ~ w~I ~ J ,Quami Frederick
~ .I.J:o~4!,-o.>Aw~~~~~J(~~l)d.:lWla<: ,~.Jl~c.::Jb~I
oA ~~~ ~l.;.loA~~l 4.6.Jll~~\S Lo~ t.,::J6.~I ,·,a ,~,-.<I
c.;,J~~li.~~ts~~~ao.!t:,J~~ •. ·: ..,.,c.::J.ill ~t ~ .~l:i..rtfl
c.::Jl.o..G.. ~1 I.Sy:,- ':iii ~l.&..o4JI oA .)~J w~I ~4- 4:.1:i .(Brazao, 2008b) d.A.44,JI
, - ·· ~
• Lu -- ~ I '-""4'
.:>"-) - c.::Jl.l~I ~ c.)A
· ~ -=-:-~u WWI
-
~ •
I.
I~ ;._, t!.,
~~9':.r-. t ~lS ,..,,,
Al A t ~ t •. ' ~C,.,. - tt ull
- ~~,..., !>"'
Psychology Today r-'='11 ~I~~~ LA~ ~}ii y_;~ LA~
, ,
~_j "fi~ U ~J .ccul::i.,..Jl ~ I rJ>ll o..o ~_.,:; ;;~I wl:i~I» c:,I~ ~~
wllo4>-l o..o ~.JJ U c:,LWI J)lbl ~1 ~.,.ti wl:i..>---'-" l:?.lY { \ \ V \) Zeitlin
w\S'J: ·fA~JA o.lli, ~1 o_;b}'I ~6. o..o ~ J ~_,JI ~1;;11 "-'"°~ ~ t..l......43J
~ ,l.:U .~tu!
.. . .~('iJ oJb J--
J-- -"'·-· ,A~
-~<'i ~ ~>'-"= u· L. ~.,._...
··· !t!.._tt r ~ , u• L. ~...)
·~'~··
d.lL..u..,JI D.J.A ~ c:,i ~.;-ll ~ o..o ~ J ~ , ~ , ~.,.ti o..o -':!..WI l.!ll.i.A 0i J..!
•~L.wo t1~T ~_,JI I.J.A ~
'f" r · · AJ r r · · v <:r4\.c. 15?.- ~j..JI Ernst & Young's 1Q h Global Fraud Survey 1
~11.rr .JLlii W' . ..)L,j Ji o.,..:U.) aJ6.. ~~I ~~I 0J...>:...u.l 0A 1.n ,,~,J
~~ 1.,A ..lZ..Jj , ~ ~L.a:,)11 JI ~J~ ~ ~ J ~ o.,..:U.) ~..) ~ y1b cGi
~ ,c.ill~ ~1 ~~! ·~~Ll.4 ~.l ~I ~JL!.yl ~ "'l:)~ ~ - IJ~
. (Ernst & Young, 2008, pp.56) .l~.ljl ~ .l~I 0~ ~~I ..:.J:i 0A ~i
0l~IJ wl 4 Io ;JI~ 0A ~ I 0 4 ,;.,;;~Jo~ .lLuuill ~~ 01
a .::~I .l)...,._J.I ~..DJ a :- ,otlJ ~ .:l•ill ~ ~WI w~I u;, .:a:i-.JJ
~4,ll ~.JL;.JI 1 ~':/1 w ~ ·;, •·oJ ~~I ~~I o.ll..i)J
. (Fisman and Svensson, 2007; Rodriguez, Uhlenbruck, and Eden, 2005)
_...,...-.,-..--.,~~~ _ , 1 o a . · . A ~ V ~ t : . ..,.'il"~r1'1.:.<111'.1..W~~o;.'Q:;o,p: ,---."«.V~~•'.i.)."li,,.itw'\.~,~-x,,,:,y ~~,-.-;.7'~~-;·;,=._.,,...,.;,,.;,.:.:.,·,w•,#,.-,~~.....-. :'(·:,; ~''°'~ ~l",1'
~ , J wJlullJ . ) ~ ~ , ~ ~ r t · , · r~ ~ ~~1 ~ ~ ~
lA~J ·r)WI a~~~JLl..;-11 r;:9-l :,:nwt r~~I ~ ~wlS'J ,OECD
~~I~ ~ I ~l..>--""l ~ ~ J ~ wJlullJ -l~~I ~ ~\S'
~ ~ ~ , ~1~ ~i ~ ~->9t tl:9.l..>-J.JY ,.s:,Ll.j ~...u ~1>""1 ~)
.(Globe and Mail, 2010b) ~1>""1
..
. ~ ~J u-w .. '.u---' .. !j,J~
A - • ' • a
j ..
tt
ul.J:..al ~ ~~I.J 4J~I
j: 'i(hv~'" ,·,··~>-.. _;··.J::.-'Y r;·:-.Y1··.1 . .._,'.' ,_.·.f~~- ,~·-.. ~ · ·.. ~;!!'.;,-~) i /··.?~~7":-"lt'F""~!''.'.~< .·~?::: '?L-~, ... ·.-f, •··~·£s·I>-=\) f · ·." :~ :, . • : - ) ' ' •,.' .· .•. • ·.. ·-~·:-;-. C• ,·~z. ~(-- .. .S-· ·::: .·f" ·-;:_.,........ ·. ~~,-. · ·.•,• ·;.::.-·--:·(\ ,•:-.-.,:,J
;;~yl~~J ·<:r4t,.~!~~iw,k.;;~yl~J~WI~~~~
0~~ ;;~->11 . (Eicher, 2009; Hopton, 2009) ~ 01~ ~ ~Ll. ..ill~ ~.J
. ~ ~ , d.A.J.4i l..oj,AJ0.,._1uyl .ll..~~I ~~ ~y,-~IJ~P ~~i
0A ..,:Si 1.§J~yl ~..i:; Ji ~~ ..J,J-'-" ~~ I ,,.J.A 0A ~ 0 i ~->-1, I 0--4J
..>:~l.:,J. I~~ i 0A passive bribes ~ I 1.?JLl.yl r~ .'->?~I~~,
.)~I) 0-J_,.;..~I ~~t:JJ active bribes a.JlMJl "?JL.....:i,.iJI r.J;.; ·u;J ~4~1 Jl
·(~.,s:.:.JI ~l....u~IJ ~1~4 ~ ~ ~6:..o ~I)~~ J ~ I ,.)~4
~I J.:>~4J ~ I ¥ ~~ "?.:UI ~I «br ~ 1.?Jl..lu.;JI '->~ p~ ~
uAJ~~J ~~1~.~tl
.. , ~ ..>J:.i.'-:'""(Martinetal.2007) <..JJ..»
· · iJ t),J.)
... LA~• .,AA-I
~~
..
~ I ~ ~I uLo.,WI ~ 0~411 jAb ·~Jl..luyl ulb~ w,k. ~ I
~~ 'ii
-
u~j.tlJ ¥~I JAly.JI .JJ.l a...__1.J..u I~ Ar ~ ~ rv, 0A
- .. -
~
.J • .r ~ .
\,;J 'J-'
tt f: ..l4A.l ~ , U:-'
u ~ :..~, aqt;,;4" ~
L~tt ~,'..>--'-".,... .. , a.JUI
.. .)A
'.r--'
.-:tfJ
.. '/J
~~.., a:;)\j JJ~ LA _jAJ '~...>Ai .)~JJ u-*4 r, o 0 b...u:,wi ~~i a:s\S' ~
u-4 "/.Ar ,.s~ ,c.illj c.:,11 a:s~1 -ub...u:,w~ ~4?1' ~ ' ~\111 u-4 aJUI ~
~4=.Jb~lul~l~?J'~t'.)-'-"~u~~~J~J~'c.?u~~~uw~I
4=...w<JI a.o_µ1 C1.>~I .igJ .(UNODC, 2010, p. 4) J\:W.I ~ J ~ .. ,,~
.:. t' ~'
~~ .. .< . r 1..)-'-" '-':>lkl ~
~ f-l ~ (.):J '...L.cJ.J ~ A ' .. t'
I,.. J:'.:r---'
.. - ~ (..1-"-!'W
L - ": u' .. ' .
~ ~-'"°~
~
.• ... t\
,,
lHfi U""JlA..>3JJ ~I..H as'~ u~J IJ.4 ot ~ as'~ r, • • • ~ ~ ~
~.>-4) J~ ~I u ~ ~~~I 0 1~1 0 i PricewaterhouseCooopers
,~ ~ ~b <?' 01~1.., . I ~ ' ~ '~~i y ~ '~J.) ~ (L:Jjl..i:i
i.S.»-~'
J~~I u ~ LAi .l:,Jl~i ,1..1.LL...)~ ,;;~I ~ I ,~lfi'..9l ,"1.! , ..q\ ~
l..>--'-"-'.J-'-"J l~J ~LAJ.)J IJ..tl_jAJ ~..>3J ~fi ~_jAJ u4l:JI ~~~~~I
~~I ~ i.S~I .;-s~I ~J . (PricewaterhouseCooopers, 2009, P.10)
- .. .,
~J-4 ~J,, t"\ ~.>11 ~ ~J.) ~ J Transparency International ~..9.J.ll
u\S'~I 0-4 "/."\0 4i: .,,., LA c.:.uki ~ .(Tl, 2009) .)JJlfi~llJ I~ ~J-4 ~
~ l>-4 "/.YV dj.' ... •• LA u .)...(9 "·ill~ . rr •• A r~ 4:J~I ~'~ ~ ~..w<JI
~~ JL;o. ~I~ LA__;~ f1WI ,.sjl.,..,.,.A ~~I~ d.)Ll, <i'3I u\S'~I
u-4 "/."\V 4i: ... ; Lo UJ.)Ji .i9J .(Tl, 2009, p. 13) ~....r4i .)~JJ O •• ' ••• t>-4
-
~bJ.I JL;o.~I ~ ~~J~~I tl~i~iS Ls=il.;->--l.o~ ~)bu\S'~I
.. ,,
~J~~I .J~~I ~ i ~ .(Tl, 2009, p.6) 4i~ylJ 4UI 4i.J.A.o.)~4 ~}tll..9
ul.J=..al ~ ~Lwwill..9 4J~I
r::::::r:m:-.,~-.-~:·-·.-.-.f?·1, ..•-.f2~-·~™:.;:rtPa-!:;.t..~~~~~=ti;,,~~~;;..G.£{~·L-:JJJ::.;~~~.:.::.~
~~l0i~_;,llu-4~J .JL;o,'11~~1~)U~IJ..ulJ~~l~jJ~
4.9~1 r'~ ·.·: 111! «.!iljJ ,~WI ~4-) a.slS' ~ ~ i 0 ~ JL;o,)U ~ I
a_j.J~ I~~ 0~...L°LA ~ ~ I ~ I J~ ~ ~L.w.c '11J o_,1u_;JI LAi • 4Jlc.
" -
'141 J~)U 4WI ~'1._w.l ~ LAi -~1 ~ l&:.Jl .JLJw.l ~.?-~101~4
_,,_.... . . .iJ ~lS:Jl~L.,,,j
~l.J.:•tt1..-c..1..1..1. .Lo. : .~<iw'16.. ~
• ~• J-""- 1.- ..- :•~ '"''°'I~."
. .. .)~ .. J
,. t r l.:r-
-
-~1~1 db ~ . ) - 4 ~ ~ a.;.!•rotl
~ (Tl, 2009) 4J..lll ~Li1wl ~ laJ .)L.u,..iJI Wll ~ wlA~I Jgi 01
l~J ~l>'-""iJ l..l.Ll-"4>J l~J l..>-'-"-'J-'""J ..u~IJ o.J~~J ~..>4>1..UIJ l...1.ilJ_j~
0Uu&jwfJ JLA~I ~ F l «.!.Uj ~ ~~ i.)Wj:S~I wlA~I LAi . L,.lL.ca:iJ
.~lAJ 01..HlJ 0Uu&j~.>3J u~4.)JiJ .lLli:ij Jl_;..-JIJ ub~IJ (.J~LA) LA.).j:'J
- "
•.)~I J ~ ~ ~ ul~I j:Si ~J.JJ ~ I ~ts' ..igJ
st:J'~t ':t>Wal
:~tJI ~ J..ob . k~J;S~I J.ib ~~I Y.JL.o:i 01
-~L..o.1.1 ~ LuL.o:i W.l.)Ji ul.b~I ~ O.)~I wl.......ul.)..ul cJ:i Y.Jla: Lo -
4=ll_,JI u-4 ~~[~I~ ~~I~ ~.>3 ~.)~I wlS'~ lA~.>3 ~I~~~
f ' ~ ~J wo.!;. .~,ill ~L.,,,l ..9l screening ~~I ~l..9i~I J..ol_,.c. Ji
~1..9..ul aS'~ r~'14.A~>LoJ:Si ~l:w f'~ ~I ~L.....ul.J...ul ~L&.OJ ~.J~I ~
.(UMHS News, 2009)
~L!~J.>-L4~i i;I~ <J-l?i ~~ w~.iJ(+-'~I J.,._-u~r'~ -
.o_;.bb t.:.ui ~ 0,--S'J..9 .~WI ~~t ~ a =::s:11 Jt;...)?l «.!iljJ "a.L:u~"
aS'~ tl..b.41 ~~.!.;,; ~JJ o.Jbl ~ ~.J Joseph Hirko fi.J-t:A 4-4J...J..P."" uts'
0~i as-~ u-4 t~ ~J Enron Broadband Section ~_,..JI JL!o..i.U u~l
,, -
~ ~ ...1.41 .Internet Division of Enron(~~!) ¥WI a<., .~,11 ~LA...G.J
,
«LU~J ~->-4 i.)'1J.l ~>lo V ~.) cUA y.\bJ I ~ \ "\ ~ 4 ~ 4-4J_j._?.
Jlb.ill u~l as-~ t~ f'6-'-"j ~ o.ll:}J ~ I t;-7' .~,i.. yjlS:JI ~__v:JI ~
~ u~i as"~ ~~I Jlb.ill u'.!; .~,iJI r-~1 0L! fi~ ~i ...1.41 -~-r-JI
- ,, t
~WI ¥WI jJJ-!:A aS'~ ~J . (Fowler, 2009) ell [J.J LA~ 4fA ~
~..J.) ~4-J ~ I ..1>.i ~ ~~ ~~.) ~...(g Hertz Global Holdings
~..ir.~~~«_.,,_-;,r..,.u-.....,~~,~o,:..x.,;,c,_,..,_,_...~...-,__,........_v_.....,_..-___,_ _._ _,..,.,. -~..-~~-.,..,-~._.o;,.._-e._-.,. ..u:.w:.~::.-J:.~~»~ar:i
tV ~~ ~ ~ 'i~I Lo..9 0...1.>,j faU : ~ ~ I ~ ~l.""4l~ 4J~I
__µ~ as'.>1u ~Y .Integrity Inc ~~1 as'~ ~~l.>:!..ul Jack Zwingli
. (Reuters, 2009c) r r ·, · r~ ~ U"")\:9~ ~JoAA o>& as'.>1u 0,J~ ~
as'~~ ~)LI ~ ~ ~.LJI Brain Kennedy~~ 0--:!LH Loi -
~Ji i:,l ~ ct ;.;!t;J i.LJ->3 ~ ~ i ~ Jefferies & Co i:,J.J-->TJ~~
~ r.J..a3 as-..,_.!JI iJ.A LG~ ~..\.A ~ i ~ . CardioNet as-~ ~ i t=-H
uL..o.;_t:JIJ ~UI Jl.;J~I ~ LGLJ d ~ ~ ~~I <J---'-Y-..ul ~
.(SEC) Securities and Exchange Commission (Armstrong, 2009)
~J,;S .J~J-l i:,~ ~ Steve Frustaglio ~ta..-~, ;.,!; ,11 bS'~ ~ -
J~I ~ Vaughn 0~ ~'i untenderedjobs a.,_jl.l.Jl ~~~ ~Uoy
~I~ o~ J-..u:i c.t:i.J.llJ ~l5 '5.:UI ~yl ~ _,:ijj)j:J 0~4-4 '5~\..:,J.I
- - -- -
iJ.A i:,i ~ I.JAJ ,~~ .J~J.l r, · · · LJ--A Jil ~l..b.c <>='~, r.ig -~~ ~..L....4,11
u~ ~1 o.;b} LG..U ~ ~J ,~.>=JI uL.dla ~U.o ~ 0i y_,lb.ll ~
.(Gombu , 2009)~ r~ f -":".i:\c.t:il5'..)-.J.AJ;. 1~-·
r.J4J-- ~~t\J~~I ~ ~ _,,..
.«~fll ~l.;JI .;tµ...I» jJ~ ~ ~I u ~ I ~ J>T J~ I.JA
~...\Ao~ ~J ,Hazel McCallion 0J,:l\S'..o JJ.:A Cr Y·' • 4~) ~b. ~L:...:i -
~L:.:..o ~ ,_,:ijJ.JY ~I~~~ ~I o ~ I Mississauga l:-J "'!'"!4
~ .Municipal ConflictoflnterestAct ~~I '-:-1.J~ t.?..1itll 0.,.....:,~1
~Ll4,. c-~..ill uL.o'J LUI."__j\:· "
• .<~1<' ·;.·· as' LlJ.L 1 - - 1 -·:t ~ ~L:,J.I - I
~ '.) . '"(t-""'"8"' • • • ~j
0-4 :;~ ~Utl World Class Development ¥WI ~ I lli as'~~ ~..14i
~J~ ~I 0l:> ~ ~ ~l:> ef-..1:i ~J ~..ul ~J-4 ~ J~J ~ I ul..b-yl
y ~~ .J~J:; ~~ '. ~ J ~ I <>:'~I i:,\S'..oh, 0l5 ..1.41
.aS'~I i.ill:i ~
41~~lAi:,~d.£bt!a~~l~JlluJ~J -~lcl.J:i,-, ,.~
.(O'Toole, 2010) "o~~ a~» ~i J~ ,~WI
~)t;. ~I ~1..,_c. ?}4» "-'4---'-"i ~ (Moore et al. 2006) i:,J.J-->iJ .JJ_j-4 ~
--blJ ,,I),~,;·,, ,~:;~I ~ ,0~l~0:.:UI u4~1 ~..u«moral seduction
u4~1 ~...\A ~~I :;~ .)ol:.:..o a:;~ IJ:;~ J.41 •~~I y .J~ ~
.)· ~I
.. ,\-o---1
.... ,,t. ..... 'l.\j uL~I
.
. _a.J.1 u ~ I ":"
~
. _'\ ~
· ~
..
I (>J,Y-
· ..ul ~
- ~.. :~
. .&j
u4~1 ~...\A f;!..l.4iJ ,Jly,-~I ~ i ~ uLJo.i.1.1 ~~ ~ u4~1 ~...\A
~ uLJo.i.1.1 r~J -~~, u 4 ~ ~..D :;~ .)j~ ulA..l>J r~~' o.JA
W..S"<" :;ir:;: a;
I f. ~- l ~ iJ
~ir
(~· ~ t~ ~ '°~
"~ C· ~ t ~ [,
N
,. 'fi 8
t :-- 't:,
r;;
,-
s £
Ci ~ :c- 'I ft! .c- .c· t~ ~ 1-;r ~_,. lJ, ,f, ~ ,c;, ~ l
l, [ '° •L" ~' • L ,E [• ~ I
f t C· [ [• [• !: ~. .-
£. _,. t!~f. f '\! .c- ~ .~ t ~ ~. . ~ ,C- [, C•
•
.Fl <et>' ' _ -~ ' • Cc; ,c E
I,[ I.'f.--t · ~·- ··t
r;; ,. • [ ~· ~· - I;- r [ 'f:. [ - '\ ~ ..-· r f, [ d
,.· ~ °1- . C• • .~
•( C P E:_ (;. C..:.
l~,1~I [,w- ~~fl-' •Ci_.es.. - • ·~· t ,- l '\1 ' . fl: l° 'E. h - ~ ~
;z r ~ ,t' ·f; ,r, ;; 1, - \1 l ~ ~ 1
E f-. . t• { 'i.1 '<i,.. 'i:;
·~ t,, - f>"" C• c, t ~. 'Ii>• G' - 'L ~ C• i.
1:-; _,. ,. ~ I> '. Ci. -~ V\~
l, [ ,,........ [
., 1 .. c E£,
.c- c: E: tr t f..t re· -C•
~ ~1- ~ [ f. ~. ~ .E t ·~. !t I•
l, I I)
1' ~ c.' 't.#l-' [ - 0~ : C· ~ ~f. •[C-
't [. ·~ <j, { (: ti '<i,.. I,
[ ~ ·L .r 't!, r- ~ . c o - ~- ~
• - i-,· t .r ~- Et - ~ 1! ~ ·t.· • "· <\.
C· f:!
~ '~. r;; 1·•
a,• b & I - l,
t 1~ l·l ~ l b~ %', 1· ~ [ ~ t' <j, ~ ~ ([!' 1( :f. t J •Ci.
~• fl_· V ,t.' •f. ,~·t' , l lC t~ b ~'l ~: f. ~ ~ ~ V: l! '°, [ ~.
C· r; l~ Ci-: , ·· - c
!.., C- Lr
1t r 1 [' Jf"' i . . ~· L ~ [!: C·
- i ! !t- { - -:- [ b - .,,
E ~ ~ '\ ~ 1 t f 1.: f \ f. 1 c-.f _.~. t
·~. I r
. D l,' ~
l 5· l 1 ~ l } <is- \~ t 1; .r t i' (• 1. i [, f l.t: G, (• t'
r J. - .[T ·~. ~ F>"" ~,.~ - ~ ~
~ ~ ~ Q <r- f>"" ~ G' ~.. C•
rr ·~ t f' [ '°.~ 1. ~ f l ~ [, i. ~· ~
\D 1
I ~.f . - E
~ ,. .~ ~ ~ L I tr I!. ~
- - - f . t ft r~, 1 t ~bfc..1
t7
r- o br £ - 3 Ci"
'°- a fr: 1• [, ~· - ,f f- ~ ~ 1> ~· ~. t C· 1 ~
~ II i.· -.;;.. it C • C: C.. ~ t~ l ~ Ci f;, ·,, & - ~ ~ {
r-
·t s.:en ~~ ("'• ,(;~· ·~I:; "'Ort ~ '-'f,. ~..~• iC·
- I -Cl'J -- I p J:. .[" !~ i. :~; t ( t· .E' ~ rt 1· }~ ~ t
~l.;_,l u.i:~ _w ~ ~IJ J~~I l:~ l~i ~~I uU~I o:JJ ~ I
. (Canadian Press. St Lawrence)
l_;+:u , o ~ retroactive drug ~>Lll _,..j9\..a..Jl .;~I ~ ~l:.; ~ ~ -
J.JL ~ ~ c.ill~ ulS' ~ Beijing Olympics ~ yWt ~ ~ . ; ~ 0-4
~ '~Jl ~I~~ ~WI J.>.i ~~,~~I u4,l.;JJI ~I.; 0---4
'l.:.U ·r". •A rlc. ~ i..S.»-i ~Ll.4 ~ CERA ~b~I j.l_j.A:i ~ .;~I j~I
~J~I ~l~0---4~l ...u~J~.;~0-4~l:_;a ·uq>ulA~~
. (Roadcyling.com, 2010; Wikipedia, 2010)
<i'1' ~ I ~J~I yW~I ~~Lal~ ~lyl ~l:.;JI 0-4 u_,:i)G ~ -
.~la..Jl.;~lj~l~~~(February,12-28)~~~~..\A~u~
,Mark McGwrire..>:l.?.Ac.!l.;lAuic··/; 'f" Y ·' • rlc..>:~..>+=uu-4~<.:?JWI ~-
~.}A~ J~ ~I~~ home run ;;~I '?"4.; ~ ~~I ~yl ~ ":?.:.UI
~ ~ c.ill~ ulS' .steroids ...u.J.H-'·'"b .:.,in ~L.:i .ig 'f"' C\C\A r u ..\.....>IJ
~ ~4- ?JI ~.;J US Congress ~~'ii <>"~~I rlAl ct:iJ~ 0-4 ulJ-U-"
. (Heakes, 2010) ~La..JI r ' ~ ' J_p, J ~ Jlj.u,
ul~I..J..t.JI J ~ Caster Semenya ~ ~ l S ' ~~i y~I ;;~1...u-11 uj~ -
~ aJJi ~~ r.JL 0-4 ~->11 ~J .;;i..>-41 rt~.; Li,t 0 ~1 ~ ~ f1 uS]J
·r" ·' • rl..:. ~ as".;L!J4 ;;i..>-41 ~ ~ ~ t.t:,i 'il c.ill~
J.,~u-4~'i~) uic·«/i .ill .lawn bowling~~! ~~d,:~co9u~-
~i aJ~ ~ match-fixing ;;1_;4,ll a~~ JLi:i'il ~~ 0¥.~ I.JlL_j~
~ ;;1_;4,A ~ ;;_;~I ~.J.4LJ Asia-Pacific Championship ":?J~I ~ I J
.(Associated Press, 2010) ~ i ~llA ~ J.,..J-4ll ~ <,.:)1 ,.,sJi w 4b
~
ulS' ":?.:.UI ,Tim Donaghy ~WJJ ~ rl..>--'-" Jlloi 'f" Y• • C\ rlc. ~__,:, ~ ~ -
c.ill~J ,National Basketball Association ~I;;~ ~_,JI ~lyl ~ ~
u-AI.; J.4l ._;UJ cq~~l J~I ~I~~ ~I~ -l_;+:u H' ~~ - ~
~'-8lJI ~ r.igJ ~j.l.n ~~ Jl_jA~I rJ?:i rlJ ~ cdlA0-4~i ~ ~WJJ I
.~,~~ulA~
~ Richard Pound ~J4 J_;~_.; ":?~I FJi r"·' • rl..:.->=~~ ~ -
JL..will i:,~ ~ cGl International Olympic Committee ~JJ..11 ~J~I ~ I
,._.~.,,,.,..-,-... ~-~.l.l';U.?~,_,,,..,.-,,,....,_flf_....~-~U:a....-.za...//1163..:r..Lt,,~.J'lrl'.:a,~~"'W'.A~W'"-~-----·--~~~~
~~Lla!~'i?~ll.ojQ~faLl :u~l~~~lj4.J~I O•
u ~ I ~ ~l.w.il!J 4.4.J~I
L~~~~~~~~;:;:;~~~~'.'+·-~=:-~;...~~~~~.idi=~
r.is
c.:.,\ ;;.!;;?-.:JJ ~.)Ji ofi ~ '1 r • • Y.J~ LA Fr r • • C\ r~
~_iJ ~ ~ -
r
0::t.JJ.l. lJ ~ IJ ~>LI I 0 ~ .)~ I ,.!H.lA> 0\S' •LG~ i wI.ll;! a;,wJ 1..)-'-"-J..J-'-" ~
L&JI.JA i ~ ~ d..:!-41~1 ~~ a.b-,I~ ~~.) ~ .is LJ:J-.J I.)'°!I w-:JJj..uJ. IJ
~~~~~~I ~i ~ .c.:.,~~I ~bj ~ c.:.,~l.;J.I ~
.(BBC News, 2009c) l..>-'-"-'..J-'-" ~ ~ J ~Ul
oy
u ~ I ~ J~!, 4.4.J~I
j·,L•" \t ,, ..;-. .. ,)'(Av- ... ,·-~· - ..:~·~:: :);-.. i"'tfr- .-·_ .... y·..fu.:,J:-.,'.. -T , ...... •• 2- .. ··rfr:& > h ··H··~::·&1< ·-·(:~·z.,. ,.·hfo r·+P ·§n,t~ +aa:·/·
1 ·.).-v-i .. :i; ·.~.. ·-:-~.,; .r:, .. ~- ·:-·--.) .. ····:·/HP·-M-"i&-7194 <W&r,·ws;J
a4:!llS..JI ~1.J,,?JI - Y
a{.J.uWttUl:a0~~\tt'4J«aortu~
• I t ~
~~y
M
A - I .~ -
.~l~I~-
. j-:J:.b.JI a..J~I
-
-
. y.; lIJ I .;I .J..a.A -
·~~~, t4?JI -
·.)J~ ~jJI 15...u.l -
.~WI J)l;.~1 ;;_;s -
----"""""'"'-~·-
or .....~--....---·---
l.fj~ ~ ~ ~.:.Lll l.o..9 l.!I~ fall : u ~ I ~ ~L.w..il~ 4-4..J~I
.......~-~
'""'v·:.,:.. :.·jl
antecedents ~~I j.Al.,_.JI "~ 0-4 J-1:& <.J.::' ~)WI ~-.1: Lo 0~4JI ~J
<.!l~ 0 t IJ~J u.!.l..J~ ~1 ~~1 . ¥)1j.. ~I ,.::A#.jL.uJIJ ¥)1j.. ~I l: 1_,.a I LJ:--!J
~ .(~LuJI 6>Gll ~~~I ~\S' ~)~)lj..~l~J~)U ~~J.)~
'* - -
• •.~<ti~';..
(.)A~ •
t_. L L - •
~ ~(.)A
~..1.,LJT
• - J -
Lll.alJ~.L. I -la•tL,~ I ••~
~u--yw u----
LI ~tt ~ ~ll~ 1 .L, ~ '- ·ti cd....J a.lALlJI .-LU..&\..o.1.1 Lot • ~ I - .< :.~q
-:J"*" l::4 - ~...;--~ -· ,..-- J~
&
lJWt ~--
:~tJI ~JA'b
~ ~j.!ciii ..>:...U. ~.>A ~i Stephen Schwarzman uLA.).;I~ ~ ~ I . ; ~ -
~ ~...)Ai .;"iJ.> 0~ V• r ~ d 11,0iJ ~,.) .)~ ~j.JI ~J ,o~I ul:"i_,JI
.,.;1.J.aA~I..H Larry Ellison u ~ l ~.;~ ~l:Jl..;5.;-11 ~ ~ J ·r"· ·Ar~
rlsJI r..u. <J---A ~..;JI ~ . (Reuters, 2009d) ~.JA i.;"iJ.) 0 ~ oo"\ , '\
~ -
t9..D <?JI ci Q._;. ,;.,JI 4UI t-ll+J.l u ~ ~ i ~1 Jdg ~ ~~ u~u uLA.).;1~
~i ~i~~~i~u~ll.!.l.;Lli: ~ i - ~ ~ I ulS'~I ~..>:...u.
.«..J-:!AL!J.IJ ~~~I)) ol:>- Jo~i ~ l~J ~WI~ u~I
~ ~ ~ ~ S o ' , ! l ; Y , ,..................._ , _....~.ic'llll7!n-~~ ... lM,·_,.,,.IN~~•.t~•"l'..-.\!'':l'l.:~..A,~~,l[---'\~.~""""•W,C,,."\.-1"~~.-.-M~....'9!1,VCU~.'l:l•.•,~-<IN'A•-"'-"'4">-·,U,,t.~~."J'Wl('l,•,........'l,(~~0X.-.~
,J
O'\
i:,L.Ja.at ~ .:.L.w..cal~ a.w~t
@¥ff&i$0& f\tW~¥%M--&4iM¥%XM?#A\S-t-iffl~if¥&fi&YJRi%W:r:t8Wift§#f41#tP&#@&ii¥@Wi?Wh&iliNi4%M#Mt¥MAf@f&~f?i&J
1
~~~c.:,:A.Jl)u~lo,.o~a ,,c;J(~..JAt.;~J.)w~~
- # -
11! (i _
t ~~~ 1
C•
·t I. .e-· G.~ ~ ~~ ~~. 1~ \. ~
• ~ OCI '
I ...
C !- -
11'
- ' ,. ,
[r
, , \ 't,
V\
0 1 ls>·
I>
_,. I C ~ ~ ,._ DC.. Er r[! 1(; I I C f ~• bl
I:. ._.,
A rIJ>• -( '/.·.;•.·
l-I
·
tt;' ~ ry.:
- 1
't ·t a(') i •f' f· - r· ( ~ ~ ::r .b'
~ 1f f i" ~ · , ~.. 11 ,C- { ,L ls>· , ' ·c, C· • '";:"' " :t: •
I ;
T. ·~ ~ ~ £. [· 'E. •f s·
[ t f.._ , I:. ,
C\ .[
~ !~ I - ~ • :·
... • ,.. ,-,
:t cf t ~ ·f 'e°: ~ f l't. 'r,10 1~ r';;7 ]r;; t [ _;. ·;.:·
1
gCf.) r;.
~ _ , . l.D ,b• c ~b• l.D
1-.c r f>" .P" t.:;bl I>r -
\I It- "' V\ - - • V r ~I -~I IJ>•
't. ,--.. I
t 1t -• --:- '~b ;·,
l!
't_ fl r~ ~·l ~ •_;;- (;. E ~. ~~ fi:.C ~· f ~ ~. t ~ £ t. f- ~ ~f 1.:
I 1- b i ~ 1 t t 1: t ~ i- s t!· [ f P t ~ [ [ ~ B~ l ~ · .rr : : i t
t
u ~ I ~ ~~lj 44.J~I
~h··=·,·.:,~-7 -.-•,·~·,-:,=·.--'"'r··--·~;12..:h1::i~.fZ.. ·~·~~%.T'~~~:-:-¥q"c~ltiV§k·~+":RT?fe.;7.;(it;~;:~.!;;·S_:;\-.~SSLi-:.:.-~:.;..~..;,.~..:;.,~:]
,,
International Monetary Fund~J...UI ..14.Lll JJ.Jl.c4.J I~j.A ~.i9 ~ UJJ ~J
Fistful of Dollars: «~UI Lj~IJ ~ I uL:.4 :ulJ~J...ul 0-4 ~ » 01~
,Lobbying and the Financial Crisis (lgan, Mishra, and Tressel, 2009)
dol..,l?}I u ~ ~ t <i'1' JI.¥'~!~~ o->1u~ al~ l.!JUA> 0i 0~411 fi~
~ ~JLlJ.IJ ~~ ~_,.!.I lobbying ~~I ~ I ..)~ ~...u ~J~I
ul...J~I 0-4 ~ aJJb ~ JUI I.J.A JL;.jl ~ J.41 •.;Jo~! ~WI dol..~?}1
.~WI .)o~I y ~ i ~l..,l?J ~..)~ ~ <i'11
iAJ.u__,l;w~~t
<J:1i Jl:'J.I ~ ~ ) ~ J~I u~b. ~ lfoJji 0:!.:UI ..)l~~l 0-4.J-lS
Y!' ~J4-J Kozlowski ~_,ljfi ~..)J Allen Stanford ..)J~~
'"'!'J..)
~ f:.~~t 0-4~t ~i~~a Q;.«oiaulJ~~...u (Garth Drabinsky
r~,.:-....::S\.=.h<;·h.:@§· . .@J<&L:t·A&£.:.F;fo-::.::~fiiA..f&swA&vr-S.. ~.f&fiiifuf-%41·'"":"::-.:".=·~a~>f··><:-.:j):::.-,,·s=.-::.,t~Aii·'.";:£:·.sr=::=\¥+:i''.'~;:~,·+y·:.:1·s+w::-~::::c\AJ(k,s-XiY-}wi--:..::-.p?.;f§+·;: ... =£~-+<)
-
~ I ~ l:u_,l» wl~ 4l:o ~IJ.l y:.s' ~ I ~~ c.:J~I~ ~ .ol:=-JI o.iA -
Icarus o-vJJ~l ~ ol_,L......u.ll r.Jl ~ ~ ~1.., «( \ '\ '\o) Closer to the Sun - - -
"-:P-~ Jl~I ~ ~.)f.:JI ~ .L; , , ~.J.JI_, J,J_,.i:.}'11.S...U ~_,b-,f.:JI a,:,o;. «~«JI
~,..,~1 ~ ~~ c.:J~ w,o~f.:J, ~'iJA 1.S...U - ~ 1 ~ ~l.;i91 '.«: '"!
~ a.1:.Al dJJUolJ) ~~ ~t ~ 0J·.:bi,.,.? ~~ . ) ~ ' ~ w ~4
~ ' cciJt,-..,!i,l L,Ut:.._j,t» ~ ~ rtzj'il_, c.:Jllll ~..,~, ~ ' ~
· ~ ~ t ~ ~~ 0~ .i9 J~)U ~~10~ ,Ill .(Nocera, 2008
tf llJ~t ~Llw:,
~~t ~ l...b~ ~~4 c.:JlS'~ 0~~10~..u.1 ~1~ ~w,
~ 'ij-A J ~ , I.LJ •(Lanchester, 2010) a......~ll.A L..!I..L....Al J .:;,._jj ~~I
o~ ~~\jj ~
'..r.:,--
'! • -:--:t ·
()-JJ>- • ..1A ~'1 Jo~
· TiY~ a.:.·._ ti o.J.....A uJ--:!
• .J..a.i&.ijJI
_ · ~ ..ul
u
J ,:aN ~ L.....o~_, .(Schweitzer, Ordonez, and Douma, 2004) 1.S.J.......ll
_,ta .:~I~~~ c.:Jl........uJw ~1 w~..ul ~ ..u ,~UI L..!I..L....A'il
~J.HJ c...>-""--'.JLA ~ J .(Swartz and Watkins, 2003) 0~'-4.U ~~
~~ c;..u_, ~I oJbf'I c.:J~jLi 0--4 SlS' 0 l (Harris and Bromiley, 2007)
~U14J -~UI c.:JW~I ~~I~ ..1.J_)Jc.:Jl..a.Uo:lJ4 ~~J~4.!J;,;;JI ~bf.:JI
w-a~..ul J~ ~ ~ J ~\jj ~1 «d......;t_,1.b.11 rllJf.:JI ~J JJ-«,O.,JI ~ ~ I » ~.lJ:
~a:tJl..,:too.ll:LJ~LlA,~ll a~ .«c.:J4~1 ~~)b.U»Jo~I ~ ..1.J-1! w
.«~lk;..t» L..!Ll«:'ol ~ L,:ibl~l ~..,_J;..ltl ~ ci'11 ~WI J.? c.:J~I .ll~t
"\.
ul.Ja.al ~ ~1-..iJ!J "'4J_r?JI
ki,,S§--!hitf4:-<hM4"Nt!\#@··.-.M.§#if4 ¥··ii~&&--,,..,¥&t&ik-if~@r,;.·.t'ift-'"&h3i4:ti•il'MS# -~{R~w·M:::&\@@M Pf(.;:., J ~- ··d5a-4L ·Sr:5~.t}fn;!a'$FH "'P·\:df bz;.,rr::m
'\'
J.J'-:/1~1
·~~~=.~·~==~==···,·~'.':·.--""":·•:cc...._···,:•·:...··.·:••·'·•·-••.~·.•,·c:·... ·.·..·.i)
'\Y
o4=d.J o.J..a.UI L_,J~I 0A IJ..LC. ~ i L_,J~I ~ c.=:.i\.S'~ 0i ~->31 ~
a+,ylJ ~ I ~lzJJ o~l_µ.o u\ ii.!ii?c.'.ll -
ly;..jA ~.)-Li \+,I' ~1 a ::- colt oj).Ll.lJ
~Ul.1 uj.:i.AI ~ · ¥ ~ i ..H)!. c.=:.iL.u). 4.4 ~ (Santoro and Corrie, 2005)
~~I~ ~I ...dl~IJ ~J~I ~ ulS'->1u ~ ~ I . A ~ o~I
L-
- u~
~LUI c4 a.:,~ I~ .. ~I ~· L~L....u
'"(t-1 ~ · -~- 'L, -&'
~ ulS'~ ·. ·t ill lb.JI L Li.~~I ..L.:i ,-
- t w
. ~ , ~~i ~~~I
0A ~ 0Lli ~L:u ·0~ ~I~~ o~_,JI ~,. ·: , cri Jl~~I L)L...u tj..tl w
, ~\Jdg ~ ~ 4 4:!~I ~ I a.J~I a.k->1u ..:...all ,4:!~I a.k~I c.=:.,~\Jdg
~
~~, ,.s~ 0-4-4 nA 0A JS' 0A,- ,o;. ,~. _,J_,4 JL....ui a.1:,~ ~ . , , ~ I -
,,., ~~~~'?.'.ill l.oj l!I...L:,,,.j fall =~~,
~ - ; : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - « ' l ~ · , . ~ ~ o : . ; ' ! I I X ~ ~ : : . \ k J V , . . . ~ ~ , . ~ . a . ! i r . : a . 1 ~ ~ ~ - . o r r ~ \ . ' l . ~ ~ u ~ , ~ G l t / ' t r A . . , . . , . ~ r ~ A . ~ 1 . , - , . , . > < , , . y , . - . : ; ~ . , ; , _ . _ , . ," - ¥ V ' L ~ O ~ ~ ~
~ .)~lj 44J~1
~ rv, • • · JS'o-4 -IJ.>.IJ -\,a;. .~.;;~I c~~_,Jl~ak~I~~ ~
c:,..ul cl.ti~ c~_,JI y4,-l J.t_Jl..,.,tll ~ ak~I ~ -·fSilaic I o-4-4 -Wt ~)\jJ
-
-
t ... 1.·.Lcl..J)Atl -~~I - - Lll
- .~J~~l4.......4iJ ~•
~..... - ..,.. (.) • '"'~ • ~ ~~
- . ·
~~
·r'~tl' c ~ .;I.~
r~i ..1.41 •.l~I~ J~~L - ' ! I . - : . ~ ~ : ; ~1
-~ - . . '.) ->- .':('f ~\SJ
- l.!ll..lA ~.:,5
J-AJr'<· ·'\ rL::. ~~~ ~Jbuj~, ~ w~~,
rJ6.. ~~~~ J~t ~.)
~ . .l~I ~ ;;~I c~~_,JI cl:!,Jl ~JJ Citigroup y..!)l ~ ~ ~
ul,:il ·.: • ·: .¥JJJ.iJ ~..1-o cJ-4 JAJ Gil Comblum r#Jfi ~ '="'°6J.I ~ I
.clJ~J.JJI ~~ J~I c ~ ~11.S.ll w cLA.,W.I '-:-1-i~ ~ "~ ;;.r?-tJ.4
_jJ.J~J4 C~J~IJ ~UI JIJJ\'1 ~ c:,)lc.1 o-4 J.>.IJ r'~ J......i9 OJl....:,i::;jl C:,~J
e:4J ~ Jl4i~ clc.oji ~l;. Ontario Securities and Exchange Commission
. (Wallace, 2009) dj~~
~WI ~_,JI~ I~~ 0:46J.I <>-4 -~.J..! ~J'-'4ll ~ c:,_,iAWI ~
~ ~=•.:aiiJI cJ---IJ:!..UI ~~ JJ.l ;;.lLI u..c.:)J ..1.41 .a..tltl c ~ ~.ll ~
..1.41 •tij.i:.ll w~ ~4J ~l~I f s• 0 i.:J w~J W..9---'-U~ ~l;. ~J~I
0
-
~t,.;...1-o o-4 JJ~ c:,~ r, o ~ ~JL.-;.J ~ c:,~ ct:.l ·.·: .,,1 ~~- l..""4llJ
a.J6JI ol.A c:,l fL..,.SI ~ •(Pidd, 2010) ~Jl.aAJI l..u.Jfo J.,.._,, ~ LA.; q~i , ,.I c?JI
~FLA~ ~~J ;;"~' ~ ~ ~ rJ ~t ~.;ll 0'4J ~~' ~ rJ
cJ-4~ .l~ ~~ ~.:UI ~I~ ~t ~1 ·.l~)U ~~I J~~I .;~'it
•~~, 0-l->:!JJ., 04,.:iJ ~u t r ~ t 04,.:i U""w, a..oL::.
;;~t c~~_,Jt ~ Pew Research Center ~~)t.J ~fa.JA I.S.r?-l ~
-- ., ~t ~l~~.JA\rl cL::.~t ~ ~ L~ ·c:4
J-:>-~<ct~»~<i'11 - -
~ ·~ -'-'1 :. (1.At. ~
. .) ~ru . .) (.)"":!"":"~U"'J
-~··-'' L _:._., ,~, \rt --~
ca~,
'-,c..U - "6.. ....-:-tt
• ~
~ (1.'rA ~ ) WJ.!.;,.,oJI "~ •.·.:1):'11 ~.lf ~J .(1.V• a: ,mi:) t-l.ca.WI ~ (1.VV
ul.Jaal ~ JlwMillJ 4+1~1
mz:::w . \ffr'L. ·:·>··::·-<:.:P.s:::i,-''·>:"h=\··:·.t;;-'5777t~::-:~~~?.}'{:,,·: ·};:'/:·+····-X.?.:y/§r:=-..-.'35-}UC .·.r,r,;?~h,··t-;.:.zj.-£,,z/§··Z"Uiti:::.-,. ·-aj.. :,::···pi::·-'.·..f:±.-···1'.ilii.&ZJ
w~~I J~~I ~J.A i~tJ (:l.'n" a: ·ui:) wJ-AWI ~ (:t.r\ a: .. ,;_,) w~lui.JI
.(Pew Research Center, 2009) (:I.Y\ ~ )
.l.?.-~ ._gl~ 'ii w,Jl ~6..J (as'~J .l..)--4ll) J.,~I uWo..alJ .ll~~I
~ ~ ' i i U~4 0 ~ ~J...1.:1 d.!10.;. .~.JI d•4 rtlpb:i ob~lJ L..b;.JI C
(Pfarrer et al.: 2008) 0 ~,J~-.JLl:i .J~ ...l4l • ~ \..>-4t u ~ I UJA ...LJ: '}l
.. I,
u_,.\A~ LA~ c'""IJ Jl.b:J ~ ~ I ..)L.will jJ4'J u~IJ Ar"~' t.!b; 11J C
u ~ l ~ ! lAi .aJ.,j.....ucAa..a..i~u~~~~~J[~-":'ULiJ~I~
.~ti ul~ ..u:i ~ ~lb.J4 ~~IJ ~J.4JI LW\ ul:9)WI
i~~ti),A~t
~ t ~ _u~ ~ (Simons, 2009) r4.J~I ~>l:. ~I u ~ I ~ ,J.,l.411 ~
.(Schwarz, 2009; Torres, 2009) ~ I J ..)~I 0-4 ~ ~>l:.~I ~µ,
~ . . : ~ ~ ' W : o o ~ . . . _ _ , . _ - - . , ~ ~ . . . . . - = ~ ~ ~ ~ . Y ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ ...~ = - = - • - - ~ s . o 1 L L ~ ~ u s . - = - . m " ' V 4 ~ ¥ ~ ~ " - ~
'\V
lt·;.,1···r-ibtef~~u~·a,d·}~.,!~01:-&MJ@•e).:J@-.J@M>-&i&·8®1r~,@>;-f£1r1tr£4fyJi\Z§f§§410 4&41wJPH'~ff%Jb.-i:Vw§J··'fliffwi2%(@~·tt«~l}~!®J:Wfu.rirXJi&%~i6%·~4,U@riii&¥&M·~0HfC l\ 0'1
1 1 1
~~I~ a.:t:.1..o ~6.. L&J~l ~ J ~~I ".J.A ~ ~Jl, a r~r<ll ~ u'4 ~ls.)J
(J~~I ~ ~ uJ·.:bi,rr_~JG,.. '"I~ a,jl.:u.u"'i4 ~jJ ~J.ol..:ill ~~
. ~ °DJ;!~ UJ_;,lo ~ ~.;G... ~J ~
VY
u ~ I ~ .:ilw.4J~ 4.4.J~I
c::--,-~r-.'·=J}.-, .. · .. -r-, . ·:.--·.·..... ,·,.· .. -·:-.-.-.· .. · .-:.··. ~.-·-:,:.7•.0~~"-70;7,;-~:---~~;: .. -···h?:' .. · ..~····>( .·.-.. ·,1-:{J.':: -::zr2E7WPi~-"-~'!-'."~~:-'.":z:::::::::rJ:1
~ ~ .c.:,~Uo ~.l~ c.J.A l~J ~.;l_j.J.IJ o.?.-~I c.:.,I.;~ ~Lc.u c.J.A ~...u.1
··-'' r .,1.ajl~·-t"
u.,.- . --~d...l~1a...,.c-_,,
~..,~~Jr..:- - ~ ~ ~ ~~
·-1~:j t ... ·~!t~;;~t~:. -
l.(t-UI.)~
~~I~ o.J.A ~J ..:.,IJ-L'-1' eu.u o..u. J:,LuJI ~I.J c.:.J:; Y.J~ LA~ .l~~I
~LA~\ ~~~~J,J~I ~-'94 0,A cl 1110;,_J'i'(,11ic~•i!.P." ..i.u.........ul . ~ I
u ~ t ~ ,)l.w.,.U!J 4 , ~ I
~ ~ - ,.•.;:••.•: , . S 0 " 2 < 4 ~ . . . ; 4 . ; . : . . ~ 2 L L : . ~ ~ & i ~ ? " ' ; . ? ~..;-..Z1k:Z.ZJ;.:..:..~:~.;;,*~~-.:..0...:....•..:.........·. .·-,.:": ··.~]
~i ~.:.ut., US False Claims Act ~lj.JI al~~.l>Ll o~I a~~_,JI w~l:! c.;r--11
.w~~I aW~ r'+..,.,:os ~ w~~ ~ J ~ I ~~1 -ll~~I
u,c al~» o~I a~~_,JI ~ a.! ,,..!~.) .)Lu l,g.J ~~ ~ ~.).) ...1......4l
tj!J .J..u:. l.!.U~_., o..l~ ~ w~b. ~ l.!.U~J ~ . , . t i ~ ((~I a~>l,;.i
r'll LA.J..u:. ~~.,i ,«~-llJ>-» ~)Ci wl~I LG~l afi~ - ~ J ~~1 ~..lly,-
':?.:.UIJ aS'~I a ~ ~~J .b.l at:,,; .... cs~ ~l..1.4>1 alllk:i ~~ ~411 ~t
uJ-:1.) .)~j ~ • ~1..1.6,11 "4,.:i ~ I al......u~ ~411 fi~J ~1..1.4>?}1 al:!lk:i ..l~i
~.) LAJ,A_.,cll a.JJ-4-C ~.J.AiJ.,l..u~I w ~ ~1~~.Jt;.,;.! ,,.cGi~
~~Jw~J-4-Cw~ILG.b.!~w~~Jylb~i .w~IJJ~
~ ~ ~ 1.!.U~ 0-4 ~ ~ ~I '-'""J.J..UIJ . c.!l.,.LuJI l.:ui , .• : ... _, ~ iJ.4
--~-~.-..._......,.."'<."·"'.' •~··"'._.Q-...,...... <.--..w:·~f,J'.,..,.,._..~.u.v...-~- ... ,;a.. , . , : - · . , , . z ' ; , ; . N ~ ~ - : r . - « ~ ~ ' : ' t " : : ' . x . - x ~ ~ - · . : J•.,,._--;,-·-~=-'"v'M··-.·~2,,··:"Lv,i
vo ~~ 4..Lt.9 ~ 1$~1 LA..9 c,~ l~U : u ~ I ~ ~~!J 4.4.J~t
J ~ I ~~t <JAJ , J ~ I ~ t.Hlll4Jl J~I ulo.,.t.l l.!l~~ lA ,JLJJ.I
.,~ ~ , L.d_jA ~ J , 4.,lk..o
c.ill::i 0lS' 1::i1 'Y! Q.:t;, ;;11 ~)l;. ~' 1.:-U_,...L&J1 ~
~ ul.b~I J_p, u~)Lo 0-4 ~..u lA JAj 0~.,.t.l uloi , "- ~ J ~IJ.fll
¥)l;.~I ~ ul#~I .,~ ~ I ~J '"~1 ~1 ul~I ~ ~~ -~~WI
-
• ~.>AJ 0 ~ -IJ-"llo
iy~ra 4t,;;~t
~ 1 ~µ1 c.:..--A~i ru~_,-j~u,,o0-J~1.,t=t1>11 ~ rr· ·°'
~ l.!.U~J ~ ~ ~p,,~IJ ~ I [bj)' ~JJ-4 ~~ w..1,:i,.i ~
~ I J~0:4'1l:ll 4i.llo 0)4..>,ll ~~i -~.,.UI JLi!o~I ~ t#~ W.;J.l
l.!.U~ 1..Pi .4UI ~lS:A D.ll:j ~i 0-41.!.U~J~~I i.S~ t:9.; ~1 ,.,S.li L4.A
~,~ ~~ ~ ~ J 0-J.J>i r• •, • · • W:0>4J ~~I~ JLUoi ~ ~ ~1
-~~~~r~i~.;~~ -~~15.,1$'Jl~l_,i~I -
, -
~4~~ w..1,:i,.i .<J:4...>,110-4J:gia.;,~r~i~ 1 ~ ~ p , , i
~ ~., r'~i ~ LJ::1 r.,1) ~ 4 r~i ~ wJ?i ~., ;;4>J1 ,.,s.J.A
~i .~I~~ L~i ~ rlS:.>.~l tt.JA .(BBC News, 2009e) Lk.
~ ~ ; ; ~ I ~1_;--b)U JUI ~.,s:.:..JIJ a:s>WI ~I~ ~lS~I u,,o ~ ~..LS
~\:!as'·
.
.:..t - WI
'J-' ~
':. ti rl~I, f"'- , ~ ;o.l6.. <.r-'
O"':P..J"' · .Ll~I
- t.?-' k....ul ~.)
·
F- t.?JL..1u.; .u~ ~~ ~J 0i ~ Li Peiying [ ;.!.!! ~ J-AJ ~.,s:.:..JI \ 8<\;4;
~...>Ai .;'iJ.l 0 ~ , , , r u-"~1., ~...>Ai .;'iJ.l 0 ~ r, v y.;~ L A ~
.(Guardian, 2009)
DJ.ALJA -I~ J....l i I~ ~~I r~I' DJ.A <)I' 1.·: "'.' l.!.U~J ,;;~I ~L:'i.,JI
-----"",4-........-."""•.,!lo'\;~.,Xt'>A.:.w....,;;;-.,,"".#- ~~~~~I'..1~ ,,.....,_~.,._"l.!W',•.:J(.....-.11'_,..~,~.~-----
. ~ ~ l.: ,
'-r '···L
~ .
uLJo.al ".JA ..)"'(t-lQ,
1 .t::.\ ti t.!JJ.:U ~
1..7", •- .r.)i
~
~W
- -- - ~ J-'-
~
-~<i
~ I I.JA~ui~ .JUIJ~~4~..;biw,k ~ i ~ J J ~ I
'-?"'t~i.~ti ~
...~-ti '-r
. -~ ~_,........,
..... --~t\ .l~ .)_).A.J
. . .. •1..7"L~
'-'I ..1..JI
..
cl.JJ ~ IJ L9.. \..b.j (..:r'-
,... :.-·
~
" ' ' = ' ~ ~ . l , - - ~ ~ l ' ~ - . C : , ~ , : . • ~ l . 1 . 1 . " ' - ~ r , > J , . ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ) , ~ ~ ~ 1 ' ; ; - ~ . . , . , ' ( X ( ; . " J " ! l , ~ . ~ . _ - ~..........-~~ ... _.,-~.~,l,.~<.,'.,...o • , < d . • . ' Q I , ~ ~ ~
A\ ~~~~'-:?~ILAJ~~l~U :u~l~.:i~IJ4J~I
. ~ ~J ~ ~~i I ~ 0~ ~1.JJI ~ ..)l~~I ~..) ~ l.:U .JUI c)l ~WI
~J . ulS'..A JS'~ (.)>conspicuous consumption ~.»-Lull ~~'}JI ~ I J.a.l
0-4 ~~"''.::I;~~ £>I~ i:t..l JUI .o..)\.....uJI ..)..P."J ~'}]JUI ,u.u.~I c4
~J Ji 0-JJ>-'511 ~ c\l\..ijl ~ LA~ o..)\.....uJI 0-4 ~ 4 ..u...>:! _jAJ ~IJ a4,.WI
·":..)ill o~_,JI 0-4 ~b_;_;6'i ~_,JI o~J ..\.Li 0-J~I LG...U ~J .~l_,ll y_;~I
~ ~ ~
~10-4 ~ ' aWo.i.t.lJ ..)1~'.)11 ub•
"'.! ~ J~ aG-1~4 ~ ' ~ F'
o..)1=.} u,-o J,l4i ~~-"=' 4i~i_>11 _;.:.:·; 0i '}]!,I.LU~~~ 0-4 ~_;JI~ .JUI
~
l_)--J~ J - ~
~_jl (Schwartz, 2006) j:i.;I~ 4-4~1 ~.:UI ~~I .;Lb)'\ u~J.ll r ~ I
~,~~I ul.>J~l 0-=-Q·oi; . .;l~~IJul.>J~I ~ l~.;JJ ~_jll ~~I
~,~ ~, .;l.:U:. ~' ~ J a.!!t ... ul.J-:Pb dJ ui ~.) c4 ~~, ~ 4JJ..---.14
~y.;l~~,..9 ul_J-J~I ~l.;Jui ~ -~ 4JJ..---.ll ~.)c4~~1 a.!:' I'!
.;l.:U:.~I ~YJ ~ I .l.P.-J .;~u
~l ulbi....u t:r11 ~~I WJ ul..c.~I 0-4
~J ~ .;I~ i 4:i>UJ ~~ ~I a:sjl.,llJ ~ I J.P.-J .;~! WJ ~~ ~I
--~i .<J)'-:-U-"b..f.l .;J.l o.;W-.ulJ uyWI W~.;~u 4JJ..---.14 ~l~~I ~.;
'-::7"4-WI [.;..LJI / o\..9Wl..9 ,tJ-'-"_,JI / 4~'}}\j:i.;I~ ~~, .)~~I ,-.;Q,o;
L. "I ~'}JI
ti ~--It\~ Lll.aj
<..T~ ~ -
.ll...Ji
•
...w··
-!)-J
'--4-0 •,.;.Hq U2.w::)
- u.r--r J~:. .o.
~ J r.
t:r11 ~.lj:j ~..9 ~ ~ J+_.,, ~ I l.:U. ~ .ul.>J~I 0-4 ~ tl~i
.LA~ J
·- ~)L;.~luLS'·'--·tl
- -~ ~
1,.. Ll~lu~~~I
- :.i.:J •~-AA·
j-:J ~~
•
~~'1';>":JQ?T,...,,*~•~.!_--OA,~.J<'J•'i'r~l!lo....,,,...,,(.,_e.-,,,1.!".~.r,,,.,..--.J...• ~ - . l - X - ~ ' r . . - . : A « - ~ ...~ \ Q..'l,~~.,."!J/!'t..c,( ~-.·.r....~---.~;~-,w.~\..XC.,,-.t.'>~1."~™~'C'4'.l~.-:I
AY' ~~ '-1d ~ (j~I Loj ~~ fall : u ~ I '='"9 Jl.ww:a.l!J 4.4..1~1
~I~ . a ~ I ~ .)~IJ~~I ~~~~~cJ~l "~I Lol
Mathew Sanders jJ..ijlu.u l~l.oJ Conan Albrecht ~._r.Jt 0wfi .;Llil '<.>".)~I
~~~1 ul ~1 Chad Albrecht ,-,,~.:_r.Jt .)l-:uJ David Holland .J.ll~ ~.)J
Jl.b:s~ ~ I J~'il a'i6..J ~~1.)1..u:.l ~o~o.)~~1 u.)i ~~I
~.,.ti aL..u)t;..I J u l . I ~ ~ ~J J ~ 'ii JoWl u~j.1.1 ~I.; ·t---"'IJ
~ J.4l ., 1 1\si cull J~IJ ~.;b?JI J~'ilJ ~ I J~IJ ~4]1 J~IJ
~ .~l.;.)~6..rl.J..;.; ,114a~l~J~'il~i.J~~0~jll
~J-LA ~~I o-4 ul l.,_7=iii ,crlJ J~I ~I~ ~lfo4 ~J>L4 o4 l.,_JJlu
a.:;;:< lA ~ ~1 u ~ ~~ ~1~11.!LI:i y~) ~ ~ c..e~I ~ ~
as'.;..ul Jo~4 rationalizations a ;t;;,JI ~ lA~ J~'il ~~ .<>"LJI
~ 4 ' ~ ul . perceived opportunities a....<.;..ul U'°.J-4l4J perceived pressures
~J-4ll ~ J ~ I a~IJ t ,~,~I Jo~I ~ . J ~' i i ~ c..el..,__bi
~ .~l.:U D~~ uJ.) J~'i4 .).;-all ~~I al.>J~I ~ J ~ll_;JI ~ ~
"~4 J ~'ii<>'°~ .)'~~I<>'° u~4 ~~ ,~u r~ ~ u~j.1.1 ~ ,
l~IJ ,Raven ~l.;J French ~J-4l ~ I ab! cull ..u:-1..,.;J ~I[~~
~1-tld..J.)L...a.llo·
~ - -
-~ttub..-~-:tt..ill:i
'..r.-' ~
· · -- .Jl..u>.'il
~ -
· 1.1·:.-~1tu6..:.)-L4A
()A~
-- .)I~~-L
~ll.;JIJ d..411__µ11 ul .;.:.:;;;J ~_.;...cJIJ ~ I J ~jAJI ub~J Lr-~)'1 ~ I J
-
cl.4.;~I ul ;;.:;;..,..::JIJ ,J~)U -L....uo u4~1 ~..LiJ ~t&.l.lJ t.)4)'1 ul"l~lJ
J ul.I ~
I.. ...
c,- , ... , .~. Jl..u>.)U ~ , . I
~J _ U'°~ )LI u~r ':. L-: ~ .Lt.Jt&J.I
.. !t!t\ ~ . J
~L..ui p<i u~~I ..u:; e,S.:UI ~~I~ .~ll_;JI ~ J ~L:,J.I ulsl~'il
c..e~ L -
- -
l• ~ l 4.4J~· '-~ I .-. )· i u ~ I c 1,..
, - . ·-
-
~ , ~~:. JLU>o
-
'ii c..e~I
0~ 0i uJ.) .)~1 <>'° ~~ uw~I ~ ~ ~ ~..u ufi3 uiJ J ~ 'ii
• .)~I .)_?.J J~I ~ abl ~..u
'='<II i.: c~ei c~c.:l I>='~ '-:?"'.;JiJ Zehava Rosenblatt u~jJJ lsl,.,_j ~J-C ~
ci.: .;.:lo ;;JI uL;g>b ~I <.J::t ~)WJ t:tWI ~ I ~ Orly Shapira-Lisshchinsky
<>"JIJ.1.1 o.JJL..ui '5..U {o.;.)Lal ~ ~_y.llJ y~IJ .;,>-bll) y ~ ' i l u ~ ~ J
-
..ill:i~ -~.;l..1.A~i,~y~'ilu~~~pj:i - .~IJ--'-"?JI
ci.: .;.:lo ;;JI Lll..u.JIJ ethical climate~~ ~I tlill dj>UJI ~~ ~I ~Ll.1.1
. ; ~ .tendency to misbehave c..e~I o"L...u)' J.:I.IJ organizational justice
y)lb.ll 0A JS'.;.: •i.: ~ dj>UJI y ~ 'ii uls.)-&Ai o-4 c..e_)-'Ai JS' ~ uL;g>b ~I
~---u.J..J~~-- .g.a:;;:...;....,..«_.~-------.,.,.._._«<_~_.,..~-At
~~ c'"1aS ~ '?.'.1lt Lo.9 l!I~ ljU :u\.J:a.al ~ l~IJ 4.4.J~t
~J t' '~, [• ~ .y'(f1' '\ ~1' C·
't C· ~. [• G. ,f-' ~ 'l_ J L,;
~ t- (X <;, £
I f. ~ r;. ,.
,t:S- ~· f. '° fil l· : t t ~ ~ •t c;;· ~ f ~. 1 f'. '[,. V, -~ .~; ~C•
I - ~· 'f R· , ·~ e. ~ c, - ·E ~ ~ f L V\ o i' ~ c· .c . ~
't f
1 ~ c;V,, _..;- ' \ .[ . ·[ ; .,: Ll .cfr, i ~ ,C· ~ : •i
t> I ~ lo •G ~, I • I,
~.~ r~ ~ '°·~ '[[, .~·f> i. ,(; [, >i .
~· E•· 4..p ~. • lo ,. • • - b. .. •G. ls>· P,.I - i
f 1:5 ls>• r.
1- t'~ t
a~ - ~
[! C & h • I
'°_: I . e; c.- I I • CI l:! ls> ls)I
J
t t ~- (• > f .;;- ;:" ~ \: ~ V\ lo '1, 1,• ,_.
I.;· L,
~ ~ 't.. : . c; ~ ~ ·~ 1 tr '° ~ ~ ~ ~
l ,I: -i,\ ~ G.f !!.~ r~- '<is,. f-~ t<i· l~ ,c-. 1 e 1I
" ~ ~ ~· 1 - ,~' lit f:' '~ ~ ~ f. cr r (; 1 ls>, ' ~ f ;:..~ (1 - .C I:! C C: .C
[a [s 1 I t f;-" I~
i f;. C- · - •L C-' C::- [.
i Ci·~ 1' t )!~ • ~t t: ~~ tr;. •~ t- 'L,.f': '°~ 'l'. t=• ~g, <i'}. l- ~·• ~~ t' t •[ (:r/.) ,r-[• t~'
t~ IA - ~ ~ • ls>• .,: ,t' '"l1' • ..
L ~ I I - ; 0. • c_ Cl\ I
- ! $,..: [ I t' - I - I - ~ I I "[ L, I I C- l]\ - -·
r,: .~ '° ~ t1> -G.
,1;' t
.& ~ ~ .t f;-" t>
·~Irt ~~ ;;:c, .f~ [;~ l'° fl.- fc..e ~~~ 1· .;°';_· ft ~·- ci~. .f:.· $- ~- <; ·i.f t ~,t' 'r .rE, tf'~. .i C~ ·~f 1:'i~
~Jf
~ '° rt '°E,
1
'° ~
~· -
<i:-
'E._ f 1
'°E, '°C- p,., }
ls)I oc...· - ~ - LI L"' - t:_
t- ,-.. • C C• ~
- ·~ E
(") ~ . t-
' ('i
t' - I ~ I I i= I I I ~ b I ~I G. \., ~ e: ~:
f' ~ ~ ~- ~· l t ;; '°~ ft ~
f ~ t ~ [ f &; ·~ ~ ~ 1f l f [ i t ~ f i t t t [ l t ! !'1J
J.J'-il~I
w~l.h9 ~ JJ..ul 0-4 ~..u.JI J;s 0-4 l:J6.. rJ;.; '".! <>"~ .JAJ , ~ µ I .)~I
4.4_µ! ~ ~Li:il ~~1 ~1 ~~ wl~I...P.-1 ~ o.)\+c .JA ~l~I J ~ . ~
~1 ~Li:i~I D.:U ~ t ~fi.>JI .)~It~ ~ ~~4 ~ ~ I J «<>:t:.J_J
l&J~6.. ~ i ~ wfi:i LA~ clAl_j.lll ~IJA 0.,..._.;.Jj.1.I ~ J .c.!:Jl:i ~..,Jo a..__;st..>-4
~J ,~l.)..ul a.Jb.U t.?.>14J •~llll L&J~ 0-4 ~.lLl:&......c.ulJ a .!la .JI
[I ~
· - IJ b . L~ '. r· ~,~:J-'""~t\ ~-1..:uA
. 'r· .ll.uuill WW .• ,_-: - <....a..0
- .J-l~f-l
• :. LJI
- (.)j-0- •
~J ~ -
. _A - ~•• 1.11.:U j-J...:,--
I.?""" .. L-:
-:ti ~ I '- I - _It I ·
<.r"" '..;-- ~~ ~ ~
:. . - -~tt tJJ.'-:""
i . .IL-:
~
~ ~I
L.>A ~.;JI~ ~~1 ~ cPJJ ~ wiJ aJ~ wfi:i wl u\S'~ ~ ' L.>A
(Kanter, 2009) ~\S' ~ . ~WI ~LzJI ~ I ul~ Jw:. ~I ~ i.b~
<?'J «a.:·.:'btl u\S'~I» ~ i <?IJ ~WI u\S'~I L>-4 ..)~ u ~ ~
0_v.;.i_, ~.,.J "?..) LAt .'->..u.1 o ~ I ~u1 ik~t rJl.a:iJ ~1 '->..u.1 ~ ~.;J
~I~ ~~l~->=..l.l.l.;~H.iJwi ,_,~~ (De Luque et al. 2008)
.)~ J.t.5.;J ~Y- ~ ~ a.:b'. uiJI O.l~I ~ t4J~I ul.c.~4 ~Y- ~..)~~I
ul~ o.l~I ~ ~~ ~I ul.c.~4 ~~I y ~ l ~~~~I 0J->:..l.l.l
<?'J ~~?JI ~_jll ..)~ ~~ ul~ LA.;J..l:' ~J ,~l:&.11 a.:1:ai «11114A,JI
.~l~b~~
u..21.t}4.tt u~~
..,t ~u, .;~~, aJ~ ..ill~~ . ~4,-6. ..,t ~4,-6. ~~ o.l.;l.,.JI JI~~'
· ~ .)~, t.?t .l_?.J r~
~~ -
, 1~Ll .,..t
. · - 'l.u>.I ~~ · ·w,."?"""~~~
<. ~' c.JJ-1
~ .r-~->-4
,L~ ~ ·... --:<1~1 Jl.u>.~t (,)
..
w! .J~~I u l ~ L>-4 o~ "?I J ~ ~~?JI J~~I tl.,:,t L>-4 t~ "?i
"?..)~ J~~, tl.,:,i 0---A tY "?~ .ll~?l' ~ ~~?1' u~L.o:i~I r'J?:i cul
u ~L.o:i~I r'J;.; , ul (JJ.l ~~ "?.:UI J ~ ~4 d.,j.)'-4A ~~ ~i O..)~ ~!
-~~?1'
s~...,i.tt u~~
~l~Jl ~ll>'"" ~ cc white collar theft or crime» r'b ,oJ WL-:iJI ~.>=JI (f)
~ ~~I ~ll~I ~J.!~ 0:.J..JI j~I y ~ t ~J ,~~I ~ll~I ~Jj
~Jj ~ WL,j, ~ll~I 4.!lJ:i ..u:; ~ ,~WI ~ ~ LAi •~.i! '-:-1~1
<>'° JJl ~ (wikipedia.org) ~~..J ~~.,.l W)JJ -~~ ~ j ~ I
Edwin ~'1.JJjJ-'-" 0J..J~1 ~.JA~I t~~I f1~ ~ r'b,oll I.J.A r..i;.; • ,I
':i'1' ~~I» o.,j~ ~~I<>'° t_,111 I.J.A ~~ ~ , °'"'°' r~ Sutherland
.cc~ cdbt J)U. ~~I a:slSAJ r,l..~4 ~ ~ ~..>:
:. - :. t t
er~
#
• -- .,, • I
~J-l W: I-•cccccc11.!
• .,, t
~L..1..1.1~ J W: 1-...:.,,.- ....
• t I • ~. - .• I I-... (
-:-1» 'i:~..J ~~..,.... L.a.!='J Y )
y. ~~tL --
L.,-., · ~~
~ti ~L;.
U.0
WI yl..b..4JI
L
. 4\ '- -'I ul:i.u. 4\ LJ'-':. ..1>-o...1 ,..___&
'-:"""~ -· '-:""" · . .J;~J
-
-~LZ.ll
i4A.wA
.Cassell's Concise Dictionary (1997) «oJJ~ ~ o~ Jl ¥J .)A ~ I Jl ~II)
01~ ~L-JI ~ JJfoJ asL.o} .jAJ . ~ I J JUI ~ 1 1:a JJ~
Research Companion to Corruption in «al 1 t:,; I I ~ J ~ I ~~ J--~b,,
a~Ul.1 t ~ ~l.1:1 ~ ~ I 1.L.A ~L:! .Organizations (Burke, 2009)
J~IJ 41~1 C~_)-'Ai ~ t i;IJJ ~ ~ 1 0t ~ , ~~ ~ 1 J J ~
.-
J.;L.u _jAJ Willie Sutton 0jiL.u ~J ~ a;,l!&JI ;;..,_JJ ~ Lo~ . a ~ I ~
-
"Jl~I ~ ~ '~J-'AA ~T ~ " ~ ~ , ~ ..LiJ '.J~ ~...>At ~.J~
41~1 01 ~ , Ill .«~JUI J_?.JI> c.ill~ ~ 04 y4'-i..e ~J~I al>""~
.«~ JUI J_?.JI> ~ r~~I ":a a ~ I ~J-AJjJ J~IJ
,, ~
-~'
~.J .JAJ Michael Misick ~ ~Lo J~1 r r · · '\ r~ O"'.JLo ~ ~..,
uts' .J.o.1 • .)~4 ct.Al+il «.·: "'! Turks and Caicos V"~lS'_, ~.JJ°J ~ ~1.).)J
~ Lo 's ,,,:\t ~ '-,:,~ ~JJ ~JJJ ·ti¥1 ol:?, ~ ~i ·''.! ,,,.!o
l,fl e:9.) Tourism Board 4>-~1 ~ 0 1..,~ JS' ~J-At .J~J.l u.H ~Lo
ul LS -~~.) u~l ~ 4>-4---uJI (.)"'LA,.)~ ~ y l .)~J.l wJi ~W)t:i ~
o~Uo~f1W1 J.P"ul->9~ Wj.)~J.l~>l.A~W~ i~~JjJ1 i.S..U
,
~~~~~I ~LUI ~_jjJ ~ ;(g.J~ V"~lS'J ~JJ°J ~ ul ~ .a.a.ol>.
a,;.,,;;.., Jb~ ~~1 c.J.:,~J ~~~1.., patronage ~j>J1J ~~1 ~ 1
.J1~1 ~ LS .~I ol.s,l ~ ..di~ c.J.:,.i),411 ~..l.4iJ ~_,..;.;JI 0~1.l 0-4 ~~
u~~ ~ ~~ ~U.o ~~ d..t.4i->-° ~~ .lJ~ 0 ~1 ut9~
. (The Independent, 2009) ~~1
.;~J.l l:JJA, :~I ~1 ~ J LA~ ~bll ~l.»-..u.1 .l_;~b...-u \S..U c.:,lS' ..141
c.:,~ , • • a q.:a! ~,~Uo ~ <JA J.,bl , '-4.a , r • cll_,b &- ~ ,i..14, ~JAt
iiJ.iS ~L..u ~ ~j ~ '--4:' ~_.;~I J.P.'~~~,.)~ ,F '~-.)At .)~J.l
Wackenhut Castle ~lS' ~'-f.i:S'IJ ~ JJ.lAJ Antigua l~fJ St Croix
o.;4---J ~L....u ~ ~., .(as~ ov ii~--' r~ ,A··· G>.~)
c.:,_µ.
r~' ~ ~L..u oJ~J t!J\'J t~\11 rl:!i a!:b JLilo\11 ~~ ~ .;Ji.:a.:,t:J
l:!L\.~ ~JAf .)~J.l VO' ••• ~i ~T ~~,~ '-4S' ·c.>"~..>-4 l:i.;~J
cl.JLilo i ~ l:!14 '\ • • • &4J 4:->l:!-JI ~)lb.all J ~J .l~I ~ ~ JLilo)U
~_.;~I J.P.'~ a.:;;.:; ....JI ~J-4ll J~4 ~WI c.:,1 . (Financial Times, 2009)
•(.:.)Johnny Depp ~.l ~.?. ~ J .l_;_,.ijU..U J-A
,,
~ 4 Edward Okun c.:,§Ji .l_;IJ.ll ~ ~ , Y• •'\ rl.c. wub ,ucl~ ~
~~' 4:t~» w-41+,t5_, f:.~, Jl~t r.J>i 1111 ~ . l ~ , «.·: ,11! r1.c. ~u
0...1:~I ~jjJ ~1.,,.-A~ f:.l~J ~IJ.)~L.:if ~ ~~ c.!l..JjJ«u«o;. s~,fl
,,
J ~ ~ ~ , ~ .cGll~\' ~ ' ~41, f:.~, ul~.l ~~ <.)1
-
,, ,, as~1
.(Larson, 2009) 4-41__p- ;;~Uo_, a.:,o~ ;;~Uo_, .;~I 0A b~J LA~ n. ,
~~'~y>l..oy'bJ,HafizMalik~'-4~6...illrY·' • rl.c.ct.;,~.;+1~J
~ ~~I l&!~f w-4 t.5.JJ5.; ~J.l c.:,~ o, t ~ ~l:! U.;J ~ f:.~~I
- -
aq.:a:~f:.'~JUl~LAr~' .;;~,.,~~4~~J'rr··tr1.c.
,,
. (Torstar Network, 2010) c.>"~..>-4 o_;~J ~J.J..lJ~ o_;~J 'i.,:o J~J.l c.:,~
l
d..4l;..9-4 ~J ,Melissa King~~ ~ I 'r" r · · \ r,k. ~J~ ~J
.~_,.tlwl~~JJ~0A~.J-Ai.J~JJ0~ H w,u~4,~_j,Lld..:tl.dj~
-
1-~":J ·
, - -
~j ~ • ·-~- ~ 1·~'1
,· '"JUI·o-4 1--~('-:<~~l~i
.:r-6 ~ ~ c..:,------ ~ ~--
~ J ?:i cc·IJ ,J~I w~ ~ . ) A ~lS:6' ~.J-Ai .J~JJ ~>Li cd)G 0-A~i
a;,~~, '-""~10~.J-Ai u~ y ~ J.i..;-b ~ ~.J-Ai .J~J.) 0~ v, r t4-4
w~~~.J-Ai.J~JJ ,. ·, • • • 0-,A~i ~iJ,American Express
~...>At .J~JJ V'1, • • • t--44J (.:.>Neiman Marcus w,u.,_5.)lA 0 ~ a5.;--.!. 0-4
i;ll~)U l:IJAJ ~>Li~ wl.)~J.J.ll 1...9~jJ ~.)~~ wl~~ ~ ~
. (Buettner, 2010)
~ U. j \ 4.....,jl.J>-u
. I • .u ~_ a5'..)--'-'J:. ~
. ____j\ u.H
• ~
_ I .u ~ ..ul ~
I ·-- ~
,Cui .jib~~~~~
a5->1uJ UnitedAirlines ..w:\.j~0l..;-:b a5~~.J-A~I w~~l 0-A~~J
.J~JJ0~ ro · ~~I 0,,>~..Ll.l.J~'5..»-i w~->1uJ USAirwaysw,ul~0I~
~tzll wLlilLo ..kb~ ~I~ ~.)41,-,;;: «,, ~I ~ I wl~I ~
_jAJ .)~JJ 0 ~ \V\ t4-4 ~ . l ~ 01..>-=1:JI w~~ '5~1 w ~ ~ . ~_jl
ur........-~v... ~.~-:--===--~---~~..:..a.:...J.~~~....,._-::.:~::!LA·.ax. c;.....•c.-=.----=..~.-...,.,,.,.,..,,._.=-a=...:A....-.'N--.~-"- -..:;,-.e,,c,.
• • Jt y,A
I""=! CO~
•
' ..
JUl~Jt
c;:;:;;7'Sr~-,. .~,-·.:·.-~ .,p,a::.,·., ' @ ~ r A · =-?W---~-----·V ·.Q-¥:W-&ffPA w -~.,---~.....f,<-·:r·-.Y:· ·-·f. ;:..,....?.::J'rS".taEZ··-··~ · A =-·Y ..0.37~:?b ·· fdAi®:> *..-;-a
~ t:9J ~ ,J:,L."11 ~\.b~I ~1J.J_,11 ~.; Gordon Brown wJI..H c)J_;~ ~IJ -
(Winnett ' 2009) <J:l~J
· ·- UJ~
- J~iJ ~ - ~
1.~ lu..J - IL-~- \'1' u o
- - ~.. ~ '
~hJ.,JI ~ J u ~ Daily .Telegraph~,~ ~.JJI ~ ~ ~ \.!U~J
YJ~ Lo k.,k:ic:,~1 yl~ (.)A wo t:9J '>4~,M~~, ~J ·rY· ., rw:.
IJA ~ o..,.;J.I ul~w:.J'il IJAJ . (Stratton, 2009) ~>'-""1 ~ r · · ,···
,~ o.;,:bJ ~Lo J.J..i.>.,;, .:loiiJ ,~l+--w, w,o_p-, a.:lofi1 ~ , c.!ll:; r~'il
..Hf!- Jj.ll ':?J~ w-A..>1 ~l~J ,r..l.411 ofi ul:u~ o~~ ~~ ul)-:!--""J
f-"'""' f'I.J;.j sc·4 \.!U~J ol_,.c.J cjJ 4.J ~' ~ ~ ~ ' j cl:llA u\ co co;. OJ ,J~J,A
Lo LJ:4:IL....uJI ylj,lll u 4 ~ ~IJ-4 ~J . (Telegraph.co.uk, 2009) ~ J
ub.;T Sir Thomas Legg~ u,uLoji ~I~ IJA rY· ·A ~ J rY· •t 6::'
~ .>-Pi c:,lS' -~~! ~ c)~ ' , '' ~~ Lo t:9J oJ~ ?/ yl_,.al u4,Uo
~~ l.;4.;4 ~ I yj.>. a;w IJA \.:i.:l>'-""l ~ t Y, toA .tA .GJ~I ~ - -
,~litl L,.lj.lA '->.JJ a.ta.i:UI ~~I ui:uJ.JJI u ~ ~ c.r-AJ Barbara Follet
~ 0:4b.tl , ~ I c:,~I ~ 0:4b.JIJ ~L,.11 c.b_,k>JI J~ ~ Jol_~?/IJ
..\SJ -~litl L,.lj.lA .,-A~ r:9JA ~ u l ~ ~lS°.AJ '~..>-4 ~ t:9J ~ w~
~ t • ~ Ilford South c!JJL-u J_;_,.il~ a;l.i.JI ~ IJA t~..LA ~ ~i c:,lS'
..w ~ o~ u~~..LA f-8:.JJ c.c:,lS' ~lJI ylj,lll Lot .(BBC News, 2010)
yl_,.tll 1JA J~ ~ly..J r' Y•, • rW LWI u4l.:.::.:lj'il ~ ~ ~ r.J.A J i ~
.J~'il ~ ~4 ul..Al+il -L:Jb..
Lo~ ':?.J..£1Y-~I c:,~I f"'""4 c!.t~I John O'Donoghue ~~JJl c:,~ ~ -
~~JJi ~i -~_;\.;JI .G~_;Ja.;.~4JI .G~U:!J~u~LWtu~
\.!U~ ~ ~ ,~>'-""1 ~ 1 • • , • • • (.)A ~l r r · ·A r~J r r · · r r~ 6::' Lo
~ J ' ~ ~_.;4J J y ~ ~ J~ ~ l.41~ ~ Js:.J ~ , • • c:,.....o ~i
.(Sharrock, 2009) ...b,.IJ .;LkA ~ ~~ 6::' o.;~4 4.Jlajjl o.r?-l ~ tvr
~l:JIJ yW)U y_.;bjJf as-.;--1u ~.; ~ ~ r r · ·' r~ ~ ~ ~ -
~ ~ll.o~I ~ ~~i ~lS' Jla:l.....,..ulJ Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corp
y_.;bjf L ~ y ~ ~ Jl->9~1 ~ 'ij..4, ~ .ule~I w~ u'ijL,.J o_;l:i}
1JA ~JA ~ J IJ.J_.;fo ~~~I c:,y..;-aJIJ ~ I r~i ~JA oJ~! ~
.(CBC News, 2009) o.;4,u, ~ J ul~W . ; ~ ~ ~i
'.'
~l:Jl~I
r.= .· -=~·~=--~-~ ...·. ·.-. __.:=__._-::· ....:_. _:_. . : -_..._-::_. < -::;.·._ ..~.. ::_:- . ---~~-=~--.. u ~ - .• · . ·=··~_. . >.-... v:::2 . .- ..~
a~i:,_1.d.t"J't ~~..WtJ4$ ~~
~U;.tl ~-~ti t .... o· ..<ti
1.~~ -- tWI ~L....uS:.JI ul~:.t:; (,>A
· ~· J-'
.ti <.:r-
t ....
~ ~J
- ~ <.:r- ~ ':r"
,~4:.J'Wt .\lt~t
, ~ I c.S.l.1.1 ~ . ~ i ~ J ~ I ~~h, ~..)~~ ~ .ll->9\'I ~
c..:,ll .lJ4i ...w ~ I c.S.l.1.1 ~ LAi ,J~4 I.;~ .l.J-41J ul~l i,.J....-A t~ ~
~ .(Callahan, 2004) ~1>'11J ;;~I ;;.ll:j c..:,ll ~~I~~~ ~.l~~l r~
ulLo4J J_,;...ul ~i <J-4 ~4,-.;.l ~.;J ~J~I '-'"".;l..u.1 ~~ ~ ~ y)L..b.tl
~i<JA~iu4,..;.l~J~ulLo4Jl~~y~I ~ . ~ i
~~ o-4~i ~ 0J~ J~~I ;;.;bl ul:JS' ~J ,~i ~Uo_, ~ J ~ I
o-4 ;;.;Jj.A u b ~ u.o~\11 ~~ ~ ·c.S_;.;..~1 ~JlS'\11 ~l~I y>l,b <J-4
Jl->9\'I ~ ~ .~i ~LA ...dl.c. ul~ ~Uo_, ~ J ~ I ~i 0-4 ~ J ulLo4,.
u4~ c.;a ~I.JAi u.o~~I F..J .J;...ul ~I~ c.;a_, u~I u 4 ~ ~
IJ-..,. ! « o.!J ~l:.,JI J ~ ~ u.o~ ~I~ ~ . J;...ul ~I~~.)~~.;~
,, -
Jl..u:.i~ ~ljJ ~i~L.L.4> .u~luw~lo-4JUI~ l~..J0-l..J~
- ,,
••. _=:~ ... q . i .. '\ I.:,..~ .::~j, ~:j I ~t!.~ a.JUI,~- L, i ~ - ..LLLi ~,, u ~ I
<.)-,1.....r--- ~ ~
,, - • J""'- '"&-' .) ~ . - "(p'- .!.) • - !..>-J - (;'"'
-
~~ 'C~ l:.;~ ~ I ~ . (Albercht, Albrecht and Dolan, 2007)
.(Frank, Cook, 1995) ~~ JS'jjWI F <?' a~.!!JI ~ ~~J ,4UI ~LU4
I~~~
, ~ ~ I o-s~.411 ~...w ~I ~1..v,JI L.JIJI JJ...L...JI ~ u~l_,J.I y.7 ,~·.!
~~ c.?JI ulS'~I u~WI ~ ~J ~ I ~b\11 ul~ ulS'~I ~ ~~
~ ~ ~ . . . . . , _ a , c , e ~ " • . c ' o : . = . ' 1 1 ' ,... o ' " A ~ - . . - . ~ • . - e , : . r - , i ; : , - , ; , t ? " " ~ - · ~ Y C : O " ~ ~ I I M ( . ~ ~ ~ > " . . C V . ~ ~ · . o , · . i : , n . . . s . • 1 1 ; . ~ V ~ " l o N D . ' ° ~
~2:•calt4.l4j~t~~~A.lttj~~,jlb~ a~~t~~i':7'~U
~ ~~1 y ~ l ~ ~.l~'il .lfi'.;JI ~b c.:,ll uw~I ~..1>-i, ;, ,~,<i
, ·, <JA ~..)~ ~ ~ ~J.) ~ ~L;.. c.:,1~1 ~ i ~ ~.ll~i ..:.....j.ij
..)~ ~ . (Wikipedia, 20101, 2010b) r r ·, · rL....c. ~ "\ r c.:,ll r r · · v r~ ~
~y.1 ~ ~ L4A "\t ~I~ (~->-4~1.J'iJ...u4) ~6.. ~>4,11 yW:t:..L.oi
i.5..u ~~ '}I c.:,lS' c.:,i ~ ~..)~ ~~ ~ ,;;..u::al ul:'i_,JI ~;;~~~\:ill
~ .l.P.""J c.:,ll~ <jJI u ~ I ~ <.!.J~J ·>:PJ:-4 ~i r"· ., r~ ~ I
,..illj c.:,ll ~~1 .c.:,~1 ~ ~--1:..l>J M ~ 0:.JJIJ ~ 1 ~ ~>4,11 yW:t:..L.oi
- -
y ~ i .ll~ i ~ ~ J:lj.:j <.!.J~ .J..ifllJ ~I~ .1.;,;,J:-4 t ~ ..L-41 i.5...L...l
~ ~l_j,JI JAJ , LAji.JJ 0:.JJI iillJJi ~~ (' s "'a·, L:i ~IJP 1 ~ 0:.JJ I ~>4,11
JAJ ,Deng Xiaoping ~..9:?IJ ~.lp~ ..141 .;;~1 ul:'i_,llJ ;;~1 ~ I
J~ .((~1.JJ-Ai ~IPJI ~ J~I» c.:,i ,~~1 ~ 1 yj.>JI ~ &.Lu, .l!,tg
.ll~i ..tlJj ~ J~ ~ ~ c.:,~ ~J ~ 1 ~1 ~ J ..i9 aJLua_;JI c.:,i
~ ~1.;JI u ~ I .;I~~ <jJI I.Y'~Y.IJ BMWs ~..) rl ~I ul.J~
-~~~~
.,.-_-,65,,!.·~..r..~-_,,,_ .......,.,_.___ ~ ~ ~ , . . , . . . ~ - ~. .~ - ~ : , ; , , v , - , _ . . . . . - , , , , , _ , _ ~ ~ - . ; , ' , R ~ . : . : , . . . - .
oJP "-='~ ~ .t41JI 4'=-:= ~.;t Adam Smith ,:.,.:Q ,u r~T ~ I r'i ..l.......4l
~IJ r.J..o:JI s:-1.;J ~I.J.ll ~i ~ 11~w~I» c.,---11...,_Jo.j Wealth of Nations f-4~1
JUI l.:.U. 0~ ~~I~ ~1 JUI 0-4 J.JjA ~ J ~ I ~ ~_;JI ~~ ~
1.S.J.l 0~ ~ r~T 0-4..§: ,LL:.~ •.PS"i c.:.i~J ~U;J ~ ~1 ~.)J: ~WI
~ i ~ J ~ ~~ ~ J ~ I ~ o_;...l.4ll ~ I ~~~I
~~~I a.... Lotl ~_,_;:; -0~ LA~~~j;;~~~~a:,_;1.AA i~
~ L.....,, i ...l4l •~~I t ~~~ ~ i 4..4.,~ .).;I_,.!. I t='..Jj:JJ ;;~ LAJI f"~ 0-4 ~ I c.,---11
~ i l.!.l.JjS ~ 1.>----t:i:- t41JI 0 iJ ~ ~ I 0 ~ '-:r'~ cU.4C ~ ~ I
-.,.-.~-
~w,~,
... ·. -.. -..c.=...:::.:::::::~-,,.,·--·,·., . . . . . . . . . . .:·.·:·!
~..,...\>. l.fl ~..1.4i Jgi c.:,k. ..,t ~1.JJ1 ~1_;g l.fl 11a.;,w\'1» c.:.,i ,.. ,.! Q , "I.>~~.., •4.i.A
¥)l;.\'1 ..,.c.Llall ~ cGl~J o~ Jg\'I J_,\'1 ~~ ~ ~ r~T fa~ . ~
~1~\'1 c.:.,i ~\JI o.,_,.:i 1..:-1~ ~ ~ ~LllJ The Theory of Moral Sentiments
.,,~ ~ » c.:,k. ~ r~1 ~ ~ ·~~ ~~Yo r~I ~...u
:0--ffol-.~~-- - ~----...........~·""'°"·-·-:"··----"""·-=~----~~,6""1--...=··=-:.i1-_,..._t
l,i.j~ AW~ '=?~1 Lo_,~~ ,~u :u~' '=79 .:i~IJ 4.4,.1~1 , •A
JUl~.;I
rs::::,--.·~ . zv:z:z::.:::2 --=-.·;._ . ~ .. :-:~!,.=L:! -.:- .. -, ..- --::::-lo . -=~·-:~~~:!-....-<·.·.....Jt~"!r"~G-- -··:;,:....;.;...;..:"='1[::-;?:=-·-··.,:-.-·.·~· . =···:t.«-:-.x~·-\~;...;'::,;, ~:,~-:::.:·.:a!·.ll:iL;.J
~ ..
u ~ i!J.l>.i \s ,u<,; <i'1'-' <<..)-:!AL.!J.I ;;L:?,.,, ~ ~ 4]6.. JLib'l'I ~..H
(Chaplin and John, 2007)w~JLJ:415vu.J..) ·IJ"":'>UlulQ.!Q'o;_,aJ~l~IJ-&ll
ul-'""'"" ~W LJ::I ~.J~ i CJl..>3 ~.JJI ~l_;ll_, JLib~I lS...u ul.JJI rl~IJ ~..)UI
0~~1_,.JJ uoa:t..LArl~I ~...u ~.JJI JLib~l ui ,~_,_, ~ ; ; ~ ~w_,
..H.J.4i ~...u ~.JJI JL.....ib ~I ~ ~ ul.J-A~IJ JUI_, ul.J~ 4k ~
c.:.c,j\SJ .~l:.,JI ul.b~I_, ul:!IJ-&llJ ~~.J..&.::,~IJ ;;>'-")U 4k ~ ~l_,.JJ yk
~l:JI u--'-" LJ::I LA JLib ~I LJ::I ~ ul.:ill ~ I~..i.a=JI_, 4:..)U I ~ L:s)WI
0i uJ~ JLib~t 0i (Schor, 2004) .)~ ~~ ~ .;;~ ~l->-11 ~_, ; ; ~
.~~~I ~l<A ..)~J ~ 0-4 ~ u\5.JUI_, IJ"":')UI
~ \.t "
1~01 UJ'.!bi«u.:~.JJI ~~'l'I~ rl:!.il t1.lAvuWI 0-4 ;;...1:!lj.:&.4 ..)l...u:.t ~LlA
C,
:~~t~t.J,A
;;.)-'-U~I ~ J;....ul 0 ~ LA ~_,.I.I i:,i (George, 1997) t.J~ ~ ~ 41~
w.r.!bi, ,2 ~~1 )l.;...)~ r...La: t.lA_, .Jfoi uk~ 0~~.JJ_, ,t_lyilk:~_,..,
u)l .!< ,~·iJIJ ulA)WI_, t_lj,~I ul~ uLA..,.,;JI_, ul.:_.::uJ.I ~ J ~ I ct.J>l> 0--4
a.L_.,b.ll ~ I uk.Lu. uLJo..&.t.l_, wm...u.1 rJ;.; "'.! ul:?-~I ~ ~ .~JZll
~tu! 4.!.!;;; <.;)! ..)~ l.lA_, -~4 rl_µJ~I ~ u l ~ ~ 11~.,.JI ~I~,~
~ ~ <.;)! D.)J~ ~..)J:! l.lA_,~i uTh~ J_,.bi uk.L.u 0 ~ ~.JJI ~~
.(Landers, Rebitzer, and Taylor, 1996) <1~ ~i 0J..) ~l_j41 J4-uJ411
u. "9-c..it aw~t ~.J.JJ ~ t
~~ ~JWJ L"=4-o (Richins and Dawson, 1992) 0-"""JbJ ~...J .;_,.b .J.dl
;;JL..uJI ~~I~ ~l~~IJ ,~l~~I ~..>-4 ~J~Ll.c. a:i)l:i c..:,,k.
-
~JJ j>.J.U ~..>-4 ~~ ~WI u4,..;...ul ~ ·r~ J ~ ~l~~IJ
-
~~ a.bl;J.I a.!,o;. ,~,11 u\l>WI ~ Jgi_,~lll 0--4~1 c..:,,k.~i~~
u~_,kJI uA Jgi ..)~ ~ ~LA...G~IJ <.>-'-?~I c..:,,k. Jgt_, rs ,11.;·,j ~ ;;~ JUj)'I
Jgt l~lS' ~ (~fi.11 I.J.A ~ ab.! "'! u ~ 1-!l~ a.t_,b) ab , ,:11 ~.,.b:JI
~WI ~~I uly..-JI J ~ 4:Jlll ~LlJ ~ a.tJi 1-!l~J ,~l;p.. ~ ~.J
. (Belkand Pollay, 1985)
iJWt ~
· 4-i!)&I_
· 1.S .:.Ut L4
~» ~1>1,1 ~..1>.l ~ Sophie Tucker .;5jj ~~ ~~I ~IJ ~ I cJll
0i ~->11 c.;,k. ~.., .11~~1 ~ ~ I ~ i l: ~jl.J.J.a .o~ ~.., a.:;<- ~
.~'·'=··- <.9.)
- Li.JI U·i ~11 ~1.'.:.:.tt.Ja:, ·~"i 1_JJ·'"<.
..r-- • ~ '-4Ao..)b J-'-
C
-~···"~·~~~I
.:r'": u U~ -
J~ «~_,JI ~till.~ "~i LA Y'J ,~_,JI 0A ...u_j.A _;.elji 0~ uJ~J J-'-U~ i.S~
"~i LA Y'J JU~ a:,.Ju.o ~t9..,JI ..,t ;;~t...,_JI ~ ~ r~?JI ~~t ~ i
o~..9.J.:t:.A ~.JIJA JUl..9 ~_,JI . (Kasser and Sheldon, 2009) «~~LIi _Hbll>l.:'
~I~ ~_}o u~4 ...141 • l.A.J..1.A ..9i \..&,AIJ;.i ,ul ..9l ~ Jol.,i:,,JI ~
~y.l ul:,Jl.ull..9 ulk~I ~~.)~~.,JI ~.?.J 0A ~~ :c.)b.ll ~ I <.)c.
~ I u ~ 0A ~t I.J.......A..9- . (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and S~hkade, 2005)
·"'tlll,~~~~~.---~~.c,.-~-~._...-~~~.-3'..
~~ ~ ~ t$.:ill LoJ ..:,~ lj\l. : u ~ I ~ ~l.w.4llj 4.4.J~I
~~
\\Y
Jllt ~.)1
Pi?Hfof:•;;z;.Z&M$W@+@kW~ftt:=·frR>\Y·:"·.•wr::.\~r:'"~-v+t¥§BAf~--&s=-:~;g.1w+1x .§tb·.-)2 ··-'.LYM+~-£- -~.@@lidhSYA#·="6%4--~~-.wf.,K-.~-1'f·~~. .,:;..\····y@#t=·M?3 vffiAlh¥i'-=~ "§
9
LAS' •(Kasser, 2002) ~..u.1 ~ 1 ~ r~?/1J a.!,o;.~1 c.::Jl:i)W1J ':? ,o;. .~,JI
~ 1 <JAJ (Csikszcentmihalyi, 1999) YJ~1 ~l..~I LJA ~_,JI.)~~
.o.)\.....uJI ~ ~ ~ ~ JA1~ ~J (Brown and Ryan, 2003) ~lll
j:!:ibllJ ~_,JI 0::t U)WI (Kasser and Sheldon, 2009) <JJ~J J-""'\S' JJL.i:i
'~J~I a..ulJ..u1 ~ .c.::JL....u,IJ.l i!J~ ~ ~..J--*"~1 s:.~.;JIJ ~_,JI ~laAJ ~.)UI
..La.I
.~ ''=WIJ ~~.:..t.:..f1 ~~. •L L~~,1 ~.•1
'J-. ~
'"b J)l;. <
~ .)-!:J
· )·A~ ~
-. .(,f (.)· •
.J......:i,..41
•J
~w,
,~Gll a..u1J..ul ~J .J;....ul a..b.--..,I-'=' ~l.;9 ~ ~lJIJ ~.)U1 JAWI j:!:ib 4>-1J1
. "«.:JI~- · .:.~tL. .) ..ecool1.~r..ul ~ t ... ..hJ3 .. ~tu.JI. ~~"«.:JI.· .:.~ti · l · ~WI .J......:i,..
'-T -~~ ~ ~(.)(.) . .J
..La.I (l...\>.I I :. ·
'"bl1.
.)-!:J '-T"«.:JI ... :.~ti
~ .)-!:J
r.t:; 4>-1 ·
.),
I •
·~ti
J ~ ~J- c..9.).. WI c-:= -~ ) ~~
; 1., L .... ·t1
c.::J4-,W1 t~lJ ~lll ~ 1 0 l 0 ~4JI, ;, .~;i<I ,,.,;_;.;.i L...ulJ.l ~J .~.)u1
J'~.. -- ., ~ 'Ill .4..i.4)U,.
.. 'J-J ti ~ . ,~, .)-!:J'"ti ~
. U)WI.'-T
-~ (J)LI·
.. ~
Jo........u!j-U
....
JUI LJA ~_j.A c.:,k J ~ 4 LlJlaA o.l~I ~;;~~_,JI <)A ..u_j...o ~
. ~ I i.::i4-,~~I ~ ~ l..lAJ .(Kasser and Sheldon, 2009)
s~ LA~~;~~tJWtf~
-u)J l.!.L.i-> «L_; ~~ ui .J-A ~.:u1 ~ ~~ ~1_;-i11 ui ~ i '}]»
.Rick Warren (Sydney Morning Herald, July 4, 2006)
.,
~~->-14 J..-+u.U ~ ~~ ~_;; l~LiJ ~ ~_;; LA 4
1.!.1.,_JJ \,; '~" "~->=""" JJLu • (Carvr, and Baird, 1998; Kasser et al., 2004)
U>.l.J~ ~I y~~I ~t:; ~J.A (Strivastava, Locke, and Bartol, 2001) JJJ.J4J
-L..ula..a..A
..
- . , r - . ).t-.J..41.~I~~
'•- ':.~LJI~'}]~ ~ .. ,-----.. ..- '"'JUI ~
~~ t ... J···--tt
~~ ~~I
~lill~I
~;.;;.._c,;;·.·..'·... .: ,.,.,, . . ,.·.··.>.:•·••· .. ··....,,.,,·,.,.· ·. ··,·•,··.,.<''.''>'.""'.'.""",·,.,··.·,,,.::··,,·.,. :. ·. ·,,. ·.. ··.:.,,,.· .. ,,:·.,:.,··-.·.:···.',•'' :... ,. ' ,:: .. ,,.,.:....... ·,· .. •··.•·ca.;··.'.:•.,,,·,,. ;.;·"'······ ..~·:c:7·.· ... , ,,,·.·:·:J
,~ti_,,A~t
t.!bi11,·, LA ~ i ~J ~~'~I ..H):. 0-4J uJ>9 l-LA ~I.; ..l.4l F'
clL4jAl..:Jl~Flu-4~J -~'~'..P.'"LJ-4JD1~0-4~l_jA>ctw
l.iA. ~ I 0-4J . ~ I J ~ IJ ;;.J-'""~IJ .l_;-.a.JI ,.sjl-A ~J o.l.J.L&A u ~ ~
~Lal_, ~..i..a:u, ul--L4ll .l~, ~ ~11.u ~1.;J 0-4 L..9J+ll u~ ~j&.11 ~ i - -
~ ~ ~)U ~~I u ~ l 0-4 ~~i.;-11 ~ . J .J.41 -~~l.;-11 .l~I _.,t
unbridled capitalism ~4,JI ~~i.;-1.J ,~_, .~WI ~6:,jj ~\S' ~ u-"Llll 0-4
• • L:,,. ~ I · . -" a.uL..u ~ tu
""- ~ " T -· ~
'~~~~~~, ~~t
~.?Li:JI ~~I U L , ~ l.>-'° ~ I ~ ~ l J .ll->--9~1 ~
.(Segal, 1999) ab.!'"-'JI ;;~I ~L.u~ r,1~~4 conspicuous consumption
c..l_,ll ~ J ~ ;;~ ~ f-8-A ~ LA c.:,.h J-.:!.5~1 I~~
~ ~j--:iJ I~~ ~ I ~~~I~ JJ ,o > J I ~ ~
- - - C
:~~~,~~,
,~}..ttu~~
. ~ I I.J.A> ..,1.u-1 ~t 0-4 ~?. k.., York University l.!l.JJ: (U.44,. Ci.A..,:g (,)
,_....n.:;,a.~ .. , , . . . . _ , ~ ... , v ~ ...-..-~,,,....,....,,u-·...,;,or~..r,.~t,~•·~- ..~ U - « ' ~ ' - - ...- ~ . -,u1:~...:,._,..,,....., ~l.ll.o::;.~~.,,.-..:,i,....-~·...-~~w...o - " \ ~ : ,
,~...,.:t.rtu~~
w,k ~I~~ J.4-it: ~ <->~ ~J-4 ¥' «steroid» ...u~ .)~ (i)
- fl!
~~4~~1~,~~~,()AJ ·r~?l'~~LS'~1~,~J-J..;~~Ll.~
~l:iJ Enron w~u Adelphia l:!..i.bl Jlitl ~ ~ c.!11.lA ~ ~LS'~I ~l~J
Parmalat ~~LA.;4J Northern Rock c.!1.J.J ~.;_,-jJ WorldCom rLS'.l.;JJ Tyco
a.b~I ~ ~ o--':?~ o->-"llo ~ ~LS'~I ~'~ wl •Halliburtion wji~lAJ
c.!11.lA ui 4:!.l~I ~,.! ;.!'! cceJI <, •oii., <>4 ~w~ ~
C =~
~ . l . ) ~ L,.o~ c.,:tll
--
o~I ~LS'~I ct..w,G., ,~LS'~I ~.;I ~I o ~ I ~l~I <>4 -L>&' l.l~
~ JJ~ ~~I a<!
Ml ~ ~.JA c.!JL...lAJ • (Clinard and Yeager, 2006)
.http://corporatecrimereporter.com :J,AJ ~LS'~I ~I~ .;l.......!u:,I ~.J.AJ a...ll<:iJ
":a y4,-i LA :Jlitl ~ ~ ~J ,~~j~I <>4 i..)..u-:. ~lS'~I ~I~~
~.J.A ~ ~~I >9lji cJA ~>11 ~ '>l,s~l Ji ~ .l>JI ~ '-¥J '2~1~1
~ ~,J ~4~1 ~~ ~ d_jf ~1,~.,z.o ~L.u~ ~,~,J
L~ ~)lj cJA ~i
J:.bull r ' ~ 4 Lt.;J ~ " ~ 0~1 ~ ~1~1 ~ t ..J.:,..iJ .J_;Lui:tlt 1:a
.(Kish-Gephart et al., 2010) w.1»TJ~l).a~~~ ~4,U meta-analysis ~ I
~~~I) ~ ) b ~I yjl~IJ ( apples rLi:tll) 4:!.l.J-411 ~~I ~b a.......,,t.;..ul cJJl.u
:~ LA 0.,..;Jj.ll ~ I .isJ .(barrels J.!.c,l~I) ~~I ~~J (cases
. .U)l:i-~I . ~, L;.ll a.JL::. 4:,.. .) ~ b j .
~ - ~ ~ - 'r. ,.Lwj,JI
- .
C.:,---0 - .'.) •
Al!..~ •••
~
~L::. Jl ~~.) b.: JAW t.P.--Y4 ~1.;~1 0 ~ ~ ~ "i ,tjf ill]~
Q
\Y\
l:l_,.;.ll ~~~~I~ (Rotter, 1966) P)extemal locus of control ~.)WI
~L;wl;> ~ I t~J~I ..9l «u'l'L>JI» ~ ~ ~ J -~~~I ~ ul#_,1.....-Jl..9
j.#~ ~ I ..)~~I 0-4 ~.J ~ ~ b a.bf a.......u1.JJJI u~..9 ul.Jl~I
~)t.;. ~I
..i:~~J .(Jones, 1991) _j.j..?. Ui.l.JJi ~ I six moral intensity dimensions
~~~I~ l:1_,.;JI ..hi_;J c.ftll ~)Wl ~..?. aJ'l'..) ul~ a.!:' , , a:s~ ..LJUA c:,lS
a..a.J~I ~J.A ..9i y~l..9 .>:Pt:JI u'l'~l..9 ~ I j.#y ~ ~ I ~.J~I ..)~~4
'~.J~I JAl~I " ~ 0-4..9 .(a.fi_,1.....-JI ~WI) ~~'l'I ~l..9 ~I~
~~~1->:Pt:JI w~I.LJ~¥~i r~ JJ>-~~'l'I ~ I c:,f ~ j
a.!Q.!J;,;;JI a~.!:JI u ~ u~l 1.§.:UI ~_,JI ~J -¥~~I ~ l:l_,.A.110-4 J.......>JI
~~.. ~ti ~...I u
~.>-J~ ·i ~
· .. I.,Ll~~I
. ~
· ul.6'·'-··'1
.. ~~~~ :. .. « •• ··,, ~... u• i
ul#_,1.....-JI ~1.§.:UI J~'l'I ~..9~\0-4~ '.!,;; ,scll~4:,At_g.J~
ul.JL:>JI ~ \~>:PD.AP ..LJ~ ~JJ.A ~_;g,,~..9 aJ~l~..9 Ll~I
~b:, ~..D r~I ~ J .(Kish-Gephart et al., 2010,p. 21) <<~~~\~
(McCabe, Butterfield, ~~~I~ ..LJ~ ~L«.,, u ~ ~ I ~ I
. and Trevino, 1996; Trevino, 1986; Trevino and Youngblood, 1990)
J-:!:o J:,~.JI ~ J ~J.A c1~ wJ»-iJ ul.J~ ~ ~'l' ,1.!L..J~ ~1 a__g~l
~.)la.A ..LJ_,1.....-JI ~ ~jgi ~ antecedents ..LJ_,1.....-JI ~ c.ftll JAl~I w---4
~~ ~Li.A c1 =:=f iJI " ~ ~lS ~ J .(Kish-Gephart et al., 2010) ~l_,.A.14
¥>l> ~I ul.Jl~I ~~ ~ _ ) [~~ ~ c.ftll ~~I [~WI <...a..JLlt:J
LLJ~I Rest's model of ethical decision-making (Rest, 1986)
L~J
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) cJ-t?.~ w ,b b;....11
wJ»-iJ ul.)~ ~ ~i J~t ...LJ~I ~ l:l_,.A.11 c:,i ~1 u.)L«:ui ~l..9
~ <,ethical impulse perspective ~>L> ~I t~'l'I . J ~ ' ' 0-4 ~ ~1
~~I L~i» ~~~\~~!~..Li ci'1'J (Reynold, 2006) ..u.,_i.J..) ~
llil~ ~~~I t~J~I ~ ~~ [~~ rlJ;.; cc,4 «reflexive judgments
.(Kish-Gephart et al., 2010: 22) <1ut.g~I ~
JA~~~Ja.!,o;....!Jlt~-'"°1!:J~l<JA~JtlJdgJJlz:ljjJl~.,JI~
c.!l~J u 1.!lo iiJI d.llol.,.tl c.!l~ ~ u=a1 JAl~IJ CJ~4k:s"11J CJl.A4,.j'l'~ 15..»-t
- -
~~~,~I I~~ ~"1 ~l.>-4 F'-" <i'111!:J~I ~J , ~ I ~ I
.. -
behavior samples ~_,.LJI CJ~I y_,l-.ut r.Jh:i ICI; c.;JI 1!:J~I <JA ~ .l~
a.!· o;.~I ~l4A ~ . ~ I ~ I c.!l~ J ':' 1.!lo ;;ti d.llol.,.t I c.!l~ J.t.c:ill
~ ~ JAl~I <JA .l~ ~~J a.!,o;.....c!JI CJl~j.o ~ a..l:Loi CJIJ.J.411 ~l4AJ
(.;r ~
-
'1 · t!.. ~.,• ~ •a...o
- ~
•I ···ti CJl.l.a.JI
-
I,.. aJ:Lo j lJd ~ j c.!J • I · ·· t\ L,...
c.:r- - -- J ~ U:-. ui ~ I~ --
- 1
~ ':?"1.!lo ii JI d.llol.,.tl c.!l_,l-.u ~ JUA cGi ~~~~I Ji! &4 ~I~ ~?JI
~ I c.!l~ ~ ~i ~ ~ I ~ I c.!l~ U)WI CJI~ ~ I ~1 ~ ~
- ti
Reliability Scale ~I~ L.u~ ~JAJ ~JA .)_,lo ,J~IJ ~WI u'-?JIJ
Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) ".!«o;. ,:.,u ~~I ~JA '-""'~ JJ-':' 0--4
'II' -
ol__µJI ->~4 41~ ~ ~~I <>"~I I.J.A i :ii2 .(Hogan and Hogan, 1989)
9"~J U~~ ul:S'~ ~ ~IJ ((a.!«l.!J;, iill u~l~'}il» ~ integrity test
~ . ~ I ~I~~~~ ..s~i uW~J w~IJ ~u...JI '=""°l.:i
.a cu1;.Jla.!«O;. c~eJl~~<J-"~[~w~a.!10;. c~slfc;~,~~(..)-"~
J ~ t.b.u~ 0t u ~ J 0b~~Jj.jJ ~J ,4Alj.tll V"":!:!~ ~ LIJ.l ~.,
~ ' ~ ' ~_,J-,J a.! Io.:.. ,~,It c;~,
~~ O"':!~ ~ u4',J..UI Lt'-:' ¥1.J..,~,
I~ 01 J~'l ~~., .(Ones, Viswesvaran, and Schmidt, 1993) ·, t.o ~
~~ ~ 0 ~ Joi~ .J.Li a.! Io.;.u."JI Joi~ 0 i u-11 L~~ (j&a.e.< ~ ' J~I
· ~ ' ~ ' ~~J '='4.!t;.. ;;JI ~1.,11
1uW~~ ~~LS~t~t;..at
wl ~1 ·~.llS~I c\.......Alj.tll J ~ ~ I uL,,IJ..ul o~J <.>A ~.;JI~
a....__1J.l ~ .l~~4 ~.l~I ul-AJWI t~JA ~ ~ \.s.i,A ~ ~
~lcA 0 i uL,,IJ..ul <.>A .l.JL ~Ji~ .uLilu.J.I "~ J:,L,, Jo~ a.!«o;. ,~,ti
~.l~I u~I ~ ~ I ~~J locus of control ~ I FJA ~ a.....l)l.c.
.(Houston, 1983; Karabenick and Srul, 1978; Forsyth, Poe, and McMillan, 1985)
~s'.!'>~ ~ (Kish-Gephart et al., 2010) wJ..>->'iJ u l ) ~ ~ ~ J ~
o J ~ uL,,IJ.l ~W ~ .l~~4 ~~~I .J-t):. ~..,L«.aJI V"":!:!Lil 'ii ·~::--JI
Machiavellianism ~~~I uµj.l. uL.ulJ.l U-'-" ~J ~ I FJA c.:JJLA:i
~ ~ I uL.ulJ..ill • , , 't'J ~~I uL,,IJ..ill • , , r ~ ulb~J ~I ~~ 0 l
- ~
\ YA
iy::':.tla.ntt ~t_,.Jt d ~J ~ t j.4att d~J 4..1.~~lS\tt 4A!j.tt~ 4.! ca'>..aJt
U4)1lS~WI pro-social behaviors~~ '11 ~...ul ~L:.o~ ".:·o~I ~Y
Jul.I~~ ~I) ~ I U~IJ ~ts ~jts~I ~W~4J 0-J..?-'511 ~ ~
.(Stone, Kisamore, and Jawahar, 2008; Stone, Kisamore, and Jawahar, 2010
-
~ ~ ' ) ~~1 0
- ts
i i ~ I J a .: ,o ;. ,~, JI J-A~ ~..,...:; LA...5
Q
-
.;,
(Berry, Ones and Sackett, 2007 )UA~I) J~IJ (Borman et al., 2001; Dalal, 2005
ul.J~ ~ UJ_J-tJ 0-4 ~yl ~ ~ I ~ I c.LJ.jl.u,-., ':rQ.:loiiJI a.tlol_,.1.1 c.LJ~
~lL.J.t ~ I ~~i l>"° ~ ~i ~~I» cG~ ~}Lli..~I ~ c.LJ_,-bll c:.,..,~T-.,
(Kish-Gephart et al., 2010: 2) «t"""IJ J\..bj ~ a.J~I (~~'11) ¥~~I
-
~ I ~_jl.u, cJ-.,LlJ ~I ~~I l>"° I~ -t~~ jA4,.:i ~ I fS'.:'>~ ui '11
- • :.u --,,_ • . 1. .. ,,
.ct.:10 ....~L:' cl:"&.9~ ~ ~
~l#..,L.u 0-A c'""IJ J\.b:, ~ 16 ;.!:b;! ~~J ~_#1 ~l~J a.!,o;. ,~.IJ 1.S.?-~1
~ a..ow1 ~~ ~ ~~J .(Hirschi and Gottfredson, 1994) a.!:' •.,JI j.4.t.ll
~l.:UI ~l:s.;JI ui uJ-'-"...w~4,J ~J-:A fi~ General Theory of Crime ~~I
('r)ccLl~I I~
A-:\· ...Lu.JI. r.J.l.l ~I,.. I A"". :I('-: - ·- ~,,~~ .. -~ti~ I ·'1». ,..j
- ~ - • ~
I,;, '?'"'"'
'-'~ '..r---' . . u--:-"' ~
~~i ~J -~~l~J---Ay,:-c.,---lb (Hirschi and Gottfredson, 1994:4)
- - ,,
~~ ~Lj~ ~~ <?' ~l.:UI ~l:s_;l.J ~ ~.) Y~J o-ufi.)LA La.ulJ.) ~bj
~~ a:s).4A emotional stability ~WI ~~IJ conscientiousness ~_,ll
~_,JI ~~>14J F .)y,:-J J ~ a..b+i.;J.1 triggers~,~,~~~ ~ I.S.?-i
IA-:1
~ J~J
-•~-A
~~,
. ~~ ~ .I ... ,, '--'lc.!.JAI ... L
u-- ~ ~ ..-: i-.<-: ~,, .. .:.t\J
J c-:-- I.?*' ~J-"'
. (Marcus and Schuler, 2004)
i~~t~t,..ut
J....JI l.!l_,l-,..9c..,q.!J;,ijJI 4.Lbl.,.tl l.!l_,1-,J.?- ~WI ~~I La..ul.)..1.11 D~~
-
a.!,o;.__jJI ~~ (..)-"~ .)~t ~w ~ ~I-SJ-'-" ,'i..,i - .;;.).J..u.o ~ ~ 1
~ t_)4?Jl..9 ~.)\S~I ~ I c.ill~..9 ~ I ~11.!l_,J-, ~~~a 111q;JI
~ 1.-SJ-'-" ,~l:i .structural equation model ~ I a.bWI [~~~~I
L~~"4-L4WI
~
· _;_:.t1 ~t
• Y!"9u--""" · ·)L~L.i..11
•c •
_:._:.tl!.!J·'
J~ ~ •
---a..Jw~a.bWI
• [~~·
Y!q.!t;,;;JI 4.Lbl_,.tl l.!l_,1-, J._p, ~~I ~ i u ~ I ..l.4l . ~ I j....JI l.!l~
~ (Berry, Ones, and Sackett, 2007; Dalal, 2005) ~ I ~ I l.!l~..9
~l.a.1.1 ..9i a.!,o.:,. .~.JI J._p, ~~I ..9i ~~JJI u4~1..9 a.jil.:.UI u4~'il
H"'\
-------·----==-----~... ~
~~ 4.1.a.9 ~ ~.:.LSI LoJ Q..L>,j faU : u ~ I ~ JlwAJ!., 4.4..t~I
r t, ll-• ~· C· ~' • C... . {j;- .. • 'f' 1 r" C· [• ~, • T° ~ ~ ·~
,:. - •L .eJ- & Ci\ & 'L ·,~·
.F . ~ ,r. r-- c I.D c b ~ r p
e. l. ·~ { t:: I:. . I:. L. ~ . ~ ,C- h .[ - Pi E..
t ~ .~ l 11: -{El1!. !C ~·~ ~l 1. f ~·~ .,t! '[:
i. ~ [·· "· ~.· ,c; . 6 ' V •V •~.
'>
~.
- t "'t t ~ ,r.1. • -;. ~
C 3 ,.•
·[ ~· .~· lS> C lS> & t,
1 ·~ ~· t·£ ~·
:i Cj; • (g.i - Ci-- E: ~ t ~- i.. f '[ ~
L. •• C I - .
·~
f [I:. L ~ ~ [. ~ cI:. ·Y - - h ~. Pi ~
S"- Pi~
~ ~- 1: 'i: ~· ._. -; ~- ~ E g· ·._. . ~ i
s t -:- 1:. [. E ~ f'\. ~- t ..
~~ I
t 'y t '( c... ~ [, - L
f .~: ~ <t ~ ~ r ·~. ~ ·fi ~ 1 .l·· - . t. t l,: Ci- -
~· ' \- .y C ~•, I C:,..
J· :< fr ,~: i• .& ,r, r • • 8 1.r& --~ lc... E. }
~ I ~~··1st! p.: k~~ c.' c, ~ •
~- l--rr:I-l ~ . ~Nl,ifr:i !!. <;z &. ~
J: [• r. - - - - ~· ~ (s j ~I I '\ t' I>
.. .f i.. x~ }e C• ·~ ~. i:"' Ci\ 1,. •r. r ~
l ~:t• [.::. ·~-.
I VI ~.,.
C• lc f - f "~ l'I' t.. ~ ·L
1L C·
IJ'\ -
L ~.,. i-' V\ ~
~ ~ '-' .t
f •
t~ ·t. • 8
(:'('• 1. I '-" 'c.. •
t .~ l [ . fr: ~ - 'd f rr l:.<r: 1··1 't:l:~. r· l-t't :
·~. ~ <(t: ?.q.1 -: 1 t. ·n: t t~~
~ ·v C•
if: t- r[ t l~-
'i.. 1.
J:~ :(· ~ 1 .t:~ ~t: ~rt--
[ 'f-.El.~fcit._1. ~r he.er . -
.("" .. t. ~ ~ f~ tt h ._ ~· r. ·
J;9 - I \.
~~• ~
'[ ~- - tl t •
~il,' ~ £
C· ,C- r! e_ ~• C• ~• ~1 ~ t -t· .h _
1. _
~.~ .~ Ci_t [t ~r .~:f. t- ·f... [• 1.r ·1·'t
, £ L c
(•- 'S c... e.
·~ C C - .f .. .h •!j.. !t· 'Ii,. ,f; I:.
V\
~. : ~
'f;. - [• I:. ,c;lS>· ~ { E Pi - 'D L .r' c= L ,c- .1> ~
't- - f.= .r..:.1:, - ~ t l ~; ~ ;~ 'f :i ~ ~f1 ';, t'
:~ tr [· i- ~ f. 'i . ~ r-i
·l,·
1~ . 1L _, L - •
~ r·~- f . f •t '~. .f •t r r.S ~·
£:. ~~ c ~ '~~~· ,c;t·
~I. C i ~ = 1 ·C =r - ~ :!:: Ii>• ...: - e. Y - e: ~ lS>· j.
, 1.
• 'D •
~. f.,. ·t { - 'l! ~ t (• Cj; l·i_i_ E:
t ~ f: i . . . .l· c- 1 ~ 1 e
t- 'FL _rl· t- ~-~ g.= t·• 'E-. <;:-E. ·t• ~~
- '[ I:.
~ 1fl, l·['. 'f..r r"·
f \- i 1.° [ [
C ti • h l'I' - f I • rr=. . C, ;. ;_. :_ i
C:· \!'. ~ .c; • L
:i I I:. E F.- f ;H~ '!j.. } -
r:t ·!j._[ .E:1-: l,~ 't: 'f re. F(·..[, rq· tt
- - ~ c;- \ C •
t ,r; l.,. .~~
f; - . ~ - c:.. ,I: .[ -
{t
a.:,o;..~,lt ~~I ~J---A o , u ~ <J-A ~ w.,....SJL.!a.....1.1 ~ i
«Online» ~WI ~I~ olj.lll ~ J Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI)
~1 as~1 ~.)~ ..)-1-U ~ . . , J.,;...) ~>-' ~.J.J..JiJ ~ ..ll_, . ~ l ~ b Jl4A [Jl;..
·~ wfi:i 1.-9~ ~44-1 w~ ~bJI
:t.t.r.., 4,,j4i1.'1'\ LAL:. y._, ,A~~J~irJl..)-JLJ-4ALJ.?JLjJ,I~~
ti ti ~
LS . ~ lAL:. n a.:a:JI J~i ~ts"_, lAL:. n.., n <>-"" ~ ~J~T r..,1) 044
-~~ ~~ -4)lb LJ.?JL!a.11 <JA :t.vo wts°J ,:t.t '\ ~I~ J.,S-.JJI ~ ~
~ I aL:.L.u 0-4 LIJ.) ~L.u '\• ~ l@'JWI 0-41.t.'\ ~ - ..ll_, .LIJ..ill LA\:i -
~ a.:a:JI ~ J o..l.)--,411 ~ I aL:.L- 0-4 ~L- '\ ·.., "\ • ~ LA :t.r,.., o..l),4ll
~ ~ ,c.ill~ ~1 as~1 .~b~ ~ o..l),4ll aL:.WI o-o ~L- "\ • 0-4 ~i
~.JJI ~ ~ J ,:t.r, "\ t~~I ~ aL:.L..u , • 0-4 ~t w~ ~.JJI ~>lbll
n
r·.., ~ LA0~~.JJI ~..,,:t.r·, r t-*""~,~~L.u ~ LA0~y._,"
~ ~ . . , ,:t.,A ~-*""i ~L..u t·.., n ~ LAw~~jJI ~ J ,1.YA,A ~L..u
·~JLlJI t ~ o-o :t., '\, t t-*""~I ~ ~L..u t • o-o ps'i w~ ~.JJI
'~~t
self-report» ~I~ <..>-":!:l4.o ~ oJ~ ~ L.-IJ..ul t 8;; 4 , ;.,; ~I <..>-":!:WI ~
.«Online» ~WI ~ I J.,_,.b ~ ~~«measures
'-'""~ w.A . Big Five personality factor (Hogan and Hogan, 1995) ~ I
,adjustment ~ I ~J a.:,o;. .~,\1 <..>-":!:l4.o ~ 0-4 a.:,o;. .~,\J ~~I ~J-4
,intellectance ~ts".JJI ,success in school ~I~ r~' ,ambition r ~ I
r~._g~,LIJ..ul"lA~J .sociability 0-'....>~..'5ll~J.c.l4'.JIJPrudenceJ.o,a:JI
r~ -0-1~~1 ~ J.c.Li:JI_, J.o.a:JIJ ~ I o,u~ a.:«o;. ~.IJ ~~I~-""'-'""~
·,A'\.~
":r-' ~)WI <..>-":!: WI ~ LW ~ 1.:..1..ul '"'·Lu.:;)\J Lll..L«.4l.l
- ~
,..- ~I (.):'
O"'.. t.t.)
(r= • ,V·)~4~~.J~~Wlu~~l->-'"°l.Wlr:4~l~~W'
r:4 0->?~I r:4 Jd~I ~..>-1-' (r = . 'rq ~ ~.)~ <:r'.,.ti r:4 J.a..=JI ~..>-1-'
.(Hogan and Hogan, 1995) (r = ·, o"\) ~ ~.J~ r:4 agreeableness J~I
i~t~~
~~(a=· ,A°')~~;;~r1_.,;.; 1114~.3\S~luW\..;J.lu-"~~
Ji ~L:t ul.J~ '}II~ ~ I J:iA 1)-4 u~_,b L.Jw i.SJ.A ~ ~~I JI~
~1a:s_;-uJ1_,t"-44-4~~~~UJ~0_,L.:J1_,1~1~u,,,_,.;.~1;;~~
~~'}II ~~I~ 4-4J;.i 11111 ~~I r:4 ~~I"~ c_i,~ .l.!.ll~ ~J
~J;.i 11,I <i'1'-' ~.3\S~I uW\..;J.I J..? ~~IJ ~..J-4~1 surveys~~ 11111
.(McCabe, 2005; McCabe and Trevino, 1993, 1997 ~ I ) "j)\AJJ ~\S'-4
~» l.>-4 i~ ul.J~ ~ ~La.;JI u ~ u-"~ ~ u44-, ?JI ~.! 111ai ~ .i9J
1)-4 4~ u ~ .3_?.J w,ll 4WI u4-,.J...ul .J.!1~1i .«;;~~ ul.J-A» w,11 «l~i ~~
u l.fo'_,b u-" ~ ->-'"° ~ ~J ~ W' . ct;,J:J. I u 4-,.J...u4 a:,J L1A ~.3\S~I u W\..;J. I
~ ~ I ~ I u~.,bJ a.!Q.!loiiJI ~1.,11 u~jL.uJ ~I~ ~?JIJ ~ I
.J.:d.1.11)-4 JJ~I .3~1
i · .~.
u-- • •~41t
.:.tt ~t: ..
u-"~ ~~I ~ J .(a= · ,Ao).>-'"°~ t:t) a..b........u,IJ-:' ~ I l:I~ u-"~ ~
u-"~ ~ u44-,?JI ~ ~ .i9J .u,,,_,.;.~I ~ 1)-4 ~I~ ~?JI J ~ l i.SJ.A
,, ,, ~ ~
~11 .J~4 1~...1.-..:' a.!:' •.,JI ~l#_,L.uJI 0-4 a.c.~ ~.)La.A i..S.J.A c.;,-!10~~1
ts
~ <i°'11 a.!:\ ,.. JI ~l#_,L.uJI ~~ .isJ ·«r-J: JS' ~~n.J~I ~l «WhA e,:.,~
production deviance ~l~~I [b:,1J (a= • , "\ 't') sabotage ~~I~~~
.(a= ·,A,) theft ~~IJ (a= ·, V·) withdrawal y~~IJ (a= ·, "\ ·)
s~l.lat
. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CPA) ~~I JAl.c. ~
~)J ~ 1 ~ ~?/IJ ~ I L!l_,-l-u, <.>"~ ~' «oai • ,1 ~1~1 ~ ..L..41
.J~IJ wl...:~ ~~J 0J--'-".J...Gt ~ J t - ~ 1 L!l_,L.uJI tlyt 0-4 tl~l
.(AndersonandGerbing,1988) [::i~I ~ J.-;s <.>"~1 [::i~
cc,4 ~L..;JI j..--41.c. ~ ~ ~ '[~~I ~ .J~~
r-1...1;.;
~4?~ ~ cG~~I ~ ~ .LISREL8.5 (Joreskog and Sorbm, 1993)
~ ~~~I ~.JW.I r-1...G::C..-I ~ l.!.\JjS'
.LISREL ~\q.:.:iii ~~ co-variances
~ I .J~~ ~~I y..,_l.u,~I ~~\~maximum likelihood approach c.)c. ~1
. (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988; Joreskog and World, 1982) LIJ.J_,b:jJ
d.-4~~ ~ 0 ~ (Hu and Bentler, 1999) ~ J ~ ~ J i ~ J
th3dl ~..;:JI t.b;.JI ~ ~..;:JI . ) ~ I ~ ~ r-1...1;.; ccel ~ '[::i~I
0.J~I d,...__Q~.)WI ~j....AJ (RMSEA) root mean square error square
~..,.t.l ~_;tll . J ~ ~411 ~j°J.IJ comparative fit index (CPI)
. standardized root mean square residual
'-WI [
(.)-"" ::i!_9-4-)"JJ ~1~·":tl . .. 'J-'"' ~ ~ ~.. ..L..41
'~-·. t ::i~a:;~~Wl~l-"":tlcG
. .. 'J-'"' ~ ..
[::i~I I.JAJ . ~ I ~WI <.>"l.;9 ~~ ~~ ~ J-AJ (JJ~I [::i~I) ..l.>.l_,JI
:~Ll~I tA r-~~ ~
[ x2(349,N =207)= 3495J2,RMSEA=011, RMSEA 90 percent confidence interval (0.20,0.21),CR =0.44,and SRMR =0.29].
'"'o
&S%rs..t.oZ 'l.~.:,,0.,....,-4,r.44~"::"'C',\ ,.,!a·,,.w~~··:,,p-,,~~;;,.••,:,.:.wu,1o~:i."v.·,.10,~-l:l:lol',f.:io,,~~.rw,.~·~~~ ~ c,:, l!A.J:J,,)':>~~¥n10·· •• Y.~ .• .-1W"1.'.,.~·i ~ ~ ~ , t Y ' i . ' C " , ~ ' Q ' l i ~ N '..\.'O:.i\~
lt , ,
~ \ u\#_,L.ut>A ~J'}]\ tl.,:S~I <.>"~~ a...o~l~Ll.a.JI ~\S'J 1~1_, I ~
~1 fit statistics W~I ul~~'i' U.)Ll,l ..L!J -~l:i.l\ ~I~ a.!:' cull
:[~~, I~~ poor f i t ~ a.a~~ .l.?.J
[ x2(348,N =207) = 1780.84, RMSEA=0.14, RMSEA 90 percent confidence interval (0.14,0.15),CFI =0.80,SRMR =0.14).
L~\~Ll.a.JI J:~~~\~l[~~~c.:Jl:i.J\[~~4~ ~J
.i!J . f-*4-4 ~ o.l..i>J.1 ~I Jl+lol ~ i t>A a:L....c..,J\ ~LU I t>A t-*4-4 ~ <.>"~
~1 fit statistics L..o~~t ul~~l uJL«!,i ~ k.l ~\~'}JI[~~, ~ J
:[~J-4-ill a..J~ a.a~~ .l_?.J
[x2(334, N=207) =93635, RMSEA =0.09, RMSEA 90 percent confidence interval (0.087, 0.10), CFI =0.91, and SRMR =0.09].
.· · · · · · ·
P=M.m
... ····•
®
p=- .19, ;;;···
•••··•·••·•·
I
..,_,..ol..WI .:.il~j.o Lot .~~1..,.;:.. a.J":a'.JJl .:.,I:, .:.,~)WI ~I a.b.a.al ~~I~ •*p < .05, **p < .01 :~)Lo
• li.A ~_,....,.;:.. '="1'J J:d.ll i,;s 1+-Jl o)..!,?JI ~ ~ ~lS:JI .:.ii~ ~lf.ill ~J,-....:t ~ ~~IJ 0..1.>Jll
~~ -•• ao
0-4 4 i ~ ~ wl.J~ ~ ~J IJ.!.!;; Jgl ~l:i [j-'4l .J~I ~ i ~ ...1....SJ - " <$
.... J--1 .
,.,..., [~c.r- ....
~
j;'\
,·1
f,
l, I •l b C· C• '(...
.'f II II A
'D I I O
&.
> "be! [J,.:J
Fd~. ~· ~ ~ f:._. \p I C• - 'v r o- . r-=1
~ f "·l flb 1: l.1;'° ;
~· r(; ;..... ~ 0 /:.·
·t l.- '.f, r t
t· ~ I ~~ . y iL 4.p
~,. ~~"(."'(Ell 1~ ·:t
• Ci • ... l, ' ~
- ~ · o... o N ...... ~ rl:'
~•t' ~· l r- t,, Ci.- t•· .r, t .e.
tr
'[, [, ~ ..- I:!. ~
E1 • b.!
1• ~·r ::s
en ~ 1·[ r··-··.:.·; ·'
- 'I:!. '-' A . l'.J
'\. I f>-" I C. (,'f - ~• 0 I l':j
rt=1;~- {.t·~.. ·&·~· {~ ~ I- f {~' i• Cc,.- i :r~.. ·r ~ t- tt
., ' ~ 1,-• t - r. .C f> - [i: C. t.•-.~
r 1. e; & ~. l.. . ~ [a• ·!j.. b 1,· \_ ~ l ~· : ';!. ~ - ,._ h Ii
r· 1- .~ 1·-
I X . '-'
~r r '1» & - r-· ·- \ ; b.! r;: r:1
'f! ~ i •i. f. _q· i: i
l._ ~I·~. Lt-~~ }yt
- rs: [ Cr ~ Cr ~ - ,I:" ·be! - fr. T" (,'f "r ~ f;i
~~ 1'-t g \ b.! ~ G. I F.. l F.. ~ i t_~r-'f
·t ~ :f;. ;
~ .r f ~
J { [• : I &' ' . ·~ ~ :~ J= t' (J
&.~ &.S~ ~·
~· C•
\ - 'i:P !ii~·i
I 'k ~- ·<i ~!- ~ :( • ~. "r X I I II
J ~
f. -. i\ •:·.'
.1: ·~- • c, &. ~.
tl. 'f- 't 1 r ~f'~J:
! .~· ~· t ·~ . rs: ~ f;, L-<t ti
t- [ (s l 1:: rs: t! F f>"" I - ~!
[i t-.f ~ & ff ~ - p:" t ~~t!.f If p
~ ~ 1 f> '~ G' ~ • r-'f , N r:l
!i l,
E
t J 1 'Ci ~ E ~- -1- j_,. E: c . .c- ~
Cr ' . t! ~.. - C· .c;
~
1[
• ~
l,' ~ ~
_b, ~ P-'
i:;.l
h E:
•
Ci. r . ·.. · \ \I> F.. • ~ .. ,
~I I ~I~ I, C· I E.:. ~ A L !:. : E:
i; (·f ~· t r~ t.. ~. ~ t. f> £
r <i,, - c:;.• - •- '[ I • \ - t' .V b.! r:~:;J -
b.! };
?
l
1' ~ 1 tr ~ It ~· t C r '1!.. ~ !t t~ f
I '
r:-.. ~ ~
~•t, x' . l:! ~ l ,
~ I '1»· ·r; E: . ,. ; ~ ·1::.~ 1: ~ f ·~ ~ g ~· - t· - - f- -:t'b~~~- 1.:.:l
n -
~...»-iJ.)Ji'! <.>-4 ~1~i J~l .J---'bJ ~~j ~c.!.Jl....i.AJ
111(.)-"~
.. • , L..c..ul.)J.1.J a...t.;;
~ • - .fl b.1:i
, ,111!:J·~ • ·i~
(.) , -·- :.. ,LJlit.1
.. ~w,
.. ·
(.)--A
w,-k . ~ I u ':l/~ ~ ~ ~ I ~1 c.!J_,k,J '=7"q.! t:, iill a.lb 1_,J. I c.!J_,Lu, u¥,
~ JA~ ~ t ~_,JI ul ~~1 i!J~I u~l '5.:UI ~_,JI w,-9 ,Jut.I~
- ,1$ - -
! .,.
i .,. >
-< -,
- -'• -'
< >
-< >
.,. <
> >
- 0
> <
-, <
_., 0o -
_.,' -
>' -
-,' 0_., I t '. l,i
'l ..e·
I'~
I C· ~- ~ H
-hC • - ft
r- ~ ~~ 't
~ i fi_
j oe•1
\D
-ct [-,
6
+:I
, f
t rt-<f
•
t
- I S n~
F' f'~ 1-
r~· t[ ll
r r . :E: ~ {" " &· ~ f:
1i 1 1-·
- t
I
1 . : ~ ~ .r:
l t '
b ft~ t.c ~ -
r 1:.,
~
"; t C·
l ;i ' .... t
C·
~·~ .1I f.-. 1'°- .·t·-. !t- ~V t~- r- r-
i::
r. i~· [· •f.~ '\f'. 1~· ~ 'j,l 'j,.f. i ,t.t•t i~;.t-
.c.; - '\. . {' ... • " - !)
i !,
t(' .t -. - . f -. -.
-I · ~ c, - ':
E ~ . \. t.~ · e:: e:: ..
.: \. . . .
\.
£ ~ ; t
'\. l - V C ~ V V t t f f L _, .[" '-· .c -• .
t .~ f l l
[I '!.. T ~ - .~ \ ~ ~ ~ 'r ~ 'i, f ·L 1.. I ~ ·L 1. f t.
. i 1 ) " [1 r:f r:f i -· - - f t: '\, - f t . [. - f
t-
11 ~ : ~ ·~ _: t ·~ t ~ ~ f;: r 1.· t c; ~
l ·~- l l · tt
11 t t t f ~ ~ 't 't ·-c ~ <g _ ~ ~ } fi f t F f i I
~Wl~I
L.c~..:._.:._, . · ~ - . ,.· .. ,•.·.,.~•.'.'. •,;··~··········.,.,,·....•. ·.,,·.J·•·...·.:.,.··.~··.•;,_-......~.·.·.•·•.····.,·..·..- . ? ' . \ / ~ : . ~ - ~ : : : : i
• '0 I\ u ~ I W~ ...L4,Lj
·, tA
,~...,.:wtu~~
0A ~.)4)~1 a..ll_p.JI 04 -lJ-4,11 -l~I <.)1 cc<r-.;L;.JI ~lj.S'.>-4»~ (\)
l.5.J.A ~ ((locus of control ~lj.S'.>-4»rlbcoo Loi -~.;G..1.5~~
0AJ: ,Jl:J.1 ~ c_:,k. •'U~ ~ ~..ll_p.JI y4--u,i ~ .:G4 ..lJ-4,11 ..l~I
I..S~ F 0A ~4 ~ I 0AJ: ~ '?'9 ~ i F 0A (.:d~l 04 ~ I
1.j,,4) r~' 0A JJi Julian Rotter ->3J.J wl:J.?. ~ I f1Lc. 0lS ...1SJ -~.;G..
•..:. __ ti •.. '.:.ti - I · · · ... .:.~tl_..1,.. • -lt..., .... tl
·u,,J~ ~ ~.!'.!1«14,'.>-~~ ~-~c---
Rotter, J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external
control of reinforcements. Psychological Monographs, 80, Whole No. 609.
ulo~ c_:,k. J ~ I ~l '-9-4: u-"~ _j,A surrogate measure J:!~1 u-"~1 (t)
~WI -.Lt: ,Jl:J.1 ~ c_:,k. •;;~4-o ~ cL..c,l.j! ~Ji~~ u.c
~ ~ ~u-"-
-
"'1- t!..: aJ .J..JI ~1 :. Li4l WLl. "'L..l~I "'L-L......a.o ml· .:.1t GDP t ~ ~I '- ti
- - 'J-""'-' ':T ... ~
~G-bh "~' c.:,.,.t c.:,~ .is ~ o.,;--Lu'+4 d.A.>fa. ..)~~, o_;g <>"~ ~~
.yW\ ~ r~ lS..lA ~ J...u o~~J-!:C. ~,~JA c->~~1
http://www.conservapedia.com/Surrogate_measure :J~I
Ht
~t,J't~t
c')~ ;,µ.,_.i, ullJ-"' ~ tta:Jt JJ~
Edward C. Tomlinson ~ _ , J ·4>" .)J~.)! s.)1~!
II II
.~ -:t-~ • ~ a.zJI
·d . rti ul:9~~
!t!. &
.. .)J .l .)J..H
· ..ul
-~ · .. ,~11.!lb.l
.. LL.a.J.I ~
U'!
. J
'\
._g.~~
· -~1t - ~ u~
• ..u-~
· jjl ~..
· ~ I 0---l->:
· ..u.1 r..:-'-'~r
. ~ · ·· :t!.. · t\ ~~-
.. :. ... t l~Ll
~
LJ'-4.o ~i ~ j u~_,.1.1 ~ ~j.A u~ .ill ,"5~1 ul.;,>-..iA ~ a.JJ~ ~~
..14w ~ I y ~ i J;g 0A ~_,.1.1 ~l..>-4 ~_;.l u~ ~~ .ul~l~?JI ~ ~
,(Dunn and Schweitzer, 2005 ,JLJ.l.l ~~~I),~ a.zJI ~_;.l ~
u~ L.JI _;LJ i , ~ 4 . ~_,.1.1 ul:9..)---'-':I ~jA .;Ui ~ y....:;~ I.LAJ
~~~~~~ ...~'-...·.t:i...: M.....,..,,..m . . - " " - . . ~ vw•~·•;•;:"""*:ir~M~W-A"~~,;)z,n,,.Jc-~'loUl"'L-'L'·~->.... ~- .. "..7.:..,~.r.~1~x..:.:..r.<r-~w"'!gl(''*"C4'11U":•~•·•~•-.:•v,a•1
\to "4,7t~4.las~~.:.L!ILAJ&.:1~faU. : u ~ l ~ J ~ l j ~ ~ I
&!.>Jl~I
r··.~-··s:"'.-·=·.··~~-- -~-~~~_....._!~:,·~~ts·~- :.·<~C:L·~-~-=-~-~-~r-~-~·J· . ~ & ~ ~ - J
,(Cressey, 1953; Litsky, Eddleston, and Kidder, 2006, Niehoff and Paul, 2000)
Abcede, 1994; Balmer, 2009; Banks, 2007; JL...:J.I ~ ~ ) <.JJ-'-".JWl..9
~~LA..o o-4 u l ~ J)l.;. u:-JI r'b,oo (Davies, 2003; Sennewald, 1986
J)l.;. ~LLi ~I ;i.)~I ~ ~.)~'ii u4~1 u~f W' .~_,J.I u ~
~ u:-JI I.SJi Ill~ a.'s)k ul~ 0fi:j ..l9 ~.,.ti ull..)--'-' ui ;;µ 0A ~\1i'il DLA
c.J..9l.zi w,:JI ul::,.)}U ~L&JI ~ I 0.A ~..,JI~ ,~~I c4 .~ji.11 ull)k
u:-JI a.'s~ ~ L ~ - t~ •. . - ..L.:i--~ 'i 4-li 'il u ~ I ~
a..:,..,JL...o u· ~I ~ . ___j\ ~ I
i.:r11 t~>14 ;;_;-i:JI . , ~ ~ ~ I I ~ ~ , l.:U .~.,.ti ull..>--'-' t~~
I~ ~ J .a.s~4 u:-JI i.b..iy ~I ull~I r~ ~~J a:;~IJ 4WI ~ I
,a.! 4.!to iitl a :;~IJ . :u4 ~~ [~~ ~IJ-A (,) ~ 4tJI ~1~ ~I 0fi:j ~_,,_ ,~.lfll
~.,.ti ull..J-'-C' a..ul.J.JJ 4WI u4)~.tl .Jlbl ~ u:-JI ~.)_p ~.:UI .JJ.J.11 ~J (Y)
y~iJ ~.,.t.1 i.S.JJ u:-JI a.s)k Jol+i.;I a.!a§ r.# u:-JI [~~ _;i ,;.,..,.; , ,I('"')
. ~ I I~ o-4 ~ u ~ u.c~I (t )J ~_,J.I ull...>-'-"-! ~ I
.. :., • fl
4.J. <..9Yr .. j 1-u\:i
a..JA .. ~ tfUStOr D~• .. :.1 • t\ propensity ~ •. ~ j · ·· (' -": ~
c..,---, ~ ,.>J J c..>-- ...
~a;~,, a.c.j.i.JI r~ Loi . trustworthiness a;~,, ~i wfi.: wi ~ trustee
uJ.>=
• ..l>. · · ~I ~ ~~I~.. ~ .:.UI .J I.J.41.1 ~.. ~
. f-8-'·j u~ ... ~ .... ~ t.;r'~ti
~4:,JI y_;~I r.J..aJ wi ~ '<.>F"i J..csl~ ~ 0-4J .(Rotter, 1967) ~4
t~/JI ~ ~l ~.J...1.:' ~I I.JA ~ ~ uL.ljtll lLlt SJ. o..u:.l:g oJ_;Lt,ll
. ~ I ILlt ~ - ~~ ~· cl.J• <.,9.j--J..,....
- :..• q 1. 4 •
~ (>A
a;~u ~~,
-
,~
.. A u..,.-.
• .• <-:
~
-:tt
'"')o...La.11 c..:r--
~ '.)
,... ~.:.ti,;.~.!'-
~
-<-:.o
~ '-='J-'---'-',IA ~ ~ & ~
· ..:.l·'lu~-='--:.~
.~ - ~
~J~I ¥.J-'1 ~i) benevolence ~I'-:-'>- ~J ( ~ JLhj ~ ~Lull
-:.1.f\.l'..1.Ja..J
&~ '-='
- .. t:-:t'}[\.d)integrity4.....Al::t\
~~r'J-W '-? 1.... ,o • - :.l·t\oL..,.:i
'J-"" r..:r--J ~~~ .
J.,:;.,.tl ~ 0-4 «aJl...wl .;~I» ~ oJ.J..LLA . ; ~ ~ olj.i.JI ~ ~ .(o~
¥ ~ ~.:.UI ~.,JI~ .(Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, 1995, p. 719) cl.....:>
(Greenberg, 1990, 1993, 2002; ~ 4 ~.,.ti ul:g.J-U'-:' aJl...wl a:e)L:. a.ul_;J
Greenberg and Scott, 1996; Greenberg and Tomlinson, 2004; Tomlinson
~ ~Lu, ~ I M f1 J ~ I I.JA ~ .:L..,jj '}fl and Greenberg, 2005, 2007)
a;~1t Jjl.,JI ~_;.:, a.h-1-"=' ~I _;\J.a.A J ~ ,J~ ~i ~J ·[~J-4lll <.S.»-i ~I.?.
~>'' ~ ¥>'' oJ~ ~I .;IJ.a.A wi ~i ,d.! J.,:;.,.t1 ~i ~~~,Jo~
.. :.. • - " 4-4..l.41.I .)-J
• 4.J• <.9Y~ :.tJI a..LUJ
....
~J-'I ~i ,~I wi ~ (Mayer and his colleagues, 1995) ~~.JJ ..>:Lo ~.J
o_rbWI rLoJ .:G..i ~ ~ I <.?.,WI ~I~ alcaai~ ,__,jtJI ~~ ~J-'I ~
·(<<~>WI ~o_rb~I))~ ~~~~.J4S~ Ls:J1 IJ.)U.i ~I ~J) a ~l.;JI
~! ~b.J. IJ ~J-'I ~ , ~.,.t I u\:g..>--'-" J.J->- ~WI J ~ 1..:-'--'-"W.1 <.JAJ
_;~ ul:g>WI ~ o_rbWI ~ ~ I .>;Pb wi ~ .~)WI ~ o_rbWI wl~
u'}[~I»~! o.;,1,WI ~ ¥~LJ:L4~J~ ~_,:al o_rbWI ~.J...1.:'
«d..! J.,:;.,.tl c-4 ~>WI~ <?11 ul-A~'}[I J\.hj [.JL;. ~ ~ I J '"':-'--'-"~I
~1 uLij)-411 o ~ ~~µ .(Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, 1995, p. 726)
~ ·~ I··-1.0-'-~.d·
I,.:, ~
·--'}f,.!-:~1·t._A
~
'~I:··
u r..::,-i_:,-IJ ~~)L,
.)'!~
.. - ~.) -
-
~.J...1.:t.?-i J.)-9~J:i:wi J~~ ,L;,l:i .o_rbWl~o4,JI ~ ~ ~ J - ' I
.. - - ..
. o_rbWI w-4 ~le. ~.)J ~..?.Y ~l_;J'j I~ o.;,1,WI ~ Jgi ~ cLlSJJ 0 ~
~~~ ,~rt ~~l ~~ ,;.IJ--'-" ,o_rbWI a~~ J~'}[4J J>:P""t
~..,.ti 0-4J ·d.! J.,:;.,.tl ~ rJWI ~Ll:ill -b l ~ I ~4 ~~I~
~
aLd.~Jo.j'}[I
~!.,Jl~I
,~
•. ·:at:.
,.. .. -.tt ull!>'"'~ A.a:tJt ~
· U~t
~ I y ~ l 0,.4 ~ 0~ ~I~ ~I ~I~ ,a ii~IJ ~Ll:LJI ~ I ~1 _µ4..9
~~ 0\S' I~! I.JA) ~I~~~ )...1.44 0 ~ ul)i9 0~1~ ~.,.ll..9
~_,_, ,(Mayer et al., 1995) 0J.?-IJ.Hl..o o...u:.i ~.:.UI [~~\ ~l>-4:'J .(6..~
.y..9lul4 ~fa JS" ~ J w,k 0'511 ~ i
rJ&. 0 ~ ~ I ~L.o ~__µ, ,-..,~!. ..w ,cl.J~ ~.J.>- l~l .and Kidder, 2006)
.~t,.1.1.., ~>110--4 ..u_j.A ~1 ~I~,~~ .l~ ~ aa~IJ r si.!'"'i
u.;~i clljS' . (Strickland, 1958) ~)WI ~ o.;,b~I 0-4 J:.J..a:ifl '~.? i o.J4-t-:t
r.··oi cc,s,~o.)o~ .:G.l ~~l~I ~1.;,b~I~ LA~ d_jj~l ~~I
• .. .. 'JI - ~ •
cl.J~ a.b~ ~ ~I~ l.;~I Jsi..9 ILU:i ~I~ \S'I.J.l! Jgi ~ J~_,ll i...91.)o"ll
.(Malhotra, 2004) aa~U jAi ~i ~ y_jl.u,~ 1...9~4
,o,
_., ~-"'""""·'Nt~'!,eo,.3~,•f"..o.._-.•.a;~~,.~---.-'.,~......1'."l.'l,1',."l'l#A',;:••!W4~2~<..#,t,&V..:1.-'",
:ul.J:a.al~ ~~!.94.4.J~t
..V \ , . ' ~ V ~
~t,Jl~I
.. .°.>°-,·., · •- · .... ,-·. ·- -, ··. ·... ·.. ·· .- . ,. ,·.-.7C .. · ..···.Cc:;.·· C -· c . 7 ,·._<";.7"./7;7+7 ..... ·.,,.-.,.·::J
1 ~ - ~--:
t ....
~ ~
O.l~
- lJI · ~ti
- ,.... ~IS ':T"' · ---'I
~,1 U '..r---""" (..:T'..
,, ('"+!
•. .): ...1>-• ~• .l~· 1 ."'.Lljl ~
~ "
r~i 0-4 o...L.>.IJ c-'i...1>- ,a ;.!;>.11 ~ .(Christopher, 2003; Cressey, 1953)
U~J ybS' u..)-1-" .-. j4 .;.,.; ~ ~.J..4ll ~ .l.:'l.&A ~ a.l.7= 111' U_;--uJI u'}/6.. I
• L - " - ,,( - t. 4 t
u-- ~.J-l ~ ~ ~ A.
,- f.f:) d,...i.Q \.,;JI ~ wl..a.J'
4 - - t
- - . . . - 0.~ l L). t,• 1. A°' .)Ll, i -
-· (.>-)~
~ ~..,:; ~ as-~, a<: .~.t J.?...ul ~l.b:&.-.u4 JIJlA d.,jj ~11. n .)~i -
. (Ponemon Institute, 2009) . ~
~I c, .~· t c, ~: ,: t· re ·~. i. t i.
}c & f:; ,._ ~I
1~ ~·;( t• '\ ~ b tl ~ f ~ C)I
·1 1r;;c, ·1 ~
I~ •~ ~I r~' ~' , J ~. (.• r(; p.t ~ ~ t(; I ,('• C,
1~~ ~1·r:: i <i..7~.. {!:~:.f.
't! a::. I ·~ I - it ~· •t. I:! C· L• • [
·E
~l ~ ~
1
l,
~£'
~
~~ ,/)-'t. ~l .. 1. ~ c· lo } • ·f
} l . C: ~ :. "~ ~ toe! ~· ~· -
.t ·. tl,· ·t-;
·~ )!. ~ : Ii ,
l c
,i;: f;
r.t- ·~r Ci;-[,. 'tt· ~t sr i ~'.
- ~ J:. """A :,•
:. ~[ tY· ;e.·t ~r:- ~; ~'r;; ir ~~
V> lo - :::: c.. I:; Ii\ - .,
·t- .r:- - - l, g- ' ~- - -~ ·~. ~ ..r:-~. -l.= V>~
~!.,Jl~I
,·.:·.-:.~-7if.=~-T~R~~=:'.,,·, . . :··,~::···::~
ox-~~~..-~~~.n&.»---~~~Tm~~~~ - - · - ~
.).¥!'"J l>4 ~ "i i.ill~ 0 i ~ . a:;~ ll JA l ~ ~.:U I ulo.,11 L!.L.J ~ •t;. =-~ 0 i 0J.)
c.;rl! ~.)~ Le.A ulo_,J.I iill~ ¥ ~ 0i C::Jbi '".! "i ~.:UIJ wlAfa.l.l rl..lo:, ~ ;;~
Davis~.)JMayer ..HLA [~~ ~J . a ~ wfa. wlAfa.l.l ~~~I
o_fa\..;J.l l>4 ~ I ~i l>4 ww~I ~J 0h "ii~ Schoorman 0LAJ~J
•ulo.,11 iill~ ~ ~ I..w w,k. 4-4>L:, .).¥!'"J Ji .)..1=t:.4 ulo.JA ~ ~ I IJ.L1 I w,k. ~ Ll:t r
w,k. .)~"ii r~ 4.Ab.ll ~I~ 0 i ~ ;;~¥->1:> o_fa~ .)..P.'"J ~ ~J
;;~w ..1:?-J ~Jbl ~.JA .)..P.""fiofal.;J.4 ~ J I ~ ~~I~ U>..b,.j ~ I
4.:co~ uLA~ ~~ uw~ ;;~tg .)..P.'"J Jb. ~ ,J\ill ~ w,k. .wLA.,W.I
·~~ ~~ ~ 0 ~~ r~ 0i ~ ~IJ ~.,11 ~"iT ~
,J..att ~1.wa ~~,..it-. aA,
oJbl ~ ~LiS'i I.JAblA a.......zll jAi ~ j w,k. ~ I y ~ i c.,:rll 0 ~ . , l l ~
~Lal 4:~I ~ ..i9 ~IJ ,a qt;.,;ll ~bl:, ..bLfiJ"il wl~ ~l~I ~
~ ) ~.,11 w4"~ rW-A"ilJ 4:lall J~!J (oJ~I) ~ I .)JI.JAJ wl~...u.
:..,. ,
~j,J er- . ~ j~ I(":. . • (01-:.~t1)
'J"*'
~
-
I· . _'\,'+'
J-:1?'- ~ .·.~ ~ti \-=-
-- '-?"'"' -·~'I ~· j j (·
~
..:.._q
Le.A ~ I ~ ~ ~ UUo.11 ~.,11 ~ ~ ~4 ~~I <).C, wL:. 4Jo.j"ii "L-4>
~A·L~I.
- ,_,....
i.:. LJI .
U ~ . ~L..;-
.~, ~ . ~ ~~tu~ - ti" ...lJ,t".).,
L__JJ,Jc.,-'~ '.)j • ~ ~
.(Murphy; 1993; Niehoff and Paul, 2000) ~J.l U~I u~~ ~.>3
~"iJAJ~0i~_;J.ll>40~~1y~i~;;~l~0~.,llF.lA~
~ -
J:'Ul.l ~ ~ J:i~ 0i ~ ~.;JI ~J.10~ 0iJ ~..,.kJI 0:! ~~ 0~.,11
. (Davies, 2003; Serva et al., 2005; Zand, 1972) ~~..,JI l>4 ...u_j..q.l.J ~~ w
Ponemon Institute 0~~ ~ "l..r?"i ~.:UI ~I~ ~~I ww~ o.)~4J
1~1 lA ~J.=t::AJ f"'~I jAWI 0i ~ 0..1:?-ylJ a.::- ,~.ti d..:P~)'I ~ I 0~ ..w
~ . "i ri ~j.j~JAr&iqJ;.,ioc.;rll ~~0.i9~0~LuJI 0~.,ll 0~
ol_).j <).C, ~~1 ~ ~.JJ ~~ lA~ l.,s~ ~i ~ ~.1.:-?i11,ll l>41.,r ~~
,,
. (Ponemon Institute, 2009) ~~ ":.J.l c:,~ I~~ ~.:UI ~ I ~ b
. ~ .... t1._'\d...u:, .~("j• ·,A(" •... , •. ,·-lt '--tl~~i• "• .. ! t ! . A ' I ~ . -~
'..r-"'-' ~ • 'JJ-"- uJ-J~ ~ ~ . ~ ~r <.>°_;.a., J
~¥.;JI oJl:i! c.;rll ~I~~ J;g l>4 ~I L!l~"i J~.).¥!'"J ~.)~ ..i9, ~..1=t::A.l4J
.(Litsky, Eddleston, and Kidder, 2006) ~l~"il L!l_,1.uJI ~1 ~~4 rl.Z:,"il
\00
~~ .oJ..14ll ~ u~~~4 J,>J <.j.:.UI ~ I JA a.t:JI ~ ~ u~ .Jl_,
~.,_c~ w ~,~~~~?JI~ OJb?JI OJ~ ~;ll u~l r~ ,JLJJ.I
~~~~1Jt:.~«ff.41.Jli~~_i!.,J4»~~w~~~~
~ I y:,,-b y:,,- ~ ~...Gl.l t.~~I ~~ ..WJ . (Ponemon Institute, 2009)
r~~, ~1 (~_.,J.I J ~ I d.bL..JI
~.J+., r'~' ~~ ,J\:J.1 ~ ~) ~
ufi:3 .Jl ,c.ill~ c..,--11 ~~1 .(Greenberg and Scott, 1996) ul:9..)---'-U oJ ~ ~
~I~ ~)G..t ~ ~~ J ~ ~ 4.4~ ~...Gl.l 4.41tµ)I ~ ul...c.~~I
~l~)G.~l~~l~al~.l_?.J~~~1~1~,~~i~
-
4-;t r4l:s ~fi~ ~ .(IOMA, 2002) ~_.,J.I ~...u al~I o.l~J - IF-JA ~..1>
~I ~Jbl ~ (.)jOO\:~;ll o--4~ 1.t.C\ 0i Watson WyattU:IJ u~IJ
~~I ~~~1.,:u ~fa.0~~0-J...>::J.l.lJ4S° 0~ u.,_lAJ:~ :t.oo 0 t_,
. (Watson Wyatt, 2007)
u'-4~ ~UA ,~~ a;~1t ~ I yb:..w,l ~ i ~ ~..,.LI u~~I ~~J
~ WI 1.... c.:.uA9 .Jl o··.<'ti LJUI i:.~I ~ I · i ,. . J...L..J
.(4 (.)-" ~~I
'~ ~ - ~ .) (.)~
oA 1.1 Y ui i~ Y • ~ ..,1~~1 ~ ~ ~J ...l4l .4.4~ ~ ~~ ~_,J.I
~~_,JI~ 0~ ~ a_jJL4A 0'511 ~~_>1u ~ Jgi ~ ~...u 0~ um ~7=i«,tl
Business Week ~~~I J'-4.c. ~I~ Jli4 ~J • (Edelman, 2009) c_i,L..u r~
J~I pi~~~ <.j.:.UI ~ti.JI ~I~ "'~u'511 ~ ~ <.jl ~ ~ JA,, ul~
:0~ Enron u~l ~~
I(' .'-.-: I ~L- lA.A J~ \JI Jb . 4\ \ · .r..< o a.~ \..1:,,.• ~ ~' ~ l.!Jl.....iA
c.,--ww ~ • I . : ~ ~J,Aj
~,..,.i,
Jui J..,~ ... Lz\S'..,..!, ~~ ct..d)1_µ11.., ~Li\11 u~ Lzl..14iLl a.o~
J\.bj ~ .l~I JA I.J.A ul ~ ;;..1:,,.IJ ;;~ as'~ J~I ~UI ~J~I o.J.A
. (Nussbaum, 2002, p. 30) ~,..,
' -
J . ? . ) U ~ J A ~ ~ ~ ~ w o ~ ~.....,,oluL-~~lu ' t r~~J
-- ~
~..i:J ~_JAJ a /~I ~WI oA r~ ((t_l..L..>.ll ~t ~ 41~ ~1 J ~ ~
- ~
,o,
~.,S.t uli>"' ~ 'CU:'Jt.»~
I -:U.- :"-.f··.: . ::_.:=•..=:· . . s.~:··t §4-·=~--~·. J.~# ht.fr g.......J . ·.: y::-.:.···--'"::':h:'. --~·:-···: :,··.=·· =--.~·-c·-,e1i,h -~?'· ;, .l!i\~"¢ : "......ya.~ ~>.f;.·:·. . :..:,·-...·#
.rY 1· '• -,:':-7'.'"cy."~~..:':"''."'".•~7':...~··1atr:Dd'--·<'1.-:,.>- A,;_h·=: -.$.hJ
\OV
~(Greenberg and Tomlinson, 2004) a.:'.:l~I Lb...,.I.I~ r..i.ZJI ~4U ~ I
-c.S..L4 c.jl ~L, ~_,.I.I ~ll...>-"":l ~.>3 ~ ~I ~lS' lA 1~1 .J:~ ~i c.JA cll~_,
.. ...
'" d..c uLa..c..· h;
~I W::' ~ll~I .;.: ,ceai1 ao.:9-lJ ~ ~~_,b ¥ ~~ c.j~I ~_,JI~
~,.)~~ ~ ~>1 .:l,.:lll .,.J.A ~ i 01 J_,.;.tl ).;--SJ~ ,~.,11 ~llJ-'-"J
,-,qs ,ul ~ J ~ I ~~-li ~J~~4J.J~~I ~ I.J.A ~t ~J .~1..1:,11
~I.J~~I ~.;-cl L-9-"'"" 'c.>.J>~I ~~l::_d.l ~ ai.:a~11 a._;g\:JI c.Sl>-11 ~~w~l .,.J.A
.'"7:Jll~I ~ jAL.:JI ~ 0-J->:...L4l.1 ~WI ~ I o..:il,g! ~ ~bll
\OA
~.,tt ul!>"" ~ 'Ulll .JJ~
in~"~::U'mP..:Er&::"""-rn~:r:1~m -,,--,-A,'1:i2.fil--il?f1?Zill'::L~~,,p;s,;7.;,_~~wr..:;z;;,·,.,;r:w-af»¥11
~ I ~~~6.:i~~~~J~I ~ I y~i ~~
d..i.b1_,.1.1 J.? ~ ' u~.l)U ~~, ~ ~JJ .~_,.1.1 LJ:;I ~ J olJ.ltlJ
~ ~ a_;sl:tll 1.SJJ.ll 0-4 ...u.J.A ~ J ~ I ~i 0-4 (Organ, 1998) a.!ci.!Joiill
c....c.J ..all ·i6·-·'lu-At!..L~1~:tL -='-~·~ . '--tl~L..o"b:i~·-tt .. .:._q
.~ L) ~ ~ '..}-'-'.~ -~ 0 - - . . ~~
<.)1 J}t;..~I ~LI.>:' ~.lY- .is .(~lj.al ~ I ~L..o .)~I d...J~ ~ ,J~ ~
L:&;..1 (.)· i (.;r'tl;;'.) Ll.1" ~Ll.A.., •~,~
.) •
· · \-0--
- ,,~L.l£A ~
-- ,-
... t uu
• L c..;r'>-
- ··· ~r!..." 01l_;-J
~..,... · · _J-J.J-A-1
· · ..
~ ~ J 0fi.: 0i ~ ~_,..JJ periodic integrity-testing 1.§.)J...ul ~lj.lll
o~I ulA.~'il r.,._.,J. ~ W' (Murphy, 1993) ~..,JI .)J..>A c4 J.oWI 1.L.,l
.~·- ~~
I t .. :...ti~
• <.>" ~
..
~ o£;1j.J1 ~tg..,JI ~ .is .ul~l~?/11.!.lhl l.dJ ~Lal a.zJI i.SJi '"~ ~.:U
ul!J?/ a.;,..(j,,4 ~~ f"6:..u 0 ~ ~ ~_j,4:> ~1 ~ b ~ J_,.b:i LJA .J.>JI
~4~~ ~iJL>.~~ '~J .(Strickland, 1958) ~4( si.:\&t
~ 0Jlj:JI ~ w,-k ~~;11 ~ , LJA 01 ie~.:u ~ ~, .l_?.JJ) o ~ I
~~;II ~Lal LJA '1.>Y"'l DJ~ .(Dunn and Schweitzer, 2005) ~L!ylJ a.zJI
0t ~ I J .(Banks,2007) Jl_p,~1 ~~ ~tg..,JI LJA~l.i..oi.S~~
Jtg ~J . ~ I u~J.A ~ Job.ti ~I~ ~~I y~~ 0J-i:!~ 0--J~..Ll.l
a _ , ~ ~ ~I» 01 ~~I LJA ~tg.,.U ~j.A ~ ~~I <J,J~..Ll.l ~t
~LLA0~ ~ l J~ ~J .(Koster,2009,p.13 ~~j~1~1)«L~ ~ t
,~ 0.,-a..,.; "'.! ~.:u, ~--'1' ~ a ;11J ~ y ~ t ~LLA ~~J 1;9~t 41.J
UI ..,. - -
~j 01 ~ ~tg..,JI tl..,~l LJA tis t.it 0.J.l I.A.& ~I~~ 'i ' ~ J .J~'il
Lll
• !..>-4 ul.JT,JL...ill
.. 1.. --- 1,... .Ll.t::.tl
~~
Ll--•La..b..a:i·t\
.. ~ LJ-"" Y'-' • • '.r [ j~I ~ ~
' .:.:.~
,. . i · ·.<' i :.t:; o'.)-J.r
~ ~ ~
:.,:qJ ul.a:i~~I
.. -: : · .t_-:
~ J 4.J:.r---'
· ···'I J~'il ~-L:..._c-
~
ul.a:!~~1
..
~ .(Greenberg, 2002; Murphy, 1993; Trevino, 1986) ~>b~I ~_,L-11
Ll~l f"6: ..u ~
· .:UI ~ ~~L• ~~ ~I .... 11 ~1- ..:....q • :. ,~ I
.. ~(.;r' ~ ~~ ..
~• Ci • ~' ~I :-'t
c.. ,l
p r' ~ r,: b [~• ~ l t,C)I C
[ . •c. .. Ir _J:.;.. ' - •
o~ it- - (,)l
I ~'I> I
-
\D
'i - . I ~J- !:: '° C 1,. l; •
r :.. ~ ·t ~ c, ... • t ~ -:· r-: ~. :r
i r;; .l-. ~- \ '.:· -
~ .. t· ·~ r1:
,c- &..
r1.· ~ ~ r.
·i,.~· ~;~ 1krt~ li-l. l ~.~ ~•r- tt·E; 1-ge-:
·i ~ ~ r.,! Ir . Pf ~ ls>· Pf ~· 1>
·~ i Co[·l)~L.t~:l
·~
~ 1.~c."e,···E'_._~ l ~ 1- ~-·'1 :·. ' _, {l
.~'rA.
f. ~ [I ~- 1-°.~ .. , ;.··:.·~
~ t' I 'I • :'
_ i.
,. , - .1 I I • P, 'i
..c '-' - "<. - L,• r> - ,t ,. ,
"'- ~E,: ~f ·f 'l· ·~r;; .r::. . r~ ·[ ~t [.t·~ i.. f t~ r~
~,ti uli_,...., ~ ~I.JJ.l
1,M.f¥¥4&tii.§~~ fr4"-SrP:%#%#~%¥· Sfr¥i~G?:~i%W·ffe&1,.fWf&iP?tf§!, #'t·f'M,'fi%bW'-it?S1£··~·o/S?-&hc~;fi;.fiff.1.~...4
1
,~..,i.tt uU»-~
c.)1 security clearance policies «~~l ~l,J-ll aL.i.ul:!-,» ~ ~ (i)
~ ct:...u ~ rJ lj} ~ alA.,W.l L>-4 J.Jl ~i ~ Ji ulo.,tl ~ ~l..>-4
c.)1 JJ>-...ul J i ~ al.A~~ t_)lb'}!4 dJ r~' Ji9 clJjJ ~ , c.;s
.~~ii9l-"4
Ji ~ ~ ~ LA..>-4l c!JJ~ c.)1 self-fulfilling prophecyf'-*4A~ (y)
~~clJjJa=i.:iWl~c.)l~pi culjc.;si9j£Jl0i~~J..>-4~1 l~ lb;..
y~c.;so..>-4JJi~l l~~ . ..)~~la~.,k,JalA4,.:il~i9j£Jl~
Social Theory and Social Structure«~~'}!l ~ ~lJ ~ ~ '}!l ~ l »
J ~ l Jlil.1 ~ .Robert Merton uji.HA a..HJJ ~.J-A~l t~'}Jl rJW
~l~ c.;s ~_,ll ul.Ajj c.;s a;~!~ rJ ,oJ~l "~ ~_;J Jl:!-, c.;s ~1
l.fl l_jl~~~l.Ajf ~ ~ ~l ciJb)'l ~L.ui •.·: '"!aJ.H ~J..>-4~l
- - .clJj ~ Ji f'~'}!l ~~ -l=,.'}l
~ J..wl ~ 4J_µl «distributivejustice»t-t.Jj£Jl a.JI~ r'b·oQ ~ (a)
-~J~4~,~~t
J.t--...u~I ~ l c!J~I f'J;.; ,crl «meta-analysis»~l ~ l ~(c!J)
~ l . ~ ~ Jlj.u ~ ~4-'}!l ~~ ~b.tll ~l..>-4J ~ ~ ' } ! LA~
·'-:-'bS:Jl L>-4 JJ'}!l ~ 1 c.;s «a» ~J ~~l ~)Lo
~~t~t
~ ~ra ;,ac ~ ;i _...112,it as La:J't->-c.)ti
Amy Guerber..>J~ ~i i ~•~!
Aparna Rajagoplan ~~~~!) UJL:,1
Vikas Anand ..uU1 ~~.J
-
J)l;. ~I~~ l.l~ . l ~ I ~ ~)l;. <JA ~I ul_,.b;JI CJ~
-
_,i~.;~l0-4o~~J~L.:;~l~11~»4\S'0i ~ .~Jo~
-
--'A-w,tiQl~-W..C.. "ft ~~!).X' . . . . . . JIS ~ ~ ~ · - - - -
~~lA;;~~;;~~.l~J~l~«.lLd»~L)~J~'
~, ~,p ~ ~ ' ~1.,_b;J ~.;-11 wfi:.1.1 wl -~~ ~' ~ ' ~w
c.:,k &U>JI ~1 o-4 .lLuuill ~la~~~~ o.ll....c.l» .ll~)U ~ ~ I
0 1 ·.: '"!J .(AshforthandAnand,2003,p.16) <,;;~,, ~~I ,,
LJA
L -~ :.- -:ti I -I ··ti '6..d ... ,,q · · LI c.lLuuiJI • .. l...i · _j.\ ~ I .l ~
~ J-l~ ':r"' u-- .,-, \--v-- f""O""' (>A u ~ c:_::-:-- ':'""" .. ~ JJ
. (Anand, Ashforth, and Joshi, 2004)
~L.ui.
• - (>A
~ ~LA:a ~
[ 'J <;-- ••. l...i Jl.? 44Jl-.ull
,,.. ..)~, c:_::-:-- . c.!:J·-
~
.q ~~<
'..}'-.)
~~~I
- ~
· ~LS'·' ... tt l~~I "'-~1 J t J-l~
- ~.)
·· .-:t ..)·'J-'
.:.ti l.All..u.,
. -
~ -:ti ~ I
':r"'
~LuJI ~_,JI c.!:J~I c.:,k ~ I I.J.A ~ • (Ashforth and Anand, 2003)
a..u)U.-.ll~I
.. , ..-:q ~
IJ-l~ · ~ '-··-.:.": y:,c..J· u~ . . ~~I ~
· ·'--·.ll~ '·~"=.is ':r"' -:ti '-""'
'-l··tl~~l.J
.,-, L: •
r:: c·
1
Jt•i1 ~ :.- p ~- ~ t. :- .t: 'Lv r. ·~ r. .... ~ .
p• 1,· 17 H - 1 )-" -
I I y f.. ·Y ,i: L. ~ C: ~ ,t ~
·i- if -f> IE 1 ,e - r. '1::. . t.t
f ~ I • - ~ ·~ • - 'i· l, C· r.: - •• f
c-i ~;~\~ ~ !:Jtr '#' fill ~ t<g~lrh~<gl !,~
t;. &· G-. • <t1; t;. <t [.
l,· l,·
i::
~ II ;>._ . 't.~. LH' ·f c •
l
•
<t~ •c, ~
t .c- ~ ~ E: \'
. ':"' r e. 11·
. ~ fit. :[ .c-
1
e·. :[ ~ l ~.fij:.·:,
• • :, l ~ f - C• ~ If \ l, E ~1 C• ~ • ~ (r _ 11 (' • C• • [• ~ ··~
E 1.•, 1
r-. C· lA _, C• •
- ~
-11 ~:r .t-G~. t-i 1- l f §; - r, -
. i1 ~ ~ ~ k~ :r- ~r t.f:~ f ·~ 1-L- lr. ·i ·i l P:~ t ~ t i· t~ r. h G I:: r. [ f,
'\.i [
I, ! :r
[ ij ~ •G-. t· ~ 1,----;- f~ 'E ,. r: i.... 1 I: ]- (; - (. r ,-.. ~.''.·
- Q. iL 0
"E -~ [· \- 1ip- -~- f- '1U>· ~ tt: '\ p't f. r!
"'· I~ ~ I::- ~ -L .f, . r- .f. f!- . \. . . .E~. : .L.. ~ - • ' • le . • ~ - • • ....: .~·- .:; iij::,·:·
e: ~· r. ·~ l,
~ I'
•t ~ ~
'e e; IP I~· - ~ r.l t:.J ~r. if:
-E N
n 8
~ ~~ r-:. ~·r C· ~
'e, i:
~!_;
1
r II .. ·£.·~[~ I I_ ·r-~f ~~-t~ I I ~ f-., -
~! 1
I I_ Lr_ ~t I·f:L~ I It"·,.:' E
JL.."'4lt lllac ~ ~ - " ' asW.11 ~l:i
@:C:~~..;,~-ra;:;..J.!1Z..t-iJrrX~,,.,q~~...!W.&'.::ffiT~~~77idl1%'iR'ffi'."'~
u::,t,.t.J-iJt
1.:u. oJ..:.t.A .o.)L.:::» Ji a:Jo~ ~ i u~ ~ ~~~ ua~~l .v-t: LA~
0A ("S ,11;,;i i5...u ~.)y.a J ~ ~ ~~ u~ ~L1ll 0i a..a.a...JI 0A t~'
Lo.!~ cl.91~1 ~L1ll .»-!: LA~ .J---A ->-'~I l.:U. ti..~ i ..l:,,.. i . ~ ~ i ~! ~.J.A
.~i L..!..1.A ~ Ji i-'"4-'-".;,ot ~)l;.i a ~ ~ JoLi.:d.l ~ J e,tjf ~ . l ~ I Q ..
~b.JI
•
.:G..i ~.. I.?""
, ~ u.Jo~ .»-t: ..,w ,Jl:J.I ~
I.. 1.... L !ti clj~ ,
<.:r- ~
• ..
()A~
~_µI .Jlb)ll 0,.4 ~..J ~ I ..)~~I ~~I~ J;.l~I _;l..1.a.4 0,.4 ~ l~J
,D~ ~J -41~ _jJ_;l_,..!J
u ~• I .tl bl:; ~~t1 ~
t ~
'"(t:' •
-: . '-t\.~~ u- , A'b.JL. ~~I
- .... ::;q ..)~i
,--:--- ·- I~:. .).:,-
. .r'.) ·'-
a..t.Lu, ~I D~JJl .(Schwartz, 1994) L..>4'.R ~~Ji~t~ ~4-~
«~~IJ ..)..)----41\ ~ ..)J..J.>JI Ji a.....:a)WI ~ » t 4,.iz,.J.I ~ ~ ..)~
0 1u~» ~ ~ ~uJI ~ ~ ' i i Jlj-.cJIJ .(Schwartz. 2006, p. 140)
&.UI .J~ I ) (( ef- ~'ii-
.(- .... :t\ ~ aJJ~ ~ c\.4.i·
. e:.-=--- L. ·.~
~u~~~
- l..;.__c!,~\
Dj~t Jo~ 0 t ~ 1 ~ 4.l~ 0-4 ~.:.u,
r~I ~~i (\.4.i~ , ~ ..)~
~.:.UI ~uJI ~~'ii Jl_;.........JI Loi -~~I ~l.ai 0,.4 ~JJ ~ J~l ~
~I~~~~~ '-""Llll l.!l.J~ '-4» ~ ~hA u\ , 4f~tl ~ ~ ~
.(Schwarz, 2006, 2006, p. 141) <'~~'ii ~WIJ
~L,)A.).,.........J~
:.-~,1
c..:,,11.;.:,~·.?~.JJIJ~WI J~~I .JAJJ~I .(r· ·1,, C\'\t) ~I~ w..H~
~ ~ .. ~I .) .J..4j ~
1
.:.'-WI J'ft,A.I.C.&I ~,1 u ~• I .'-:?"'"·" .a..ubJ
... • .. ~l.J:.
.. • ~~
I...J
• -
~ ···'Ia.,:.?
?~I t.,_i.11 Lii .d..c..J-LLAJ ;;~ ol:?, ~ r..iZJI ~ D.)J.4.UJ .)~~~I~~
~~~~I c..:,,1!~ ~.JJIJ ~~I J~~I ~ J ~ ~ l 0,A
.) ...143.~,i~.r-<.:.tlJ~~L
I.:~ · .... ~
• .)-:-4-U ~'lu~I
•
Lii .a..J~Lj·.:.tl
.. • 'J-"' .)
~j
.(Schwartz, 2006) tl...1.:t?/IJ ~~I ~ J ~~I
~u,o~i c..:,,1! ~~~.JJI ..\>JI c..:,,l!t~.;JI~ ,,.;?~I ~liJI 0-AJ
~ - ~ ~ ) U ~Lal ~ I ~J '~~I ~~I o~_,JI ~ u~J..i.A ~i
~ (>A ~Lw.. - " 4..a.A.Ai ~Ll..41 •
JoL:i
• ~
~I J'_JL:>.
1
•
.. • ~I ull'
1
JULU .. C::J---'-"·...)-'· tl.J. ~
· .... '?""'
~,1 ulsla:;.JI
1~ - .as' .. :. ~I...Ld)i -:
u-- ~ ·-=--~,rl...AJIJ ol.L:i.JI
~ .. I...J·'
.~ ·. j.'-:?"'""as'.)~ IJ L.d....,JL
..
~ I J a.c. \..bj IJ 0-A ~IJ J .......~ll.d::JI r I ~ IJ <r ~ ~I r' Uo.lll .)..1...-43 ulsl.a:JI D ~
. (Schwartz, 2006)
· r~ ~ · ~, C::J---'
~ • -"··ti
...)-' .J.£J• 'r• "I·~ ... ulw ~~,1 .) l..bs~I
· .< ~ "
'r· ,Jlill ~
1 · · · · 1,...
c..:r-
c..:,,11 ~ ~~~~l~Wlu~~.J~'.«: '"!~~~ic.,:,k jl~)U
~~ ·t ,. . a..J~~I .J.£J·'r~...
~c..:r-.. • I··.< Lu....d, c.c_J\.j
- ts
~'I l..bs~I
'-?""'.)
"
· -ll~· lt
'r ~1
• ~J,LiJ ~.)4,-:i ~ 1..; ~
t •. A_t;..~.
~~~
~t\~-'-'IJ
~ J \.ru.e.LJlcJGJI
-"'? i.r- Lu>.~IJI~
. ... fl· Lb.>l.J
.,-.-w ~ .. ~
J.¥1 <J-4 ~I u ~ I ~ ,42·2:btl_, ~~ ~I a~2:H c4 ~ll~ o,o~~I
. • i 4...&.:>.\.j •
:. ..i...:i~ ~~L -:t.~q cJGJI
r.~~I ~~ t"
-
D. L .. q 4-.&>.\.j •
0-4 ~ . . , .. 0-4f". ·'-"'""""""
..,t D_; 22 ;; a.1_,b 0..,J ~ ~ ~w, ~ [LA..G~I U"'w1 ~ J..,~ t.§.:u1 .J.>JI ~1
~Le~ ~ I ~I ufi:i r"~~I ~ ~_,J ~..u <i'11 u ~ I ~ .d..J~I
.(Schwarz, 2006) a~.!:JI ~~.., ~ I c4 J6.:i~1.., r>LJI DJ~
.3·
~
5'
J"-
.; J
..,
1
...,
~
.,.,
~
J
~. ·~ ~
:~
~
i.• •
~
~
u.
~
J
. 1
j. • ~
00 • ~
• 1
"')
5'
.;
~
J t
j
,.;J'
~
• JC)
•
1
H
"-
•
,.
3 ~
:=i ·~.
'"!>, 3
~
•
•
J 00
l· j • • • • ,J
·L •
• L ,j~ ::j
"')
•
.:J •
5'
•
].
! ~
~;J•
5'
:,
~
tJ :=i
1· • ;j,
j
[U Ji• • ,.;JI
]. \
• •
'
.)..]
IQ
].
1IQ ·~. ;i
1
~
J
""'.)
• ~ } ~
• j
] 7'·
J 1.
u.
J • ·l
·i•
~
~ ,j.
IC>
• i).J
J
•
l.,. ~
•.?1 • J J• J
j ;i
_!) tJ
], ;~ 1
_j •
IQ
1 1 ""'.)
J
00
'1•
1
IC)
(I
j • '1•
•
. (Schwartz, 2006) :.)~,
-,w 1""0-,~~~.......-.-.-......... -. I'll.
\+a~ "-1.d ~ ':?.:Lll l.4.9 o..l>,j faU : u ~ I ~ .:.1-.dl~ 4.w..,r?JI
Jll:\";:ICl.Ci)-l"fXS·:,,.,.-..vw,.~~--.---~------
cf.
I (i' ·~. b ·~ f .i· f' t ~- .~ 1:, t. t { ~ ~" rt rt~ -rt Er t'P:' c, &_ i;; 13
f:•.•:.••.·1
.F 'r.. f ~! ~· G:.. t ~ - ft ! f;, 'G.. [ tC ~ ~ - 8~ 5r:: t.
1
t. .ir;-• \_,.- C•f::
f. ~ 'k ,.
~ E! 1.' ~ <i:.
t }. [• f;. t.•.".i.;:
r,:,
.
;~
'
r. .c b ·~
' .l - ~
-
1"r[•
•
.~. •
~r:~t~ib~r~ . ' ~ J- ~ 11
·f 1! ~~.,f..
~rr,-
~ i:, r . - 1
i I - ~ ~-·~ i'~ t f
I •_,. ~. ":- ,
t i: 'f 2q ; (P= £ r 1' 'l 1
11
hi r:: ·~ ~ - ~· [ [• ~ ~ . C - -
't ·Cj.. -.· [ ~: ( !'£: ·~ '.f <i:.
c, ~ ~ f [• \- g Ci.
tl ~ f. • ~ ".' ~ \ 1 - · t v· ·~ - .E
tr;.if
r. t- 1r. r-~
lp~c_[•~n, .
,'!.. · -; IL t c, t ·.,
ii ~~tr~r1e.l ~v l-.'.1.:.1
{:
ti c;.- ,. f 'v'"f. ,c;~ 'r- ;
rt l:-~ t~ '[~ ~r:: t~ Ci_F\ ~~· ~ ,, [• ~·· ls>· ~ 1. •.
re .,. .
~ il: J·I:! i~ i ~H·
e. ~ .r ~- E f. ~ r 1 t:
EI ! C· - - _, ;J> - - '
C• f.: 1.° ~- i. 'Cj.. IT ·~
. [
-,.t. b ' ~j
L.
,~\r rf~'t-~.e-. ~- -
~~
~ ~
f: ,~
1'1' ' t f .t";:- ii- i;; -~- ~ . ti
•L I • I ~.·
~ 'S 'S [• ~ P" -;
·~-: 1~· ·~.~r~·r:
~ C· G' ( fl f. :r\ ~ ·_: .. e· ·r. _,. IT l_,. - L
b Fi'" I
t' ~:= ~ ~ lf"' "
~ s-· ;[ i 1~ ~ :.·
~ · ~%= f.f 1, ~ ~ C• r • ·1
ti ~lc-f i.[~'1: 1 1r:t\ttJ .r.t. f.~ ·~t.'· f~ '[~ t~ ~.£ ,-;,t. !rl
I !E-Jrf.~~ff.~ Ir ~ ~ t:~.k}i r ~ r-
l ~ l v [· r'i.. !'- c, <c. t <t ~.. ,t - - ~ .,. ·r 't ~ 't· b li Ii
r
c, , f. r 1 Fi'" <i:- !.D ·E :.:·:··I
i
li- .~ ~ ~ 8 ~ r r ~ r:: tV\ rfu· ·[•~ rt "'&\.. l. ~E ,.'· ~t
I . ~ ~. ~ r:- ~ I J ~
~ ,a & ""
I.
i ,t. . ~ ' i ..
G .f, .
~: .~ t ~ ~ '[ i' ~ £
''"O - c.. i. 1· r:: f. 11~~ ~ ~ t! ;':.·• ~
rt .~
i;; ~- r - " s- &_ ~i
c· [" ~.. • \~~Cl:~·~· i!l: t f i, \·.. ~ 1· I::
n, ~ 1!
~ ~.;··'':.: tl
~ I r:: ~ r:: t ~ .[ ~· - 1 ~ f f ~. ~- t· ti - Er~ 'b - - ~ - . -
~i 0-4 ~~ ..:.i~~I "lA c.:,l O"'L-,j ~ .l~I ..:.i~~ ~ ~ . ) ~
0-4~1 c.:,i ~ ~~J ~u, ~ t.,:i.,_a....,.;, '.! ul.o...G.. ~~~,Ji ~~L:. ~ b
- - -
..:.i~~I ~ .ll~~I Loi •..:.i~~I l.!l.l:i ~ ~ ¥ ..1.Li ..:.il.o.J.>JI J.l~J ~WI
;::- ..- t.:rtl ".-1tl.J
... .:< '~ ~ •
.l~I ..:.i~~·.~as'
"': J LlJ.I uJ~
· ~ DI L,.,J.L · ·- ~ti
J . .)-:!-4-'J ':'"'
.~~~I a.JI.J.AllJ "~.,JI
!.. tt .
i ..
~ ~
A 4-J' .. ~
•
.. ,.,,.,._.,,.
...... tt ..) lS:lt~
r' l ~ I ~u,
'.! · t_ • ~ ,c...JI.J.>. •
. . ~~ ..:.i~~
··-~ti ".J.A ~ · L · 4J.lW~I
· .. t~~ ~~ • ' ~-~~•
.ll~\11 ~ ~J-«-" ,a.lb..~ ~J .~~ ~ ~ ~ c.:,~ ~J-«-" ..:.il.>J~l "lA
~,.>J~I ".J.A r'~ c.:,i ~i 0-4 ~~~~~I ~I~ .)~I ~ ufa.J_;J.I
·~~~
.. .
i~~'1t ..) t~\tt
i4 ....,..~, ~ J~!
.;lS::>1 c..:,A ~~ ~I .;121.c. ~I~~ w-4' 0.1 i, oiJI l.u ~ ~ I ~L-,J JJl
0~ ~ l tl.fgl ~ o.;..1.a.11 ~.,.ti o.u 0-"'°.G:; '"- ~.:UI A~)U . ~ I J.>
lS..b.l ~ . ~ I ~ .;\S:J'j ~ . ; ~ c.!ll.i.41_, .cl.J c.!:J~ Lo J......i '"- ~ I
- --
~.l~ l..otzjl ~ ~.... ,;.,IJ c.!:J~ Lo 0l ~I~ JJj-uJI ~ JS .;~I .,;a
0~~1 ~JJj-J.I ~ JS 'l>J->-f o.;~~J .~..... ;.,IJ~L.u~~J-&Ai~
~\.;JI 0~1 ~ ~l.,:JI ~.;b;.I ~i ~ l+J c.!:J..b. Lo JS'~ a..J_,~ ~ I
.) \£,I~L-~
~,.•1.i .-~.
L~
.r-~ -
- . ) \S:j~~ cG.!Gll o'.).r-
~I ~ ··-ti Lol ·'-'-'-"Lal
. ~. c.l·tl.
~ ~J -~
.;~ltl~t#lo.;~lo:U~ .i:~~)b.~IJ~~l~J_,_µ1
-
~ I ~ JJ~I ~~~~?JI w-4 ~ ~ I ~ ' . ' . ' "'! ~ I J.>
. (Bandura, 1999)
l~~~t.u·t·
.. • u~ . . tt
••
[, j~ ,f:. . ,
t c-
,._ lp
·Y
~ 1~ ~ ~ c! ~ f- t ~ J..•
r> ,r; } ~ !i [! r.. f [
1· c... , ~ C· ~· Ci ::\. ,t c;.· - r;; ~ ~ ~ ~ ,fl-' t•
£1
f tt
·~ "°, t~ 1· (• 1· .~· p ~.. ~ ET 1-· l ~ ~t .f t> c.
~ 1 r·. N· B
1! ~ } . l: -;" ~ ~ f. ~ i l ~ f, .f •(i t' E5
'\. I ~ h;
~ ·t: r- 1 c- .
;. ..C· E'. C·~ .. t;~! ( I; p
I, ['"" - ~ \I)
~ -,., ~.['"
f' t~ ; c- c ~ L. cf.
• ..... [ '· - 0 • ..1 - I)· l..p
1 1 -c· ~ ~. ~· ..
t
t ...
lrt. c, .t'-
• '
E!:
• - ~· t' ::r - ,;
~
C:rn
t
l,
PC..f.'
~ ' •
- t
- ,
C:
C
, c· ~
&
-
~ -
~· • • \I) 'b ]
.c-~ ~- . 'r e-'.
[ (· ·r. ,-: t ~· t
~ ~ b t' ~ c·
.r ~. - _:!; - I:;
{- }~ ~:t. r~- - i- </~. i~ . lf'~ t ~r~ tl' ~8 f-c !: itt t-c~ l-": '\.ft! 1 {'~. t't' 'l'·~,E £f'• •t.~
i~~tJt~~t
~ al~, ,.:Jl.#.,1.-w,.;..s~ ~ ' ~ ~ , n.=iroitl tli,i 0A t_,.;.ll ,~~ C
~UI J~i .)1 ,;.,,.; ,111 J-AJ ¥~I .)l~)U ~ i [j~ c.!lll41J -~~~I
~ i ui ~1 ~4J . al~,~ aS'.)LlJ.I .>J~ ~w, .)Jal o.;1..~,., o~I
~l ~ ~ ~1 alyill ~ ~I ul:sl.Zll 0A all~~I u~ ,~_;1.,;. ul.;..s~I "~
- ~
~ I ~J - ~ '->t ul.;..s~I c.illJ j:.A uy~ ~cu~~~~ L o ~ ~
~ ~ i ~~ ~.)L;JI ~,-J~~,.,
uy~ ~~, all~~' u~ ,l.!Ll~ 0A ~w,
-~~~I .)l~~I ~ ~I.) uJ~
t)~t~~~tJISl!
~ ·4Jj.-J.l.)LS:,jl~¥~1.;l~~lc o .=i«oi~~~JJJi
.)~ ~..u u""="' 4.....,jl.:i ("S ,,;;t l~l ~l Ji ~_,JI "-41 UJ~ ~.J.JI all~~' C
r---~
I,.:,
c.illJ ~'-:'"..
·~ J..Jla:"JI r~
A •I .. I ~
-~
l~~tJ_J~ :iJLa1&.ut
~WI JJ.) o.;l.uuil ~ ~~I _;I.J.c.~I, ;,.!i«oi ~ ~ ~J.?-i lAt
· L.)~
~ '-'. · :.11 .)~I o.J......A ~ I a.L......u.
.. • -- .uLLui.:,.JI
j• ~ • a.:,I .I) ~ <-9~c.,;,..wJ
- ~ti
.~u1 ~ .;1~~ .,~ ~ .,t ~L..u ~~ c:G~ .)L..u.a.Jt Jwi L.;l. 4,A ~ ~1
e:9.JA ~ ~jll .;...L-.A u~.,J.I ~ lA~ ~"~~I ~ J ~ J ~ J
~ u~ s:.k-.)':14 ~ I s:.l.&ji ~'ii'=' ,o;.~I ~J..JY. ~l...>-4 Ji Facebook <LJ~
.~Uo_, ~ "~ l.:?.:UI ~IJ ~.,JI~ lillj ~ ~ I
ui j1 ~ u'--9~1 ~ uJJ.¥b ~ W I JJ.)o.;~I s:.IJJ<Y°l~')/1 wl
~JJ ul->=11 <-9l->-1oi 0-4 ..b-lJ 1..9..,.._..b ~ ~ J ~ ((~~?II)) u'--9~1
JJ~ ~ a.!.'' cert\ ul.9~1 ~bl.A_, ·.?-'ii 1.....9~1 ~ 11a.!:I ccrtl)) ul.9~1
ul.9~ ~ts'J.;~I ~.;l~'il ~I~ J J ~ ~ ~~?/I ul.9~1
~ I ~1 ~.JA'-:-'-'-"Wl.;J.)o.;~I u~ ~. ~Luc.1.W U 41~Ji~)l;.i
- .. - ti
,a..JL.;...
¥~, ~, P.P ~)G.. oA <?1' J;-.b.ll ~ ~.J+A :;_p ~ , l.il r...L..l
..1.4l • ~ . i ) ~ <?11 ~L.will 4.!.t~ ~ ~ A~~I \+,o..G:i "'.! <?11 ~L.u_,ll ~
:;~~1 Jl ~ ~l oA ~1~~' LA\ i:i.! <?1' ~ I oA ~ ~.,_:,l c.JO.!'"M-~ w
''=L.u'J ' ;. -,i,oi•.
l.!11:i ~ , V" w ..1.4l .a.....bl
•. . ... -L-=---
.. ,...-:t 4.J~~'il
- " ~-Lg~- a.a.~
-
. :~~ ~)Ci o-11
~ 0J~~J aJ~UI ~.JA 1..-9~1 ~ ~Jj.uJ.l:, 1....9l~'il ~J ~l..>-'..>PJI -,
·'4 ~..,.11 ~.,.ti ~ly.JI
~l~~l.:.UI d_jJ~~J~IJ~lJ~I J~~Jd..:C~'il)~~l-r
·0-'.Y-~' ~ l j j oA ~4'=:1 ~i
·~Jl>. JAi~ ~ ~Jj.uJ.I ~WlJ~I J~ ~J ¥~I )~~I-,
~ I JAly.JI ~iJ - ~ ~ [j~ ~ ~ p_p ~ ~ 'i JAi~ 4.!.!UA
· - , •.~., ,t"· ·~~,,
..)-'j,,.....,., ' - : ~ j
·~l-LUJ a..u.b·''
· - W ~~, a..........,1j ..uJ .~
lb'il ~ - ~ ~~, ~
~~'l'IJr..,-"""".;JI ~~J ~~i~)l:;~J~~J~~.;, ,02'-§.J....JIJ
,, "
uO.!'Ui! w 'l~IJ .~t9.;JIJ r ~ ' i l ~J :;IJL......-.1.IJ ~.J-&ll [J.J:JI ~ J
· tI · ~,1 Ll~I .... ~ti ~LlA ~ aL.......u, U"'
~.r (>A '-?""' -
I(' ~1
jj
~ ~tt ~~I -· 'ii
'-?""' ~ ,-=- '-' - '-'
u' l ~.r · t\ <>4u.
. 'l., Lld~• ..1.4l ,J\ill ~~
I.· · ·· I.... • ~
_ a.h......u,
_ ~~~ • .<'-: • j
" •• L~ u.,..-,u
TT :nmr: ....-:
Lf:,~ ~ ~ ti~t Lo_g o...b,,j tjU :ul.Jaat '=1'9 ->~!., ~~, \At
,~..,i.J't u~~
~I~ w,ul-ii ~ ~~I ~...G ~I 4UI ul,g~I ~ LlA u_,..;.lj.l.l ~~ (,)
.ulo_,.t.l ~~ 4Lo ut,g_# ..9i
~ .JAJ ((metaphor of the ledger» _,-..A ~~I ~I~ .)_;J ~l.11 ~ I ( " )
~ ~>'ll rt,;.; «ol ~J .<1~tl...-«.~I ~ . ) » ..9l <1u4L.....i..:.JI ~.)» o_;~I
cl!4?1 u_,..;.lj.l.l ~ ~l.11 ~ I r=4 ~lb:i..9 ci.,.,_J (('-:-'-'-"WI _JJ.) o_;~I»
-~_;l.~.U
ul:9)WI ~ J::i_,JI ~~I ~1 ((embeddednes t.,.._..,yl» r~ ~ (Y')
~~1.r?-l.!l_;Lot~~1~1..c.r~1 ~.., -¥~1..,~.)~~1..,~~~1
ul:9)Wl~J>.I..Ltllu q,oi.:~r \b,oll l~MarkGranobetter
:~I • ~_;L;...9 uLJo..UI J;.b ~.)~~l..9 ~~~I
Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem ofEmbeddedness»,
American Journal of Sociology 91 (3): 481-510, November 1985.
~ ~ I a ,o,o'%tl J~I c.r-"' ascribed rights olb.l.l ..9i a;_, • ,ti J~I (t)
~~l0-4~J~~J ~~~ ~JJ ..u..9cG!~ ~o.)1_;1 ~i .)~
J.,~ .;J-'o"}U ~.)~~I JS..,_J.l..9 (~l ..,t ulS' lfi~) t.,lll..9 o-uJl..9 a:;J.J_,.t.l
~l..9 ~ll.11 ".)~ .)yill ~~~I a:11,i<'JI J~I ~ I J~I
-~~~..9~l..9~I~
\AO
Canan c. Albrecht,... :~1 ""~U.,S 1 ~•~!
Matthew L. Sanders.1,6'U'""' .J ~IA
Daniel V. Holland 6oUY~ .UI J:!l•~
Chad Albrecht,.., ,t,~1 ~L:,
iJ~~t~_,li
JJ\JI -~.,:Sll~ 4.a.Jfa. ..>yi.JI ~,~..l.A ~ ~~~ ( j ~ J 0Lc.j, 1.!.Jl.lA
,c..:,1J\JI aJWI ~ .d.&...bJI J.,_,Jo ~ ~u11_, ~, «u::--JI ;;~ ~~4 cC«s.J-'-" ~
·t'~ J4d,I '¥-..H ..>yi.JI ~ ~ult ~J 4.&-4 ¥_; <JJ..> cu~..l.A ~ ..>yi.JI ~
W\
Jl ~ I J tl.,.;.J4 co ,oi,: 0.,:SWl u l ~ ~~~~LAA t-'""Jf ~ J~~I
.(CERN, 2009) ~ ~ c,ll o.l~ ~-l.S:! ~J ~I ~~4
-~.l\..;J.I ~ F~ ~~ lt
J~)U -, ~ '~l:a.o <.j.J-Al:tll
-
<,§Y~ ,bb;... ~
..,jl~I a~4,. ~ ~ ~ al_;~I 0A a....lll ..,jl~l 04 0-J~I ~Jl ..La.l
~ ~Jj..--J-10A ~ ~..U F l ~ ~ . .)~\ 0,J_; Q~; cc«Jl 0A .l..U:. JIJAI 0A
J->P-t .~~ ~ J.,laA ~~ ~ J ~ I ~ ~ I ~ J ~ ~~IJ ~ I
r.is ..La.J -~' ~ ~ J~~, tl.,:St ~\S' 0t l§.J-Abll l§Y~ ,bb:u ~~
<,§Y~ ebb;... f:1..14i ~ J .a;~IJ ~i d_j4 I~~ ~IJAt 0.1) Q~; cull
-4Jl.d ,~ c.:.«lJ ~ ..,jl~ '->.J-4l:tll
c....a:;ljJI _;~I«.«: «u: 0.1) Q~ ,cell y ~ LA -
'
~i LA 4JL:. ,J\!i.ll ~ ~ ·'->J-"bll ~I~ JJµI alJ.is 0 ~ ~4
- -
-
~J 'LA~~ J)b.1.t. a:
-i: .Jj~ f:1..14i ~l..b:a........u4 0t 0,J_; Q~; cul I '->y~
CCC
,~,
r [ N. ':'..:. p.• • P.' ~ ~ ~ ~ {
'C• : 'tL 't. (, 't.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ •
=-: ,c;b, •<t,r'- 1 'E!.~·
s::"' I l': ~. I, I, I, l, [.,' r:-
,Er • L- \ (;i V\ J::
- - -< -1 C C _,. y
t ~~
t ~ .s l ·· .;; f.:. 'ii D ~ : : : t ~- ~ r
;~ ~ l· f ..: ~ f ·t f ~ ·f ·t· ·:: (• 't t
t ~~·~I: \'L <t: ~I ii~ l ~·\
.f 1 f '&, •f [ \ f
n. ~ C• ~ 1) D
~ h: s- -.r (· <r: t.. .
~ q ~~f ~1•
t t ~~ l E
~'>I i~•
~ -
a,• C \p_ l, - l, I I f~
r.t' [. ti r. E: t' ~
J:: ., l V, \i;., I - - • • 1• 't:
i:!. •
·- ..
t '°.
[• 1r I t• • • l, I> - ~• -:- (:_ ~
f
£ • -~.'\ t s r. E· i r:_ f f,
I I • L'
c ,r;- "'"1 -
•C Ir f" •
t.r 1\ t ;-f, 'f~
P' £-~ a=
"&• • • ,-.. I C C • t I ~ ~ •
; ~ ·f ·i ~ l· ~ r, ,g. rt,•
~ ~ G-. a- c, ~..
f •
~c;'
r~ !J ;:~ ~ 'b .-..
t "°~ 1e.. .f-}-f-. -t 1 1(11·
E (
C IC -
i~
•t ~
~ l.f,. 'J- -:'~£; ; ff. ~J;"
- • (:_ I • I l, ~ I
if . ,- §~ Lfl~
,-.. • I:! ....._,, \o
t,-.
~
- '.:., }. '.; .;_ £ D. f fl: ,c t' •£;
1 f t° 1;._.. (; •~
G_ - ~~ C• ,P.' - (r ~ ~ ~ f ·E: 1,. c..
-f~ 11111 i r
- 4t.. ~ ~ t. C• .r, c_ ~: l, - ~ ,r; •t=:" Ci:- ti(
~ E]: c' •I=; ' ~ b C ~ ·~ ~·\\ f r -;
. 'l l': • t! C.
• '~\ -~ tf ~ ~- l
_: c 1. !
l ~ ~ ~~ C•~ C:- C
~G !~ ~ I"'•.: 1.
c\\ - . ~- c_
, 1" r.'. [ J . ~ - f'~ • c... £ ~ 1'} ,f ~: ~
'.i:. • -t ~ ·~· t'. .f ·t'. f- : ·~ 'f, :r ~ I;, l, :.; r
; I E'\ ~ ! [. ! E t i ~ E' l ~ I~ }
:;
- Ii .<;- it:
~. r..., l,
f. bo!" 1)r- C·
V\ t"'
-1 I
(.
f: t~
- X ~ E
I ·~ [• l,
i. :r '1 ~. f ', C· -
c-
}fr.~:
c..tl:.f: -
~
I t· 'l! -..
........... 'f, ._:_ ,E S' 't
I ~ f ~: • 'k ~ :~- :
1 ~ ~ ~· f !W ·~ . t .[ ~ ~ 'fs
~'1 ~· ~
X
I t~tt\~~! X
. t
·~ i c...- .
lt
- :t)·
[fee_.
1; ~ .:_· ·'6f
I - ~ l, ,.
r i 1r 'f, i ~ ~ ,f :' -
fl V I;" ~
:f's t~- 'it~ V-S ;i-: ~.~ 'r~~ L
f'
_c [• C· ~ t To ~. - t· ~" '.: ~
.Fl r;, \ l ~ J f ~- ·~. '° loo! - I. ~ t' ~· :; t
C'~
~
t· \·· [-,
.t1 1· . f J- ~ ~ J• ~ l,
- .l• • '} i;
'·1· t- -
c,- r . ~- ~iET
C: 'v" b' r r"
1f 'l:r "bo! I 'c
~
.:~~ ~ 1_ 1: t 1· i i fl
,._ C .- (. :-.
,P
I:; ·~" _,. { ti 9' ·~ •
- > - - . -[{ [-[• .bo! t,
.~ ~_,., ~.
[• C-
-.. 1·t .!c-.
·C" -
{; tt[·:r (;,·i·r[ ~ 'r' ~· cf
Jd rc l· ~I ' •~. 1 bo! ,~.:. :.!
~ f) - \
l, I ~. bo! -
. . i·c' ,c;1 te.~
- E!r;. !::;;;ill
~ ~~
- < lo V .ls>·
I,'
i:;~
f C~ t,
-<
t;-
t- '-.D r>~· 0;::::.. - I
-
t
:[
•• ii • • ·E t·
~ L X _
C• ·Y
<:.- •• C- o-~ . - l tfJ.'1. j
[• (.'f
£f _,. • r[." ~ - C• L• V.
f; ~ <i.' • f l, • b ~ f)I c-£ ~ ~f:lr.
~1 _,,_ ~ 11!
l, ,. [1
I ~ ; ~I i- bo! ~• I~ ~ ~- c...
- I• C:
\. I 't ;E <;- :E-
t~ ~
fc_ ~ . f. f c... :t ![
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
-< ~. -1 q L .f 'f,
r~ II l ~ ·~.h ·t
[• [•
~, c.. > ~ ~ _i c 1 1 t~
~ 1 ~
f). 1-C·
Ff lo·
F it ~c-
J... I L I•
t1 'f,bo! ·.• t t 1'' 1 s·~ l 1 s ~ ·~
•& •
't.- - • &
cf. !, ~ C· :_ \' C· f"' 1 1· { C• ;_ C• ~ t' C• J; ·~ c.. !J
r:" ~ ~. 1• f>I C- C (1)
~ "
,f>· ..... L
L, 6 C -
I:: ~.
~ ,,
d I
,l' ~ tC I _,. ,.1:. . p I, .... 1
;i - •
11.t' {~ l;f; 1i, ~• ,t:r (/\
r:. C· I I •I ti.!
,C- I [' l)
r-
I
·r r .e-• ;_> 1·f: v ,!""' I I Sf ~ C>I f t
_f, • I '-, i
~ • ~ I I • t::. ~ C· \.S> - • c... ,C
~ ~ '° "r • N ,I:.. C· £' ~• ~ t. ;.·J
O ::r L-. 1,
"[
:~ ! i,. C, - .:· 11C, ~ • '!.. - 0 . - ,c;
.1 -E: I C· - ibl'
11-t
''
,l t
't,
:·
~:~
r-·
b- C: ~
t r- i c· - ,[ I:"
~ ·fu,
fu'·
.f " f- ~
~ r e.. . C·V\
e· •t: . ,
~ _:. E· -=; :[ i:l t t' ,t O -
1t. ,c;
LI
_:
~ c..
l r
(;, .
~ ·(j.. ~-·r- '.::j
fc'1
•• ~, ~" (_ ,C- 1\ V•
p '.- c.. ,C- .., r> P.'
,C
"l i . ~·~~ [.1-E;:- 1;"~·
\D ~· ~ 1 . c.. ,
~ ~ tf>I [ - I, C· ~·.. ,f; F.:.l
[1 ~ f.' [ flo,!t I ::r t ~ •, C ~: ~ ~
r -
'f, ~.~.
1- I ~• ;; • I
~ f) • ' c_ -
~,.
- [, ti.! v· .t:- ~ 9" E!
~ r
~ - .1.. ~ llo,!t - _ ~
h c.. · ~ ~ ·i;, V f?.!
E ·r ,J:;r · - c I ·[
'\,. !, [ t ,r- t_t 1-fI-:- [, [, C
1J· 1. ~c.. h'
- 'I> I I I I ,,!
tr;~.~-f
·~-I 'f _: ( f ~ t"b t: [ t· c.. £ 02 c.. 'f v f' [',. . \D f, LJ
r r • ti.! C• ~· C ~ 't f \0 '-, r-" i ~ 'f
~ ~ [" i [ ~·~ p : l,. ; s i
~t . r 1:;; ~. J· .cc.. c, t t 1.1.,_.1
t. [ [• V G,. [ [! '!...
ErIr .(j..[ 1~-~ :tE ~ ir ~r {f ·~-~ r [I
l£' ~ ~c.. ,i!..D C·- ~- ~F ~V .~·~ . ~c.. ·~ ~i=' ~9" Ci~ I
~ !t~ -:
~ - f>I ·E
- _
i. ~ ~ _: ;:- _,. I, , tr· I C•
to4' '\, -; r,
t '1:! t-.::j.:.-.·.'
r ·t-
.-~.: 'f ~ 1
c, 'f c -:.. ti.! t; 6~1 •~ I {X~I' ::J
'. ti.! \.S> ·~ ·~ [ ti.! (r C•
I -
t r~. 1··E t ·~.
- ~ f>'
I .~
I [, ~ ~
I:: c::-
b e-. 1 ~ '\.. } -~ ~ f [ ·i f ~ r. E ~U~ 1° ~ - ~ ~
I t-r·-~~ 't Ec-:bc·~.
t ~· ~D\ ·~ - 'ti t !..
t F_ 1
"[ ;- ·t' f' ,"' t ~ ::; t '\ ~ l ~ .. ,l ~ !::
l f
Ci C• } ,C· c-; _ ~.:?·.11
~ ti.! [•· '> • 'l.. ~ f.. Ci" '1 [
- ,c;
!~ ~ ~ 1_ ~ ~.l ~ f 1f -[, _: f t -.£ ~-ft t,r· r.; f vc, e..g .f· 1, 'k "t r
~· P !C b
c.. r: ~ t C· '.J. -
I I ,. llo,!t
r~ t=i ,L ·~.
[•ti.! c·- E ,t'>• c;.· .'.'
! ' . { 1:: '~ l 1:: ~ ' l: f le• ~- & 1t t
l
::I ~ i ~ ~ ~ l l: b ~h 'i' ~ i. :c- t; ~ ~· ~ t .t: ·\. 1: ·1:: ~ 1: - H
:I b b ·. ~ 1· E IX
C
[, t 1· .·· E ~ ·
- - ~ C· · tt1'ff k~'ft- I
E l .1: r [ ~· -r
~ ~· tC
IX .t' l 'f b '\. bi ~ i
·i: ~- ~ l• ; l 1.° .-c_ ·ii
• I C7 -
t l · t!
~ I ...' ~
11(_ q·t .f ~ ·rsc.s I -;e '
I
t~
'bft1$t
~r·~t~ . 11 ~t-P! ~li ~! ~ ~
~~ ~ E:: ~ ,
{- ;i}f't!l f ~. r.. . ~ t_,. ~"' t ~v !i". fi r t- I
·, "::,~\.. -: -:-:-.=~ ~::· ·.. ·, ..: ::: .:·.=:::~::,:,;. ·;:::. ~-·:. ·. ··::·:·:=::-::::-::-·,.:._:: ·:·-::-,:.:=..-..::_::,_,::.~:. -:~:: :~~:=:·::.. ==-~ •::=,;
aUJ~t~~t
y~_;'i ~..u <jJI 4S_;.J.l.l Jo~I LJ-A ~~ J~'il ~ w_,l_,_µ1~
w_pjbi ,11.: 'i w~4JU) .aj4j0'>· Jo~,"~, wfiJ wl ~1 ~6. 'i .J~'il
. ; ~ wfi.: J.S .J~>LI u4-;. .~,JI~~ l& ~ , wfi.: '4 ~ y1w1 ~
~i~ · » T ~ ~ \ & ~ o S 1 J ~ ~ ~ l ~ \ & ~ I
- - ,
~
-- .).,'..H1""'14>.WI
bi j.J_)-4J • L_L_-:.l" • i~lb · · <.!l~ .("t a..JLA4>.6.Jo . .:..~q
~ i.;Y:,- ~ ,._,-.,J - . ~
~ ~ .is..9 . ~ I c.),A ~J.»' J.:.:= 11,iJ lS..?-j o.J-A o.)~I ~ ~ 4 al~ ell
~..14iJi y_jlhll ~ ~ l S ~ ~ 1 ~ ~bt.>JJ-ij a.J~I c.),A c.:,i ~~~I
'}}~ ~J ~LAi r~ IJ.ljj ~ U..i): '}} ~ i ·.·: I'! ~i O.)_?. ulj ulA...G....9 u ~
- ~ ail~ ~ j c.),A
.. *
. '..)-',, ~
d..9~ ~• ~LA~IJ a.,l:g. ,,.. ~
... ~ . Jl...u>.
.. '}}I ~.)-A
..
.<~ ~.)lJ.
• ..
" I ~-!'I :. ..
l.:r ~ y~
..
~ ~~ I ~ '· 4 LAL=. 0:--'
· :.~ ~Li.Ai Jl...u>. .. '}}I ~· .<~j - A ~ .,... .:UI ~·'I
.. ~ . J\ • as'·~
~ '-:""" -~- 'I
~J .~j ~ o~~ L!l.,LuJI I~ c.)J.)Jl-: ~ ~WI c.:,i ~ ,J..9~1 J~>Ll
.:1 ~.. J l) ~l..A
.. LA...G.. ~''"(to' .... '}} ~:. Jl...u>.'}11
f-&.I .. .)k"~I ~ ~~ .r.J.ll ~·'I
~
~i ~ a QJ;.,ill
~ \-V..- •
C.:,J.»-~I ~ , ( ~
~
J ~ '}}I u '}16. t:4 JA~I ~ ~.;,3 ~I ulS~ I c.),A ..1:..aJI L!ll.lA c.:, i \.& . o~
""!
~
r
• ~1-" '-:"""~.
1- - '
*L. ~-~ ~ r ~ I., L~L
.. . .)~.. -.
I ·'}}l~l.Jlc. ~·
~ J ci.J.A\S ¥ ~ u)\.A~I ~ c <, «~«<JI ~ ul.cJo.al..9 .)l~~I ~ c.:,i ~
:; ; ~' C· C· C.. ,1· fr.' 1· s-: r• ,t' ~ 6- [, ,[ l, ~ ~ ~. ft.' ~ ~ l...~ [1
.,0 I. !. L f> L· f>
~
~i -~ r~ ~ .r,-
• ~·
, .,. ~~· ~.. c:.. V -
• b/..t ~ ·~ cf ,<;' ~ 1· . ;
11 ~
•: .r
rE f> ~
~ f>
C-
1 c.. ·Yr-
.. ~
ijr,i
ffl ~
E•
~ } ~ · I:! c.· ~ ,- tr. r...
;-r,- • ~~ ,c-[
1
c...f,
I - I - ,._ ' I _., '-D I I I
r,r_' 1J> r Isl• t: ,, ·,cD'
1(1
J-· ~ f· P.· .~ h ~ -.: ~- r.1· c:..
Q I ·~ t
$t. 1E: s i~ B-. ~ ~t. r 1~ 1~ ~ ~ ~ ·E" ~ t ~ ~~ ·r
C.· §- - 1:. t' f;: ~! '. s__
·r~c, .-r.:FA .~1:-,~ ·~. f.;. ~
lo oC -~ ~- .;,:,t [• I:. f. J· . ,t' • • ; '
b=l~· l . ·i.. r.~ .t Ci~.. ~ r· - ~~ ~ ir i" ~
~ -.!' [ .§ 1
_ ~ ~ E C· (i l[ ,t tr.. 1= i f.;·: 1
cf. r_ • • t - !, C.· 0 ,. f> . C.. ::r' -
t
I ;;;-V. c
-
t ,r,-c...
.i S[. '
if- (.• r I> I r
f: !~. \0
~- E J,[ ' ~. .-,.
r?.f.l [t
s- , • \S)I ' '-" • '- I '""1 {t
~I J ~ ':!! i= f
(• C t. [~ - l, ~,.
.re-·
"°
~8.> ·l· i ~ l l ·st ~ ~· ~b % t ~t
£ f_ ~ S: ·~ C· ~. t•· fr ~ l ~
t' f>. ~ ~ •L c... (1) L. I I ~
r. ~.t 1 t
'LE: : S F ~~· ·L e.:
I; ¥,,[•t:t ~·~ ~~s.
·~ I .:1. i ~ ¥ f l f ·i f f ! i:: :\· r. [
H I - I l, ~ l, -' ~ • (1) I ~. •
E· I
~ ·~ I }c
[, !' ~ •
[I
~ '( P ~ f : <r. ~- . G,
cb - c;.: t . _, , _,. .• X • ·f. - I>(;,. I • rls>· t:
r;: -
.t! \A) y
t t ~. f "°.
l, I • _p (1) • - - - -
l
I ~tl-'
1 ;
~
r. . . t 1 t r;; Pf .~
~ ~ ·<,..
l t- ~ \·.!- Sti 1f 'f..,. ·(~ 1
'e. -: { <c. . •
~
1-.
- •1 • ~ _p 1> ~ C:.. ,, •L ~ b ~ C:.. (!, h .y
1 \ r ~. . : 1 t~ · c;- J·
b '~. lo '~ ~ ~ c_ ~! > f>"" n' C"°'" (1 V ~
(1) I - I - C· • - -
- l,o•
l '-, "' £. . - . - t - ~ •
'f fi 'f r J.: l1>
~ l,
- · ~ [ : i>
> ,c;~•
F>"" • ~ ~ ' ~
c·
h
,.
r'Ci .I
e-. B
C
I ~· G_ i;; ·~ ":
! r _:._ ··..1 t ~ t, 1z ~ ·i. {· L~ r ~. h - ~ 1· .~· '°.r ~. ~ .~
i:,• <o ·i;. t'. ~· C.
I• I~• < r• I
"t
~ . , 't-- , l, < , c· . r . r ts>· h _,. f;! ~
I ~•[• r. I $~ i l~ J.. ~ 1- le;'~ lfl~ -t 1~ s.f 1 t t· lr- L~ 1 1~i '[• 'b~-~ t_,. t~·. .. Ell· r
I I .. • It.
p
1(;. l ~_,. t <i... < E: ~
ls>·
J- I~
V\
r;.:. s I s - . V\ .
,. ~I [
•L
~
t•
- - l..o
l
~• a '(- 11:~ 1..o~ ~- ~ < - ~. -
1I I I I I I - ~ ::::
(.)'°~IJ as'.;..u.l Jo~I :~J J ~'ii c..LA ~ cG>illl ~LWJ o~~ l.!JL....i.A
~'-:~u· t uLJo..al ~ ~
t,.. . ·- .JL.u:,..'l'I
- (.)'° ~~I~
• ~ l~U-,,;t
,...,,- ~ IJ as''.) ..u.l
i~.,:at ~ J~ 'it
l.!ll.i.4. ~J J~'l'I ~ .)l~~I Jo.;ji ~ ~ ~ J~'l'I c..LA o~~ ~
(.)'°~~I ~ u-4 ~_;JI~ .ul.c~I ~ ~>' <i'11 u'l'~'l'I u-4 J:.J.Lll
Ji .)l~~I o-..o .)...u:. ~ 0i ~ I 0-4 ~ ,~ ,o;. ,~. Ji L>'°'-.:.. ,~. a:iLAi r.J.LJ
J~'l'I ~~ r~ ,~ 0~ J~)U r~4 illl~J ~~~ ~ u l ~
ab\ I - ~ ~jtll ~
sJI rlbcOQ J~ 0-4 illl~J ~~I 6'lAi U~..,L..u, ( ) A
a.bkJJ [~~ a u,.,;., ~ i;~I ~~I ,bl «si .(French and Raven, 1959)
:_;-;,i .)~~.)~I ~.)~ ..1l ci'11
~ tl.r91 ~ J ~'ii~ JJj..ull o.;..ll ~J reward power ole~I a.bL..u -\
Ji J~'}JI .)l..>:1 &4 ~ Ji u~~IS ~Ll.4 ~ ~ c...,gJ---'-" c:tj~ ~
. -~
- j ul...l -
_!.)-l
E ~ 1· ~ ~ ~ E C·
{h ~~. E.ci ,c;.· r, [:~
~ fj:- f;, b ~ ~ ~ •E. L: - ,I
i; ~ .f: t· i .f c-· i- f '\: :r .~. t'
f 'f- 1·~ "-:- -
,_,-- ~v Pf Li l,· i.'
C· I ·~
&,• •.· }> (i: 1[: I I I Ci ·~.
J:~ ~ ~ I• 'I• I
t I 'l ~ ~ E: 1. ·[ ;, [. tr •h
c.. r;, ~ c:_r- ~·r. t- ·~.f'' .e-·~ rt ·[· ~ l:
.. ~ ~ •. ,r,- ~I
f 'i ~; •h f V\ l - - 1' (_ I I I
r;i c-r: ~ fI
C• ·, -~ c. ~• · .~ ~ t:I
r l- 'L· - E~ t;
t 'i..- ltlJ
r, - ~ • - - (p, -!t ~ r ~ f 'l! r (;" -
I l, - 1(; ~I
£~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ .h ): 'Ii>· - - • t- c,
\. ,c;~· c, ,r.-r c;.:: ~ ~ . ['"' u
f.;:, ~ G.. r;; ~ .. ~ ~ l, 'I· S' &. . t! s:.. [• ,c ~ f ~ C~ I • i}. f':
~'I l,
" tI C· 1- t.C ~· .... l, !f. ~i f
(~ ·~ t"' '( ~ ~-:- t ~I/• ·~f' ~~ ;= I
• ~I • l..o - - L•
[ ·.i .c- G.. _: b ;.
1~·1:\·J E~l t
£ \ ~ ~- ~ c, ,r.- .rl- t'
~:f.'lf
~ ~
f
~ C· • I
_,. c:.. •
t. -~ 'I
f<j
I ~ u ~ _,. ~. ~ \) re:: I
.~ l, V l... t.C'
~t-' 'i. '5>c;.: t~
_...
t =~.. t ,._
~
- ~ -
~
.... ~I I _,.. 't> (r ~ I
r.~ - (1 I . ~I •
f c;.:
.~ ,r.-r ~ r. !
r·,
,I- .r 't C• f' J• r
.f. " ~ ~ C· U
i!
J; .~ li
r~~ .'
_,. Ci ~ ·l ~ ~ 'fu ~ t
~- ~
l ~ C. \..a>
·~ r- 't ,.
t·· I •• 1·.:.!
1··,
i !i... ,!: ? ·r. f ~ ~ ri ~ r rr_' \. '[
ti t lt lw i~ ~t t -t~ l~ '~ ~" (r .& - c:.. .t • ~ ~ .6 t' ~
:L~ ~.~ I c:_
sfs~" • -
- ,c; I>
ti '-
r-
-~
I
~~ - - <i_- C-'I' ~'t>. "Z: IL
1~.
1li, . C·_,, ~ ;- E <i.. ~,, ,r.- ~. ~· ~ ~. ·~ -r ~ \. ,r,- I( •
t Et s
uti
\·l
ij l, 't:. ~ ,._ g ~- . ~· c r;; l ,e. r - n
I ,· .•.. '
t..
': <i_
f ,r,- I
'<i.. f:! r.l, ~-
,[:
E.
. ~ 't
I
1'
C I ttCi
Ci-~ C: u ~ 1 ·r l i~ ~·iX r·
~ tr I I~ _,. • ( 1 - t.C' - 1 h ~- ~S
~ ,._ ~ ~ If, l \• ~ I~ I ·t,, ~ ~ ~ ::. ~~ ~ ~
Er- tl"
• , c. _ C· ~I .. ~ ~ C:.. \' - ,t' sL ·E"' n [
!l~ f' - .. l~ r: ~ }
.- ~
.... 1f y ~· 'l f ~' [
Ji - G.. ,- ~ •
~i r c; <e..
1 r
~ ~
•L ~
•
~ (1.t-
·l
;-j _:.
..c \ _,. tr - t .l f!r I -
L 'bl \-.::. - -;- t l 1 f !. E E~ f'~ i f ~· £ t
,~~~~~~_g:at -Y
~~~l~hs~ .~llA~l~.,11~~ ~0,.4~..u Lo~J~I
~GA a..a.,_>1o ..)~J r-.u.. 0,.4 ~yl ~ -~~I ul~l~l L)-.4 ~~ ~~
ps-~IJ ~L.u~I ~...GJI 0~ ,~~ ~11.!J~I ~ lA ..)~ l.!l_;~ JA a.s_;..J.
-~~~~~I.P."!J~w,-4~~~~1~~.,.tl J:?~a .!;;b;4
~y>-i ulb~ Ji J ~ ~I~ ~Lu, l.!J_;~ ..ig ..)~I 01.S' I~! lA, ;, .~,i<J wi JJ6.
c:,SJJ ..)l~~I ~..u cGlA~I ~~ ~.!.!oil a.! cc,.;;JI ulJJ~I ~...Guuil .igJ -~~
~ ~I . ~w ~J.A 0~ ~ ~_;~ ~b:J -~~ ~....P.'-1' ~I ~~I u~I~
Facebook l.!l~ ~~ ~I_; .~WI ~ I rl...Gt::'u.u4 ~ I ~.,.ti ~~J.A
~~* wfi:! ..(g~i ~ljj ~i,;, ,:.,..,<IJ ~IS'_;~ i~IJ MySpace ~ ~lAJ
.~WI ~I~ ~ I ~_,11
,·
~.• :.t.!. -tt~Lsa.....u
, ,..._ ... :J ..Li t
!A!>:',,. t~t-l"
.aa.,u.i~ ~"' -0
_ps-~1 ~_,J~ whistleblowing ~Wl.=t:.11 ~ t.>4~ Jw r~ ~~1 ~
,
~ ,Jl:J.I ~ ~ . ~ I ~li.>411 &..;-k ~ ~ J~~I ~~ ~~
~li.>411 J~ 0-4J~~I ~~~ ~ 0-41.,, ~Lla:ol ~ ,o~I ~\S~l '->..1>1
~J .J~~1~~~0-41.,A~4L-:.Jl~IJA«;.. c~ei<l~jjl~_,Jl~~I
1.n ~Lla:i<I ~ o.l>IJ 4.L..........u ~ J~I a.J~ ' ' ••• L>-4 _ps-L:.~IJ '->..,_;.i as'~
~.;~ Lo~ .i:.~IJ ~.,.ti 0-4 '->J~IJ ~ I ~li.>411 J>l,;. 0-4 \..s,.i.A
J ~ ~4 "~~I~~ ~j.lo~J ~ d..4.1_;,lo ~~j '->...u 0i 0~.,.tl
JlLj,f ~Li.A -~~I ~ ~~~I <r9 as'.;l-.A~ _p$'i 0~~ ~~ ,~~._>J
~l.&l ~.; ~ o.;~ aJo~ 0fi:i ..l9 ~J ~ww, ~ t>l:i?l' ~~ o~...\-.LLA
~ St oi cc·4 0~ 0lJ ~li.>411 ~..\Al ~ I r~I ~~ 0t y:, ~IJ .~~
.~.,.ti J;s 0-4 u l ~ I ~..J ~ I
~_..,.;.~I ~.,..Jl o~l.a.1.1 ••• j"?'"j~~ ,J.,_,.b..11 '->..u.1 w,k Loi •~.) .!cocJI
~.;-l ~~ i:.~ i.J-'-"i 0~ o.)oWI J......i . ,2 J ~ ~, y~.;l 0t ~~Li.A a.J~.;
. ~ I L>-4 ~~, y:,
a.•<.r,•a:..__., ,--.:..~--:;.-..:;c~~».=Jo;.~~~·--_..; .• ,-r>,1.·1"-~~,, ----1~-Vl,.,n..'_,,:;--·,-s_,_,.. ~..- _,,.~-=--~.~.:-...,.t>-,l't.-.,..~;-•...,..•_.:,.,...,..,~..,._..-,..........•..,,_-•••,--~~'"°"'<IUlo"'l-'-*!,;~S.::.:~::o'.O::r."""""'"-~z:
~~4.la.9~~.:.Llll.4.9~...u,,,jl~U : u ~ l ~ J ~ ! J ~ ~ I Y•t
u~l~J~~~,u~l:ut
~~~'.",f.J~~.c~::r.zJ::~:s-rn1~~=;;.:--?~Y:::mi~4::2lli1::f;1r22]r:~:::2~~=~~~~~[]
4.zco?:.!JI ~~)\.;.~I~
0-J~~Ir'~' ,~\jj\ ulj..i.11 ,~bj)'I , \k;.Jlj yl~I
~· -..Ll~~I
. ~~
. 1 -'i"'""""·
~Ll~~I ~
.. I [ ~~l.!:JliJl1.S·~
~ ... q LAi
tLAJi ~ ~UA U , ~ ~~ ~l_;JI ~Ll.4JIJ o~I ¥~~I ~~I
ti ~
~ ·¥~~1~,[~~~u~l~i~~~loJ~l~J
U"".>£-J ~ ~~j tLAJi ~ ~ ~.:UI 0-J.J>}U oJ~I ~...LiiJ ~~~I o.l~I
1.!.1~1 (.),A ~_;JI [~~I I.LA~ . ~ I ~)GJ ~ a_;g~~I ~~I
~4'=:?JI ul:S'~I ~~ J ~ (.),A 0-J...»-~I ~ ul ~.:.. .~,JI (.),A ~~~I
l.!.11..A.A uLJo.al ~ i ~ .o~I D.)b?JIJ t~?JIJ [~~,J a.!.'' ... JI_, I.>~,
l.,.J.,JJ~IJa.!,o;. ,~.I.!.}~ ~ljg~..u~.:Ul~,jll ( . ) , A o ~ ~ ~
""'LA (j&M.I
.r- t.:t~~I• ~
..udl~. u--
'--'lu~ -· t.:r'lLl~~l-,~tl.,.J.A
.. ~
1-:.·.~
U"""' .. ..
~~l.!.11..A.AJ ·~_j-ALA(J~y.l~"}l~~Jl_p,-~l~i~ .yl~
-*(J~~~ID.J.A -~~ly•o;. ·~eJll.!.1~1 ~l~~D~I.S.»-i
~IJ<<~)it.l ~4-Jl»~~I ~~I LAi .dl~ ~~J~i~~i
~ J;..aJI ~~I D.J.A ~~ -¥~I ul#~~I y ~ i 0---4 Jl~i (.),A 0.P
-
4..i.ut.A ull~ i · J J~ ~I ,- c.r
- t'-':, ~'l Ll~- 1-:.: ~
~I ~- U"""' .. .. J 1-J\ •. -'IJ L..b.;JI
. .,.,.-.,
~ ~ -~-t\ • !. ~~,, ~
• ~ ~~ ~ J .I-JI
. < - . "}! .ig '. <t
- LA ~
• ~ . rA& '- !t ~6:..!JI
. ~
..u ~
. -·~":
~ ... -'l--~A.n.-=-.~'r.-~_,:-._:..,g-_-...:....._1,.....w;~_,=-:,,rr.i:.;....A-.v.--.,.._;w,,._.-cr...,:.,_.,..=-:v.o.-.,r.~."l'c,«.-"'-".........,~~~~~--•·,.._;rn~u~,;.~-~VQ.<A<lim.
~~4.1.d~"?.:illLoJo~faU : u ~ l ~ ~ ~ l j 4 J ~ I Y•i
LJ"">yi.ll t_)c.J l&:, 0 ~ ~ I Jo~I t_)c. ~)G.. ~I ~I.J~ ~ J u-91•02
. ~ I ~laj ic~ ~y_;; ...l9j ~..)L9 k ~ I o.:U.c_fwL..9J-'-" ,LA~ .~LJI
~)G..i o..)l.;9J ~ <.LJ_Ji.... a..:i.9..1.AJ o..)~1 lS..i.J ~4=:!t, ~ o~ <.LJ\..i..e 0~ La..w:..9
L?..)Y- . ~L..:,JI w l)~I o~I k ~ I o.:U...,_JWI ~ ~L..9J----'-" ~~I~
~_,ll 0-4 ~ ~ ~L.......J Jl.......Jl c.;,-1! ~ I J ~4=:!)'I w~~ o..)WI ~.J.>-J
.~L..:,JI wl)~I :ik..:il t_)c. L)-I_J..)L9J ic L.i.., i
:J~~l~~I
($..LIJ ,wlS'~I <i9 J~ ~I~ ~ I ..::,lbl,,:;..:, ~ J~ ~I L..9~1 ~
k.,_;:J.I ~L..}il 0-4 o~ ~ ..ill:i ~ -d.tlUI wLl~IJ wLaµI ~J ..)l_;-9~1
.~ J5 <i9 w ~ I o.:U. t_)c. t)Lbl ~ i ~..i.J 0:!.:UI .!.tJ.9i ~~ l&J ~ c;JI
J~ ~I ~ l : 9 ~ w~J Report to Lhe Nation (2008) ~)ll ~_,lly~I <i9
..::,~~ ~I ui The A ssoc iation of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) 0:!~I
~J .c:.,.,~IJ ~lw~>l:JIJJ>~ ~ I J ~ ~ I tlyi_;siuA~~I
.('\-~) ~ <i9 FY' JA> La J~~I L..9~1 ~L....i ~ ,~ I 0~
cr>J~":i{l~w.:iSIJ:il....iJ~Uu(i-t)~.)~
( 'I') ~
.. J WI ;;~
· '- · · I\
(i) ~....Lc.o.ll,,
T•V
~ G { ·1· I,
r_-,_;l!
I
f.12~~ [ c...
rJ:";" ~ ~ 1,,C)I 1 le
c, 1
r ~f, ·cL ~ I
I 'l[ be· ~~.
I I • I , I
'[1 f>-1[
c, '\; ~I• ,
f ire· i~: 1t· ·f' , !-.,
,f,r ~ -: ~ • [ ' r..!! •f ~ ~ ,. C: ~ . ~ I • to 11
=: - [ ~- ~• - - - - [1 - f;-"' t-1
t.-- 1~ f,~ ~ ~
[.f ~ - f;: ,. ·~ e! l;-
t1 .~. 1· c... r- C· " u c... ~. - - Y· - ~ t! G {;' c... E [• ~ [·'l
,cC)I ~
'f, ~ t l;- c,· 1;- b ~t .~ f. 'f, t . 8 ~ f>- 't,, ·:_:.:_::_1
:r ~ .~. . f ·[ 1~
·~~ £ L. C.· b (.• ·~
c, f ,r,-r - ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~- ~ - \. C· - ·E c... :
E:; ,; ·~ ~ ~ f;: I, ~ ,.
t..
I I) I f) I..• ' I) :·
E... ~ ,c;I:! ~... :~ t ~ c, ,tF: .t ~~ ~ 'f~r ,_ :'_
i! ~~ r c... ; ·~. 'E l· l •~
fr I • .~
,l :rrr.c: l 1·-~·
~ ~~ r -• c..
G... ~ }e ,C~' ~l,. 'l ~ 7 - --: e- ~ 1. r ~- -r::r· t ~ - f'!
b ~- . ~ _ t· !:.
~~ ,r,- t, . ~ 9' I ·L E 1 ·t=:" C· C.· C·. ~ :i_-_,
a,• I ~ p ( -~ ·C ~· ,L ~ .c ~· :_- :_
~~
r~ ~ 't, .~ -· -
'° E;
:r ~ ~. ~ c, ~ r ~
I
r t I
l r-
I)
r ~· ·~ b ~~ I - •
l.c- , C·~.~ .r
" '°_ ~-
- ~· ~ - ~I ,r'• 11..~· _ -:I
C, I j=;: ~ { l ,c
' ~ ~. it''. t t ,(. (.•
-~ b ~' ~ C)I - ~ ' \ ~ r., c.. C· 'r.. - ,£ ·l -
E
.r -rt i. ·_. . .[·· i~- ;. :_ ~ -~ ~ tr·1; ~·.r r ·t tr ,II
'\, i f-1 lC)I f: l. f-' 1(; [r
'E ·~ r t' I:!
! i«>• 'E: '.!! -; . '.:-_I
r- J~
~-(_I
'-o
1
:~L
- tI,
-
,
•
\
I
1 ,
'°
['(I•
,t
I I'
·~~ t",~- ~~ f~ t- t- ~~ ~·-~ t~· f. .f![ (- '°t f~ ~f 't i ~
c... ~, c. - re, '° .t - :vFA "
r . ~..
~ ~Y' /l-' - c· ~ ,t' ,c;-· -
I~ I -, l, -
£l ··, ~ ~ L t " e: e; : ~ ~ I, - - ,.
~!
I I I
·t t.. 'I:,,
t!- ~' .~·
- I g IT ·
:vC) ,c-IC ~ t-'
e r-
I ~ ?f' ~ ~ 1;-_:f; ~ i l l ·~ i ~- t ~. ~
i_'..•_·_:._-1·
t [, ~ ' \ '(.~ \
J' [ ~ ~ h (i 'f r_ ,,!
~ 1 ~ f ,Lr f J ~ft• ~..r-, ~ ·l 1·~ ~ .r 1~ 1l
! f;-" [, ~ ~. f;: 1
t. ·[' f~ l-~.c... ,r:C.
<t· ·~ .'to .e_- f ~ t -.- 1 ~- \- ~ ~ _: i "' .. · ""
t· ~ ~. 'f, f C·
~. 1,- ~ ~- l ~ r ~; '°. ~ ~ ~ 1,- '°. f t -E ·:;-_,• •G_.
'f~ t(
I' l ft ! c...f
f' . 't.. C 't 'ii -
t .~ u r; ,s·. 1 ,c c.. ·[ p C· I;, <i
I Ci· - f - t ,t' ~ t..!! -~.
! ~- \-_r/
-:-$
E [
·E t , , f r -· 4;
I C-
~~ l· l ~ i ~b ' ~ ~
-~ ~ ~ l" ~ t ~ £: l \ ~ ~ EJ1~ t t ~: E ·,:_' t
> t ,._ p• - - II\ - ~-- t 1,- l t 1l ~ ~ ~ 1t. ~ -r: l ,t 'r.. ~I ' \
~ ~
1 '\. t c· ~ t ~ ~ ~ f;, ·~ :: l ~ r rt t, v· ~ !} ~
c... b r<' t- t t tj:.'.
)! C· .
~p.~ 1C· ~.[ .y
sC· ~(. rt.
1t· :t
•
.1: G".. ·t·. lF l. t{X 'l! ·E ~. ..-
~~ . r . _~~ 1~ _ ~
~ ~· .. ~ ~ ~ }(' ; ! ~ ; - ~.. ~ - }. I, i ~ c- !:: ~ 't>· t;! -
£. j 1 1 i t' 'i[
f ( __, ~ 1r. ~ ·~ E· tf." .
I I I I - - • f> I -~
f.,, ;- c.. - .[ t'f. ~ ~:r~ [1. \ ::S~
.~ I t· ~ ,t b f g' C,
~ ) 1-· ,f. !e• Ci. . • \,. '"
It,•! I; I - E- . ft & ,:. -
~ f,~ ·~~ C·1 .i: ~,._[ ~ i;:: .E ·i c;.... Ci.
·[·~ t· ~. i:: ·~ C:: ~ ~ ·i. t' F>' ~. 'c: c' •. ¥,. ~ ~ c, ~~ I!, L
t re [ : t
0..1 . ·~ ~f
:l 1 • . . :h -- . IC ·~ • r 1 1t· _ .~ E: '\t I> .i;- i ~ .. ,£ 't ,
1 1 '\,. ~:.·ij···
C· - IC ·L 1·
g• I, S:[·
~[· l:·L r~ '11 r:Er E 1.. . [, v- ':- tl
r . -r i t- ~. f } r1-~ ~r- .f ·~r t-r ~ f. t·
i. I ~ .f i::
'.t· J f ~ l>' 1· ,t: l" '1:: l = 1,· .~ 't' 'E.
f "' " 't: . : :~ ·~ ~. .
C.r. g g. '(!. ~' ~>{ t• . 1C· ~?- ;: ; ' } ~. ~'>• ~:
r"' • \.., r.: '>I " .- ' . - C'. C· C·
~ l~
.-. r-
t ,!n.s I \J> y• I, ~ I
LI I
~ :!~ ;:~ '- {_c( ~1: l• t~ ~t
~_,. ·t;. ls> . . I t> - I
'..,
-~~l~JJirW~I
..-A,>.ff'.~:.,-.t,.·A~~,z.~....._$-t'b~.).'r.'\,:'~1;;,.Jo<.:"t>-W-.,~-·-:<..J....,_-\,1:;Q'".,::."~.V':.'\.'"'S'-.-;..'..'l;.n.~~~A,""';',.~~~~.W~·~~",;.n;e_nwc..A;.:..~~~",/'il.>i°':1>:;h,,;::,y·.v>r.;:,J,'lo.Y~~.,_•r.•.t"e~~~.p,.*~"lff.,X:.\'"~"•'°•;t~~~
~ i' ~· b
-
~ .~
-
t ~· 1:-
r .re.. f
l·: .;. ~
•- ~
c.. C ~ I I
I::
]
Al ~I - ,r: f.·.··.• 1
t.:; ~ - 2 '-' f;,° !b 'c. ~ ~ •L b IL l ~. ~
9" f,
f ,r,- ~ I• I~
'[ t ~ l. ,r,- c.. - - ~ ' ~ £ £:..
~ ,t c, ~ .
'[~.f~~-cf c..lJ ll-' •
•(i.. • •l •L C.. ~· e-
:d~ b~~ r~ ,r,-9" t
~~ I ' ~..
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t 'f, I r.:.••.
1 - C
~~ [• 'L $ ~ lr,-
~ ~ l.. ..
~ ~ ~ ~ti _,. 6
L,• J
r ~ {J
I
·~.~r -~ -~ [·(
~f, - ~I 1,.:;1
f. ~• • I' 1(; I
~; '
r, [• I I
[. ~ r 1~ t;, a.:
"° b 1·~. - r· t f ~ [,
·t ·t' ~. 1~ ~ .~~ Cf V. • [ I •
~(»• ~I lJ>• • ~ )
~ 1> \D I - C ~
f;. - t' f1 - _,, ' - I I I c
t.; ·f," ,. £ r- ~
v~ l - 1·· f r- f. [' { t ~ r f : . ~- U: - ~. 1
t J- t.C'
~\:: d ,Cf
f "~ ; Affes -;:- '1 I - ~ \p I~·
(• I L'
·f -
('( ) - _, , ~
.r • C· - f') I _ , y c:.:. :V\ I~.;
~ i
~
~
t)I I
fr ~ i r'b ~. .c..
C. i L,
C.
r - ••
1-.- t.b. r-s.. l.[ .~.- .t... ~- :
I
C.
I
I~ I
c• ~ • • - C .
E
-1 ·~ fr; vE' 11:. J.· I;, ~d: f- ~ r, _i
c; { t. ~ ~ 1>" l i ~ c: f. E '
•!j..j 'e... •:
•f ~ I:,, ;c
f. 1,° ft~f C
~ lrc: 1;,~_Ef ~ti • [• ~! t,(
f ~ fl b [ r.•·:.
·L ,._ C [• fr_·. fr_·. I:; ~: ~, fr_· t.C'
LI ~ • ~ 1::; 1::; - 1:-,
§ ~ .t-:: 1c· fr 'b ·r,· v· c· c.. r ,-
~!1 E: , •L..
f ,L 1~ i~ c.l . c.. ,. I;,
~
r~ 1" • · E... • 4; t) - - ~· ~ h ,. "
r~~.1l ·f t
., . [• ,. c.. fi b
•r.' ~- F ~ r, }. fi f ~ .c .'·_•:.·
tr -
.1:··
-~' f, ~- C..
~t. ~t. ~ ~ ~ ·~ [" ~ ;
')! - - I:. ll-' c.' - ·r. f:,·:.-.:.:..
t)I I
~ ~ ~ ~ f-1
~ C.. ~ ~.. ,f ~
t·t ,~ ~f r~
-! r ~ ~ I 1• : • (::; e• ~ ·~,.. I - - C.. ~· ~ ~ . C f') 1 C.. ~- [
t~-t= f ·i. ·n. ·i. gi ri 'f, -.•- '1! ~
; - t)I [• I [' } E c.. ~. c.. b - b ·E I
' L, C " - ~ • a ~y -. t' t' ~.r. •GI:! •GI:! - IfI=:" 1I [·::.·,.:
~ .[ ~ J-, C7 L, _,. ' 1 ' ~ ~- ,r; ~ I
• "° e.! ~ ~ 1\ • n- ~ 9" t' ~· -E ·E i :- :- i\ ~ ~ 't ~
1 Et"1· "°t -
: [ C· [, ~
~ C:
~ [, t.Ii\ ~._,. 'f~ ~... ~ b' .
' . -· t,t:' - - - .I! !j, r~ r r r ~ ~ l> i i 1:- Iii
I i. [ 1>° !j, f _: .c-; I., ~_.} P:!
t
t{r- ~ f ~..
I - 1· \. 1 '\ •!j_ f' l . .~· C· ~
~I t f ~ ~ .r ~. :r g r i ~ i [i;i~.
r~ ·r r t t i i r~ : r.f 1~ I I
·l
I I I I I IS ~t
u ~ I ~J~~ ~ ' u~\:at
1~<·J·J·:,.·,.;.··:-·;:,, ..;-::,-.·r~··.·.··~::•:-~~.:;;~·'·"i.::,_·.,·:~..~~..···,:--·;·~.{{.·.~~~~~ •. 7-".'.:'·~fjzi~:".r:;r~.- •. :.,·,t·( •. ,; .•. ~ .• ~·.,;:_.~::::z.~-~~i~~~:-~n
~~ -~~~~l~WIJ~~l~~~..9w~~l~>G..9~WI
o.)_,b:'J.I w\.:iait\..9 0,-AjJI .)~I wj..94,.:i <i'3I ~L.u~I D:! ~..ul w~l..9 Jl~~I
. ..)~, J_?.J ~ ~l..9 J~~l 0,-A ~b.l}
• . -..."\;,....:---..,_,__,._ . . .1 ..E,,£.._.:z_...,..... ,.._._·m~-- ·"""-"-ti,.~--.~-~- . . _.,_,._~.r.-r .:.~.,__._,_- w • .,....r.~.·--·•·.,.-,,1,1.c•.L " - . ' . · - - - ' " ~ Z . : . _ . w ~ - .-....~~-.-11,;Nr~.r1:a....-_.t..,
-~-t'l::l'!",-_,.~ -,_,i:;*.· '"-";.....-.o.-.· •i,;,.-~. ~ • ..- •• .-,:-,• ..i.,.-,_ •~_:.--' • •"·'-'•"-', .. _y,.. _.- ,=;."'• ..• , ••·.-.- .• , •., ,..,._..._,...---~--..-~...-.~-\A·· ~ ·•....-.~'::""'-~'-- .-":".", ",• .• ~.,s.....•·-.,._.• 2>.·, ~-,-: .. ~- •.'.-, .•'C7,•1t..-.r11r-" ,.,.~,-.~~.:-.~•z-.• ~."I:
Y\O '-6l~ 4.1.a.9 ~ ($.:a.JI l.oj 6...L>.l 1:,u :uLJ:..al ~ .)'"""4J~ 4.J~I
~~~t~t.JA~":'L~cui~t~~l~~to~~l
~'-"J'·~·
'->"J ta.\..4J"t ~ 2 ..t.4-& t; C:Jt
Zehava Rosenblatt u~JJ., lal+.!j a~•~i
Orly Shapira-Lishchinsky ~i:. ~i ~ ..1' ~~~.J!t
~ _,,-.< Ll&..o ~
- f""C'"""".J c4 ~
-
·~LJo'J ~
-
~.,.i.,
-
j:.l.a..,. '->i
-
''-'~'ii
.
~LoAL .. ..1.aJ
- ..,........
~F>"'-" . o ~ ~ ~ l .l_;l.,11 o_;bl ~lju,..o (Kaplanetal.,2009) ,~I
~J ~~ ~I u,..o ~IJ ~~ ~ u,..o ~~I ~ly:.i a.:;~~ ~ I I.JA
~ly:. ~I o.JA u,..o ...1>,.IJ JS'~~ . ~ I ~.>3 ~J yl:iJIJ ~I~ r~'il r.J.&.
lateness ~I~ r~'il r.J.&. ~ LA 41~ . ~ I ~I~ u,..o ~ ~~ - -
. (Koslowsky, 2000) ~Ir~ j:.ls=ul ~ o_;.lW.IJ ~ . ; ~ I ~ ..»-bll c..:,-11
~ I ILl.>3 ajiJ ,(Johns, 2003) rj---:11 Jl_,Jo ~ I ~.>3 ~ absence y~I wt
~ ~ I ILl->--3 ~ ~.,.ti Ji ~yJ.J ~_,.b.fl ~_;JI _j---A intent to leave
. (Carmeli, 2005)
., ~
_:., 1..JWJI
a...u . - .., ~ . _'\ r~'ii r.J.&.) ~i I""(t:o'.tl .; L!.J.I a=;>l:JI '-'~'ii
I - -ti ~ A
•
. I i
u,Q~
c4 llil~ J.ol~I clb ~~ 1~1 w~J ,a.!4.!t;,;;JI J)l;.~4 ~.>3 (~I ~->--3
o.JA ~ o_;~I ~ ~.:UI ~~I [~~I LAt .y~'il ~lj,C, ~ ~_µI _;lb ?/I
~ ~i ~ y~'il ~l#.,L.cJ ~ ~.J.JI ~J '[_;...LUI [~~I ~ a........u.l_;..ul
JJL:tu c....9_,-, 'l>°~i o_;\+t:i .(Koslowsky et al., 1997) Li: , ,o .l~ ~ ~
~l#~ 6::t LA ~~I ~_;...LUI ~\l)l&ll ~ ~.J.JI y ~ ' i l [~~ ~~
.a.!4.!loiiJI J)l;.~IJ ~ ~~I
=-=------~·
YW
now;~ ~49'.&~..c':i:tnnzftJIW r..-•
'-6l~ 4.las ~ "?.:a.ti LAJ ~..b.l l~U
..,..ur::trmt:nmrrs; .- rz~~-~~~ .-...oi -~
: u ~ I ~ .:il-u.4J!.g a...,~1
y~l0l~.)~ll>'4 -~~y~'ilul#_.,L.uLl.)..)~ijJ~~'i
l>'4 0~4-A ~ Ji o~l+4 a..a.,fa. Ji.a: ul#~ I l.!.11:i j:iA ~-Ll 0:.:.UI ~_,J.I
~ I ~l:ul l>'41.!.LI~Jla: 0i ~ I0-AJ . (Kaplan et al., 2009) ~I~ ~..)..w.-
. (Shaw, Gupta, and Delery, 2005) a.!q.!t;,;;JI ~l.....ill ~ rlAi ~ ~ . . J
.~)l;. ~I~ ~ I ~_.,L.u ~ ...l9 ~ y~'il U:OI~ ~ ~#I JAWI ~ J
.a.!q.!t;,;;JI u~)l;.~I ~ ~ J 0A ~\.)..) ~W.1 l>'4 ~ I l~J
a.! q.!t;, iill J)l;. ~IJ y~'il ul#..,L.u ~ull~I ~~ Ll.)..ul "~~
a.! q.! lo jj 11 u ~)l;. ~ I L l.)..U '-:-'--'-"Li.A ~~ <.>"J l..u I 0 i ~ . <.>".) I..u. I ~ cJ.::i
~.)~~Li.A l.!.U.:.U -WJJ .(Starrat, 1991) ¥)l;.i ~ ~ - ·.·:
~fi '"!
~ ~~iJy)lb.U ~)l;..~I ~~I ~ j ~j#..,:JI ~J L.)..u.1 aJL.,.,,._r1
-~ ·- · · -- ~ti -
_j-1-J ~ '-7"" j u.r.u-J ..lill o~I ~
-
- t!. ~1L.j l.!.U~ (.:r'•1 a_gW,1 .u.r.u-J ..i:JI
-• I (.:r'ti ~ C
a..u~I
... ulo·'-··
.. ~ c.i.>\.:i ~ ~< . ~~ . ~ I ~
'"' l..iA ~y '"' l,.4)~:.t; l....>'°~J
· . l,.4)~•
~
,,.. ~Ll.J- ~• k.1...
~~
.. '1.,jl_g L-tl, -" ~")}I ~ ~~i.
~ u-- ~r-
.
~~ ~ J r .. t~~,, ..
.(Koslowsky,2000)~bj?]IJo..>:!:!lAAJ~lt~lc4~J~~f-1WI~~
~)WI ~~?J ~L:. a .!Q.!t:.,;; ~.,-6, ~ ~1.;JJI ~ i?GA.;J ,;.»Jl.!
~ 0..,_,.;..b.1.1 u~I ~~ ~' <>"J.;.J....Jl.!
~ i u.,s::;.; Q; ,114 ,~.i4 ·ct'·
u ~ a.slS'~ ~_,JI uJ~ ")} .i9~1 ~")}j.....Aui ·.·: "'!J . .)tw.l <)A
(S 11,a·,4 ~ LA~~ ofi~ ~ y~~ ,~lf1JI ~l_;~)U ~_,lhll o.)UI
LA 4Jlc ~ ~ 0-J_p-b.ll ~ I 0 i ~ . (Shapira-Lishchinsky, 2007)
~la:u'11 ~ L4.A 4>-1~'11 J~ v"-'...J...Gl4 .)~I ci_,JI ~ ~~I o.,JJ~
-~1 Lt.A ~6. ~Li.A ~.:UI 4>-1~'11 ciJ i.>A
~Li.A 0~ LA~ Jo~I ~."4 ~ -l : ~ ~I)) jA...11 ~ y ~ I ~
<r-"l-.i. ~ LS •(Harrison and Prince, 2003) <«olLll l.!ll~ ~ ~l..,:tl4 t--l.,=i
o.)~ ~~ 1.S.:UI ~.,WI y~I WJ y~I i.>A ~ . J ~_,j o.::i (Sagie, 1998)
jA...11 J-""'6 ~ ~\S' a.!«o;....:a, .J."4~ ~ ~ f ' ~ J 0~4.ll u.lo_,J.I oJl_;h,
~ '1 y~~ O.)~ ~~ ~.:UI ~~I y~lj .aAeaicceQ ~ j ~1.)~ ~
.~')JI u.lo_,J.I o ~
~'~\.tit~.)~ 0,-4 c.:,foa:! ~..9-'-" ~ ' l.!ly ~ ~.J.l ~.:u, ~' c.:,i ~.;ll
~ b ~ p~ .isJ ~bjf'I 0,-4 D.JJ..l.! ~ ~ (Maertz and Campion, 1998)
.(Albion et al., 2008) ~.l~J ~I~~.)
«=Jl#_,.611 ~ 1..111 «=Jl:!)W4 ~. ) ~ yb..-j'ii C..,:01~ i J..? l!J~ ' ~ ,
~.:UI u=ol..~'l'IJ .(Johns, 2003; Koslowsky et al., 1997) c.,:ol~~I D ~ ~fill
0,-4 ~'~ a~~~~~ y~~1 «=Jl#_,.L..uc.:,iybr~~, 1~ ~1.;J~
0-AJ . ~ ~ a . L u i ~ «=Jlb~.;14.l ((~~))- -lS'_,.L..u ~ ~ J «=Jl.9~1
«=J~~I ~IJ y ~ ~ I «=Jl#_,.L..u ~ ~l...ul «=Jll)WI ~ ~I [~WI
t:t~ ~ l!J~ y~'l'I JA~ c.:,i [~.J-4-i.ll I.J.A z:~ ·[.;...Ltl.l [~.J-4-i.ll ~
. (Koslowsky et al., 1997) yl:iJI_, ~11.!l.iJ ~ ~ ot.bJ ~~I ..>-"~4 ysiiiJ
\..sji ~ c.:,~..,11 l.s:!Jl ~ <i'11 t~J~IJ a.!ci.:t:, ;;ti ol..L,,..~I [.;...ull l.J.A ~ ~
,~LUI~) 1!:JI..L,,..~I ~ a..1:&.Al c.JAJ .a.!;.J;_,JI ~~ ~-.,.jJi ~j:,L;..J .)~
Jwi .lJ.lJ ~1 .)~ ~ ~ (~' '">lA.; ~ ~ll>WI '"~ '~Jl.l?JI ~..1.11 01~
~Lil
• -
1._-: - •-.:.~ ___-: :. '--'I·
~ ~ ~ ~ < . > - - ' ~'-'-
-~r l '·- b.llS'J..LLAA~·'--··
· b~I ~·' i : _ ~
i...1.U•
~~ -~4 ~ ' ~..,:; l.>:P-tJ ~ ' ~..,:; ~ ~1 r~u ~ ~ ' ~ 4.lA\S' rl:!i
.a.:Q.:loiill J)l.;.~4 t...l.t: ~ ~J..GJI r..14Lll ,~ 0i ~ llA ~
tL4ll wl.j 4~~ (Victor and Cullen, 1988) ~FJ .)~ r~'
4-u\:,~I
- . ____& -)l.;.}U ~
~JcJ -~ ~LJ-~ ~ ~~ 4Jjl I ~- .
• .P.- ...1.-...>-i ~ ..
~
_l)l.;. ~'
~~I ~bLJ_j) u~?/IJ ( ~ ...1.-...>- ~ i ~! a.:,o.;. «~«JI a ..,.Loll ;;.lLJ_j)
~_J .p...~)l.;.~1 ~P4J.4r'_µ.1~,)~p4,1.1..,c~ ~~i ~1 as-~,
.~WI _;Uo?JIJ ~ 1 Jl.Jo?/IJ .lyill ~ J J:6::JI ~~ ~l:i.JI ~~I
J\:'J.I ~ ~ ) ~J-4" ~~I L ~ I ;;~~ ~L...ul_;.l ~~I ..L..a.J
Appelbaum,Deguire,andLay,2005;KellyandDorsch, 1991 ;Peterson,2002;
(Upchurch and Ruhland, 1996; Vardi, 2001; Wimbush and Shepard, 1994
~...,:J.I ~)l.;.~I J-Al_~I c.:.J_,L.z;~I ~L...ulJ..ul 0-4 ~.J.All ~~ui ~
~J ~~.JJJ .l...1.-...>- J:.wl..)-""1 ~ ~~i ~IJ.l ~ ·[~~I I.J....A c.;,-L:.
;;J~ ~IJ ~ t ~~I ~i ~ 1.iJ.:t ~ l e . (Rosenblatt and Peled, 2002)
u\+uillA ~t ~.., .«~>11».., <•~lc.>11» ~.., ~.;...ul ~4--~ J+ul' ~
• Lu....ulJ.l ~ ~.., ~~.)JJ ~~ ~ ~~ '~'->-""?!' ~ , rl..Jo..al
J;..b ~I~~~ J.l~I ~_,1.1 r~4 ~lc..;JI tl..i..o I i, coi1
~~I y~l ~ r~~I ~ I J;..b ~lc..;JI tli.A ~ . ~ I [JL....;..J
~L>J...LAJ ~ I ~ i ~ jS'~ ~.;JI a~.::ll LAi . ~ I ~ <'>stakeholders
YTT
V"Jl""11 ~ Ci.z 4.!t..;tt J~\tt ~IJA ~ ~~~I u,o~i ~.folll o.)l&.J
mt,..~,sr;<:7~:rt~m.~2@:.~~~::If£..::.;;r:m:1ti1~~}:::tr:.r~:::;,::1.rui1im;?;;.;::i::I1!a\'i'.ii~».:~t.::'?z.;;:~;~t;:;7;,uzr!lr~~~
a\uJI o.JA j:LA ~ ~_,.1.l 0-4 c'9..,:Ul 0-4 . ~l~I ~ ~:= .~,iJIJ ~11.!l~l
'.·: '"!J -~~WI ~l.,lJIJ~l l.!J_,1...-Jl~wJ~f"l_µJ~IJ~I ~ltL+il
,~~I wl~l?.1 ~J .l)yJ.1 J-lWl ~_)_,:JI~ ~>11 ~~~I tl.i.ll .l~I
Jig 0.AJ ;;Jb?JI Jig 0-4 d.1.oWI ;;~~10-4 ~.,.11 ~.:Gt~ 41 _;Jo.lll p.
t!.·.~.L ...u~li . -~~~I· Lal~·· 1. ·
~
'---= ~,~~~..,...
A.t\ •.• !l!. .t\.~ ~ - -~~ r - :.}Ju ()--J_r)-· ~I
.(Peterson, 2002) ~ I J;.b ~_,.1.l l.!l~ ~ I ~ I 0-4
i_gb?JI ~~.:UIJ a.! 4.!t;.. ii JI aJl...wl ~ a.! 4.!t;.. ii JI J~)U..»-~I r.'b oJ I lAi I
,lul:i.(Adams1965)ulo·t\d...i.k'---·
- ' 'r -
~ti ~b.l.JI.J.\~b~I
~ '?""' ~ ~
tl :.- ~tt
~ (.:r' ~ '?""' J
d.AJ;.i «ull wls;l..r?""?JI ~ b l ~ ~IJ procedural justice ~l?.?JI Lll...wl
~ ~~ . (Pillai, Williams, and Tan, 2001) a.! 4.!t;, ;;JI w4~1 J : ~
; ; ~ ~J.l 0~ 0 ~ lA~ ~ ~i ~ ~ I wls;l?.1 ~l 0~.,.11
01S s;I~ -~ Ul.ull a.!4.!t;.. iiJI wl)~I ;;Jb!J &..bJ ~ ~I w~I ~
0.,..:S~ ~_,.1.1 0i ~ ~L.ulJJ.l~ ~I?. ?JI aJl...wl Ji ~_)_,:JI a.JI~~ ~.;,:tll
~ p~ ~b?JI ILLI~ ~ ~l&..4,bjlJ (Greenberg, 1995) ~I~ ~~?JI
~ ~l&..4,bj)U ~Jt.u JJ~ l.!Jl..i.A ,ILLI.:U -WJ -~l#.,6 ~J ~I~ - ~LA~I
.· .. !t!..t\ , __ ~tu., -='-~-k&.Sa,q,t;,;;JlaJl...wt
~ r u--~ . ~ - - -
~ISJ...L4 ~ ~J ~~I ;;~L..u?J J=-1,1 ~ a.! 4.!t;, iiJI J~)U c.Jl:JI ~4,JI lAi
..i4Li Jl:J.I ~~I.LU~ <JAJ ~ wl#.,6 ~ ~J~I J~ 0 ~ ~.,.11
JI -
~~I~ i_g~\ os;~! i_g~ ·(~J~~I yl:,i.JIJ ~I~ rLt:..::u"il r"~
~~ ~~"ii ~WIJ ~IJ a.!4.!t:,;;t\ ~l~I l.!1~4 ~J~I ~~ .:Gi
i_g~\ ;;s;L.u! u-"L.;9 ~ ,~11.JA ~ .(Vardi and Wiener, 1996) ~l.i.11
~ .:Gi ~ ~~ ~.,.11~ ~J~ ~~4J ulo.,.tl ~LJ:.4,bjl ~...>1o ~
s;-'"'"" W::' J:=iJ Jo~) l.!Jl..i.A '<:rq.!t;,;;JI 1.!J~I wl::,~l ~J . ~ I ~ I ~l#~
workplace deviance ~I.J-4A ~ ~l~"il)) : ~ 0-4 wb-lb,ooJ ~~I
counterproductive behavior ~ I l.!l~l»J <1(Diefendorff and Mehta, 2007)
;;~ ~ s:iJ 'ii 4.!t;, iiJI ~~I s;_j-1-AJ ~ , ~ ~ ~U .(((Miles et al., 2002)
. ~ I s;~i \+9~ 0i ~ I 0-4 <?JI ~ I ~ I ~l#.,1.u, tl~i 0-4
*~--~~~•v~-..-..·_1.:.oe""71.,.:«c?·.~-"'4;.-;" ·. ~..;,...,.·.·.r~-- ..,,,,.,,.,..... ~,.•..., •·.••.'.A"l.'s.'.P'I,-,, •·.:,..-c."'-·-_.,.",.,?"J.· ·.:-.1fl'Q'l"-;.':.""""·.v...:..~--- •.-:;~.-•.'.-,;,,.\ , ' .. '.....-.s,. _g,.,~:,.-,..._•.:. ~:,· .,~.,·.o.;,·: · c.~~~A; ;,;,;;,~ .,:.,,v.
a.! q.! t:, ;;11 c.:.i)l;....u I J.>. i ~a.! q.!t:, ;;JI J)l;.. ~' 0~ ~ ~ ' o~ ~&'¥.,
o..i1u>1,I ~ ' d.!q.!t:,;;tt J)l;..~I ~ -w~I 41·.«.!7i««12~I ~~':JI JJ~
~ &lji ~ ~~ 0~..,.tl ~ ':J LA~J .(Schein, 1990) ~ I c.:.i~_,1.uJ
..u q .J;., jjJI t ':'..J-""'~1':JI.,..~~
~ 'i' -
- ~
. .. l.!.U~ U.}t"
. tJlu ·t_g - ~ L ' . ~ ~11 .... ~ti
·- ~ , ~ '"&" • <:r"" \-=-
&
_;> b.LJ ~l5 ~I~~ c.:.i~~J c.:.il.A4,.:il J1:.. ~1 J.,W.1 ~ 1.jJJ:! 1.j.:UIJ
.(Kwantes, 2003; Lo andAryee, 2003) ~ I ~.>lJ~I y~IJ ~I~
-)l;..',:11·
"'
'
U::'
~ - ~,,c.:.i~~,.
.1.)-J <:r""
-
~Uo........a..i,-
'?"" ~ -~
Ll' ;s~~ q,t:,;;JI
-
'i' -
\:~1':JI
f' '..J-""' CJ--='
'~H
.y~':11 c.:.i~.,.L,J ~J..ul a.!q.!t;,;;JI
i.:.,-,,_••,._:. -='---~".ID""..'\~ ,;1111;...,.'"'II-'-~ ~ .• ,,"h~-··-:w., __ .:.,r_.• .. 1 -~-·--.,;;.K""~j·....-,,·..>.~-·- _._,...o~:._...,__ •• ~•. ·,,••• ; . ~ , ' 1 ; . - ~ - ~ - - ' · ~ ~ .~""::C-..t·-:A~'6:- -.:...=--·~.-'I
€
~• ~
f.>g,. .-+ [•
r=-
-
lt f' ~i
J;t.!c..·"~c r
• t., C ,:,.
t f 1 . ~• ('f[• sr ,. r-~
,. , : h , I - - I:! S ._ I('
~ t: s::: ~\ ~ r E:: I f') -;- ~ ~ '°. f -.• ( ~- q. ~ \ f i ~
G,, :.._ _, - \- t.
ca I
.f. \- ·~ f 'e: c· ~ ~ ;~ . . . p 'f
't be! ~ ~ t c. .~
fl ·t ~ f E I-~ ~ - • .~
l)
[. 1. 'E: .r CE P -C l ft l.
r [:7'
,, -
h -
~
· \>· ·Y t· ~ 'e.. ~
1 ,c t' . ~ - '\. - rr
C·
t>
!:;; _.
c, ~
S .
. yl:!,ill fij:j ~
J)L;.. ~I y~ al.J-4 .l~ '?t (o~I ~J) Jlfi:JI ~ r ' ~ I '->"~I LAt
yl:!,ill Jlfi.:i wl.:t r'~ ..)~, l.!lllA . O.l~I r'~~' ..)~ ~ _µ, ~ OJfi.J.l.1 o~I
(o..)·~.:.t\
~ r'- . - o-..;--~
L~I .l.J.c.)1...Jl..c.iJI . ~ ...<--: Wu... ~J-l.u>'il 1...JW.U
• - ~ l.·- 4 t
'->"- ~ ,j-A
l:;~I 4~
~ <J:AY- ~1 f'Y- y~ wl aL.,,IJ..ul a~t ~ ·t?~I yl:!,ill
Jfi.J.l.l ·.,: crcJI ~µ, ~ ~ ~r'~~' ~J_,.bl o..1Ay~ ~ 4~
.(Blau, Tatum, and Ward-Cook, 2004; Gellaty, 1995; Sagie, 1998) y ~
. ll>Ull ~. .r-
'-':! ,.1,,. ·- 4(,f ~
u (j \:JI \.j~ ,... 1...JL.i.ll
. - J '.<-: lj ... ' ~
'J-- !.)-'>-
~J.A. ~ I
YYA
~JI.A.I~ i1~ o~Y:iill J~~I ~1,-o ~ l.:'~~I Vo~t ~..,.J.a.UI 0.)~1
l·vs<<JfWv.YAAr· ·tAsf&· ·}&=---~-v-~K···.-h·<:-;''::.J · <, ~w-·-~~--+~--". · . ·~,x£:;-....!m}fr,-~ . . .·.ffl>:uL·r%%::·\.v+--:.~ -:v..w(-:~..Yt( X'···.,T: \··-::~. )?"':'·~·,:;._;---:.~>-> ..-.-fr:c .,. ·,t;);i- ··~~-····=-~a i'".f¥4f··tJ
s~liat
[~~I w,1.c ~..J ~~I_, ~fil4 ~ ~~ [~J4l r1J;.; , ,,L ~ ~
wl~· .:.~,1 ~lS'JG...lL ... W ~~"ii • wl~0.AJ-:!:L'A~
... · ... l<'t . ~ I ~~ ~1 "ii
..
~
_(' _-: .~Li..1.1
• a..b.J~I
• wl · .:.~11
~ c..:r..
,, ~~I a
.. .. .. ,t;..;;}I ..
~
~~L• ~ I W>ll.1 IQ
~
~ I J-:!:L'A... ~l<'t
'?"
'fill '-:T~~
•. :ti [ ~-'.r--'
- :ti tl:i.JI j:. ':.~'I . ~ I •• _ •
'?" ~ I.: ~...)-LI-"" Yr" ~
-:q ~blll
~ I ~lj)'I wli;l~lJ stepwise regression ~...;..cJI .Jl~"il r1J;.; 11,4_,
. backward deletion procedures
-l.?..J-!J .fi~ .l~ "i U)WI ~~I wlS' ~WI rlj:il"il 6-4 ~..GA w ~
:;.,-.~· ·\"o""J....-i,<;,:,•~:.<...;~'..-,l."""""~~,i..•."1-~':..=.·.·~-..~.~,.::;...,<,.•.•...-..-.;.. • ·-.,.•..,. .,,...,._.,,.,;.;.~ •. ~.:>¥"'"~ ·~~~~°"'" ,._..N>.r..·~-· .,-. .,.. . ...,.,...._? . . . . ; .,......:,.:..,-...-.,.>~., ,m ..._.J',/y.A...:,. .,.-.~·.r.,.,.,.,~._-.,,._-.,: ·.-.-;
.... .,.,,..•••
~,-ai,~~~u.:a,~\:i(v-,)~JjS::,
,.w.:u~t ,.~ ~ ~Lalt ,.t;.:a~~
t---~~~~~~~~~------------------- l~WI~~
- r ffi
r,o-+------------------------------~--~-----~~
0
c.>".JI-Lll~di,:o,:lo;;tlJ.$\'t~IJ-4~":'~~l~!J.&.l~~lo~~J
, · · ··- ---· ·· -~-.............<·-'-:·>>\:--~·'.·:-: ..;.::·.,.-~=·= .· .... ···.-:,ii·.'"·.~~-~--.-·. -~...:~~•. ·~ ~ -..;:;·-:it : ..:.:.:.:.-.=::~2:-:_.,.... ,. . -=~~·-'.-!)=.-.~---~·,.) ··-·;:, -:···-1····-'.··f·-:.- -·.::-~- · · - - · ·, . , .-.·:. - - -~·~7:'~...~w~~?I£7::t:fc.~·~~
*- .092 = \ [~.J4'
- .037 =(~WI rlJ:J"il r:4) r [~.J4'
~WI l_µl~I
- r
- .35 ***
.25 ***
t t t
t~-:t~l o ~ ~~
rJ'"""' • ,,..jjl ,,.-.-:
~~'-'~~
... q · i ·At~., i:.l:u.JI ~~ ~',j a.ill.J.l ~L;ol..
~LA~~~ a.!q.!J;,;;JI J)L;.~'IJ y ~ ~ I ul$_jL.u~ <L9~1 y;q.!t;.,;;tl
o~(~l~rl.J;..:u~lr~~i)ojg~~lcl~I LAi .ojg_J6'iy~~lcl_,L,
rlj:JI ~JJ ~jJI ~ I JL> ~ ~ cil~J) ~ i ~J...l! Y!"q.!t;.,;;tl rl.j-:&J~I
~
-1 ~ ri •~ U) :f C "
1
f t '? d. C.• - ~· I:. C f>"" • c, ~s;. I • J.· . .
' ts.. ! ~ ,
r;; }r_ - [ t ~ [ (i ~ C_,. J).S l .r, j bl; t ~ I !I
·f ·t-~ 'f ~
I, ~ ~ ~I' [1 ~. 11• ~ 1' "1 p ~ ~ ~ I G-. ·~ - E r;;
1• l,
h ~I:. ·~~ f. I 11
[ 1· ~· _,, I_:•, ....: - • I~ I• • ·.•.·.·.,
~ L ~. ~· f. ~ ~ ~ ·t ~,, t El r "'" [. ~
, i_. F\. ,. t fil Ci
t.:. -
- - '>S
11
~1' I f:.,
~£,'~ ,r:s-. : -;IA GFi"' c_f. Ne:..• l:~-C· • 1 ~J:.-
~e ~ r- 1_ c.· o ,r' - - <;:- ~ ., Ci b' Cll - Pi '
i; !:= ,._ i= ~ f:. l,• 1.:.··.··.1!
\(_- t~ t~-~·tl·~}. : .[~• t' f- i{~;' } zg-· [_: t~ ;
·~ ! c;, ·~ •I;., ~ • ~ ~ s ~ ,t: 1 ~ ~ r. 1- [ 0. ::, !,
g l;- ~ ~ - .t £ t I '< § t,!
o. - :- r,
r...
t: ::.· 0
i !>f ~ ~ l ff.:E, l t l 'f 'f t t f ~. r ~ •f~. ·~r .ge.c l • t ~. [1 ~ ~ 0
(.~ [1 ::t. Q.
C (
I 1i: ii: [
f i ~ f ~\- {b ~~ ~• .r:.~.~ \ t. i: ~ ~ } ~;
Cr
{,c .r~ tlr ~[ V'~~ :t~ tt
. i., 1.- '[:! .b.
r 1.. • · t • '· ~~ t rr· <i'g : i-r· rL~~ 'l .rt-1. ! i
I E:~b ~~ _:. ~ ,C'" ~• .._, - - t _
~1 ~\-l.'~ 1: !l (ti~ ~tf ~it 1i{
OMJl~I ~ft.: 4.!t;.illl J~\tt ~l_j-4 ~ ~l..:,,,..wj~l u-o!J.cl ~~I D~~J
rr~:&~~~~E~~H'l°·tt-·-,dk:~~-.$.::2::::.~1=t1z.;~~~-:~;~:.R~.z:1:~~!!~£2mrnrsr;;:~;~~::..~~~:E:~~:;;r~~~1;:rn
, i h ,~ • C- L L ' :.,
I
1·• [ t :[J ~. ·[ 1· '.V\,._ . _, 1;' -;-
• C·
b E-.. C)S ... ~ , • \
i, [~ f [ 1.-E" [ [E' ·1· '"~ fJ ~f ,~- ~ c' l.
t.c! c:.. ,. [, N ,L ~ , ~ "
1
.l I.. 1~· .f" ·d: ,L !:·,··(·.,:·
1:-; :i ;~
~ 'f: I:: C)S C· • L• ,c; I -- - 0 .,... I::
-
~ ·\. t t :[V\ _f-;9 cr-
t
I - t.C •
I -~ E
~ c:.. I°)
d' ~ f-Eli7 ['~. l• § ~ f·t: re.;e-• ~-::s .f. I C· C !,
c· - I • • ti i;; t:·.
r- ~~
'D i
. . ·~
, I I:: I
e:: c,
f C" . I:.
f' 1 t,t - f C·
f ~•L .t··r
1. . c· - i' .
- N lr=- c... B ~ ~ ..
>::s ~. I • f!i
1
f; l C• ' '. !i. 'j, :.•:. ·.:.
['j. ~- [ 1(; 1-1 ~- 1r. r,J
l:,.
~~
,~.
,t ~
~
,f if '<t:i.. ~ h -
t.c!"' V
~ ~f 6· I
•
I
I::
- I
!I:
'.E! - 1-p
'bl- 'l~
!$II V\
~~
~::s .ft. f ~J.~ ~~ ~' •(j_'I::. u7~ [ ~ •t 11
-1 ,. . ~ .~ ~· (D 0
... 6 t ~ 0 - .'i
J:; f. ~ - ' ~ I I:: h J.C I '" (_ -" r,J - ~ ::S • ,;I
'\ H C· [ S- V\ o ,r' -
1
t-, t [ . . t 'i.~ ft ~ f1- 1~ i.l g- ·l~ c-_,. .r-_,. t tf. r· ·., ~r-· c: ..~ t (l,· 1'° ~~ 'r.,_,.
I°) : • t.C ~I ~· ' '•. -•.•.l
[ 1 i. !!' j1
.,· i ~·1· F · "s..· ~--;- 1-.- c·!.. Ci:-E.. : c- 1~· V\,.~ b l=t ·i~ 'Crb <£~. ·[ -c~ ?§ e..c· t ~. . ~ · t=ti ~. '°f;,
\ ; :., ~ ~- -. ·:.::·····•j
g [• (',
L - - C· ,(; • - S- ... 1-. VI I.J
~ ~ 1. . t- l i; ~ C, ~ 1
5- r.-'r-'r.~ 8 ·r·
~ ~ . V\ L' • "r. -- - 1 1c; ~ c: ~ - ::i 1 1 r> ··,1
.;.!£ ·1! l:~ ~r. :t~ 1 ·~i f~·. ~~· ~<E
; J.C j 'f\ & C... ~, I:! , I °t, 1 lo I • l.. "'
1l !( , £. r ~v S' i· ~·~. -~. i _.
1
-1 (.f. r- c· 1I, i;d ·. E .c,f- c, ·~'. t l - \- ~ r § ·._ p [~· ~·l-- - t ~ f·,:··.:. •.
1
l
;1 : ·:.
-b. ~ . \D ~ & ~ E:: ~ ,._ ~ c. o ~
I ·~. }· ~. ·~ . ~ ·~. P' fr= ~ ·i ~ ,f, f. 't- ~ 1 li--" r,~: r;.~ f tv ~ t~ ·ie' f:; \- re; 'tv
0
r .:'··.:i .
1
1s ,... .. _1 i ~ ~ ~ •
- .~-:r~ f.. ~ - c e>1 ~ c_ 1 t .r r :J
I le.. NI
1· _,. ~I I ·V c_ l, - , ·E1 ·. . 17\ I C· I • I :t: ~· • fi I
r.' j,·'·_.
£. !
r;-_
@l . . l
f . . ._ ~ ._
~.
-~ '-
-c; t ~ r "'. t :£
l '- J r - "' q.
r E [ l
!t•
1
·. i;- "f.
£t f
E E;
't. ·E ~-
c, f,. !e 't: [• I"'
!e·
c.. tl C· I
l
Ci;. 1.i
00 l, t· r.: !t l,
ii~ ; tr . . ~ Ci-~ .~~. r~ 1!'. -e:t· ~--~ -~ t ·fc, «t.1:. it·t 'l ~r $ rr:~ r 'r,~· ~ ·~~ ;i~ fi:-g ~ I ;f.l· .f.· ti
i. i ~ i E.. 1 ~ ~ ~ f> ·~ r, E! ~ ~ G. [ ~. i ~ [ c... t' l r ~ 11: C·
F;] c_ 1 li>'
1.·.1. .
,c;; N ,!"1 I ~(1· C)I • c_ - ;~ •L Ii
l II .t,t t8 { {- tt' ;~~ [ l~ ·t· l ·"1~· {'t. )·\ 1 rI;; ~·~ •.i ~~· ~-~ ~i· i;-r !f l \- t i 1 ~-
.!, 1' . ! tl, ,l, I··,.·.:·:.
E.~.i.;.·
~~LS~IJ,...u~~~t~t~t· i,.!jcai(A-,)~.JJ.J~
~..,.;zr·~~· . w,~~·
. ~ I J J~'}ll ,uw~4 ~~I uw~I o.Jbl
.(uujll ~..L,.jJOJ~I ul:i~I~ ,J~I ~~)~I uL.).4A
~ I ~L.u.;WI
.o~4~~'l'I
-~la.µll~~
. ~ I ~1~4 rl_µt'l'I
.~1.,a...ow1~1~~
.~ ~ _,t ~Jl..:J.I _,t j4&ll ~lb J ~ I
.~Uly.;W:u J~~I ~L.u.;LA..o
• .al..:ill ~L.,,.; LA..o J l ~~I ~ t_l .,.;JI
.~..)UI .l.;l.,.Jl "'='""'LUI ..HJ:, rl~'l'I
-~W.I ..HJ:. ~1.;-!,til ~L.u.;WI _,t ~W.I ..HJ:. o.;btil
~
-=•-~ · W- J,,
~
,LlJ.I Ll)l;..
-
~I l.,~I
-
,... - .,.~tt I,.. ··.<'ti ~ .<. ~,1 ...< - ., .• ~
~J~-=-- ~~ ~...J-W ~~~
.~11:U~~
y~)U ~~J , ~ ..)~~4 u ~ ~I ~l~..9 1 o.!i,oill I.J.fl ~ i ~UA
~~' u~>ltJl..9u~l.)l.;u:.~I ~ula.!i,oill - o~F ,~..,i
- :~Ull
~4- ~ W' -~.llS'~I jA.t.U J~~I ~4- c.:)14.9~1 ~..)\S~I ~ I ls:k
ula.!i,oitl o:U ~ -~.llS'~I jA.t.U ~ I .>::!WI .)l.;u:.~1 ~ a~;stl u ~ I
J~~I [~~ a_j.)UA~.llS'~I ~ ¥)l;..~I ~I~ ~~~i i.)Uol r~~
~I.?.~ LG.:UI y_,L.u~I 14} ~ i ~t ~UA . ~ I U~l..9 '-4.iJ_µJl..9
-
ul~ Wl.l ~- ~..)lS'~I uWL;J.I ~~ ui c.:,ll ~ ,(J~ ~..)lS'~I uWL;J.I
'-4.iJ_µJI Jgi ~.).lc.:)lJ ~ I al~l..9J~~I ui u,A~yl ~ .~l..9 ..)J~
~.!.!;;; ~ ~~_,.1.1 ~ Jo~lS' ~..?-t ~~.,.Lu ui ~1,~1.., ~~~ ...u.:;
o:Uul ~I~ .~i ~.)..1.:t~La.a.l ~ll ...u.:; ~b?JI ~L..u.)WI L~)\.A..9~1
,,. - - C. ti ~ C. C.
~ ~ L...uLl.A
• lS'·' · ·· J I ~~I
y---,,- - • .< · (.)· I ~
(.)~ • c · LAiJ l.!J.I
~ · .It Ll~
- 'ii ~I --'I
. :;-:-
. ~ I J~IJ ~~IJ uld,4~1..9 ..)\__,-g~I ~~4
- ·
j-4.A~
· ~ - J~
i:.b,j (.:r't1 ~J\S'~I
- -
"- ,a...oWI ~i:.l:u.JI ~.J..41 (.:r',ti ~Ll:t!
uLill.;J.I,":'e J~
~~ ~"l:u.Jl.e...1.LJ,uLill.;J.I.~~
I,.;, I..:?"""" ~ J ic:U.&...J
- .~ ·:.Jo··~
LA~ t.:,-1> - •u--'--t\
y ~ ~J .(Biaggio,Duffy,andStaffelbach, 1998) ~~I u.U:iJi~I
0~;;~~,~~~ w4.4lL;..JJ~~·.·: '"!~w~i Jl~i
~IJJ ~ J -~4 ~J\S'~I uLill.;J.I u')J6. ~ ~
.J6. JS' w,k. Jyl a.!af
~~~ '--u~ -)l;..~I · ~At\ • ~.1. .. t1 -.:1.:....., i:.tu.tl~.J..41
• -· 0--, -·'r ~J~~ ~ ~ ~
. (Schminke, Arnaud, and Kuenzi, 2007) ~ I ~ I J ~I r~J J~')JI
.~b,j':lll · .J-'U
- . , '-"'° --J ,...,,.--
-"''""' ~ ..iJ rL:. ~
· '-"'° ~~luLill.;J.I~~-a.1oL..sa..u t<'_:._.
J
- .L.:. 'I
;;~ uWl..;..qjj .) ~~'I (· ...~.:.1.
)~~ • .:UI JI:.r-
.._~~I <.r-
'- ~ -j Ll
.~- a...ot.A ~"l:aj ~l.i.AiJ
~i ')11 ~k>J iJ~ ~ uLJolll uL.u~ wl 0A ~.,.>-11 ~ . whistleblowers
~~ t>AJ-
• ·::<"t J l u~l.;..lL. ~ .. ~~, ~..,.._,J
·~ - A~' I JI~ · - ..La.J. a........a..,~
- oJL:. u~~
· · -
~.:UI ~IJJ~ ~ I t 4; 7 tlJ ~ I 04-J Jl-a:i ,-1:~4J .(Miethe, 1999)
~ '-4S' .~l~L:.JI ~~ a.bi f:~ ~l.b:iJ fA.J..£.O~J ~Wl..;..qlJ J~~I w~
' i ~~~~
.ci.!1:oi·u4~J~~l ..w:.~~w~IJ-1.JJS'LliAyb.o1~
.J ~ ~ - ~ ~ - - - - -
'1'0'1'
~
.. -
~IJ a.!,o;. .~.JI y_;~I.; 4i «·; '[~~I I.J..s.J LdJ .(A-\) JL.:u~I
a..u.uw., ~A"
~
:l . fr .lL.ll '- - ,, ~ll ~ H.ill~ '1 o~l . '- -,, ~ll ,... j-:Jr.b.JI
• ~ I,.;, • v- ~ ~ f.:r' v - ~ ~ c..:r--
.~..L&,JI ~ ~~J a.!,u.!1yl ~1.a~IJ ~l.,.ll ~':: ,114 w~ ~~4.b:s'}!IJ
~ ~~ aJ< MIJ ~~ (.!.!;;JI Ji framing.;-:bb.JI JAl~I "~~ ,~.;J..1.:IJ
~ w,k ~pt 0-4~1 ~l:..al .lyi.}l~_;~J .~Jll ~.JJ t§.:UI ~ I [~~I
o-4 .l...w ~tuJI t9ji ~ .l~I f~ '".JJ..1.:IJ .~~I~ lA.;~ c)J_,.;..~1 w,k.J
,... c...r..l.:UI .)_y-w
- · -~'IJ U!l...&JI ._,
. ~ b:tll
. J ~1.a)U c...r.. 1.:UI ~ ~ LAS' •~~~
'-b.JI J-l:.~ · · -~'I
c..:r--
~-'I ~ ~ ~ r. .
.
... .)·:.,, L.a.., ~ .... ~,,J:-":-tla.d..i.~1!.s..1.:tuVA~,,.---9
'-r-' ,,_... .:a.~,,,~
.. .. '+"" ~J '-_J..,...
c-r' "~ .~_,.t.l t:4 JAL.:tll ( j ~ ~ u-11 J~_,11 ~ <.J,AJ "~~ ~ Jo.......J_;Jlj
. -~~ ~~1 ~J -l_;l.>9 F '=""1' J~I ~~
~~Ytut,t,.att ~u..:aY J,aatt~U.ot~~{A-\)~.J~
~11...Sl.a~I
a,:,o:e "Jl..9
~Ul1~1
............~ . . . . _ . . . . . . . ....... ,;i..._·· .. ·. :·=:·~.:-:···:·:,=.. ·,:;,,.:~-. .:. : ·.·:. ·:::&:::L:J
J~l4Cll.o·!o.!111!iu~~!{A-T),JJJJ~
1.,,4.o,tt J~tkU&ou~~!
d.A4ll ~I-U>~4J al~I ~J~ .ll~~4J ~LUI i:PltJ.4 ~_,JI ._g»tJI ~l.;.l}
- ~ ~.)j.ll Ci.! /~I y~~4J
yot
llA~ -IJ~lj;+i~lu~l~~l.)~~J[~~I llA~~~a..bi~~J
(Mumford and Colleagues, 2006) ~~.JJ ~.J.¥2-4-'"4 ~Ji rll , ~ 1 ~ y_jl.u,~I
I~~ . ~ \ ~ ~ cLbi ~..LAiJ ~>l,;.~I ul)J-4ll ~G:J~ ~JA..>->~
~ ~.W.-IJ: ui ~ I 0A <i'11 ~ D ~ t~J~ ~.)~I ~~I c.>"~I
_ A, ..
,~~t:°.
,,
'--'--'-'tLl:i.J- ~ -~J ''\" c.>"-~I I.LA.~I..)~.)
~ •. &(' ~ I JJ Ll:i • ~
' - -'I
alALlJI LL.o~I
- t~J ~I"~ (· ) A· ~ Jt<'~ ~-- Ll~i
-
u ~ CJ)l:i t:° ~ - I
"~ .-,,4; ,~., .~>l,;.i ais ,~.4 r"\ ~ ' t~' ~ ~ ' ~ ~ . i i <i'1'
0J»-iJ CJ~J 0 ~ ~ rll <i'11 D ~ ~ I , o.!i«oitl ~I.P.- ~ u ~ I
~4'" ~ JS'~ CJ~ w,-11 ~-$ .~,o ~.P.-~ i.ill~J ,(Helton-Fauth et al., 2003)
ul~ ~~ ~>l,;.~I u ~ I "~ c.;,11 ~ i ..\SJ .• o.!i•oitl ~I.P.- 0A ~~
. Ci>demand characteristics L..:i~>1,1 ~~I ~ a.! iiii11 u ~ 4 al~
.Ll~i~
-
t<ta..,~lS' ~
1..)--1 • •
-~1.·_!_ •
()-1_) -
w..~~~ ~·...<) ~ J I~
.. ~ - .. .iiJ
- .J,Jf-l
. (Agarwal and Malloy, 1999; Barnett and Vaicys, 2000; Gelman and Gibelman, 2002)
(Mumford, Connelly, and colleagues, 2009) ~j~jJ w,l_i,fiJ JJ¥-4JA JL, 1.:.U
1~ ~ -¥~~, u1.;1_J,Ail ~~L.;u1 c.;,k. ~W£J1 ~ ~ PJJ wi ~ "4
.. C, SI, C,
.(r = • , H)
- 1 .... ,. _ .. .. " 1 .. '!I-~.
d!: • ·~.,...n.. .)~J~ O . ) ~ ~ Y . ) ~ ~
1
~~LW
._ l't-·t1 ·< ,lt·.e-
,•,a• cicl.!.u~
(r = • , 'rV-) uw~I o_;bh, J1u: ~~~\JI _;!~I j~I., ~I~ 0::t
0 i~,l.:.U .(r= • ,r·-)J~\JluL...u.;l4.4...9(r= • ,'r·-)~luL...u.;Wl...9
. ~ ul_;I~ ~~'i -bl~I ~ I" ( ' - " ~ ~ c4 ~ 0~~ ~~I .)l~~I "
u ..... .. 1
~ I1.)-1-'-'J~...
a.uiu, U~• u.hu I ~tt , ...__"I-~ t\ I.J.e.jl ~~L. t(,j J-!:"""
-~'-r"'-'~~r · -~t I
uld..Jo.l'ilc.h.,.->3~a.'.e)k~llA~(r= • ,Y'A-~~)J~la......c.b
~·~.. ~iJ .J·--=..q
.,-.-. a.c.Lu.o u~I .. 1rl ~ L. ~I'--)
.. • .. 1.)-1-'-'J . ... .~ ~I
. ., \,;l..r>-
.r • \ft ~.....I
~1 ~.)_j.J_., J~I a.c.b u ~ ~ l rt..,;.; ,.,I 0-4 ~I~ ~~l~I r,l..,L.jl
~ J ~ ~l.i..tl ul-ui.;WI ~ J:b:ill '.·: ,.,! ¥ ~ l ~ ul.;I~ ~~I
~t ... o :. LA · d..4J.
'.)--'-'J • ~ ~ L · >:J,.t:JI (..;r''1 1,.;Y,,-
.r • ~I Ua..JI
.. ... ul~ .I'".)" .. ~
· -=-~tt '-: ~ ~I-~
!J • ~ :r-'ti
~~~IJ~LJ..).?.J~l.;J~l~~,I.J.l .~j~~~lu~W
.Jsl u ~ ~..u &.!.J.ll Jl._>-9':ll (5..U ul.;l.~I jl:t:J\ ~ uLiJ~
uLiJ~I~ ~..)..,_.ill u~I ui ~->-1,10-4 ,a.!~.!:JI JAl.,...U ~~1 :4J·o~I
JJ~ .;~I ~J .(Ones, Viswesvaran, and Schmidt, 1993; Murphy, 2000)
~ t o,u.;..) ,(Myers, 2007) 1.!J~IJ.;~lJ~I J>1o u'-4...-...u ~t ,a.!,a~I
..)..,_.i.JI ~ ~ ~PJ:i <i'1' a.!,a;. ,:.,ll u'-4...-...u (Antes et al., 2007) wJPiJ
~ I j4....tl "-=' ~ ~.J.ll uncertainty ~ I rJ.L ~1 _µ4J ·w-t..»SA.lJ ~
~tnarcissism ~u~I 0t wJPiJ~i ~~ '~JL.:tll ~ I ,~~~1_µ4J
~IJ (Penney and Spector, 2002) ~j ~ cl.il4f.lJ ul.J.ll ~ t~~I ~.;. ,;,;
l,&l ul ,-,_.~~ .1S (Kanter and Mirvis, 1989) w-t..»SA.l ~ 1 o~I ~i cynicism
y,.
cll>L:, u~iJ~f V"J.) W' .a.;a~~I cl.;I~ "~I j~I ~ ~~ ~ i
y l ~'l'IJ ,extroversion ~ I Jo~'l'I clJj ~ ~a.!, o;. ,7,IJ LWI ckuJI
conscientiousness ~l_.,JI ~ I J ,openness rl:urs'l'IJ ,neuroticism '=' 111aill
~~ .)LZ:.I .).?.Y clJjJ agreeableness (John and Srivastava, 1999) Jsl.,:JIJ
.(Barrick and Mount, 1991) ~I~~ 1.!J~I ~ c l ~ l o.J.A__,j~
LWI c ~ I cpl~ .(Tyson, 1990) cl.LJI 4:!b ~ ~>11 c-:= ,7,1 .i9J
U>L:, 1.!JllA ,Jlitl ~ ~ ~ --
t.. · , ..... J:.~.q a.c,L.w:, c ~ I u.......l
. ,...,--, ~ -- -
,.... )LJs a110:e ,7,IJ
' ·lullJ ~
i..r- ... .:. ~ti
'-,JI·'-·
. ~ ·-'11 ~
· a....J...u
... U>L:.J ~~b.i.JI ~_J_j,J
J .. U::'-'
· r tui:J'l'I ~
· d_.ubl
......
j~IJa.!10;.,7.IJLWlcl~l~~cll)L:. .)_?.J~~~J .u.blJAll~
Ulutl ~b.i.JI o.J.A ~~ ~ J_p::tll j;aJ -~4!1 lS..1......1 ~~~I cl.;l~I
~U:,_.,JIJ ~WI Jo~I ~ ~411 .)'~~' 0t ~1 o.;Ll.)/1 ~I w,,o ,a.!10%/:Jl;t
W' (Wallace and Baumeister, 2002) ~.;~I~ 0_,;,tsi ~ ~WI cwlSll clj
0_iJ~ ..19 ~1J.,'c>J..?"-~40J ca<si4J 0J---«-"~ ~ u~WI "~I ui ~J
~b~jAl..ull~~~~il.!.IUA,l.:.U .(Feist,1998)~~~1ti ,110
1>4Ull~I
..,........,,.,-,,.,
__ ..,,,,., ....:,'cs,.·· ,.,, ..,.,.::::::::J
.., ...,,.,.,,.,
' ,,
~ ~"'4A a.bi oj>lo.)J ..).JJ-44JA ~ lA~I c.i'11 ~tu.JI o~ r.J.4i ,LA~
~I~ ' ul)~I j~I ~ ,,4-u,Ll..4 -4,j~ wfi:i ~ J#I ad;.~ wt
¥~':JI
J.o1~4 ~ I ~~I W..l~I ~ w.JJ.>-IJ ..l.)J,44JA ~ r~ ~ -~..)\S'~I
~J -¥~~I ul.Jl~I jL;:JIJ J~I ~~ ~ jij:i ~I ~..)~IJ ~ I
'5.;->-i u~jAJ ~~ ~ ~i ~~~ r~4 ~tu.JI o~ J\..bj t=---ii ~
~~ .u\l)WI o ~ ~I.JJ y~~I ~ ~ I ~1 ~~1,o~ ~i ~ J
..)· ~IJ J:.-:.q
i.r-
a.....c.Lu..:J ..1>-IJ U"" L.u
.. ~t .... Ll..41 1 ··'1 ~tt ~"tu.JI u ~ I
:.j ":T"'
~ ' ..>-!:--'-"
¥~L>"~'-4A a.!':oi «cell~~, rJ?:i C(f; wi ~ 'l.:U ·¥~~, ul.)l~I
JJ~ Ll..41 ~ J ~ ~.:UI ~ I wi c..,--11 ~ ,~4 . ~~J ~Lalo~
c.!lU.41 w§.! "'(¥~~I ul.;l_~I jL;:JIJ J~I ~~ ~i) ~ I c.!l~ I
C
,,
-:l-""..~cij~
~ .. ~ ,~~.~
~ ..... - 1.-;,.. a..o~ ...u.1~·'---'lwLs
J~~0-A ~ ~ ..\Al--:..<~
~
i~~~,~~11
wW~lc4j_A~a.! ·u/b~J0.H~~~l .l~.;f'l[l__~I~ ~
~..1>£-4~ .l~.;f'I y~~ a.kWI ~L...u.,JI Jlj.....:j LA ' ~ J .~..)LS~I
~ ... -t:"'--;-,.·•. - --.....-.....,;,--.. : ••.,,, ...""""~-'1.fr..l ..C.~~;,,, .•·~--•••• v.:~- •.. ••• "• ~~.~-.-.-;,.-_ • ... -~·.-.-,.v.:.•,:.,;,.••,1..-.:,,.;,.1::~· ---v
···~v.w~..lr,,~~yn:~ ... .~.nv~.... ~·-·---·.A·-·-.~-·---+·~ .•.,:_J._.•._ ........ __ .... ~.-..-.:. -~-· ... -.~,;,,,..:.~ .O:::.::,>;i,;',;
~ yfb ub.J.>.11 db~\~ ~t .ub~ uJ~ ,... "'.!' (Antes et al., 2009)
..)J.J.>.11 ~I~~..)~ 0 i ~ . ..)Lli.J?JI ~.:.:;;; uL.u.Jb 0-4 i..)J..u:A i..)..u:. ~ '
J:6.j ~ J effect size estimates~t:JI ~ ul..>:~ u~ ~ LJA~ 0 i <.)!
~~! ulSA?}4 ~ ~ . ..)~4 ~ I ..)~.J?JI u4-~ t . S ~ ~ u~'b.tl
..)Ll,.)?}\ u~ w~ ~ u ~ .)~ ~ ~ ' ~ uL.ul.)J.110-4 ~
f' -
t.. G - b [•
C: ti.! - i,l ·r. c;: C· ,r;~·
. ti.! • E: h ~ t)· ~ ~.. t> t> ~ ~· --.i
'.i[.~i\ ![(• f-:- ~.·~ ,c : ~'c &·~kc·~I> c::..1-: [•~ "°~ !r .l,l
~h=- ;::~; tr:- g l ~ ~s-, E ,·[' t' 1_.,
I f'. 1 _ ~• i• h - E; ,e "~ ~ 6 ,[. - (:_ - ,.~ • I ~ ~Ii\ fl
!~ }. -~ c: ti.!
lr- I~ ~, .e-~ lc:.. :t·r, ~e-, \.: -cf
t· (Fl t~. <r:"' "°{ [-: ·~c f. <r:r. * l 1'"i J... ~~ {- Et· · . 1,- ~c· Ir.i.~:.
\o ' '- _r I I). I> - ~1 • - ':> ;·
c... c... ~· p.I'>• ~
C•·
~ ~ l - l 'c -= . . ~ );- -r ~ t ·~ -. ~- '°'l c:..- 't.. ~ { f, ~- ~ ij [! ~, IA
~.:··:.1
~.·,j.
1
·~·/ e. ~ G~ f~ ~- t t
1 .,e ,._, .,. c_ l, Ct
r '1! :s 1 ~ .,. - l;.E7 ~~ 't:£ .f ~ -
·d~ ! g tc- l f..~ f:; f°~ f~ "'•t. 'f
Ji I i ~ :~ '.[ .~· r ~- e: ~.. :c ·t· -~ E· t t 'fu g c, J ~ c, r ~ = ~ " ·(j.. " ~j
1,- -C ~~ f<c- ~
J· t. ~
[!
r)·
f~ E.I f.·
' i~.1
t,C e. ,r; ,r; t,C ..
~ s- 1 !f. ~·· u
f·t, ~~ 1s,.rs- c,~~ i ~i-~ {, E t i f.~ ~k ~r: ·i. lft. ~k -~~ ~t ~~E f'~ 1J t r~
- - ~- V\ - ~• ~• - - • I - _:._ _2. - - ~ - ~I ,._ e! I - lj
._,,. ,,.,,. ~·,,,.-,.,,,.=,:~, . .:,~s~\===-:·. _,_,.,:\ .... , ·,=·~=:, _-;~·.:;;f==:;=,:·:,,::::~_::"":;,=·:,:=.=.=:,. . .,·:'.'::·:·:-:-:'::=.=~:::-.=>~:;.-:.;_-~:"\.=,,.~.1
~I J~\ ~Lu..o 0i ,-,:~; ~ aJ.ll ~ ' 1-&J< '~'! uLuil.)...u\ "~ r..l.4i
~ jS~ ~.:UI J-1b llA .l~.J)'IJ .~~ ~, .lLl..J~ l"'-'IJ -4 ~ i ~ .l~.J?/4 lt -
o~ I ;;J-41 U:J I "~ j..,~ ~ J-1b "':-'--'-"li..t I 01 , I.:U . ~J ~ I .l..l.Li..4J ..l4a.4 ~J-L4
-
.~..,~, .l..l.Li.Aj ~ bLl..Jl ~- ,~..,
-
o~ ~~\ y_,l..u~I J-1b .l~.J)'I 0t ~ :~~~I ~UJ.)U ~~I ~~I
~.ll5~1 ~ . . i l l ~ ~ 0~ ~.., ~~ ~IJ ~ I uLl~I ~ J..-,Ala:ill
I AI~ - I ~, _. I< .;,,~J
""8-!rU:24-.,,.J.l~UJ·'
• • - • (' t
-~ ~ ~ ~- u I.. l- ~ ,. i ,-, o ~
ti - - - c
. ..t .I...
JI~~
.... I.":, It I
..r.Pb L-1.J...ul "~ cJ..,Lu .~l~"il I~~ (Antes et al., 2010) 0.i»T..,~i
uw4-JI <J.A .l"'-' ~ ~~I ~ I y)lbl ~ I ul~I ~ JJj-..-11 ~_,LJI
._r.PL:i .J~"i ~ ~ ~.:UI y_,l..u~I wl5 .igJ .~\.J...ul ~ I J~ ~JA~I
( j ~ 0,-).j>Tj .l.J~Y. J>)LJI.., J:,~I <>"~I (j-A a.;. 11,i a~:-; J-'b ul~I "~
. (Mumford et al., 2006) ~~ ~I .;l~I ~~,
. .'".:tt. ~~ • 1(.:,6~
! ~ ~~~ . tt
. ~ -:.· Lr,j ')/!' G}U .,t...~·, lA~. . - t . ..< L .... J • . t\ ,. .
~c.,,-u r c-- .
~ \ - ~ u - - - ~..,0-'°~..J-' ~
a.!"'.!~yl ul_,b.;JI ~i ~t 0\5 ,~w..l4 -~.:1\5~1 uWLld.l ~t14,.:i4 Lui~
t~J 0-4 ~yl c.:,-L:. - ~ I J ~.:1\5~1 ul_j}Lld.l ~ lA ~~ o.:1l.c.1 .J-A
.~<~\ d..a.A
j'-"-
• .q 1 - • t\ L
- '-'=" u - - - ' - ~ r u1 :.t:Jl ~
~ .J-f:J _ u· t ')11 ,o~
_ .., u· -:ill UJ..u -·.< uL..a.l~
C. ,. 4, -
§ VJ •
C: ~ c..
9~ ~f~ ..f~ tr.:- ·_ & ~ ~~ \~ c..;.
__s t .c- '
[, ~ ·1· - · , -/l-'
C- ,· -
I I ' ;:> I ~ - Y' ::r I (• ... ~.. I:! . [, ~ ~ ·V ~ I') f:: [1
i -t! 1~ ,c 1· '
1.•.
<;:- t t.1.
,tr ~ - C)I C· & L ~ - ~ t! ~ L - c_ ~ - ~ >ef> - ,[ .~ r... (:7 /l-' ~ ' H
f ;. 1 t r.~ ~ ~ ~ E-t { i .(n t _: 17 .~ t ~ 1 t' 1 tt(· ·
b l, - C)I (1• h l,• I') I i.:J
[. : ~ t, _,. t 11 r . ~ 'fi 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ t: 6• ~•
.1: .c;
d, c· ~ · g ~ ~ f ~ 9 ~. ()f • [ 0 t:.l
• , l- e-· ~· ~ ·L C) • - ("') c.. ~ ~ .. ,
I I - •
c_ · h I - I -
.i· i fi ~ ~..r
I I.D• 'f) C· '< C:
l~ r t 1;- rv- i~ ~ ~f r.l, '-" ~ C/.) t>"" ~ -(• .~ V
' ~ , i
...;:
.
~ f, •r"'r(; l- ~ c.. - g, ~..' I S-• .I: [1 fD" 2, (1 r:, fl,
I:; ' • ~· & 0 C I:! V\ 0 :1
- l
1' • l(r kl r- 1t f:
[• I
1t l ,. ' ~ I
' l, I
• ,. • •
~ •
•11 ""'..... ' i-, .L,• t 'tc- tC ""'I q
.r i - .~ t '£. - ,£ p. 1 .i::.~,.1
& ;,s" Q ;i
fl t f .-:- r.- [. .t· . _: ·\. It 1 ~ { ~ t[• IiI> 3- 'E. : •. (..f t·_:
! . . ·~ l \ c· = - 1. -~ -~ ,I: r.' r ,£ f_ - .t• f
r. ~[ n_ !·,.J
,:: C>. - { Ii>, .~ (:7 ~· f':1
tl.·~ [ ~ i .,-:f 1~· it; E ;:- .r ~ ~· 1- r:· t· ~ t~ rt,~. _i.f~
\ .f~ [ c.. ~- ·t ~ ; ~ ~~ ~ e-· (•· Cf s- . ~ '<
c. ! ~ 1 T ;~ r.' [r .~
t· F ~ -1, ~ .. -f 6 t r. ~ ~ f ,r ·t 1 .e·. • f § z:
£;.;
t: : i. ·"' t! ,
I ,
._ -
~. t ~, r: 1 J·t f :~-·~" i;c· .·~. g- · < .t~ r:_,. r· , s~· .;. r-6 .rr.- 1r. :t" ~..~ ~o :-.-.·':·.; ::s I:! i;;: I:!
I
,(. ~ l- }c F g- ~ I I
8 ( t, ~· ~ t ~ c.. (r ~'I> ' I -. '(, ,. .,, 1 ~ t·, I ~ !:: [, ~ n
"", ~
i'j
.c;~· ~·
t·~ ~ fc· 't ~ l.1· [,~ ~ ~ •r <r :,: tt· ! 1-1rr fj l ~ t f· 'f r~ 1 \p
&
!~
'te-. ""-I:! C· E.
- r;:
5: '<
::s c.. ' , '
t.. c.'
·~
[•.
r;: ,c;-~· VJ
--
t.:·;.!
1
n.·.·
E'- i I • • ~ p - \.D .f Al -· ~ ~ • C .r - I N [,J
- L~ ~ ~ lo
~'I>
~ - ~ ·( c l ·=·.- ~ f. ·~~ i
t ~ . ~ & ,t' t: Lf> D. , . I> , - :t: C:.. • , - • 0 ,.:
1
i 1 t f. E: ~ .r ~ ,h tt f a G hl ·\. ~ 'L ~ 1. · . t ~ t ~ g ,£ Ii
£. i ,C- ~ • [, • 'l C· C· Ci:- l c.. 1 ~ c;:. :-_ lt> ~ c..
~1>
g
~:. 'G-~ ~c, ~ I;~ g
'.1:·J•.·
I I - :.:.:I
~· r. '<b
C: •
r i v- . - ~1'
t: l..o 'i tC
,. ,c;tr" "· E
c, t
E
I I ,,..-... -
~ :_,
·~·-S~ ,t' -· - - · I ! ·,··i
V\ ..;- .,. .. -
.r.,t, [ :t· t 1 t~.~ lc.·
n .r L. tt
>
~t. ·f .
~s;.
G
,
•.
-
::;.
"'~ ~, ~ c ol"1 " ~· r.-c, rr6· (!_
~· r
• -• t,) p. t: (;i ·r lo
~~
-
~1> "
•fil ~
. -.~1
·c
;~1 lfl ~lit.~
~t ~ 1 C.. 0 . _,. l, [ ~ \.o ,,::- ()I ~· • tr"
1
\ i · ,t~ ::!. C· f ·~· C- I
0 •L c;- - •
~ ~~ ~ ~
• ~· ·~.
It,, . •l
1 ~~ ~ t ~ ,'l ~ ,. . , . -. s \.o ~ c... ~ 0. •L ;v - .. ·[ I
ff f ~ ~ ~ \.o - ~ ~
't-1~
£" ij • - [,
1l t 1 'f>. C·
c,. ~
,£" t> .f ~ I~ I - _:_ •• I - :
fil ~·!i,·:1@ 1 t~~:~r.- [r{~
.e-·
Ii,. r- g - ~ f. [' n E ·f E e: t - ~
Ii,. ~- I I l,,.0
g. t.C-.Jp.1~ ~ - • I ~~c :-
-.._,() - ,,C: r. ,, ~
~ s • _ l, I' , ::S I ! (1Q 1 I
I I I• tC -~. l..o
J: ~
n' • - -
t.,.I, \t.-11,- [- f. l. 1~ -t;t l· \
f 1 •L' '::
c. I.f ~ l ~ )( E [ 1 t .r ·, 1
1, "'t::I C~ . ~
er ..::S • f;.. r;
c·. ~ -[• .••.·~•.·.-.·
"""' " - L C: • ~ I c... [I' "~ [1 :
,.~ ~~ [. t'lf g r 1· a t~; ' , b~ :f (.f
E ~ ~ 1.. r- t. - g· .t: 1 r:: {
- ~ - l' . ~ -( '1 t ~
~- I:; }e 1
1 i.•.
0
~ ! '[~I [ I• '\.- ;~ I [t
I,/ • • t,C\.o. '1 § ,<;.. ,L ~r § :1
l Ji ~ ~· 't: F ~·t r~ a.~ - fi:-g <c·~ {e· f~ t~ '\.1:
,,
f -
r ~·' -~• ~' f 1
,c-' {~ I ~ I I
- r l, ~ !» } I l, f:::•:. ·.:· ·:· .,·
0 ~
E ~ t .~ t ~ ·1' t~ 3 '[~ l 1 t '\.· ·~,t [. I < . I • l,
11 ~c~ ta f'~ ·t L.· r. t> ~ b• i"(n
N • § ~I' _:P
, 0 -
• C·I •_ ~.:.· ·
•t O cJll -..J ,c; -· C r .•:;.
c; 0 ~! :r ·~ I ls>• ~ t ,.!
r L (r., 'tr .t,f' .._,~ t r. l p'ct,•~ .-~ ~L ,
t ~;~(i?~~c:.flf-i ti.,t'l,· .
. r.- & ~ ~ ~ ,f: r
y I I> - ~ ~ •~,. •
·r = t; -[1 t>orl',f"°~r i~-- ~,t-1!
fi §.~l ~!::)7- tr ~ ~ ~~"~ I l,
0. I'> C t 1:•. _,. i;- [,: " .b r. ~ "°. i
~p ~ ,C· ,._ [\ p~ b ~ &. \J·p .,.:. C.·
M
I I • - C· I.
e. ~, ~ ~g ;: ~ J. ~ ,:
N I;, C... ~j p~' f)' f ,(' - I
ia.. •·1: -
'! ·Ii,. - 0 . ; .
I!. C[.
-
c... -r~! -fi ~-
}(· "
~ r· ·.•· . E: •:'
II ~. <t c;: .. Ci V\
f·& 1~ tt t:f [.f 1·t.t t.111-r. r;E ""' t .; t t ( - 1~ ~ t
l r; rr t,
31 re tr" ~. !,, ..: 1:: i r.
:e ~ i _: r~· !· _ ..c ~ F 't 't ·Ii,. 1: t i ~ ~t
s~.;.Jtu~~
~~.~J
.<.:..tL · · •u--w
'-- 111~-~I-<
'-T ~.) L!,·~ .:.UI~~~, --'l;Jll:,-<.:._.
'..J-'U""""' ~("
~(')
Ryan Brown uJI.H ~IJJ Cheryl Beeler k J..,~J Jay Caughron 0~~
~ J Lynn Devenport ~JJ:i.!'i.!.l ul:JJ Shane Connelly ~fi ~L-!.J
...L..lJ . Cheryle Stenmark 1.!J) ;.!; "' J..,~J Stephen Murphy ~.J-:A Q
~1..aWl~L>--°~~~..)~~l l~~r"...\.411~1~
~ I . l ) ~ ~.,JI J--S->-1-IJ National Institutes of Health ~.,JI
~~I 6L~/ill fa..>-4 ~ J National Center for Research Resource
~ . , (#MOl RR-14467) ~.H General Clinical Research Center rL-All
(#5R01-NS049535-02) 6 ~ 1 ol_j.j ~ J ~ I ~.,JI ~ I (>A
Michael D. Mumford .l.J-'4-4JA .~..) ~lAJ Office of Research Integrity
·~.)~~
YVY' '-6=a~ Ll.a.9 ~ 1$~1 Lo.9 c,~ faU a:,~1 ~ ~~~ "'4J~I
,~...,i.J't u~~
~ <J.?JL_jJI 0-J..§J ~ demand characteristics~ y~->-1,1 ~~I (i)
- J ~· a.a.,.
~I t-. -Lo.t...
~~ - ,.,.....~J
·- d...ul.) JJI ~·A'~~~
~ - oi::.1'J-'
· -=t cdl
.
z4A-\44
e.r:1..,:-U->:> 0J---=!" ~l~~I ~4,11 _;S~ ~.)~I a. . . . d ..i.~ ulS'~ ~ 'l:ito' ~
~.)~I ulS'~ ~J.A~I ~~I 0-'...>:..ul <.J---A ~ I ul John Braithwaite
~ J.1_;.......uJI <.>":P_;JI ~w» ~ y l ~ I 0 ~ u~'-4A ~ ~~l 0=lllJ
~~I ~I~ _jl ,~~l ;;.)~ .(Braithwaite, 1984) ''U-'?= ..,It yl.Alll
<.>-'?° ccr\JyUlJ\~~~(jllO?: .~.Jl(jl~~~~,#~lw,k
~ u .LA~
_ u· l.:illl
•. - .. It • I~~
- .·.~
cd)WI 0-'...>:..ul w,k ~jiJ ~J.Al .J'iJ.l 0 ~ 1 · · t-44 ~~I ~.)-Li .JlJ
~ - ru
~ i ~ .(Meier, 2007) ~J.At .J'iJ.l u~ n, o ~ ~ . . ) ~ ~ I
~ ~J.Ai.J'iJ.l<J~ tr· t-44~..)J~ll4u~i.,Pfizer ~~~~
.- ·J.)~
()'U · · ~11 ~ IJ ...u. ~ I ~...,...........
- · · · ..~11 ul-,~ ~ab.a:;·
. . '.rt\ Ll..ul
- J LlLl..:,,JI
- . uLot.~'il
~
l
• l,' • {;- 0.. ' C· I
, .;.1·
~ :; <i ~
ic.. I 1-t>le-~: <ir-~r,:~ i.
J· ~ ] ~ 1E1· [ e..·fr ~-:- '°~ t. ~ 1t ~
- t' t ~ t,• f-' - pi .~· ':
t. t' I
~ G: ", _. 1· 'r- 1\ r ; .f. ,
J::; I •
¢ , c, b r e-· 1 - u~ r [?;
~ ~ - ~ I!. .[." r·
l. ~I~ ¥.
t ·h..l· ; t ~v ~· f ra ·l!c, ~ ~d)-
,C ~1 ·[ L• ' 0° 6
,~ ~ • t,•
}- ·~ I ~- l, -~ c:.. ::,
L Ct ~ cf. 0
~f. ~ { ~~ ~
c, I ·~ [ tl !:; • ,;;__ 1!, I:: . t' r .c <t i.:;- n -. ~ ~ ,c-f. t' v ~ c, ~--
-
t ·~ - ,;r 1 I l, - I ::,
- ""1~ . ~
t I - 1V\ I .
tC tC . [ tt- ::-:
-· nm-i.
~ - -·
ti ·_ '& £; c·· ,. .
J
·t. c,. : ~ a '- f: g ~: t ·i - ~
f·s f~}~ ~· ~ 't"· .r ,t: I:E .~, ~c, . ~t·~ rt>""
I i- p,.· o
r') ]· • •
1 ~ ct
V\ ~: .r; l I EL • _l: \ ~ · .t·
e-· c..b s-·&
~ tX ,E• r 1' C ~ f O
o.. t, ,I!.,.. ' ' '
• I I~ - , - I I I
~
1 ~
~tC° ~
,. •
<t
J,£'~.1 r.et~~ ',c~'( •(;Jt •~·[i 1-f;-E,.).-t' !t~ [t-, f'~ ·r· 1
l t>"°
lt' t, ~ ~ ~ C· tt' [• ~- ·t .~ { ht· f.. t' ~- ~.
r. " C7 l, l,
E . l>- -~ 1t E· ·~I:: ~
'° ..r r ~ r
- 'E: t; . .. ' " ~ ~ t f"' - ... V\ f J~- ~", .c IA
-1 ~:
~ ·~ ~- t 1 6r;-
[r ~· { (• (
I .~ ~ l· .e
t
l t· t· er
~ ~: ~: f~· :· E ~ t' £ E ~ ~
f. 't· [ '~ ·t· ", r.., ~ f:7 ~· {:' ~ i · <e: <j.c
t, [•
~
~ 'c' ~ - .,'.·
~· g. i r· .r .f b f t·· ·~. 117:'·.·'.
-:
I~ t- Yl,, le- C• •l,. ~ . . , . !
~ -1I ,t
~~ ~•s:: ·r ~
( ft 6~ ~ ~ ~~ [r~ ~[r ft' t;.1 r t· ~e-· f;. ~ ~( I' I~ (}t
~ l, I::~~~~~ -0I t>L,: - [• ~- ~ .- • :,t
1'
E l c.. ~ t 'L v- ~ 1. r. --= 1:. £ -i ~ t .i>· t ~ t: ·: ;. g
~ Cl) c... ~ ,._
C· fl.. .[ <:i . Er t,.• ' • -h ~-"'·;·'
0
~,. r' l g" - t• t ~ ~,. ~ fu t
g c ft f" - ·f: C·. Cf C• [ r ;
Jfl 1lf.tf i· ~ ~ ~ 1- t
1; :~ ~ ~ ~ f I!, - L. -~ ~ '.'· - , ~ '° '° ,C" r. ~ 'h1/\- b - ,C- · -
~~I ~L~/il ~ ulS'..,_.!JI c.ill:i u l s ~ 0-4 ~~I ~~1 ~~ .isJ ,o~l
~~~I ~ l ~..)~I cu:.Lu.o ulS'~ u ~ ~J.>,lll ~ LAl . (Moses et al., 2005)
~ 1 ~~1 u~~~ a.!·ss/!)I ~ I ~?JI u4dJI ~_;gi <i'11 ~~I
rY· •r ~Jr'O..O..t 0-40~1 J ~ J .(Hole, Winther,andStraume,2001)
~~I ~ l ~ I YJ~I ~ ~ ..)\8 ·~·i,u'il ~ <i'11 ~~I ~ l u ~ I
cu:.Lu.o ul.S'~ 0-4 ~LA~..)~~ <i'11J <t>randomized controlled trials
<i'11 OJ~I YJ~l 0-4 rr 0-4 ,A~ .l..ull l.jA .ll.) ~_,ll .)j)A ~J .~..)~I
~ ,
~ UJ..) ~..)~I ulS'~ Ji! 0-4 ~LA d.A~J.A r' 0.. 0.. 0.. rk ~ ~ ..)18 ,~,i 11'il ~ I
~~ .a =:=.!iiJI c.ill:i F...,:tl LI.ll~l ~ <i'11 ul.;.: 11,ciiJI 0-4 ..)JJ:. ~L...i.A
ulS'J .a,j_;\•.a.1.1 ~..)~I~~~~ L..u1J~I ~ <i'11 uL:.~I c,.jLS' u'iWI
~1J.l~ LA.A ~1.;JI ~~4 <->'°L.;.Jl ~ ~i uL:.~ "jlb:.1 ~ ~.:UI ~IJ..l.....Jl
Jl.;o-1 ~ '~.»-i ullJl ~J .(Rochon et al., 1994) 4.:lw_;si (\.jf ~ ~~1
i.:.,LAl,.,;.i , ,'ii ui ~ .(Johansen and Gotzsche, 1999) ~..LIA ~ J ~~ ~IJ.l
~IJ~l ufi.: LA~ ~jl~l ~ <i'11 uL.u.;1~1 ~i ,J.,~I ~ LA uL.u.;1~ o..l:lj.:al
i__#ul .~~~IJy-,~lS.»-i~Jr..l4i,(Dembner,2002)J~I~
~~~~~-~~ ........,.,.,- - - " " ' " " ~....~--==--.or. C I O G o ' " ~..... -.,.,,._-;v71..._.Al'.,,~~--.""'l!"r-·.-,._...,___,.~-
YW ~~ 41d ~ ~~, Lo_, o..bJ ,~u : u ~ 1 ~ ~l.wwil!., 4..1~1
~l:i.Jl~I
r=-;r·.· . ·.... ··· . ..r.:......._, . ,·. - ~ ' ; ; \ · .·. ~ J : : : / . J~=:= -+·= . . .r- .... -~ ::::·· ~ -.. · ·.. ,._, .···.·,· i-.... /-; . . . . · , , ; ..... ,···;_~· .• :·.·.(. 1· .. , ... ,. ~· .. '. .... ·.·:_.l~/.lJ
Y'J ~ J ~~ '-&J ,«~i» Y.J~ \+,i ~ '-s:Jl .)~ <i'1' Y.J~I "~ 0---A
~ ' ~ J w-4 i~~ ~,J...ul ~ ~..l-&:' F' rt.J;.i
"'' ~ uJJ~ ~4b~' ~
ADVANTAGE~i d..:t~c.j\S'c.:.u...?.'i <i'11 ~~I y.;~l_;oi 0-4 .o.)b...11
Vioxx ~~ .;~ r l ~ I t="-7" ,~,il Merck ~>=-4 as'~ l&:i Cc.All a.........ul.;.l ~J
.J-l-l~IJ ~.;\-~IJ ~l...ul w~l..,.11 ~ ~Ll:t .cv>(rofecoxib ·.c.! 11,<HJ.;)
:cGl:, Dj)\.AJJ J:.A ~Ji '~.>=-4 as'~ ~JZJI w:oJ_J,£llJ
• -
~_j-AJJ,J
-~~ as~~"'"'_,........,~~()A~
~
'.:.~--:tl.!J
a..~ - ....-:11~ i....
~
a.,.--:q ~ f o - l-
~~1., ~1 ~w4tJI &4 JS' r::4 l.!.l.>=A as~ JJ~I ~ J.ow JAJ
~ •...-:q 4-LLJ::JI I.!.!
- ~ -·
as a. ~ t ~ .~
~ 'J-'-"
· -~-~tiJ ~ ..... -111..!ll~.~"LA.J•
t.t_-:tlJc:-;---
~~j.J.I ~l_;J.I ~ ~~t_, ~4}1 ~4Jo~IJ ~.;L!..1.1 ~ L ~
.(Hill et al., 2008. p. 251)
c.i'-1' Wyeth ~IJ as~ w~~ ".J~ (A);;.;-AL12JI "~ w~ ~l:'JI Jl:i.l.lJ
w.)~i . Redux (dexfenfluramine) ~J..J..i_.; ~ I ~l_;si ~ t_\.g..ll\ c.::i....JJb..
°'. •0-4 Y.J~ ~ ~ ~ c....9J---'-" ~J..J..i_.; .)l..aJ:. w ~ 0i w,-ll ~~I c.:JF4
~ ~i ~ ~IJ..UIJ ~I.J.ill ~~i ~ ..isJ \\Ark ~~...)-Ai .)~J..)L)~ ·r'
:.- ~,1 a..ul.ua.JI
c.::rti.. ~~ ... ·~ t\ u. Llu. ..>-'~
~,J ..ul .) oL. ~ I c.:J..)Iy-w · · :~, LA a$'1.)-""~
:. :1-: Jb..
~I.J.ill ~
.. <.::r ..>-'~ '1 ·.
... ~- ~
:~q c:\..o. • • .. ~Lg
" ,«o.~
·'-.:. 1 .:j 1.... ~ » a..u_jb,. • I
~ 1,7'- . . . . ~~
i
~ ~~ o.)_,.b.;JI ~»y_.;l.a:'JI JL.u.J! ~ '~J • LA~~ - a ,uQ> J)l;. ~IJ..lllJ
LJA.PS'i ~,j-C,~\ ,-,iQ toi \j1 ,<.LtJj w,-ll ;(g~l •~ 1.;?.)J..) ~ l(~i I C.!icoi
1>.~n,-...1,~~;e,-,...,:,t. .,... _ __,,..,..,- -.~<('....,._ ... -., -•,"=',,;,.-;,,.~,.. -.o•: .. ~• ,.,»,.:·HA'· 1~.":"..-:.~.~ . •~ , . , , . , ...,-r.-,t.,......-....,._~.~..,..:o,c-~~~-··•r .,',1{<·"'""•7~·--·..,.,,w •.~ .... ,..,.••,...-.--·~ 1-~,j>. r,L'<";.~~-..•r,,,•·
~': · A'I cLlti ~ a.6..~ ~ · '-- 1 A··L.!u '- -1.-:,1 - ... t ~ ,,~i» 1 A··t ,... · •'I
~ • ~ "-8-' • ~ :J"'"' ~ ~- -· • "-8-' c.:r- ~~
.(Mundy, 2001)
~ ~)4-. as~ c.:,i (Lurie and Wolfe, 2005) wJ_,_, ~.;.,J JL.c:ul i.ill.JS
~IJ..) 4..4~ c.:,~ ~1_,..u1_, ~1.:w1 ~ ~ c.:.J_,6. GlaxoSmithKline ~)lS'
~ . Serevent (salmeterol) J~L.u ,-. i.:".>:!-'-" ~ I J,Jyl [)W J~I j.Jjlo
~..>-4 y ,csoiit\ .)~~ ~ U~j ~ o..)l:0 u~W.:...IJ;i ~-'r'C\C\"\ r~
~~ y).~~ c.).A ~~ ~ J ~IJ..) ,-.;Q ,:,; YJ~ ~ as~I ai~ ,~l..9..ul I.J+.i
--
uw~I as~I ,-,qi .,, l.A~..9 -~.,JI I~ LIJ..u ~Y.---'-"i "<Ao~ o.;b.: ,cslt
LIJ..ul o~ ~ ~ ~ al.A_,l.a..o ~ c.:,lS' ~1_,..ul..9 ~l.:WI ~~~'-&,al
~~ c.:,i C.:,J..) ~)UI ~l~~I ~ al.A_,l.a..o ~J ,kY.---'-"t "<A ~lS' <?I
.>J~I ~ uw~I c.J.A ~_,.;JI~~ ~J Jfg ..J..aJ . ~ I o.J..&:i ~1..9..ul_, ~I.Lill
i.ill~ c.:,i ~ I c.J.AJ Serevent ~.>:!-'-" [>L:. r'~4 ~.;J.1.J-A~l .;,b.:,JI c.J.A
~ ~1_,..ul..9 ~1.J.iJI ~ ~_, ~J-4J ~~I_, ~1..9..ul c.:,~ ~~I J:~I ~ i
.-~;tL \.;JI ~ ~--~
-=·-"I
JJ-Hi ~~Merck ~.>:!A as->1u ~~ <?' ~l..ul aw~I a~l si..r.P"i
a~.,Jlt~~o~o..)l:) Vioxx~J:~~1_,..u~~~ ~~r"<· • \ r~
~ LA~ iill~J ,<'>placebo a. . . .ld.-411 ~ ~~I a u ~ I l.,J..9Lu ~ Ll.;'-4A
Alzheimer <1..>-4=l.&jJI» ~~I ~..>-4 ~ ~...>--YJ~ ~ ~t..9..ul rlJ;.; crrl
~'=-A'a~·'L~la)LkuJlc.!.lti
~ M,,., O M
- ... t» -~~~~! ~ ..u ~
f= .J.....4i ~~- M
· ~I J i
~J;.j scrl ,i.!lJ~ c.).A -~~ .<1'-:-'-'-"Lll.\ ci.,JI ~ 4.AWJ ~ ~ rJJ ~l..9..Ulj ~\.:WI
~ J=6,.:i ~ r "< • ·' ~J: ~ ~ ~1_,..ul..9 ~1.J.iJI ~ c.:....J....u ~I ul.A.,WI
_.~~ ~ ~- =~ ......,=---llill,'W'".~~
,_,,:;,& _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a~tf ~l.4.1l'lt~t
<).4 o~ ~J..L! ~4-b~I ~1 ~4JI ~~t <J-4 ~ I u'---4.,WI ~
,~L..,~I ~~~I ~4Jo~I t~ ~ lA~ ~ . ~ I u ~ I ~~I J)l;.
Jqi ,11JI ~I~ wJ·qi 11,.ui ~tJ.J-110~ u~l->-1,1 w J ~ ~~
LWI ~~I C:p4J.I 0.'"4-';..; "'.! Ji Continuing Medical Education (CME)
~~ ,~IJ...ul ~ ~ I L....ilJ...uls -~~I ~ I .,-A~ LAJ~ ~IJ
<::r.~l~LJ L&l0~0i~,~~bul~a .:qlc ~~~ci'1ld_l:;
. ~ . c.r ~'='"""
~)l.:,..jL .: a..b..o • u :. · -:t\ ('·)VIGOR .)~ls J6.. c.r· .ul....u.1.1
-· c.:r-~
,... · · .<
L)Lu. oJ.:!.A J ~ ~~JI u.Jl.i.A wlS' New England Journal of Medicine ~
~.:UI JA~I u4l,:tl)U oJ~I ~~I ~J~4 a:sJLA.o Vioxx ~J:ls ~IJ...u LALA
~4-b~I ~ ~.JjiJ Jl.a.J.I (J-4 a.;.. 111°' '\ •• ' ••• ~,~ cl.>:4 as'~ rl.jg ~l 1.Pi
. (Smith, 2006)
i ..L4l .o'..)y--w-
..~.~ti uluJ~I. t.:::" · ..< •<:.·-:·--:ti I.~.;;\ tl a.b~I :.-
~ -· ' J~
:...~ J~~~.) <.:T' ~
'='"-:t\
"" ~~b.l.JI ..J..>,tJJ
· - 1lo(:f:• ·...u ~ I
~~
· ·J J J~- cl.J~ J~I ulS'~:.u· i ~ IJ
· ~b.l.JI ~:.u
(Melander et al., 2003) 0__v.;..iJ J~~ wJll .oJ~ ~ ulJ~ ~ ~
l)~~} ~b~_; <).l_;ji..):--'-U d.....t_JJj ~ Y J ~ b ~ ~ ~
a~.:& \sq.:\.,;~ uL.ulJ.l.11 .,~ 0-4 ~ c4 serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRs)
FJi .Swedish regulatory authority (Melander et al., 2003) ~..u~I ~ I
. _'\ o·~< · LA~~
' : '..)-'-"-!
••• t a..u6ul
:. · - cl.J~ J~I o~ -· ••
· .,~~ -:ti uL.i.ulJ ...ul u· i u.,-.y.
ul~:.t3 ~'='""" · · :.w I
c.:JA.6..:i~
•
.cl.JLA • ~bju-
:;-I~~~
.t!..j -:t\ul....u'. ) l...uLa:s
~ '='""" . '. ) l..a..A~~ul
- :..
.)J-'-"-'A
~ uJLlifJ u ~ I c4 JAL.t:tll ~ at;,..; .....11.1 ~b.l.JI ~ I ulJ~I 0-41.#
1.1_-:tl.J a ;\.;JI ~ .~<~t
. <"~er
·p protocol analyses '--J
. '..) b:ill
. c.:r'\ill ~ . J - J""- ~
~tu.1.1
~ ~ J!~I ~ ~ <).l_;~ ~ Ll.;J t Y J,..oi 0-4 LIJJ n ~L.u ~
YA\
~~ ;;.r.P""~I ~ I u~J ~J . ~ ulJ~ ~ ~ uL.ulJ.l «!.>>l!i ~L.uJ
(Huston and Moher, 1996) ~-"4J u~J-AJ (' \A\) G0zsche ~j~ ~..u
a;,-"4.;-&JI .H):. u b ~ ~ I YJ~I 0 ~ ~ I ulj_~I ui IJ~J 0:.:.UI
risperidone 0JJ.J~..J ;.IJ.lJ non-steroidal anti-inflammatories ul...:il&=J)U
.0>4 0,A ~ j ~ ~ ~j '.«.!°l):J4
~t,...ul..9 ~llill a~.!& ~I.JA c.)A uljl.u, ~ ~ "}11 Y.J~l l..!.lJ:j c . ) A _ # ~ rJ..9
- ~ ,R
c.)A .~~?JI ~b.al I ~ ~ · - iq•ois~w,:JI Y.J~I LAi •.)lall ~
- ,R
o.J..& c.)A ". ~ ~ rJJ ~ l..9...ul a.! ce/u,JI ~tu c.)A tr ~ rJ ~ '"\ t JI
I
1.S...U wlS' ..141 .(Kondro and Sibbald, 2004, p. 783) cc().?J.J~I ~IJ.l ~ ~~
,R
s ~ , i t ":'~t
~WI [~~I ~_,ll ybS:11 ~ y a..-i.;w ..L.J~~I ~J ~
~ ~tu.JI ~bS' ~ o~l-""11 ~4JI ~ ul . ~ I ~l,j~ ~ j .!".:ill
~ I ail 4J~
~J) ~?II a..lll uJ~ "i 0:.:UI ~ ~ ) U ~b. ~~
~ ~~I ~4JI ~l.;\+o 0 t •. : '"! _,t ~J~I ~ .-, '".!J ~\' i~ -(~I
y~I ·'5F""t a 0 ~ «o~l-""11» ' 5 ~ ulo~ ~_,JI 4.;i~I LAT .o~
~~I y.;~I ~w~ ~ J ~ ( sa.!loy ~ ~~J J~.; ~ u~_,ll
~.:.. Ml Ji ~IJ..ill ~ I as'~I ~ .~1_,..ul ~ wfa. ~"i~I ~bS'J
(:4 4.;i~I ~ ~1_,.JJ . ; ~ ~ _,t ~.llS'i ~y ~ ~ 4 ~ ~.:UI
~_,JI 4.;i~I ~ ~l...:\S::,.JI oA -1:!...u.ll .l.?.J oA ~._>ll ~ .u.......JjJ.I q,jf ~L,j;..}
0 i ~1 ~ a.b~I 0 ~ (Dunbar and Tallman, 2009; Fugh - Berman, 2005)
. ~ U>fa.J a ~ ~.;WI"~
•. JJfJJ - .
A A A
- ~
YAt
u~ Y~ ci'1' l.,:;~ ~ t~..ill ~_,JI y ~ ~ i ~IJ as-~ u4,.3 ~
u~ ~JPrempro~...HJPremarinuJ~...Ht.jJ~~ ~~->-4tJ'iJ~
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) ~--411 ~-"4->fll ~L....Jl as'~
. Women's Health Initiative (WHI) ol~I ~ oJ~4A~ ~J J;i ~~J
~--411 ~-'"4->fll ~WI u ~ ul ~ ~ ol,.J.I ~ oJ~4A ,-. ,...I.QJt J.41
.a c:,SJJ ,y~?JI i.J-'-" 0jJ4,.:i c.iil.,.UI '"~I ~..u ~l~IJ yWI ~~,.,_,.. ~ ~
'"~I ~~~Io.a ~..u yWI ~I~ ~l.>Ai o~l:) ~1 ~I.J;.; ,ul ,..PJ:
iJJ~ I~ ~_,JI yl...kJI ui ~ I ~\jJ u ~ i .(Writing Group, 2002)
~--411 ~-"4->fll ~WI rl.J;.; ,ul ~..u ~
- ~ UJJ r\ ~bS' ~ -~ J
~ ci'1' u 'iL..a..t. L,.a u JSJ . rr · · o rLe.J r, °' \A rL....c. D:.s Lo u ~ ci'1 'J
o~'i.,JIJ '"~' ~l..,.A'i ~->-4'il ~ts' a.! , '.!1J ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ ~J t9La I ~ American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
YAO
t'"'~'~'
.,.,,··;•.•.•;,:,···"'""",,.,..,-,.,..,,:·,..,,,.-F,;,,..,,.,,•,,.,-,.,.,..,-:c;".,.,,,""7'"•.·:cr.;,·"."···e.•.·.'···:.::·• .. )
YJ~I w~l..a.o &o (H &o H ~l) 1.\ YI.!.!~ ulS' ~ 4+---Lal ~l..o..o \ 1 -JI
~ 1.!.!llA ulS'J ,l.!.!>.!-4 as'~ ~UI ~..LJI ~ ~ j i w ~ ci'11 ~_,_..JI
Jl l.!.!>.!-4 as'~ ~L:.J ~ ~ f-1 ci'11 ~l_;-1.1 w~L'i.A &o (VY u-o n) 1.o •
~ .,t as'~I &o ~Lo ~JU w,k ~ .w I...Alj.1.1 ulS' 1~1 Lo Fji f-1 4 t
.(Ross et al., 2008, p. 1800)
i~~~u~L4a8-'-"'~~~;,u~t
- a...o~I J ..L..JI. ~~IS- .:..tt u
'- i. ~ I .... ~ ~...1)-L!
~ 0.4 '"(to' • J ~ ~ -~'ll ~
~~J~l~~'.¥6..~J .a qt:,it\ab\ ,,Jl~~ljj~IJ.l~'.¥\ui ,ul
D_; b.! , ,,11 ~L>- ~1~ Y.J~ L>"° a...w a.bi .l>+i c.:,i ~IS~t ~ c.:,i d..Jj
c.:,SJJ . J.J.>.11 rlJ;.; «·)Lt J~J 0-4i ~IJ..ul c.:,i ,-,:~i randomized controlled trials
~r~~ ~'i~'i ~~~,J,,:ill ~.l~I ~I.J-:4A ~LlAc.:,~~I ~~
~IJ..ill ""'=~ J ~ I ~~1 wrll L-9~ ~I ~~I Y.J4=:ill ~ • uses off-label
I.J.A~~~~4 .ul.)'iJ..ul 0-4~)UI u~w,ll J.&.::Li~ ~ I ~4c.:,fi:;c.:,l
0-4 ~J.lc u~ ~ ~~;;~F' ti.fol ;;~t..H.;~~ a.!a:ill ;;...u.1 ufi:i lAJ.lc
-~~1 ulAl~I ~ ui u~l a.J_,L:,..J. Jlll J~l as'~I a"'"\.oo
~Ji~~~., Eli Lilly~ o-11 as'.;-iuc.:.,~ .J>.i Zyprexa ~l_r.a:lj ~IJ.l
- - -
<.S...U.I j.J_,Jo_,~~[~ ~6.. cl.Al~4r~~Jr' C\C\"\ f'~ ;;~I c.:.,~~_,JI ~
a.b.0J.I u ~ I J Schizophrenia r~t.,
bipolar I disorder [IJ-..11 yl~~
, l.:.U -~_µ1 ~~J ~ 4 ~l_r.a:lj ~IJ.l rl~I ~.J ~ ~J .u~WI "~
.~Li.A ~i ~ '-'-'.) ~.;-1.1 [>Wl ~Lat..)-:!):. rl~~, ~ ui ~
,Fl I.J.A c.:.,~ u---4 ;;~ c.:.,wJJ ~JJ u\S' ~ as-~ ui 0-4 ~>1' ~
~4b~I ~ 0-4 ~ J ~ ~ b ~ r~I_, [lj.ll yl~I u~b.. ui ~1
-
rWI ~ ~..J-Ai .;~J.l u~
-,, - ,o ·
Y.J~ - -
~~1 ll.,_, as'~I c.:.,i.; ~J . ~ I
&l:i.,J ta_,_,
,'-9..lfll l.J.A ~ J ·[)WI u ~ ~J~l 4:l.aJI ~4Jof ,-. '·==- 1~1
~ ~ r ~ ' ..>-t:C- ~1..9JJ1 c.:.,lAIJ;.; ... ~~~~as-~, c.:.,.;.,Jo ~ ,
~J~l 4:LaJI ~~i 0-4 ~..)-:!):.J general practitioners (GPs) <J:-4W1 ~L,t.b~I
c.:.,4~~l»..9 ~ I J~~I ~ ~ I ~l~)U ~l..9J.ll I ~ ui u-,-J..?'511
;;.;.J..411 ~ J ~...G.ll .).....:!S'..,:Jl..9~1 ~ y ~ ~ I ••. ~ ~ I a :•·oJI
Olanzapine 0::>IJ:,~}il ~IJ.lJ.,~ ~ ~., .l.!.11.;.l?}I rl~IJ r~~l .;I...L'"°l ~
~~I ~ » y_,l.u,~ ul.!.l~IJ~IJ [lj.ll ~ c.:.,41~1» ~i 0-4 ..1:~4
ts -
<(;;.l.J.>J.I ~~J.ll 0-4 ~~c.:.,~~IJ~l~~I J..? cYJl..a.lll J~~i~c·~~IJ
~ I J~>Ll J.,~I ~ ~ as'.;-iu c.:.,J4'-"I ~J . (Spielmans, 2009, p.17)
cl.Al~~ ~1_,JJl..9 ~1.:w1 a~.!" ~,_j-4 ~ J ~ ~~.,b '-9~10-4 ~>11 ~
c.:., Lu, l.;.l &---'-" as'~ I I.> J.l u\S' ~_.) tJ I I.J.A J ~ . r '1' •• r r ~ ~._>,il I i.ill.:.U
0-4 <.S..»-i tl~iJ Alzheimer «->-4=\AjJI» _,i '-9~1 ~_,-l ~1_,J.11 ~~ r.J.&. ~
.(Fisk, Lopatto, and Feeley, 2009) ~ I J~~I
c.:.,fai w~ ~ 0 ~ &a., .l_?._,11 J.::,J ~.,i ~ lAJ.lc_, r"· ., r~ ~.,
Zyprexa LuaS'l_r.a:lj ~,.,.) J.,~ ~ as'~I t~ ~ as'~ f-'""4 ;a~1
lAJ.lc r'1' • • C\ rL....c. J~J . (Berenson, 2006) L+.i r ~ ..)-:!):. ulAIJ ;.; ••~
~ 4lA ~ ~..J-Ai .;~J.l u-*4' , t' o ~ ~.) ~ as'~I ~I_,
>'=~~ 0.?. ~~I ~.;JI fi~,, ~..J-Ai .;~J.l 0~ o, o F. ~~ Lesly:.
~l.b.~I ~ ; ; ~ "-4.......c.&I~ \.lj~» ~ ul::i ~ ~ a s ' ~ John Lechleiter
.(Spielmans, 2009, p. 14) <•~ 4..4JL.;..J.l <.S~.l ~ ~I ~Lll
YAV~=-~- ~M=H,.,~ ··- -~·" , ~~ ~·~~.:LJI Lo_,~~ fall :~w, ~· .)~~~_;:;,
Pfizer.»:?~ as'.>1u c.:.c.d.) , ~ I I.a d.A...La..o ~ j~~ c.ill~ ~I~~., "°'1
6uJJ~' .)la.al l+a-s~ ~.J-A t.)'1.,.) u~ t, · ~)...La.A LAI~ rr · · t rw:.
,,.. ~~I
.- •JJ.J:I• .J La..c. c..r--
DU - -'I~ ..L....a.J .a..u
llil~ - ~·t:9 ~• ~~· •- · Neurontin
c.:..,41~'110-4 o.)..l=t:.A t_l~~ «¥~?Jl»c.:.,'JI u; ,o'll .J.:,..t ~.J~4 r' C\C\t rw:.
.)~ u-'1J~~ 'r'°'°'A rt&.~ t.'~'11 ;;~1>.J ~t..,:u1 ~1µ4., ~., . ~ ,
4,jf (.»:?~ as'~ 0-4 i~..?. 0 ~1 c..... :,ol c;JIJ) Park-Davis~.) l.!l.J4 as'~~
~~' c.:.,l.ol...1;.; sc,)U ~1.,..u1., ~1.:w1 a~.!4> llil_j-4 ~ J ~ ~~ ciJ ~~ '1
~.J as'.;-!JI lS..U ~ rJ ,~ ci_,JI ~J . (Lenzer, 2003, p.620) 6uJJ~ .Jla.al
-
:Boston Globe y~ ~~ ~"'" ,ot -l.dJ . J ~ I uJ.l ~t.,..ul JIJ-'""t l.!l..,J ~
~~as~1~.,LA~r'"-'trkw b ,ci~~4:!l~l~ts ....
~ as'.;Lls.JJ ,~Ll-4 d~~ ~yJJ u~ &,!.:UI ~_,T LJA ~l> ,~4b~I
~ ~WI ~_,J.I ..b-T ~I .,igJ -ciuJJ~ .;~ u~ ~ ~ ~k~I ~
1 ~ J ~ I "?~ ~IJ.JS'du.i>~~J~ ~4b~I ~'?' ,'-,i: a5~1~.l~J4
~~a..;..~4~~..Hf'~"c>'->' '"; Q<»~JUl~~l.!l.J~_,,4.;ir~~
. (Kowalczyk, 2002) ~ I ~4
~- i I . ~(" t •- •
~J DUJJ.J:I .)
la.al 'T.J,J. WI ~. l.9->_,....-w
• -. & .J.:,.. ~ J..>:
• --~" . ~ as'1..)--'-'J:. u.aJ \..J
.... tJ
~ • •.
•- (>J~ J ~
_:._.I, ·~, • I .•.f
l.)AJ .4.J~•1,j ~'°\jj "6"' 1-
~ ~
'-tj t 110 I ,.,,, •
(:1.) '-'"' '.)L.....JJJf fJJ
o~~ a?[u o~~' ~~1 ~o.;~IJ-1->~' ~ ~J~~I ~ J
.(Vedula et al., 2009., p. 1963)
YM
~ a.;,~WI ~ uL..u.;WI ".J.A c.:,k. ~..)~I ulS'~~ wl ~.,rll o,.o wl
~ ~I t:4.J ~I .;1...1.4.4 IJ--A '-:-'-J~ i . S ~ ~J ~ ~ "1 ul.ol..,...JI .;I..L....aA wl
~as-~~rr· ·Ar~-'rr· • • r~~ ~ ·¥1->1 1~..)~'".J.Ao,.o ~
r~ ~.., .Zyprexa L,.,.Sl~IJ.;~ ~ J:i,..JS' ~...>Al .;"1J.l w~ r1 c.:,k. Lilly
o,.o ~...>At.;"1..,..) w-*4 r , rv t4-4 c.:,k. ml.a
as-~ ~ r r · •r r~ ~ ~ t ..1>, ,..,
r~~ u ~ ·.·: '"! ~11.J.A o,.o 1.,. wlS'J Neurontin 6uJJ~I .;~ ~
I.; j .,<.:! .;'-4Al l&:,
C r~' ~ u~I ~ r.,, ..Ar~.., r.,, .. ' rw:. ~.., . ~
.(Evans, 2009) ~...>At .;"1JJ w-*4 n ,A i.S.»l ~~ ~)t:;..,
.)
~ - - · L:i...,• Wyeth
~_,.,..., c.)
c.ul- .., as-I.)-'-":. 1~.~..r?'" t i.r~•1 ~
- .-'I r:--
- .,.~ti ~ c.:.,.jl$'
~ ~)U L...1.4.4 ~Lo u~_,i1.J.A <.>A 0§:z, wj_,JI u<>.:a;..:ll Redux ~J..U...J as'~I
.(Elliott,2004)~1~1u~~;. ·u~J4>-~4ul~j.oJ~J~I
~IJ as'~ ul_,!,jf ,yuJI ul.o~ ~)t;b, ~J..U...J ~IJ.l Jo~.;I ~ L-4~..,
~..9-4.,rll o.JJL..u~I o.;l:u ~t:,..>-! f-""'4 0-.,s~ ~ ~)t:; <.>AL~~~
Jl..>-!1 ~~ 4} ..:.JS"..,t ~j.JIJ Visiting Important Professor Program (VIPP)
~ J~I» ~ ~w~ r~"11 ~l..A ~lS'J .~1..,..ul ~ ~~1 aJL..u.;
as-~) i.SJ.J -I.;~ ufi.: wtJ ~Lal aJL..,,..,Jt J41 ~:!b; "'.? w'J~ ,~.., ~,~1
. (Mundy, 2001, p. 123) (( ~..)~4 [)L....aJI o~..) o,.o.., a.ji~..9-4 ,~ wfi.: wt.., i(~,..,
s:-4}o~I ~~ ~ ~ ~ c.:.,IJ~J..ul ~ ~_,.J~I c.:.,I~ ..l>:~ as'~ udJ .J.SJ
~ ~ r~ ~ ~~ c.:.,~L:,.J 6uJJ~I J ~ ~ J ~ ~ 0 ~ 0-t...»-~I
.FDA (Petersen, 2003) s:-IJJ.llJ s:-1.:WI
ia..liJ-
~"l'J-:Aoli~~' .l~'°l'l~Lc.~"l' ,o.;~~~4-l.;J~
:ui Alan Maynard
a..l.l~I ;;~tg .lW} ~ ~ ~J--"'"" ~~I 0l:, 4:!.l~'JI ~ I 4z:i
.e..Lf
.,;, 4..6\.J. ":J-""'
.e--~'I ~ •.. <-: \.4...w,c.J .44..J~
(.)..,..... - • · .('f ~~ L
()A~
~l.i..o
-
•.• <-:
u..,..... ~
-
_;~'ii wl ~_,J.I IJAJ .a.J.l~I ;;~tg .l~Jl..bjtL...:il ~ j J ~ ~ I
~~I J~ ~ 4:!.l~'ilJ ~~I ~Lal IJA ; ; ~ a..l.l~I ;;~tg ~
~.,:UI IJA 01 -~.:.:ci11 d~~ ~l_p,, ~ ~ )\..o~J ~ 0~ ~J--"'""
y\..b;..J ~ I yl.b;.JI ~~ u:i~ WS' ~~.,...,_;~'ii~~ Sui wi
~I ~4J ~~~I~~ L4A~J ~ 4AWI ~~I
. (Maynard, 2001, n. p.)
f ,t' I?: [• [• ~
f. ~ £ (:-· V\ 1 ::t> t· ~ f % 1· r 1· ~ :r l·· ~ i 1° r t·
.f I f i.{'ta ~\DE\~ ry ~i t'n f£~ f
t· l= '\.. ·[· t ~ ~ E: - -g. t' 5.: g -: ~. t;. r;: ~ € ~ ~ c, l,.
~ ·~ ·~ C, c- !t- '\.. ~ t ~ f ~!
f t t £ [:;..... ~ -: t•'\,. IA
:L I
r~: . ~~ c, I f- f~ ~ ~ er t; le er il .. • -
1 ; ; l, loot (;"' ~l
~I
·~· E C- ii : 1V\ f• I I "' •~
-~~ t. ··t· ·V O l, •
~ • S- ~ - '1L . r-•~ •- ,c;~ 1
e-· ~ l, -.. -- 0 ,. - ·V N .& I I I - ....
f[ . 'ii, ~ c- ~ [• ~
cfl, f {t:il,
1,° ,c ~ ,C· [' t 'k ' 'l! le 8 ~ f£. f ~ :
t 'f\10~ ~ -II,!~- l, [,C l, [•
~
i:; l ir[f!i1~ •~ I> •
•i' •i. ~ r 1V\ ~: c;.: ~ r; ~ ~ ,f lk
.C·i.cE:gc,. ~fo
C: I ::S I
{JQI •- t• I• l.; -
I Cl) l, .. I ;
[•;
.. ' c[ ,<;.. ~
'i 1
\0 ~ [•
I~ [
l ): .~ ~ ~rE•·
::=: V\ I I ~• s- ,C- t~I
1 • ~ "fl,! 1• ~I
'f I:; ~ •E.. ~ ~ IA (I) ~· [• I ,. : ~" ,C- C·
E1 ~ 1V\ ~ r. ~. [• 1 it .,·
E•• • t>
c ,. § c_ '[
't" V\ ~ .It
c:;:l.. ft ~ ~ ~ .~' "c'. ' C·
1 t ' I'
[• (1 •i ~ 'I. I:. t•• ~ !:: t;
t I
1.-- 1
·~[~·I 1: (l, cf,. ''k l~· .~ 1:·~
''k . .: . ~ ~ ·f,'Ei '( c.' t· ~! t. ~. " ;.- £ r [r
}e § I I V\ ~. •t,. f. - r;;
~,
£' u ~: i b ~ t .c' lo"" t
-
r,
a I1
tfi(l)CT I· ' - •·i.
~
·t
;
~ ~r- [,
Ct
Fi""
~
·t'
t
l
rr it· ~ ._
-[,sL V~
r:.
(7
1:: ~ V'l· ~ J ·r.· £ -~ • ~[s fl,! I &
• I
ti --E fl,! ~kl?:
t\.'<i: -"'·t; E:. (;, iC• N f; ). • 1,• ~~ 1,° ~ l ~ l 1.o f£.
l.o
t: I,' r r-: t; ·r- f [r . l,
I
~ ~. { <t: i • V\ 00 - "C1, l, ,.
~ E t ~ t
- 't ~ t t' f; ~. ~ ~=a J:. ~.·· lb
I
r·t-:_ ~·~ -
_:
81 .r·;-
~ .. ~
'& ii; £ ~ ~ ,i;:; .f c:: c::
(JQ ~-
t ,._ ,[ b lf E -f.
~ ~ t ~ t;! ~ ~· " ~ 1r ~- . ~ t ~·
·L ::T ~
., ,p:.
g- 'r V• - G. f. ~ ~ V l l, ~ ~ ~
1[, . .1~[, t[• ~l 'J- f. ,c ':< y, ~· :, c-
~r f- ~: f; ,._ r-· ~ ~ ~ ·i. .f y v
rrg
NN-N ~ • ~ ~ 'l, t''t-:
..,c 8 8 r 8 - 1> ~~ f f ~ <r.· is:. ~. t y· le ~ r
_,
> i~[il1ti ~ ~ ~ ~i s l. <.e. ~ f ~ I:. 't L ~ ~
,~~tu~~
~ i ~ t~I IJ&'..>A [)W '-""'--~1 ~ Neurontin 6uJ.JJ:-i.ll .J~ r..,.;.; .,1 (')
:~I .a!:«oaJI IJ&'I.J-4~10-4 J..w ~~I r'i~I, ;,!,;.:...:J ~'i rhi "'.!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin
. ) ~ Bextra (valdecoxib ) (·. '! . .,<fi:!JJ~) I.J; , ,<JJ [ ~ r..1...:..; "'.! ('1')
:~I . ~1_,JJI 1,41 ~~ IJ&'l_~i J_?.y r:?.o .ii_, ~WI c.:J4\+JlS' c.:J4\+J)U
http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiNaldecoxib
~ ~j.lll ~~IJ yW~I c.:JlS'~ _;+!,i 0-4 blockbuster .;:,.,..u~ ~~ as'~ (r)
·rr ·' · r~ '-""~~ IJ&'J-LU wt~ ~y~I ;;~1 c.:J~'i.,JI
Y.J4t=:JI ~ randomized controlled trials ~~I a..;;1~1 Y.J~I (t)
t~l ~ ~ ~'~ l.A.ll~i .;~I ~ wt&&.~ ~ wfi:! <i'11 a ~ cJ.JI
~~ ~i ~~ ~~ lS..>->~I ~~lJ ~ I c.:Jlyj.l.l c.;r!J~I ~~I
-~litll d.,j.)'-4.4
~W.li;..,~~a:,J~YJ4':uJ10--At_,.tll l ~ ~ J .~lyJ4:aJ
~ I J •~~ ~ ~ wfiJLlJ.I ~..,.LI F <?' treatment group
~ I ~i;..,l_,b ~ ~.:UI y~I ~ I J-A protocol~ ~\ill
~I.Ji "'~ti ~ 4S':wJ ~~, a.:,..01 J-A c.t.lJj ~ ~ •.14.11., •\so.::b; i;..,l"l~l.,
:~I .~tu.tla.j91~~~\sa.!:bio.l~1~0-J?~l"w.JI~~
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_clinical_trials
http://www.ncbi.n1m.nih.gov/pmc/artic1es/PMC3071397
~_jll ~ New Drug Application ..1.-:~I '-IJ..L...ll d'il 4,; «:rl (' Y)
'-IJ...L.JI_, "l~I ~ ~l.>-11 _,t ~ I a.5~1 L,s.J~ 0-4 ,.. ,:~; ~ I
:~I .J~J o-,oi '-IJ..L.11 c:,tFood and Drug Administration ~.J-4~1
u=o~ l.!.l.Jj al!JtlJ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Drug_Application
v - al'-1~~'ii ~
-·~ · ~ 4:rJ
.. 0-4 . ~•1 1 ~-: t ~,1 w b::JI ~j:,\:ij as·'..;-a-,'
~ ~~ ~ -~ .
_.& ~': • -~-'I
-
. ~ ~ I J oJ~I YJ4':uJI
iA.A..\44
..L:.i J ~ I 04 JJ~ 0i ~~~~I ~lji ~I l:!~I ~~ ~.;UA
~ ~ t ~ c.:Jl_,JI ~ ~ .JAJ , ~ I ~ ~ I o.Jo:.L1~ ~ ~ ~ i
~ 0~1 Jo..s~ ~.LJI c.:Jl_,JI ~ .~Lal ~_;.kl4 d.£.4 ~ I JAW~
~~_,!- ~ ~i ~ ~_;-aJ ~ 4i.J:.u. '5..?l ~I.Jo~ ~Li.A> ;;~...,JIJ J ~ I
jlj.:&:i~IJ ~~~IJ "4J~J a.!l ,.,iJI ~L-JJ i:?l..\.fll ~..l.4i ~ ~J ,JL...will
JJ~IJ 'r'WI JUI (.)oAl~IJ a..bL..iJI J ~ I ~J-'-"J ~J 11:>..tlJ y)l~I ;;4bJ
C
J ul.I ~~~
1. · --· t ... · •~··I) Ll~~I
- ~.J t a..u
-~·w1 ~. ul.bLl...ill J t ..)~I c
· . )1.1~~,1
A~
.(Ferrel and Gresham, 1985; Trevino, 1986; Brass, Butterfield, and Skaggs, 1998
••. » '-8,ji ~ ~1 ~I~ a.: q.:J;, iitl ~~ ~ J o..L...:~ uLl..,_J-Li l.!.!Ll.4>
~I~...>:? ~.:UI ~~ ~I ~ I ~J as'~I ubla:i.c. ~IJ ~IJ uL.:ol~~I
~ I ~t:tll .;1~ Lot . (Trevino, and Nelson, 2007: p. 257) < ( ~ ~ ~
~ ~ .~~ J-Ai ~ <J-lY-...UIJ ~_,.I.I~~~ as'~ «~)b. ~I»~~
.(Brooks and Dunn, 2010: p. 256~1)<<'1'·-"\·-Y· »o~t:g~~l ,J\:J.1
d.:P_,:it:g cl.4.s_,.b:i ~~~ yl~I ~ ~J-'-" d.!.ol.c. ,.,sjs ~t <)A 1.Y • ,,.,s?i oJ~
~~~~...S?t:I.Y•J . ~ ~ J f ~ ~ 1 ~ _ µ 1 ~ ~ ) b . i J i
~~, ~u~,J~w, ~~, ..)~J ~ ~)Ll,..i~Jd.:P_,:it:g~ wfa. Wb
~ l.!.!JLl.:i ~ ~ d.!.oWI ...s~I <)A 1."\ • ~ Loi . ~ ~ d.:P.J:tl.1 ~~IJ
. ~ ~~ cl.1~ ~ ~ l.!JJLl.:i ~ JlJ ~)Ll,..i~J d.:P_,:it:g~ u~.,L.u
r~l lA~~ <i'1' uu~1., wl~~I Jo~J 4=.;b~I Jo~I ,Jul.I~~
~~~J..)~~w~wi~u=o~1~t:tl1 Loi ·"?i~l
<)A":a,1."\·
,1.:U .as'~ ~)Ll,..~1 ~\.ZJI Jl.bl ~ ~~JA ~ Lo~ cll~J ,yl~I j.d ~l
. ~ ~ l " : U , ~ ~ l l:U,j.:P_;J<)~
. ~L.u}-4..4J
,.. ..
~ C.· [,
~ J. \ \ l ~. f fr 1· 1· ~ t: ~· ~; f, 1, ~; • }:. ,-. 0;:.. t f •
- U>' ::s
<i. t - - r;- f- ,c;
'f ~ .~ ,c; ~ '= ~ I , ('l) - I
s~ ·~ -~ - c· · ,
_,_ I ('l)
~ f ~·t ~ g; f. t' a 1: ti'" I 'fo ~ ..c ,.
c.... · ~
-}r.~ f . -t;· c-~. '-; C ,en_,. "~ } ..
C..
~ -!!.. c. .f· ':< C· x
-F. l. ~ o ~ f ~ ~ ,. G" .. ~ f
[" ,2. lp I • ~ (t ~ -<::; f - ~ ~·
f tV\~· V\ --1 ·~
a c.b ·V N lD f - ~v , ::n e.! o 1. It {j;; ,C· •t, J· •<i. ~·
~ g fi le_ ,. ,C- §~ s: G. ~·
~ p ~· 8. ( fE- ~ t : ·~. ~ t· :c
(• i f. - [
}r.. '[ ~ ~'7
t' ,f E. C
;:: O t. '-' ~. f ~ ~ f ~ C ,. E!: r> _,.
~1 , _,. -1 1- .... r,,C • 1 •
.. 3 b C~ - S.. l f i ~ ~
[1 ~ ~· ·~ } G. \ I> ~ C- ~ -• 0 [• (j Ci C. isr. . . ~· r
('l)
= c,- -~~ .~ 1:7t>.' -t.:. [ •• I
Ul
~ .c;~ · ::r
0 I
_,.
ti'" G. - I I,
E ~ i t E ~~ f ~ I
t ..c f. ·~.
= }e.v ~'.t•_c.._
t
~ ~ ~ 1~ ~ [ •(, ! " t. - ,c;.._ ~- 1.,. t;. "e [
'\. I ~· ti'" lt> I I \0 - 0 .
- [,t; ,fr. :r.~ ; s c. ~ ,tE ._ , : .:.. ~ ~
· b t> -•
,en - ....J C· .. ,. ~~· C: ~ t c-; -
" - ,en. ~ l . i-. [, l:; C·
I:; ,C' C:- f r-" - ~ \C) ~
[
~ '1t - t ':' }~I- f r,~ - I \~ _,. ~,.
- J> [' J• •I- I I
-1 f ~ 1~· 1l p
r;,.
00 }. ti(•
l
....! ·t
r r:: ·t: · . 1. . .• ·~- .·. t :._ ·t: : .c. ·t: . - 1
•L ; ~. I '~
t ~ {. t ~ 1l g l t ~ ~ t ~ t t • t - [ ·~. ~ L - t f;•. -'I( ~
,~.;~"ii ~ ~I ~ I a_;g~~I F-1 c)-4 .l~ .l_?.J c)A ~_;JI~
. d..:lWI ~ I ul~ a_;g~ ~I ~ I -1:?.1>J JJb: i:,i ~ ~Jll 0~ J~I ~
,. . ~ ~ .• .)l ~-L;;~ILl~~1
t,.:r>- • '.) -
.... : . t 1 ~
r=- u ·i
. ~ ·t;;~
. -,i.S..» '.) ..
~ ~ .t....9~IJc)AjJIJ~...ulJ~lZll~ul.9~"ilo-4~.;JI~ \ si.!4&i
..
~ u~~IJ .ll~~I ~ ;;_;-&_, ~~ ~~ ~ ~ "i~ F-1 ~ i:,i
-
,~I 1,4., .uL.u~IJ u ~ ~ I ~.!.!;;; _,t ~ ~ ~L.ui ~ i ~ lfji
IA!.- ~ti«~ t• -'I
~J~ ~ >:!=
Wl».J~L,
•~ ...':. L:f , .... a..J.WI Ll' 1 ~ ~I .... :It -•~~,1 ·<A.
'+1 t,.:r>- - - ~ r-:-~ ~
a_;e~~I ~I)) L..+s~ (Donaldson and Dynfee, 1999) ~J.lJ i:,~...uWJ.l
.(p.44) ((4.!0cee\oJIJ ~~1., ~...ul .)~~I ~)ti ••• ) ) ~ ~I (p.27) ((~I
- - ,,
1....94 lfji F. I~ ~L.ui» lfji ~ ~1 ~ < ? I ~ ~ I >:!=WI LAi
..
~1 ~(~~_,JI~) ~.l~I ·.«.!;~I ul~ F-1 ~.!.!;;; ~1 '-4J_;..a:JI I~~
.(p.44) ((~l.u&:,?}1 ~t 0A ~~i yb i.Aj-&_?.
a=i>W w.;'-4.o ~ ~t~l ~ (Schwartz, 2005) ;J.;I~ ~L- d........c.ul.;.l ~
.d..:lWl¥~~1F-lc)A~~~J~l~ic)A~.;.l~
, .. ,;Q«oi
,J~)U d..:lWI uLlJ..ul (Y) ,u\S'~I i5...u J~~I uWJJ.A (,) .;.lL.o.1.1 ".J.-..A
¥}l;.~I F-1 c>4 ~~ -1:?.1>J yb 1....9~1 i:,\S' .J~~I u~}l;.i u~.ll ('r)J
ul~ lfjt ~ \so.!i,oi ~ c.!lJjJ ~J ' ~ ~ J .;.lL.o.1.1 c)-4 .l..U:. ~ 1)-iJ ~I
~ul~~
... .. ~~t1u~~1
.. .... :tl...u.1>J
r=- .. yb t....9'A'l·\S'
~ u J .~a..J.~a....uk
- -·
·F-1 c)A ~1., Jlkj ~ ~~ lfji ~.)...U a.lALl, ~ . , ' ~ ~~ ~.ll+i
:~L.u~I ¥~~I F-10,.44tJI ~~I Ll.;...ul a\.o:u ~\S'
.(~"i.,JI ,¥~I ,~lj..tll ,4-llA~I ~..J) ~l.9.,JI -,
r
(i:,l.u&:,11 J_,;i>. ~La..o ~_.,) 1~"ii - r
·(0-JJ>-~I f'Y r~ ,~Lk>.~4 t....9l~"il ,a.J~WI) 4JJ.-J.I -,
.(·(>J...)>-
• ~L.t• ~ . ).~ti
,L · ... ~,, -w1 ~
~ ~~ c.9 • • ~ La..o ~ • •J-- ) t....9b'l'I
• -t.
•(c.\l ~b "i ~jjl ~ I JWl ~ ~..J) r~"il -o
.(a~.!:11 ~lA>.J ~l~I ~lbl ~Li..o ~ J ) a..tlol_,11 -"\
F-1 "~ ~.l JJ~ i:,i ~ J~ ~I ~Ww ~ i:,t ~ ~ I JJ---'-" ~
~~~~i:,i ~)G.~~o.J:..u:.J)o~l.u\., .~~~~L.u~I ~)G.~I
. .,w.ll ~~~Li.A~ t....9~J .uL.u.;WI ([) u ~ I (y) uL.u~I (i) t.r'J
:; I ·i r.:. :-' .fl f. ·~ f. .~ ~ ~ r:: ~ C's>· r· ,:.
·1-.1 ·t'. '1! •f:
[· [:.,. [·~ ·t·
•t 1· ~., £-~ f;, ~ \. r- ; :f-~
{ ~ ;i f [r [ 1.° ~ e; f: c.' ~ p ~ •~ ~ ~ n . f
.e-· c:_r- J C[:\ ,.o-: [• t ~ ·C' ,E
&• f. loC· ~ (e~
-[ ~f,·-.~··'-rt E..1tf: . </.. } r <r.'t, J:ttr 1 £1\ f"'E!• ·[..e .!·"-~ '[-
b Cr
. • • -~ - 'l.. '.•-~
bl ~
·= ~ L..~.,.
= I> ~- ~ r···- - - • c:_
l ' ~
li' f. .f. t ~ - rt- - i. ~ ·<t •-..·
IC·~- ';;· .c: V t -r .:- ~ r: i r- -~ [• - - ~· ~ . 1 Ii ~ I. </.. ' 1
<i_ !_ I - \ J - f
-l,
.,. t.C • \o -~
~;.....l.i.. ~ ••• t-
f r· ~c,i . r .[7 ·f- i ~ t t. t ~:t .[ f t f
-~ ~ - - ·~ • L
E '. ~·
-:e - t Nl e-. Et ·~ t 1· ~
'·t~
.e.r -i;; 'D < f>.
f.: ~ c;-L «r.-· <c..
r .r- ~f. lJ· ~ ; r1l ·r:- .·t• 1 ~ -:- ~-l -..' <j,...: ~.; - ~- ~ ,e '. ~-
l ~ f <j, E: '} ~ ~ ( ~ ~ i: r ~i •
p.• f;, ~. C ~. IC i ~ c." 1.' ,t ~· ·t ~~ 1:f. ·t: :~
bl 6 .,. lo lo 0.. b
·[·r f, ~ tr ~: , ~l = t· - lr-
~- ~ l, { - ,£: ~ ·i ~ h')' f it
IA 1:.
- f1 )· ,e -
t ·i. -..· ~q_ ·c;..f 1~ r-1.° ,£: §"~ r tr
.c fi: t ,e O
< C·
B ~ I:! IiP f..r .fbl 1·. t· r: tlC
.V\ =;: -•[,
·t f.,
·-,' C· •
-- •
/i: ..
c..
C;! C· ~ ~ ' ~ - C· ' · - - &
J) '§ "e, f;! fi l ~ r 'e: ;~ q_ .· ~
{l ft fr,t t 1..~ ~.c fi l~ f f,8 ·~ fi t~. ~
t( : c,
~ le• - bf
J~ t~ 1·-;- 1)
-~ § "; ~ ;l :r .~ ~.
[• - . i 'I- ,c;, r.. 'f ' "' ~ c:.. ~ 'r . "' ~ ,l ... c:..
i. l- -. 't- •I;.,t· ~r,· f~ :-t 'f
C• ~- (. :( r- [ c- .'f ~ ~ C· \o~
~~.·(;·1 r ·r~ 1-~ ~P.·~r'~f :.
Ir. .~ - c, r; t. ':"" t) • V f:; - - ~ I:! •t.c! \.
~~f
4..o ~ j:.; - p.•
E J-r-'*'' l -,= . ~
·~ _€1 r~:·.·t ft'i: . . t ( i
t .~ ~ ~ 1- r ;t
• ~, I '
1
~Jl,, J~ .r-~ t~ ti·
f;, ~·1 1
1
~ (;, t ,f:r i: "r:
~ r.... C· • [r .I -· [• t!. ~
• t:; ~ • ... • - f" .
t
[ ~- r- ·t ~· ~r· 5 f .r ,e f: t 1- ts c 1i. C ~q. ·t: 1 t -~ t;; ·~ r
't [ l J ~ ~ 'f. c- t! t f"' ~... *[ ~ .ft (;! le_
t iJ ~ t t ! ff t E%t · _ t __ h ~ fi r r 1 r: E _ ·~ IC ~·
~Wl~I
u)LW.L
. . 3-j'.) ~ ) L&hJI
.. uL-~···t\
~ ~
~..,:JI
- u.·ifi.:.. lA..llc. ul'.) lj-ltl a.c.~ ~
-
ulA~)) JIY.'! J,.asl w~ ..il u ~ I 4.Lll:i w~ i~ (..1>-IJ ~ ,~. ~~ ci'11
.(Schwarz, 2009 ~I) ~>b-~I ~Ll.11 ~ C<_;ll:>'jl
~
~bi c.:,-- . ~.,... .. !J-l ~ ~~ .Ll>b-~I
1... ~li.J ··· !t!..q Ll - · ·
- .... :ti 1... u.~tl ul.) I~
\-=- c.:,-- - 'J-
..________l
u:,l.uJL...l't
~ d.! ~>bi~ a........c.~ as'~l l5..W 0\S' 1~1 ~L:. d 0«0.'
CCC.!~.)
~lc.ill.JS'J«~~G:A~fa.~~~~10-4~..,_JI~ \ si4,;.,;;
:. ~I JJ l.i:C.JC.!:,c..i>-
~...\.u:. o-u - - 'I~ • - . "!. '~ ~ 1"il . _'\as'. _:._ ,, '.:.. !~ I .t)l;. .
r~ ~ ~ (.,)-WWW 1.(t-1 (>Ar..:,-~ti a..uluJI ...
•~I~~ ~ ~ J ~lk3,..~I ~~ l~U
.l~<i'11L~l~l.WIJ.?~l.;i~'i~tJ~~o~J~t
~ a.1:iAt5 .-,w.lt ~~1 <.:JI.;~~ .ll~l ~ ~-"'"" .Jlu..11 J~~1 ~w~
.JWJI ~-~~I ~ w·~ .u ~ I y..,::, \..WL,•
0~ 0JL.:tll _,i 0-J...?-~I .ll..,:S~I ~ .;JLl.:al ~_,.1.4 ~..D <1~.l~.;l L)lc.11 :(f)
-
~.:UI 11t.;..lll11 a:,_,..i..t.l ~ :(y) • ~llA LA i.!l_,l.u 0lS' ljl LA .J:~ <.:Jl-.u~I
1. ... '-) t.·-':c.ja..a_,.t-.u~~I
~ c.:r-- U"""--' ~ - ~
· <.:JLJ.bJIL
• '-'
~'-' ·'"~
'-:
··· ~,~-- 11
• LJ:=..,._., ~
I ;. ,~.;<
.)J.l a:,_,..i..t.l ~.lj:i :([) •(0-J~..U.I ~ J '"~1., ~.l.;_,.1.1 <.:J41k ,Jl....ill
0))
.(Pitt and Groskaufmanis, 1990: p. 1639; Brandl and Maguire, 2002) r~")!I
:~ll.(J.:J:0:.-.q
~
..b-i c.,--
-::1 ...
\.fl~ <>-4 o.;~4 ..u~ ~-"'"" d.,j..,..u, ~~1 ~ ~.;Ll-A wl:i ~~' ~~
a_...llJJ ~Ll.A cJ~ d.,jJ..ul u ~ wi !Y°.>9 <>-4 ..u.JJ ~J-""" ~ . ) ~ wi '11
. (Schwartz, 2004)
I~~Yt '-:':f.J.Qt
~ r~~, .;1~)1 Li.lb.:i'il ~_;-A~' 4-4µ1 u ~ j j ~ ~ ~ j
the US Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (FSGs) ul..cJo.UI
(US Sentencing Commission, 2004)r~~11.;l~?Jo~l~~'i.,JI ~ ~.;~i<jJIJ
I :'bi A ~)l;.~I ~_;..i:JIJ JU:&.o'il ~ ~ (t.) ABY,, o.lUI (.)A--U»
~)\.;. ~I ~_;..i:JI J ~ ~ o-A r:---JJ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I u'=.,i , , Q.\J
~I u ~ \ ~J~o-A~.,.llJ L_;b?JI ab! ,cell ~~Ll.4,.,tb;~
J~~~4JI~~ .c,~~JJa Qt;.,;t\~-'"4~~1~~1
~~I~ o_,jj.A .>--t):. uLlJ...u.1 ~ ~\S:.J\ ~_;..i:JI 0J~ 4Li4 LlJ...u.l
(Pitt and Groskaufmanis, 1990: p. 24; Gellerman, 1989: p. 77; Lane, 1991,
p. 131; Benson, 1989: p. 318;Gibbs, 2003: p. 40; Messmer, 2003: p. 13).
,u\~ · \.:..J\ ~
· t ~,, ~L.,,~I
• --. r .- · ~~ ul..cJo.UI r ~ ,J~I ~~
(.)A
t. · · ·· 1-
¥)\.;.~\u~lj~~'r'~,,~w,~ta..a..i_;Jo~~_;..i:Jl,)J.l~'~
~ .(Ethics Resource Centre, 1990; Trevino and Nelson, 2007) u'iWI Ji
04 0JP"~\ r~ ~_;..i:JI c.illj ~ ~ i ~ .,1< ,\: ~ I Jljl.o ~.JJI ~_,JI
1
01··
!.)-1 Li.,.JJ
.. ,~u,., , ..:. as-~,~·
~ '.) • • ~ ~~, r..14i LA~ a.....,~,
... o'.)J.JJL•
:!.)
I-~ -
~
.a;c-:- ~'I) as'.' J-'"·'I.~
l."i '?""" - r.r
l.!.l:i~~.. JJ~ .. J cll.:U o~
'"- 4-4.0 ··.<'ti 4...i..4.A~I. __,,, LA
.. '-:T" lj
.(Schwartz, 2004: p. 333, ~IJlta.!I 4b ~) (~IJ~J.JJI ~~
ui ~ cJA .Jt~ ~t; ~Ll..4> u~ ..1a ,tjf ~J UWJ..UI LI.)~ ~I~ ~i
.(Trevino and Nelson, 1995, pp. 249-150) d_jJ..1.41J ~;LI~ a.!1;.6 ~ Y.J-':!
as-~1 J>.bcJAu~ul ~~...).J.jjl u~JJ.JIJ1u LIJ->~~411 ~t ~
~...JI .~,i«uJI Jt:9 cJA "~'.!oii: d_j.J~ (J~~I ~J~ Jl ~~..ul ah-,1_,:, <.it)
t. ·-af ~~
u--- · L • (• . ) ~• f.fJ• l <..;r-
I,.. (>J~
• · •~ ~ · ,Juli ~
..l..4ll ~ ~ . ) l;JI
1- • •
I.· · ·· <..;r-
· · .<"f ~~
0-4..J-:- 1.~-: '- - - · ~ . ~ Jj1J
.L..U -~<"i ~
~- t ; ~ ... "'·-·~as.
• -~-•L ~\.;.JI ctsl..a1tl
'..r-'.
~ ;;..)...l.LiA y~i ~ll..t. J.,u.t.1 ~J -~~..ul ~ cJA ~...J.J.jjl ~ LA~ ~;LI
'->...u u~ ~ ..1a -~.)\.;.JI) .~,i.,,11 J;9 cJA ~...J.J.jjl ~,.!.;;; y~J ~i o-4 ~~
~...J.J.jjl ~ ~~I ~...u ~ Jl d_jJJ.ll ~ ~...J.J.jjl ~ ;;J..1411 ~~..ul ~
4>bA» ~...J.J.jjl ul.JJ..L......ll ufi:i ~ ..1a ,c.ill~ ~1 Ls~J .J)l;..)U ".J~I,. ·: •u:
-~..;.J.jjl j.!.;,; ~ ~ u~..1..o ~.)Ll. 1~1 « ~
ulb)UIJ rW ~I u~ ~ IJ ul..,..:;ull J)l;.. cJA j.Jj.a:Jl;;.JLl,~I~ ..141 :~_j.a:Ut
d_jJJ.ll~Ls~i.JJ->~~iu~~~l~J~luWS'Jl~jj:,SJ~l..u~IJ
.(Pitt and Groskaufmanis, 1990: p. 24; Trevino and Nelson, 2007: pp. 248-253)
~ I j.J_j.a:a.JI uJ~ ,tjf ~1 IJ.JLl.f 0;!jjl J:i.JIJ1u LIJ-> ~ u_,:i~I c.ill~ JS'l ..1aJ
- ..
·.~.~,, ·t ~ .b ...L::t:A ·~'!.t~.q~ .. I. .. 1-d_j ..ul
•.• '!.t~ ... lt
~.,.......~.>J-.r-w u J ... ~ ~ . r ~<..:r- ~ ..>-:J:.t; u •, . C' ~
... 4
c;JI ~l;J~I ~ .Jl ~.:UI .r4~I J---AJ ,,;\J ~L:...ulJ rllo.j ~ J ~ I •..
•• t..~ .... '·')l.;.. -:11 , ~ •• -.:.._q ~~~I .• 1.:.. ..1.U
~ I ~JA • .:.1.:.. c=---= "'fr' (>A '-:T"" J - :,--- J .)~r . ~
-
·-·
~~ 41d ~ 'i?~t Lo..9 ~~ tjU : u ~ I ~ Jl.w.iltJ 4-4.J~t
----------- 1"\ t
~ 4latW!J ulS_,..:i.u ~~ \tt ~~t ..,.a__,b.:i :J~\tt u ~ ~ ~Lw.ilt ~ ~ t ~
c:;;r;;::r;:;;::1m7~,.r.p;;i,S.adL&rnJ:.:4et.. -..-..-·. :,,,.H\i·""i:l··~ri+Lt:.:P@-'S-.:-;-:·.rn~~:nr;::-~~Ycilf.:;~~
1
t l.ul
. J ~ I 4.J~I
. . · JS't:ill (l) ~
(.>A -
~t-•-:.
~
~\..;ul ~ I ~,... ~
• ·-
a:,~ ..u.l.J. ~
•_, !t!..q
: r r" 1-:.-:t\ ___ ;.t ~, •.~.• ti ... t:.•.-::fl .Atl..G.JI r" l ~ I u. .l~..¥?- u
'..;-w ~ ~ ,....-- J ~ i.;r:-
..1:.'-Z\\.j
~..,.Jl Fl r,1~1 c.:,11 JL:ui ~ .(Jordan, 1995: p. 312) ~~.;~IJ
0-4 .l~ ~Ji~ .J~~I a_jJ..l.4.>J_,.b:iJ ~ I ~Lo:i .J:~J 4lull ~l..,..t.
(Murphy, 1988: p. 909; Pitt and~ a:,J..U.I ~~ ~w.,..u.l LI.)~ ~ I
.Groskaufmanis, 1990: p. 25; Driscoll, Hoffman, and Petry, 1996, p: 156)
4:!~ ~J .~~ ~I ~w_;-tll JlullJ jALlJI ..>-1JkJI 0-4 ~.?.- ~I..G.11 ,,:u, JS'
~ . } l u=JI a.: 111.:~.;JI ¥~~I F-1 ~ ~~ ~\.j~I wfi.: 0i ~ "-~L...ht.l
.~~ , .~L.ub. "~l:&A ~ Ll~l ~ '··...u -:q as'- .:..q. ('f .,,~j
,'"&" .. J '"&" .. ~ - .. ~ - '""~ ~ '-:?"'"' 'J-""*' u--1J
w~~~ A ~1,,;i~-,-... ~~ :c.-., Jill'I, a *2V :.,-..w-,._.._...,.,
1"\0 "6l~ A.1.a.9 ~ '?~I LoJ ~..L.=-l fall : u ~ t ~ ~l.w..:Ll!J w~I
.l.P.-J LAl .~l.;J JALl. ~)l;..l ~lj.J-H ~.l ~ 01., ~\S' 0fi:i "j ..is \+iL.u.;~J
·0~1 ~~ ~LlA F- ~ o.;~ ~ t ~ a.j9)l;..\JI o.l~I
0t~,Jw:.~IJ~~~~~lo.l~l~~~l~~l<)A~yl~
y~4', ~ ~J ,Jlill ~ ~ .o.l~-'"4~ o.l~I ~ ~ 0~ k~I ~Ll.A
0~o~la~~.,.tl ~ ~ I . J ~ \, • • • <)A~i<)A~ 1.'r· 0~Gallup
~.)~» a.;s~t~la..o ~..UJ 0.HJY ~t ~ <J:-:~' Jw:.~I ~.>:.J.A ~1
al)-:-uJI ~~ ~Wl ~~l...A <)A Jgi I.J.AJ .«4lc. ~.J.l»J «i~ 4lc.
Jr r · · °' rl.c. ~ ~ t ~ . (Gallup, 2004) (1.lr) 0_,.,_µtJI ~IJAJ (1.n)
<)A 1.'W 0t Harvard Business Review J~)U .l~.J~ ~ ~1...,.:a 0---4 \ , • n
~-•~~.a:,~ la.Ao~law~·'I.
ffJ~ -~ l.JA.Jlo
.. .,.. ~ .. '.) b~I.
• ~ _Aa..a,j...G..oa..a:;
.. ~
..u.D:J~
:.,.-.q
a.& ~IA ~· alS'~I ~
.. : . ) - l.JA.JI
.. • • ~t ~ ~ ..u 1.o, J
o'.) b~L ,4.4.,LuJI
. ~I~
-
J ~ ~ ~~~I o.l~I ~ ~...uS:.11 a~4Jojl ~lS'J .(Podolny, 2009)
(lpsos-Reid, 2003) ..u...J <>"~1 ~ ~J -~..JA~I ~1}, ~~ Jw:. ~I
0~..u.l~ .«-;~0~<)-4~''1.J:!~1.;Jl~~~l<).4 \, • •V JI~~
~~ ~ ~~ ~.J~ ~t ~ ~J ,~~I ~l.;T <)A 1.n ~ 0..9:!~I
~..9:! ~J (1.l\) 0:46J.IJ (1.,,) ~.... ,oJIJ ,(1.,,) ~ I ~ <J:!.:UI al.J~I
6~1 o.J.AJ.!'~.; .(1.°') ~_,JI a........u.LuJIJ (1.\ ·) al.J~I ~4 <)A~i ~
.Jw:.~I o.lUl ~~ ~I ~I~ ~ I alc.~I <)A ~..,..U >tfi ~ .l~J ~1
-;a_;s~ ~I o.l~ i . S ~ ~ 0..9:!~I 0~..U.IJ 0~..u.l 0~ u#, I.LJ
~ w 0,J~..u.1 .J~ c-°~'+4 J~I ~.,.ll 15..u ~ ,a~WI ~ i ~
aL&.ul.J.l~Jl.iJ ..ill - ~ ~~i <i•q ,,,a.!Q;; as'~I o.lle ~~ '1.....,.jf
wW.J~ <>"~J 0Jl...>-~J 0~~.J~l .a,Q •.,JI o ~ <i.:Q;; ~ o.l..1......L&A
o.l~ 0:!~ ~L...lA 0i ~1 (Trevino, Brown, and Pincus-Hartman, 2003)
u4-.;. .~.JI~~ .((J_,.L;JI .>:..u.1,, ~J «J_,.L;JI (.)'°--.;. ~.>l,;.~~11 .~.JI»~~.,
~~ .... · j I,.. {<i ;~tt a.......J.Ai a,jlAf d...4il · · ~ .. , r.:UI .>: ..u.1,~rf) '-'..,............
... · I.:.. ti
~u ~ .. J J ~ ~~
J~h, ~ JA~ ~~~4 LA~I ~..J yly.o.JI ~)) d.,jj ~ .):..14.U _Hill
15~ 1 ~ ~.>l,;.t ol:?- ~ 0i., ~ J~~ ~ 0 ~ 0t., r'~'-'
pb;9~.>l,;.~l.>:..u.l ~ lAi .(Trevino and Nelson, 2007: p. 265) <<y·o;...1&JI
~.,.,., C'° F ' J r.,:UU' J~~4 <f'.,.t.uJI ~~~, <r~~, .)J.l .)~h, ... ,, ~
<<~l.t...Jl ~ J .l~~aJ~LuJ.a~~I r'~rlJ;.; 11·4JF-IJJ~~I 0 ~
. (Trevino and Nelson, 2007: p. 266)
f\V
~\.;:J\ 0i <.JA ~l:JI ~~~~I o.l~I J~'j ~w ~l.u._,JI j:,5l 0i ~ I<.JA
illl~ ~ . ("~ f illl~ ~LlA ~ ~) ~~ ~I F-1 c4 ~1_,:i: ul)~I ~\S'
ul.) I·~,, 1~- • ~
l.!.ll:i u-- ·t ,,.. · ~ I (>JJ: · ,~~. LA~ l.:,..~
· ..L41J ~ · j J-'-
-~('j
'J-- (.)j - ~ <..r- ~ -
0 i ~ 0i ~ ,15~i;;J~ .~UI ~WI <.JA as~I ~ illl~y~ LA~~
.~LiA
• ~ · ~~~j - t 15..r>-
· ~1-tL.oJ.I
C"' ~ - •• a:,~ ~ a..,.t
~j
~I Ll~~I
-
.... :It
r::-
d ~ <>""'""j.l.l Arthur Andersen 0_,_,J.,1jj yJi ~ J .Y' ;;J~I a.LA~I ..1,:,•.i_,
illl~ 0\S' ~ ~~..b.ll ~ I ~~ c4 rLA ~ u ~ ~ ~l_,J.\ ~WI
~l(j"'~l ~~J~l;;J~illl~Cl~~lS'J .LAk. " YA"~0\S'LA~
~l._).j ~ J_,:i_,JI ~ "~ ~ <.JJ--'-".).,1j ~Ip.) -I d. Q I II u ~ J>-"i ~j ~
;;~J.C. ul_,l.uJ as~~~ t ;;...,_;, )~11.JA 0~ . (Toffler and Reingold, 2003)
c4J~J .4+-WI ul.bL:uj ~ ~ "~l..>-4 "~"i ~0_,_,J.,1jiyJi ~ ~
illl~J '<.J.¥-"J.,1jj yJi as_;.,c!, ~~;;~~~~I ~_,!-JI illl~~ ~ u....c,~\
....~
\ :ti <..r-
1,.. a.,:.) ~'ii '.-:Lu,
lo(tol ~ ~• ~ I ..>=J -1~. .:.tt ul~k. ~~ '-9~ - ·-- ui~. LA~
as_;.,c!, ~sl.:~ ~~~~lo> ,~WI ~J~I ~~ ~jll ~~~I
.Enron (Trevino and Nelson, 2007: pp. 292-293) 0J»l
'-:?~\ ..>:..u.l James Burke~~~~ ~ , ' J ~ ~i Jli4 ~ J
~ d~ ;;~~Johnson and Johnson 0~..?.J 0~..?. as..,._.:W
~t <JA~J r'°'AY rk. Tylenol J~~~)bll 4Aji 4AJ~~i <.JA ~
;;~ Jl_,lo illl~ as~I ~ J.41 • ~"i ulJ-'---'-" ~ Wb ~l.Li ;;.J-:!-4 ~
ulJ~"il ~ 4A~I ~ J <?llJ ~~~I~~ -l~"i4 ~~ o.l~
~<JA~.;JI~ .l~I ~~)~\S'<.JA ~as..,._.:Wl~~I ~ .~UI
lfi.ll as~ J:,WI ~~1..>:..u.l ~ I ~4J .(Trevino and Nelson, 2007)
~jl.JIJ~L.o.1.1 ;;J~illl~).li J.41 . ~ ~ L ~ u ~ l ~ ~ A l c o a
JUI JL;jl ~ ~ ~iJ L ~ I J~'4;J ~I.J-:!-4 ~Li.A 0~ ~ ~~ ~yJJ
"'4ilA~J~t ~l ~ .illl~~~_fo.;JI ~ L)LJI ~~ t.Gi r~'!
;;Jl:.).J ~W\ Jy,, "l.:«o;....c:u ~JJ , L ~ I u ~ ~ t_>4~ ~~ - c.,:r1j.lll
.(Trevino and Nelson, 2007: pp. 266-267) u~L.o'j l~J-Li 0--:.:UI ~.'"4
t.jJ~l t.j~I ~~I 4J ~.)-Li <?ll ~~I <11 .. L,! ~ ,~'ii Jl:&.11 LAi
as~ ~4JJI ul~ ~~ ~J) the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
..>:..u.1 ~ ..1.....4l ·(0-'..; Q~i .. ,JI c4 t.j...LAS' J"iJ.l 0 ~ Y, t ~ J Enron 0~!
~t; c..:rll u.ll <?llJ u~-.,.u]I ~ ~lfo J~I ~~ ~~I ~j .:oiill
____,,____'"""""""'_______.-=-----== = ·- -
.a..:;~
~~,~~~4J ....
".-fl~)WI .>---"'° llill.LJ.::' u-
" ~.u-- '-1..i:&ll('·-,) u---'-"
I(' :. -- .:...I.
~
. ~ ~6..tlJ as~I J>b ~)b..~I
4S..,.:.U2.ii~YI allWU~)Utl ~..,r,Ji'°u.r, ( \ . - \)~.)JU,
¥~'::II o.ll:o,JI
~~,
as~ ~'.)l.;.'::/1
""1
-c c_ ·[
r i-·~. 1· e-i L, ·~. ~ c, c.. ~- i- c.. c, 1'>· .·. ~~ r :r
- f ~ "' I:: ! ~ ~ 't:. .t E. g C' ._, g g_ • ~ 'L' . ~ ·~
~ . ·~ . £ ~ l r:. E '). ~ fi:- ~ 1\ r: f
t
L, C• .r G 1· ~ "· ·~ r r:. r ~ !E ~ ! ·[. lo. ~ i . ¢ t t ~· ~· I ·~ i
c.:.1\
~ ti"" 1. t C·- I _L, - [ -~ ,-...1 J) -
~ ~ !::
~
[
·V f" t t ' '.V
~ .r;-f \. ,..... i - r );- ~ A );- l f. - • ~- G, [,
<;.. ~ § [ f -? 2 ; c, ~- c;; . . ., - ~ •,e-; ,£: l ~ {:
~ ~ ~ ~ l ,[: (p, ' - ' . .r ~. E, (r C·.. E
i '\. ~t . ~ ~ ·l ~ cf:
t. . . E: .. . V\ I> ·~ .6 ft· b l,' . . ~· .(" ·£:
f. - ,c
.F l, • C:
~ ·£. f 1I: i-c- t ~ 1 'i. ~ -:: 'k . ·- - ,.~ ,.~ (_ \o
I~ (_ t c- I.;r,, ;~t•. I
~ 1· -
~
~'
e! for - f! A , f! - C•
\D • C• J) \o -
t
~~ f.,.~ f1~~ t=:~ . ~c: '1 r,~~ 1 f ~. 1 \•. -.·• ~· G. - ~ Jc· - · . ~ .r - .: t'.
~ t i 1= .~ •t' ·t' f Y ff- f £ ff- "' ·- ~ . •n ~ r:. : ~
·J~~ t ~ ~: ~. [ ·~ ~ i r
~ ·i S: 1.· ~ ~· ~
~ ~ l .f.l ·~· J'i~ ~· f t:E ;· . i
.c
r \- l . · g ~ \ t i •i " c.. \- •
r
f[ . ·t: <i: E! C· t: 1~ I;! f "· ~ . . ., ·~ c- r
Ei- 'l. ·r. - ~ c. j
1
{ l 1= ·~ JV~- t· :r [ ' i.: ~ 1 ;. ~.
C• .. t· g ; ~ C• , c, ~ •!;, .~ - .t ·~. fl-'
tv r ~~ i.~ [~ 1~ ~g :=.~ ~·~ &i_:
,: . ~ Ci. ). r fi:- -( ~ 'r. 1\ - -c ~ ~ ~ 'l. f. 't .1: 1 ~ .,, E i
[1 f .E'. .c !t t !t { ~ ~ ~ 1f 1; f! 2- [ ,c ~ t e ~ f. q:
E if. t ~ F"
I!, ~C fl-' - :~ ti"" J) r.: - ~· t.. hr
~E r~ ~-r: f" 1-: l
''I», • ,,!g ~ E; ic· 'i.,
,£' • ' . . .- ---; l· t: r- E ". ![. - ~- ' g ~
r [ 11-cf ~£ ,(;f fF.rL i. ; :·~r
~
[ . ~ ~ ~ f }. t t 1. f. ·</.. f t 1i fr Fl '°·. ~ i .[ .··~· f E l
~ r1 e ~· -t { f. - l [ l fr r· r ~ - 1,d - ,,! (
£' -
t f;
1_i r! ~ r ·ti '°. .:cl t t 1-: \ t 1.-~} 1: ~ t · :t
..,..:,wt~I
s~...,i..tt u~~
a .: I ;.l..wl uLA..9 I • Q I t y......u,Li...J.1 ~ rl-' ;. ; cc,'il...:t -' ,o ;; 2 (')
i4Aa.\u
~~ ull>.:i ~J, Transparency International 4 J.JJI ¥ ~ I ~ ~~
~-'"""» ~L:i ~.JA ~..)~\,.)~I~
.«~G.. a.-..1.,.,t a.JS'_,J.\ a..bL.JI J ~ \
~~ ,.)~I J~ ~ 0J..Pj.t.l ~411 ..b.i J-AJ ,Joh.; Noonan uw~ <J.P."- Lot
~I d.AWI ~_,JI ~bi~ ~Li.4~ ~p~ ~1~1)) ls,ji ~ ;;~_,JI
- -
I~ ~l.;J 0A ~l..1.A~I ~ J .(Noonan, 1984: p. xi) ((w~ o,u.;~ ui..:i ~
~ -
~ tl..r9t1
~w ..H):. Ji ~w aJJb ~i ls,ji ~ ;;~_,..u ~ ~-"'"" ,u!,Ulll
a..b.u ·ti;;
. " r '..)
I ~
.
ct..a..Jl:t:A ~ i ~
,... ~.~ti i I .. ~~'}! Ll
.. Y"' J .) l.)-9
.~ ... q c9- .JA '-r· Lo
.. J.:r----,
..»-i '->'°'-.:.. M Ji cul.JJ L,l~ ~I ul.J.:4ll Ji a..,.1,,.,11 ~ ~ .l.?.J (:A aJW4
~ '}!_,JI Ji ~.,:JI Ji ~l.,JIJ '-' ,o;.-1.JI rl_µJ'}JI
J..,,.)o ~ L&:, al~ c:tJ ~~ Ji
-
~i ~ '}/~~~I wu_,..:i.JI ,~ 0_;+4 ul -~~ ~'}!.,_JI Ji ~IJ ~.)~I
-
~'}1_,JIJ Ul~I ~ ~J ..)~IJ ;;~_,..u ~..u ~ I J ul.;~I l.!JLlA. uL:i~
~ ..
. t!.. ~. ~,1 a.uL.u.-~t I - .~ti i ~'-4.,JI ~ ...... aJ:jWI ubl ~bi ,a.fjl...JJ
J--:~J .. 'r ,~ J . ,---~J .. J J
. ~LtJ4 ii_H~ .i.l~ ls,ji ~ ~ \ d..:P-l.tll <J.A Ji L,:i\~ ~ ~1
o.:LoWl~JtJ~~l~~~~..)~\J;;~_,Jlu~,illl~wu~~~J
~ ~ -~..ill I~~ - ,~J
,..)~4 0~4A ~.)-AA ~ I 15...us ' ~
~ ;;_µ1 O~J .f-1W\ JJ..) <J.A ~..wl ~ ~4J ls,ji..:i ;;~_,JI 4..,.JJI ¥ ~ I
ulS'_;.J.A~j.A~J ,u\~j.A ~~ u ~ ~~ c c r Q ~ ~ a=i)G~~ ~..)
Bribe Payers Index ;;~_,JI ~b~j.AJ Corruption Perceptions Index..)~\
o~ ~ JS'j:i .<'>.)~I~~~ uf ~_,J.I <J.A ~I J~~\ u~~~j.AJ
.rJWI J.? ~l.;J ; ; ~ ~ ~ i ..)~IJ o~_,JI ui ul-1.;.JJI
0 ~ ~~ t71 -
u! LJ.R 'iJWI J,A I~ ,~u
J,A cl:,,.._;,lo~ ~.JJ\ JIJ..---uJIJ
tJA ;;~_,..u lAJ.l.J.JAJ ulS~I ~ .i9 .;;~_,..u ii.l..lLi.4 ulol~I .l.?.J •.«! "'!
______.....,.....________
_........,~~Jl.4 Mi .. :-cw.~
..........- - - - - - -
~
~
l"Yl" ~~ ilaa ~ tio:1l1 LA_j &!,...L>,J i:~u :u~I ~ ~~!.9 4-4.J...)-?lll
1-:-: .,::.-::,:-:·. ··, .!·." ···.,.-.-.::.-._:,::·.-:· .:.:_~.:~ ·::.'.'.·: ·: -:::.::V,:::·:::":":"::i::\.:~~:::::,·j:":"i;._:·.-t -/"v j:::.,~; .. ·3;··,,·::)::{}··:·.=.1 . ·;:D:···: :. : /.'.'.'.·j:-~. \'·:':.=.:.=.:~y·· ... '
-· J a..o~,J ~ , ~ t ~
"1.JLl.A -~' -.. ,_.~ wullS::tll.
. . c.,J~ -
'- t
l.l'!~t, I.P."
0-4 ~
~J ~JJ ~ ~_,=i~ a:;.;lS' ~ \.!"'.!~.; i.;J.l~ .l~I o-4 t~I l.lA w~ ~l~lc..ll
~ ~.:UI .;iA..111 ~J ~.;'ii ~l.).fll Ji!~ ,II.! ru<tlj L#.;J ~ ~4ll .;~I
~4w1 a.Jljl., ~L:tWI ~ ~J c.>"l.;J..1.lA ~ Hurricane Mitch~ .;~1
lA.ll~1~~
- ~ti a.LWI
- d.L-4~1 o:U,~ • L......-T
- J ~~I
- - ~-!)-0 l · a...u "ll ~~
· -: · '-- er -~
~~~1~1~1.;1..,l~~bl1~;;~>1'r~LS - ~ o A ~ ~
wfi: ~J . 1..1.AS' ~ Wal-Mart ~.;LA JJJ~ -l_;.;.jA c.ill~, a «~riS'I LS ..L.....J_.;jtll
~ ~lc.~I J)l;. o-4 a..o_,w1 ~L..u~ ~ ~t:JJ ~lS'~I o-4 ~'iJb "1.JLl.A
Watergate ~.;JIJ a,..!'"' wfiJ ~J -~~I y~~J ~~ a.;,_,=iw1
~1.,11 oA wl ~.; . l ~ , oA t~' 1:u, F~ ~~ ~ t ;;~1 ~L:!'i.,JI ~
~lc.~4~1~\.c..l'ilJ~LAL,:i'il -~t ~Ll.AJ .a.JJ..111 o~~~~ cGl -
'->..11 ~J ,~.;11,tl .l~I .>J_.;l.Z r..iAi LS ,L;,Ul ~ ~~ y ~ a_;,_,=iw1 ~
-~~1 ~~.!·ojid.L-41 ~ J ~J.,ljlJ ~-"5JJ.l~LJ::4.,WI ~Jj-«-1.1
~ ~ a+,_).j~ ~,~L.....c..)I ,-,;q ,;.,;, cr>1..1.AS" ~ Bre-X ~t ~~ a .... .!'"' LAl
~~t ~ rl~IJ ~J.,ljl ~ ~.:UI o-4 ~ ~~ .;CiT .l.?.--"! ~lc..l'-i4
~ o-4 c.ill~J ,Suharto ji.;lA~ a..o~ '->..11 ~J41 ~ J ~ ~~ ;;->--""t
~ d..l t J+fo ~ .>J~ f.? ~ J ~ a..,_jl..u.J.' ~lS'~ ' o-4 .l..U:. <i'1' ~.:u,
~,.;1..,l ~J J~~1 ~L..u.;w ~ .l~I PJ:! wi ~ c.4 c.!.U~ F~ . .l_?.,JA
~1~Lc.ll w~ Barings Bank~_.;4 ~~ a,..!'"'~ ,~i -.;~'-ii
d..li i..»-JA ~..b- cil11 ~UI 4.oj~IJ hedge funds c.b_,....:tll J:.lb ~ ~)WI
. .l~I ~a;,o::-:.4~4Ul~~j.t.l~
Fd ..b-l» cG~ ~L.u.; < ) ~ ~ . ) ~ I ~j..UI ¥ ~ I ~ c i, •oi
~J . .l~l~ti~~~, l.lAo.;P~ .<,~Wlf1Wl~~L:!~I
:~l~fi~
(:I_)~'"~ ~1 ~~j.JJ a.ow, uL..,~I D~J o~I a..o~, ~~, ~~
-u-a~I ~J~ '"'~Lu-~ «Gt "'4S' DJ~Ju,0L.;.J1 t ~ 4 ~ J ~J1.,_.1.1
r~ Jl.bl ~ ~UI ybu.ol o.o 4.Lu,IJ ~~ wJ~ ~ ~ ~l:s->11 ~..J
.u,0l,;.JI t~'J ~...u.l ~ I J aJJ.111 ~ D~~ fAt ~ ~.:,JI ~lj..i.ll
.(Tl, 1997) LALA i.)J~ ~J.111 d ..,.""""j.ll yaJ:i "'4S'
Y'Yt
ib!j.atl~~~.,-.l l~~t4.!,b..4
~ I <J:,J...,:;....-ll ~ .)~I o..o ~ ulJ.)f.JI <>--4 ~ I ..>-J_,kJ ~ ~
c.tlJj a.li4i <JAJ -~~I JJ...ul a;,yWI ~L...u_,JI ~ ulJ.)\'l o.J..41 <JAJ '~J...ulJ
.,J~t ~.:UI Foreign Corrupt Practices Act <::r."JL;JI .)~I uL...uJw 0ytl
c,,jlS' ;;..1:!~ u l ~ -~.;JIJ a,..!,;,,~ .)fir' C\VC\ rk. ~...>At.JI <>"~fill
J-1:o ~ ~J <JAJ -t_,.tll I.J..41 o..o 0yll l&!...u ~I ;;~_,JI a.JJ...ul ;;~I u~"}l_,JI
~JA ~ ulS'~l o.J..41 ~J t_,.tll l.J..41 o..o <)yll .).?.J ~ ~~I ulS'...,..:;JI 0..0
ulS'...,_.:;JI Jo~ u.)l .JlJ -~...>At.JI ~ ulS'~I J.,U.O ~ i~ ~<.:r'-" ~\..Zi
ti - .. ..
1-D • I> - e;
t 'l!- ~c... c... ~
~
r 1 ~~ E' r. t~ ~ t. 1 ~ t·[• ..::; c...~. ~s
t' t' .e-' E: ~ E t \o.
' IC - - Is>· L
·[' f t 'l! i.r-· rt·· ~ l ~ .c- ~
lc... . ~ c...
f - :c:.. "'r 11~.. ·Cc;:.
c" - <;... ~ r. A .. ~ c__ - ~· ' • ' r.- ,C- • ~
L.. ·i;,0 ~ ~ V\
c,- ~ IS>' - y -
<; ~ I;; !~· {.
i ~. l: <'( t. c'~ .ft, . . -;- ~ If [: 'b- ~ ·Cj.. ! l . 1, t
r. ~ .1, ~ C -"° c£ F - ·!.. ~- c... E C· I:: P.' - - - r.<' - •fr..
s ·~. l ~ ·~· ~ "°t. fr: 1· ~ I:: [• ""'l> 't,. (;.. [ V\ I:; .
,P.'
.. Ci. ~. . . [ • E r, ~
{~ qi\ ~·,'l! 1, f..:.. l": I r.: t i
l 1,. . _t·., •t' r, ~t"
t.. - ,t, ~· ·~ ~I - C 1:1) {;,
Ci C·
'i- ..E. " - if"' "'°. ~· -~ .'t C: . 1 ~ ~ ~~· l )A [• ,t: 1· r· I
[, ·r ~ ~ - [ ;: I I I
h I;:, •lj
1. ~ f ri l f. \: ~ If [ · '. ~ f "· f t · ~ ~ f. f (. ~ ~ ~
j n,
·V ~' - I
-
.c- -I
~ c -~ ~_ !:. _ , rI_ E cI
_ ~. r- ·~
.c· -
- ·i. _ ., ~
E g E.. ·v E: 1
, _ _ _ \o
,t ~-
I
t-.
> C: I I I I I I - -
r ~~I-'--r
ULWI ~~Io..)~ ~I~.<
~~
_:._ti '- ol~'J-*''-'-~
~,1 ·L:i..i.4 · - -
,~l..,Jo~I ~ u41JJJ~ U""-"~ cGi «.·: '"! ~ '5i ~ ~.Jll.:JI ~_,:,WI
dJ_,l:J.I ul~I...P.-?JI w,11 ~~I wJ..) w~ ~i ~ ~ ~ J~I r~ wi ~i
.~- I ():J
. ·1.-:tt
.,-. ~·- ~ IJ o..)~IJ
~ ol__µJI ~I~ - ~ i,S_i.,..,AA ~ j ~ L ~ o..)\_;l ~ b l ~6. ~UA -
. a....ib.
-
ti i ~~,
'.Y J - - ~
~L. ~ ... t L a,,j '-4A ~ I ~LA~ ... ti
~. ~ - ~ ~~ ~
1- ..<f I(' :. . ..1,:,,. IA~ It
. .,.....
-
¥1..>-4J ol__µJI J ~ ~ JA~I ~l~?JI ~ lA~ -l.)J..) <:?..u.l ~I~ -
'5..)~ I.J.AJ .alai «rrll ~.)L;JI ¥1..>-11 J)l;. w-.o i.ill~J ,a~ a.a.,~~
-
a_,~ ~I~ ti .e_)~ w r WI .) 1'J-'
-· (.T ~ "-: ~
· -:ti ~l.::t::il uL4.c..
-
~~~I;;~
c.r ti -
(.T ~
LA~
.:r-
. rWI ~ I ~..ul o..)l:.) wrllJ 4.4~)\A ~i
.<:r.ll..,JI .)J..ul i.ill~ J=t.o ~ ~ I tQi'?uU laJlA~ ~ ~ JJ..ul ~ ~
:4-4_µ1 ~ ~ ,...dWI ~~I J-A I.J.A wfi.: LA~
tl..b.a.JI 0-4 ~~~i <<~L;JI tl..b.a.JI 0-4Jai ,114 ':T4~ ~»-:' a,,j~~I -\
Ji ,~l.i.11 o~I 4:..u ..)~ Ji ~L;JI
~l.i.ll 4AWI ulA.,W.I ~~ ~ JA~ r~l ~~ 's ·..;;
4.4_µ1 rP -r
1sa-·,,b; .-"~; ~ti
• (;"" dJ..)~L ..... ~~ti l-'-4J
.iJ r-=-- ~ .IJ - ,~LzJI · ....
~»-- ~ -t\ -- ~ IJ
Wll ~ J.4LJ.IJ :,~ •. IJA ..14i I..?""'
~ti .) b~L.IJ ~lz.1.L
- •
Wll ~ ..l.4u.IJ , '-""'
L~ I('_:._.
~
~~I~ ~ I ~.;Jy~i i.ill:,SJ '~.)y~iJ~J.>,C,~.)~.:U4
. (Tl, 2002) t ~ I d..a.1S::J 4.4_µ\ ->=..14i c° o_jjWI
ti ti
t~~I ~~ ~~J ,u~l_,.tl ~~ ~ ~ ~ l.)J..) ~~?JI~ .JlJ
. ~i opjA 4AWI
uLl.l4, ~
,_ ~ ll.,ol~
•
~,, -~
' j - ' '-' - [
~ .. ~ul~J a..J
~c.,r - J ..ulLlLLlJl~u
- ·'-..w
~,...
a.:Qn~~J WorldBankw,lJ..ul~~~J..ulu~IJ~lAfi.>Jl~a ,;.,.:.;;, ,4
~ '->-*""~' ~->-'~1.1_, Int~r-American Development Bank ~..J-4~1 wl""'-411
J.,~1 a~.:"J UNDR ~W?JI ;;~I f-4~1 ~l)Y.J Asian Development Bank
;;.)~I ~.;-il ~ _:<.,..::JI a Q<?:AJ International Finance Corporation ~..9..ul
. Court of Arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce ~J..UI
I..D ! ~ c....
b· [' r,: ~ {;!.
v G_ [, f"'
l • f>" - J' ~ .f; f ~· l·I
~·~ ~ g ri ~; ~ c-~
~ ~· , ~. ~
t l ~.. - t.'. V\ . ~ '· 't Pf !::: "" i t1
·t - t- i. r .f ~ :; l 17 r: ~ € ~ ~ r ~ ~
\ I }6 Ii- ~ c.. ~ 1d ·<j,,. f. C- 1.° 1: : E C· • .
.t ~ ~ J· J t ·~ 't f," ~-
!" [ lj
~ ~ l ·~ f: I:; 1- .f ~ r ,t: r(;.. ..
r;. ~ ~ [ ,£, t~ e:! &· ( 'r ~ t, 1, 'Ci D ~j
'I:.
I ~ \- t· L·<p. ·i _.. r L r l
l y ~
('f :
r::: -
~· ·~.
f. '°
, . ~..
f . ~ '°,. ~·· ~· l ,c;
~ ~
~ .~
~. f. h r;; .'I
> ~ ~ t,. ,r f, .~ C· •
1 f . ~ -; 'e. ~ e-· .• r c, t .- ·f l, • - t 1 i))
l, , V\ , .
..f. ~ :cr:"' L. ·. . ~· ,. "" _! ~ ·t ·:I.' .
r f £ i;- '° ~ re; .1:- ~ 1: r ~ ti~
C· ~ ,r. . '~; t ~ c, - ~ ~ · Ht
il e·~ t i ~~ ~, ~t - ·tt ~.f. /f. 1
l f-; t. ,['.·~..
~ - I I .i;- V\ , (r l> L · rL ~' - Pf , i,: -
't - [• f C~ ~. y
l ~ ..%.
p~
~I. i t;. ;~ .~·
'I~ 't ~· 1. ~ t~ ~ ~ ~r ~f ~ ~ ~~ 1 I:. t>
:g "' ~[ f t-:B.c;t,· E~ .t,.t: .E,r. t.f- s ~ ~ ~
t!d~~
~ ~ J~I u-4 "-4>->lJI LAk ~~ i.S...L.o ~ ~~I J~'}/1 J.,~ w,-11 -
W::' ~ ,J\:i.11 ~ ~ . ~ I ~ ~L.ui ~ ~ J~I wrll ~l_ij.11
~>-' w~ 1 • • L>-4 ~i ~1 ~ D.J-tfi DJ\i> ~ , [L...:ul A) r, "vrJ r, "1 •
"\1 L>-4 cl.Afi.:,JL Jl->=1 JIJ ~iJ ~~ ~...H ~~ o u-4~l i.LU~ J;g w~ wi ~
r-'""· r,k~D~~~ ,. u-4~":l~r-'"v· r k ~ o ~ w ~
wi ~1 ~I~ ~ I dJJ..ill ~_;JI dJWlj.A~r,~1 LAi .(Watts,2007)
.cl.Afi.>JI wbl..Hl u-41.AY'J wlJJLAll u-41.C\oJ ~~1 J;...ul u-41.t • ~ ~ I
. . .~
wl-.ul.a-, . "l4A c,r· ~
I..>! .. 'r· ~ ~J~JJ
.. :,-· t\ a....-L.a.uJI • - ti ..ul ..u:. l-.u L.&
W::' LA ,~J~I w l ~ J .« J)_,J.1 ~ » J jAlS:JI j~I ~ ~ I J;g LA
- .. ,, ,s .. -
-~...r4I IJ'}/JJ nr wrll ~...r4I IJ'}/JJ Yo• u-4Jj-4llJ_;.J~,r"··tJr'"\O
~...r4i J'}/JJ ~ w ~ ~jjl ~~":JI J...u:. Jlj r,Y• ·"Jr' C\V• <J::1 ~ J
~ I YJ~ LA wrll w~ 'C\ u-4 ~i 1.V. u-4 ~i wrll 1.Y'"\ 0-4 Jgi Ji r~ JS'
,s
.l)JA u-4 1.C\ • J_p::J I_~ J;...ul c'...Jji JJA...Li ~ • (Watts, 2007) ~;. ,~. w~
W::' LA~ w~ i.!.U~ wrl! wrll ~ I ~~lJ ~ ~.,JI ~J wlL.uJI u-41.'
J).,.t.l J..lAJ J ~ , , . '! , 11! ~...r4i J '}IJJ w~ r A· ")..L.....4A LA r, C\" °'Jr," 1 •
JJ.A Ji U>"" ~ r,Y· ·Y' r,k ~ ~i wrll ~IJJLll ~ ,4'LL14 .(HRW, 2007)
«. '.!-~ w~ ,(r r · · C\) J'-411 1:a ~~ r,k ~J . (Watts, 2007) ~ I D..,P u-4 1.v •
'-r'"~'}/I
" D~I f'"° ":11 ~ ll·~.ta.,.~ _:._.q ~.. , >""JA r..:r- dJJ J '"" ()A
· L~· H , ... '°"
dJJ..ul ~ I D~I ul..? ~~I ~WI 0-AJ . UNDRP (UNDP, 2009)
<t>. primitive accumulation ~l..1.;1 ~fa. DJpll F. a.Jw Dbi ~1 L ~ I
~ji~J.llJ DJbl.1 ~ I w4~'}/1J ":;>' cs,•JI w4~'}!1 ~~ ,dJjj a ~
,,
rk ~ LAk ~~ i.S...L.o ~ ~~~WI ~fi.:,JI [~~I~~< ,11•11
~ '-!.JJIJ Babangida 1~44 DJb! w~ ,J\:i.11 ~ ~ ·")b LAJ r' C\1·
-b~I L!lllA <)I.. l..& ,~...r4I.. J'}/JJ w~ H 'y ~~, r' C\C\Y' ~Jr' C\Ao W::' LA
-~.JAi J'}/JJ ~~ a:;~ wrll WJ,&,:) W::' LA Abacha Ll4i Jl~I r~ '-""'~4
jyi.U ~fi ((~yi.11 wl;.Ji» r ' ~ ' r' C\C\C\ rk ~1..)-4.4=..ul rJ.ig ~ ~
>4":JIJ . ~ I JIJAi ~ a......:iG_;JI ~i u-4 cibl ,11JI ~ J ~ I J w4~'}!1 ~
, ~ I bb~~ ~.JJIJ~I ~ i (\.1.Q[..>-.:,.; ,1111 ~?JI w":1 i_;Jo.j i~~~i
~IJ wl.;;;; ... J I ~ ~ ~I ~ll":11 .r.6'i u-4 L~IJ ~ ,(, ,_,) JL1u_;Jo.jl
obJA JAJ ·Jl+,":JIJ jlJ,A":JIJ ,D~I ~UI JJl..i....::,JIJ ~ 1 wl~4 j.!Q..u
-~...,,.:.~~::i,ir;:,;:;c-;:,o;~·- .v··.• ..•·•,;.•.._••_,.• .,,__ ~--~".':. ..:.,.~..............,,'lol\,~...-.t_.,,..•.,.,._._--.&:,·..y-~-~ ,7Zlr;-:,:r.:f ·.:.~.:,:.'<;'l!.. ......., ~ ~ y...~.,,. .....r...,:;.·-..,, ... ....,.,.._... .:.•.,:..:;.·.·......... --~~ ....... ..,,.,. ·.:-_>'Y'~~-~.... ~ - ~
(.)-'..,-'J .
:;,.,,} ~ I
~.,i
yl
,~~?JI ~l:tlll ~ 1.+J 0 \S' ~I_, .lL.w;JI ~_;W ub~I ~ 0-4 ~_;JI~
JIJLA .)L.w;Jt ut., u~I ~ 1.).,~ uts' r~'
ul u~?l' J~ ¥1->-° a~.!"'~ 'i
,.~jl;~-
.. ~ ....~~~~.......,,., ~'2'0:-.V.0,'r.lt<'l:":,'l_""'Xl"~.,._T.,.•.... - " ' , . . , . . . _ ~ ~ W i 4 1 ~ ~ ~
~'.·.!1>JJI.JlA~6.J .(HRW,2007)~~1~~,~~~ - -
Corruption Perceptions Index .l~I ~\S'J..1.A ~j.A ~ aJJ.l \A· W:! lA H' • Y'
~ .Transparency International (Tl, 2009) 4J.JI ~LL...jJI ~ c-3\:i.JI
a;,~ll ~ t ~ ~ ,... , .~., ~ ' a..oµ, 0i ~ i .!~~ "'1l~ J.j---J:,
~ld..uAil ~LL...jJI oJ.l4-o ~ ~ a.!A~I as-J ~ I 0A L, iS: Q; sci ~\S' 4.4\.A
~IJ Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) ~1~'}11
~~ .~Ll........c:u~i~~l~\S'~L~l~le~J.t=::i ... ~\S'
~J~I u~ll t ~ ~ a..oµt ~ f1 Ju.ti l.:U ~~ ~J J ~ ,J\::J.I
~LL...jJIJ d.Al_µI ~J ~ 1 ~JA ~ o~~ .>::ti.Lit';.,.! 0\S' ~.J.JIJ 4UI
,.:a~
SCI
.~
· - .~,1 \:i.J.l.~
~ d.AI' ~j -~'I .. l:'u.A • l ~ I ~Ll.o ~r.J--
' '-' .. rJ-&AAr
'- ~ -'I 0:
· .i9k. ~ WJ 1~.
~\S' .J.41 .1~ ~J.JI ~~I~ 0J.l4"o ~1.)J y4,.....ui o~ l.!lLl.A u\S'
Jt\~ ~ ..lSJ .~1 \:i.J.l oA ~1 ~1~1 ~ i.b~ ~ ~~I ~\S'~I
~ ~l......iA~\ ~ ~ .lL...uill ~~ J ~ ~ ~.l~I ~\S'~I c.S~l
~I~~ .J.41 .Nexen~ as'~~ as'~l ".:UJ ~~1 ~LL...jJI
JI~~< cc•JI ~ji~.ul ~ ~ ~.l~I lAJJ.U '}]IJ O.l~I 0--4 ~
I r'~
<').lbJ':lll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.l~l l.AJ_,.J_, c:l£A 0.,w.11 ~>1 Lc:u~i
~ ~ "4JJ ,b ciilJ ~ a.JJ.l 1.J........AS' ~\S' .J.41 -~~..ul o.l~I ~
..
J-4.:L.J -
':ll~i 1~ ).) .i9J . ..)L...uill oA lA~ 4WIJ &Li.JI ~\S'~I J ~
~ J:,L.u Jt~J ~ 4J.JI ~~I~ ~ J Y'J Ashola Williams
~~~~,t'.'..Llll.o
• • • - "=' !.9 ~...L>iJl;;\i :u~l~~l.wi.All
.. ~
~~I
• . .,. ~t
~ ~u.;JI ~J • ~ ~ J ~ 0:~I ..l1ui <JAJ ~ I a.,., cull wl~I
..HJ;. w~I ~ as'l~4 4-A~I ~ 'i~i ~ I ~ 4_,...ul ~~I~
.~..GS'JI ~~I
'--9~ .oj.J4JI wlJ.:,cJ.I 0A IJ..u:. t ~ 0i c..:,k JLl:il ~UA 0LS' ~l~I .J.l4
'--9-1,&ll wlS' . t~ t ~ I I~ i~ '--9J-'-" J ~ I ~~ wl.JJ4A 0-4 "":..u.ll
~J Niger Delta Development Commission ~ I tJJ a.: 4;; ~ c:.,..,.fi:i _j---Jb
~ , J~JA I I~ ~,,~,JI
.~::..1:,,-j '-:"" - L L-
JA. ~..ill c\.J·
~
·- .~ti L·<
~ ~
- ,, I .~Lla:,j ~~
..
'--9.l,8Jl~rJJ .~J~'il ~ I ~·~,;J~I tJ...u cGfi..ll w~~lS?ioJ-A
J ~ I ~~ ~ '! . • • tf
. 1-t~·.
.J ~
1 ~·· 1' ,r...1l~I
~"""':-8-'-'"=' f" \Jo.ill r ~Io -
. '.J JW\
•
a.b;. <.)A
·
•o.>A JS' ~ ..1:i- I_, ..l4C. c..:,k ~..>=J4 i.ill ~J lA.A LJ:9.l,8l I ~ ~_,JI .JA o lj..U I
f-1 LA ~I~ r~' ~ ~ 01 O.)J4ll ul c..:,k 4.dlJA \.LJUA uLS' ~'~' .J.l4J
wLS'~I w4~1 w..o I~ [?i .o~b .)J~ 0A ~UI ~...ul ~ ~
rW~IJ w ~ I ~ J Shell Oil~ J,:u as'~ tJ...ul ~~~I o~I
~~'--9.;,1,~itlal~lw..owl .~l~~I tJJc1,:4iia~.:"'J~~I
LAi -.JJ~I ~ 0-4 ~i <JA l.\L~ J.JIJA w~4-, 1~1 J ~ I w..o ~L;.. t ~ I 0~
~ I o .~r~: ~ . i:\ c:LJI
· · L~· i.:,- -t~ ~. • <·
- " ~ u-':! \ -
c\.J..GS'JI
-
L-< - 'I · tUI ~ ...ul
~ <.)A c.:r'
-'4
4_,...ul ~ I aJLS'_, WJ ~...ul .JJ~ <JA c:.,..,__;J..c.Al. -~~ y4JI I~~ -~- -
~..GS'JI ~IJ Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) ~..GS'JI
~)LIi wl~I ~J .Canadian High Commission in Nigeria~ 4,WI
~~ ~r"'t-~·.a....,..,>c>:t·y't;l41:Y.!-4$'# V , ~ 1 1 l ' l ' O $ ~ . , . J i 1 . f f " ~ ~ - c , ; r n ~ ~ " ' m . T ~ t l - . ~ . . : : : r . l , J J -~~-~~'4fC.~.·~-'"Y;<•,~·--.~~.a·:,,e,':":~9'~
,L
l r ~ ~' .[' }. ~ !, l ~· ~ ~ •t 1 f ,t• { 'lj_. l! 1 -:- -i ( i t' 1,° ' ; ~ I ('i
JI ~ ~ ,,
.~
-· ~
I"..-:t'il ~
r'J-""' · .,~~u· I.~
·- wl.o·< - ti · I Ll..L.i.A o.l'..)-'-''"'
~ u..9 - .
". :ti - ~ '- .:~I ~·'I u· j -'1'
- ~l.:r-..9u-"':P..J-'
.&~ wl.o~ ufi:i ~ olj.lll ~'~
Transparency International Nigeria (TIN)~ ~_,..ul ~lLlJI ~ 0::' ~ ~~ -r
t~ ~~ ~ "-"lj.ill J:!Jlyi ~ ~ ~i i>A '5~~1 ~J..ul_, ~ I ~LJ~~.i.J.IJ
.jWl_,~I
!.!.U~ c.r• Li..s). a..J-..9...ul Ll~I
- _J..JI Ll~I
a...J - ~ ~ 1- -t ~..9 ~~·
~~I ~ I wl.J..u ~~ ~ j.fi..>=JI (i.S~~I wLllA~l..9 ~WI w~I
. ~ ¥-al --':~4J a:s}WI wl~ ~~I w~4 r~'il..9 ~~I
oljlll ~1-'"4 ~ ~y ~I 4i •.1......d.all ~ wl.o.jl....ll ~ JJ ,o:>JI ~ -o
wl': .. q c4 u-"-'
'-":8-' '--'l~~
.. - . : ' I
.. L l ~ I ~ ~'-~,,.,
• .- . • ,11lll'•·'
~..9 .a..J~I
.~)UI ~ l ~ I ~ j i J "":?~ _,
.~~., r..:1WI ~lal.ll ~J.A J:?~ -r
Niger Delta Development ~ I l_,jlJ ~ ~ ~~ 4:t~~I -r
. Commission (NDDC)
.~~ ~ JLl:i~IJ t ~ I <)A~ U j.J_.,.ii J.l~ "?~ -t
•u--
'- -11 a.b;. . :1~· ~ <.:,->-
,.... '-'-u:;1 ~ - )UI ~lal.ll
· t.? ·
"TJ
:~b.J~ 0~ i:,t ~ ~~I ~,~1 "":?~ ~ _,
.J.!oii i>fo ~y.l ·b.!b~I ~ t~IJ "?~I ~..,JI a..a1JA ~ Y..?.J -
b.1..:1 a.!a i i ~ ~ti~~~~~~~., ,~lhll ~~ ~ ~~ J~
.~I
a...u~,
..
w.,s:.J.b b.:..:.J, .1.., ~
~ - -
-:.~,L
.
01:'J-*':11 c..9-l:u.A
- a..._,.jt&.JI
.. u-- a....._j,'.)J ~ - L_,,
~J~IJ~<.)l~...LiJ~I ut..:1a.!.,;;~~..:1~~ 1 sa.!:b;
.olJ-i11 J~ r~
~ I # ~JfiJUI ~.)_j,! ~.J.A ~ ~ <i'11 ~\:&.JI ~ I ~JJ ~ i:,i ~ -
c...J.b::&.,
• -
I~,., .4..&1:.
-
4.Jll· t\ •
.'..}"'(>--4
£uJIJ ol:
~ :ti '-tu.A
-'- L~t ebb;.,,~~~
'= •.~ ~
•~ I.) ..l.411 ~ Li:,
-~'..>-'-"c..9
:. .. tu.A
.. f' ,~L, -.. -~ ~ ..:11.u..1 c..:r-
,. . Ll' ~~'I ;;.L:..
.. "tt-'"' ~~.;-Ju
'I :~ - . i ~
....
-
fl /$
u~ u' ~ -
C
• ~ . ; i.e.J.A ~l.;...l.4ll ~~
1... ~ .< ·--:tt.,
~~J-W.
4.AI'..}-'-
~ ~ti -
~~:.1 r ' IJ-.f , 111 ~.. lb:, ~ y.. Ll~!
.. · " · t~ ~,1 ~
'-TJ-1='*' .... -
·IS?~I IS.,J:i ~'iJ
C fl C
~fa-1>:! ~Ji .J.¢'.JJI 0-4 •.,lb.: ··:j • "4=il::i~I bl.) 4.:au ~ o.Jbl c-4
.;l~>Ll ~ I L...:J..) ~ ~ ~..>-! J~~4 Dr Obey Ezekwesili
JI
~>11 Jig l>-4 LJ:*A~I tJ..) a.!4 n a~.!4) ~.J 0i l>-4 fG->11 ~J W1.u,~1 c4J
~ ~ 1 ~ d,.jf 'l'1 ((as.)~1 ~ ¥1.J ~ » ~10~ FJt d,.jf..91.§.J .!~1
Howard Strauss U"'I~ .).;I~ L:,WI ~J..iS'.JI ~ I ~.J 0::' ~"'i ~w ~ ;;.J4--JI
a.b.->-1,1 J~1 ul_,_b;. ;;..)~ ~1 '-Pi '-4.A~I ta.) aJ4-U a~.!4) ;;.Jb! ~ ~.JJ
~ ,,
•~~I o-4 b..u:. ~ I.J.,.U ~ l:'J I
- l ~ I ~ u '..)-J
.. ..9..ul L
a..J -<'~ ...u...1.>,. · ·· 1- • •
. . . ~ ~ . > - ' '-T
.. :.i. "~i a~isi a.JL-u')'-:T..9 . "
~~..LJ.1 1-:~t'l'La,.q-~I
• {''..r- • .. . ..9 ~.. ~ - ' I.. ~ ·~ -.:qbJ..)~~- .. ~ ···'-·L~ ·
t. )L"'i ~ Li:i ~ ~ .. a..u\5:.A! ...s J.A ~
q - •• -~ ..
• c.J~ ~:j ol-: ~ 'I .. G...i.A ;; .)LA L.J~
'..r'"' "" .. '.) • • •
. Lll:'Jla..6..-f\.
.. '--fl~
-.r ~ 4.Y-1'-' ')J ~ ~.)
. L"".<'~<..-c..lb .. G.J.l~..1.A)~·
. J "" ..
:l': .• q
.. . ~ ""-":&'
Sam Edem ~-':1 r,L.u ~ I ~.J y ~ I r' r · · o r,k ~Y- ~ 0-A rA ~J
~.. ~ ; ·· 1-
.. ;'.) b! ~ . ~• a..J
c· 4 ~Li:i~L,
.. .. J ...ulLl~I~
.. ~ ..):j
~J.A ~ {' r .. 0 r,k 4Y- 't ~...)~ NDDC a.!' ~~ll..9 ~_;JI~ ~ I tJ..)
•j;..a.J...J ~ 'l'J,! u .JF.) LA u .JJ-!
i:,lS' LA~ w...\.iJ ~ Wesley Cragg ~lfi ~.,1 r~I ~WJI ~t;,i ub..9 ...l.41..9
~~ Jy-...) ;;~tJ ~ J ~ I tlb:uul ~..9 ,l:)~ ~ j.4-C ~.J-'1 cl.4J_,.b ~
TIN L,~• .. ..9 ...ul Ll~I
a..J .. ~ <.)A
· cd~·~ ~I'..r
- t L,~ · ·-~
.:t ~ )iA
· -·'I .'-
·:. < ·
.~Ll:i.JI
- ~.I .J.:r--""'"'
•. :-~t
.~1~'}11~k~¥~1o.J.)4-o~~0-4~luljlll~1-"°~~
ulJ.,al J~ ~ y ~ •~.l~ i.JJ.l ~ ¥ ~ ~ t Jlkj ~ ~:, c:,S:JJ
~ 0JI.Li:i as'I~~ a.o~IJJ~~I ~~J 4:-4~1~ ~W:ul.l ~_,b
.u1~~11 -li.i.o
'J-"""' ~ '(''Ll~l.!lllA
- 1.)-'-' - 'J .l.!.l~ -=--=---'l...A u-""'J
- :. ~.J.A ~ L.-: ~ ~t-'-~'
t ~ I ~I.J-Au-4 o.)~ d.b.>4 ~ 4A~.>J..J~ ~l_jj J~ ~ ~ LoS
~ J~tll ~ u.pj j~l 0-4 ~ l.Aj ~ljlll J~ ~ l g '5.J.A ~
~kl.b.a.JI ~ "\S'~I 4.A~ J-o~ .>J.J-4i ~ ul~ J~ ~ ~ . J .~_;ti
.ulj.111 J~ t~ ~WI 4:!~I 0~ ~_,b:&11
:~~~~l~I~~
.4:!.)b:i1,'}/I ~I~~ «;JI ~k~I ~ ~t;.. ;~tg ul_µJI ~I~
~~,
• ~l j ~ ..u- ~ LA~ 1~
t:._-: ~--- 1-Lg
[J i.'-:?"""
-" 4.J.l~'}/14........L.4.ull
- - · · ('-:
c.J_,_-.,J
~lb.J.la.!4ii~~~J . t + , i ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ I
~ ~ I J a.......,,a~t 1.!.LJ:, ~ Niger Delta Development Commission
~~I~ ~ I ~_,k:JI t~IJ ~ I ~\S'~J .)_,u-11 y~lJ ~ I
~ I bl.)~ ~1_µ11 J~~ ofo ~~ W ~J .4:-4~1 ~
0-4 ~bl.I ~~lJ J ~ ~I ~~J 4-Al,&ll ~_,b:i.JI ~kl.b.a.JI &o ~ ~
4.J~ f-1- 6.. ~ t 4..AJJ.A. -, - .t:..~. W
- '-:?"""~ .)-AU-"° r-=--=- ~
· UI WI '-r· J . '-?'°~
r _(' _ti t Lb.a.JI
. __ ('_., ~~~I.T"J,J
u~u •-.l'A..°Z\.:"t-1.!lllA·\S' "'.!t\4.Jt.·.. ~ .u1:~t1
cJ .)-AU_,.,. -"'(j-l~J ~ ~
·l....!uAo·('"'
- "J-"-~~
·
.~§.JlA ~.J~ ~J.A ~ ~ UJJ ~ ~ t ~ ~l!i db.>41.!.JUA
~ 4 ulj.111 J~ ofo ~y:. ~ ~l!Lll ~1 ~.JJ 0-4 ~J.411 ~
U.JJ ~.J.A 0 ~ •JJ~l .)4ijll ~ ~_,JI 0\S' ~J . ~ I b.J.l ~ ~~~
- ~!J-'-"
a.1:i.A~I ~l.i...oiJ ~- ~ - J .ul·-~~'I ~-li.i.o '-- ~
- v-- - :. JA <>--'
- - C.J----'-U '-·'I
~ ' 5 J ~ ~l.i...o ~~ ~ ~ .ulj.111 ~ I - " ° ~ ~ ~ I ~l.,JI
~ t ~ l .).P.-JJ6.~J . ~ I b.J.)~4:!.)~'}/l~ll'_:J...;~~o~I
~
-
~l -
l i lJ,A c:--
•. t..tL·
.~ ·- I~'J .;.('.:.11 ··'--:'~''.)l.;.·()A ~
~ _),J_,-.. "-&'
-:fl~I
• • - '?"" - -
· t ~ ' &o a:J\!Lll ab.~ JZri ~~ .~, b.J.l
rWI U"":P.;-11 ~ ~ 1 bb a.1Q;; a~.1"' o.Jl.ll ~ f-""4 ~4-- ~.:u1 oJ.) ~J
L~ -· 'LlJ
JJI LlLi..a!JI
-
~ P:~ TimiAlaibe
~
A .. tt
'.r-:'~-- ~ I a_,lj~l.,
.... ~ ~r: .• tt
rto
r•-\A ~1~1 tJ.l d.!4ji a~.!"' t-4 ~ 4 ~ I L...:u.;J a.JJ~ O.l~l ~ l.:U
r ~ ~ I ~4:J.;J~y!utl ~o_;J.l o.J........&~J ·r"· •\ f"~J:~~~
:~ ~l..1.Ai a:i)\:; l,fl ulS'J . lfj ,bb:u J.Jb ~ U.;_,ll u..1.4CJ
~~J olj.iJI HIJA -l.?.~ a..a.o~ ~bll y~t., '->"'Ull 4.A~ ~JJ _,
. .l~I ~ts:l
.~ti tJ.l ~ ~ <)U .~ ... q LS'~ -'r
.. l:°u.A
<.9 .. ~ -~ -= . . L-:
.. ~-.~
d,...._L4.0 • ~ . -
.... u
-J~.). -
~ ~ J i g ~~ Ji t ~ r.~ .l~4 a..a.ol.;JI ~~ olj.iJI
. t""" IJ J \.bj
~ LG...U ~l.ull ~~ ~ ~lj.iJI J~ ~ ~J J ~ J J.,.lo .ll~1 -,
. ~ I tJ.l 4.!4i'
• ·--.1.""..:..-;.,,1•
!U4101r= ~ U A Cl.4,J
- - -:.ti_,_
'-:T'"' ···'I' f
~~~_r LAI
.olj.iJI J~ u ~ -
.uW\..;:.ll ~ u4~1 -
, .~oo:tl d..JL!
...,=---J . 'JJ· ti uL...l.:>J
- J L~
- -
~.. tj ~- ..L.&..-uJI
- J l.J~ · a..J_., ..ul LlLl.....,;;.JI
- ~ LJ.::I&->-
· - ':ii J~I ~ . J"
LlLl.....,;;.JI ~ 4-AI ~ :t\ -li&A · .~ · '6..&i ,,.. ~ .< · -:11 .. Timi Alaibe
- ti
~"' - f'J44A~~,- ~ ~ J - W ~
,~L.a.a..::,l_,J.1.)1~10-A 1~..l.:' a.b.....r4JS' ~ ..19t..:tll ~~ ~ I ~l:9..,-11 J-AJ ,4_,..ul
.~~I ~Wl..>-J..J-4i .)1~1 ~ .J.41JI ~ J ~ I .;~I_, ~l~l.k.a.JI ~ ~W.IJ
~ ~ll..,-11 ~ JJ~I ~.."4i~illl~ui ~1.>:..l4iJ9i ~., ~.,io.;Ll.?/1 ~ ..1..4l
,, ti ~
'l.:U . Loti ':il~I ~ j.J~I u~ ulJ '<.r§.:>.. ~ .)...u.Q.A 0-A ~J.tll .)~I
£. st; ~ ·t ,t:
r ~
.f ~~ g~.[f
[. 1.. E·11 f n~ ~ { ~ ~ t t t -~ H. i ~ ·1:.
;~ t .,:- . ,'i, ·Cj.. 1:, ,f'
-~ ¥,q~ t ~ t{ -~t ~·- .~
c;- I, i:. l, !::: &· C: [ C• t ~I ·~ I t' C• t)
f~ G:.. ~
i ~f ·t !, ~
~ ~'L ~ ~ .,:-'Cj.. 'L
-i, C·
·~!: t' ll> l 1
J" ~ ;' t' 11 t 't f! 1
t~ &- °l,~ • ,~
i;: -: e,! ri\ - ~
t: l 11' f. ·~t t:~ ~ L~ ~ ;•i ,I=l {h ~~ ~~ •n, '1!' i
[•
e»,
f°f1c, t ~ar
II - t t> ,r' I Er
CH·
I,
t l
.;°c..'"c:tE,t~}_:_.;-r~
- . r 'b -» ~ • C•
..£:.
~
~. 'f_;.
i:: ,ri f . . ~ ~ t~tr. r~~ rl1f~ffg~, I"~~
[, i i t· - , .t • .r:- &- l.o - , (p,
(• ~ ~ ili rt ~~. ~'& {- ~,. _[b' ,., t '& ~ 1 t ~ ~ ,f'£1 r:r.J.~ . ~. 1-1 'f t;t
,i,., .t' \. ~· ,P: P.'
t.. I - 'fu• b - E! t> ~ C· r;; ,L I, 't..
f ~T,, f t t fi _: r _: {,
'\.
l . · ~ ~. rtr. e: l 1 ~ ,e-:t. l ~ t
·~. ·t t ~ 'f:: ~ :~ "' ,t; .• t; 'lj..
t t t c·
~ f;' ~ f t 1 } fl ·f: ~· EI ,£:
f. ,t'
~ ~i , ,c E::; e-,· ~
,l 1 r ~ .~ ~ $' ~ ~ c."f. f 1· ~ ·[ t'
- t
£:.
0
t'° .f. ct :t. l: ,.~ '•t.f :F. 't ~·~ .~-. 'L g
£'
~ ·t." ~.. t;; ~
i ·,\
r .", ~f l·-,1.r .t· t: e-., c·- • -< •1:..P.' ,c~· t.-
~ .{1J 1• \ f. .h t _: ~ \- ~ i· ~ ~ Ii
e.! _: I, l.o l.o .~ •
i f~ ~ •t.
'?t h [ ~ ·r- i~ t
:t·t !E ~. Lr r € " C, ~ - ,I;. G. .[i f 'l r
11-·
~.- ~~ <t~ <tt 1 [ i ~ ~ l cll { 11-· ,, ·V -
2-' .~ ~ ~.
·V ,. ~
·~· ~ '.t, -i .~ •f: :-: \. g !~ fu1 <rE: EI lfi:-
·b . <t ~ ~· ,. t C· (1Q I,
(1Q • • •
. c, . o o ·v ·v • v- ;, i= .r .r:- .r . . . . ~ -:- p J:. ·r ~ &- • . .. r·,
1 .[.
I,\ ~ [
~'b ~e. ~~ "t,~ 'i. .J-<i.. t tE.. .v- }·,:- .r~ ·H F ~ ~ f
C·
b
~ ~ ~ I l, ~·
·t'· t !·r ,r:. \. tr r:r~ fi!, l;t. ~t 1-- t> h -
f
C
'l·
·~
E r:. e. \o
~ T T - -; \ - 1· · · E 't ." · ~ ~ c··~ e! [ J;\ II\ " " .,
". f t ~ .. .. .'. l=" ~ . -~ ..;;- ... ~ ~ \- I, I, ~
-~ ~ i ~[?- f t
~, "ti ~l. L~ t
~
16W.I - .
..-~-l4l u..-
t - ~1·1-1-"'t
t!4-'J -lA-11, ~I~ r~ JLl:il i.:llJ ~ ~ l....:WI o.Jb?/1 ~l--4l ([) r 4.6._,.J.I
-~~ab;.
-~'
-~~~~rJ J ~ ~ ~ ~-4,-LI .)~ J ~ I r 4.6._,.J.I
.~1_,.J.I YJ...>..i:iJ ~lj.i.JI
http://www. ~-"4 ~ otj.llt ~1-'"4:' a ;;t,;t I ul..A.,.Wt 0---4 ...u_).A ~.,:u ("')
a:it~t ~-"4 ~ d...l.:iS'J transparency.org/integrity_pact/index.html
w,.o ...L:,,JI ~ J J ~ I ~ls:A ulJJi ~~ wl~ CD-ROM ~..LA
The Corruption Fighter's Tool Kit, and the LWI u~l.&.1.1 c.;s J ~ I
. Handbook of Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement
Y"O•
..)6.:il y~ ,ljan Youth Council 0~i y~ ~ u ~ I .,l..A L)A (o)
~..) LA ~ I ,Bayesha State Youths Federation J.!«\!'.4 ~~J
ulA...G.JI jS.J-A ,Publish What You Pay (Nigeria) ~~ ~
,Centre for Voluntary and Community Services ~ I J ~~I
,TIN 4.H-7 .!;., a.+JJ...ul ~~I a,,t;,;,, ,Statoil ~ . . J ~ ~~
~ y • .! : b JI jLLllJ ~ I J4-o ~ ~.,_I.I .;4,S a.!. ,, ::,-
,Petroleum and Natural Gas Senior Staff Association of Nigeria (PENGASSAN)
~..)6.:i~I .J:..)l.;JI aS'~ ,Exam Ethics Project J)l;..~I ul.;~I t~
d.:lJ...ul ~ I ,Federal (FRCN) Radio Corporation of Nigeria ~
Jntemational Automotive Technicians Network (IATN) ul.;~I ~
;;_;..)4-o ,Center for Responsive Politics ~l:-JI ~~~I jS.J-A
J~ ~t:,J-:' ,Niger Delta for Development ~ ~ I tJ..)
4lb_,JI ~ I ,Women's Right to Education ~I~ ;;t.,r11
~~I ~ I ula.:o~ d.:lJJ.11 ~ I ,National Assembly
~WI aS'...r"" Jnternational Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN)
,(MOSOP) Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People ~JlJ~I ~ ~
~...L...1.1 t ,, ; =r t I a .! ,, ; ; J---S..J----" , Shell J---1u a............S'~
~ I ~~I ~ I ,Centre for the Development of Civil Society
~ ~ I jWIJ ~ I J~ ..)6.:il ,British High Commission
,Nigeria Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers (NUPENG)
y ~I ~?JI ;;...1 "'" « 11 f-4~1 [ ,,, !)>--.....
iZ9~t
JI.JJi ~~ ~ i c.:.iS'J c!JJ>- ljl ~~I y~I Jkll.o ~ i J>-i I ~
ul.AJ,J_;~IJulA.,.W.l[I.J.l?IJ:.ll~4ll~~ -~~l~~UIJW:L..u-:11
~ ~)11 ~ r..l.4i 1..1..iS' ul ·.·: 1111 o.l..1.LA.ll ul.tltll ~Ju.ti ~L.u.lJ..u ~~,
~ -~UI .JWL..u-:11 JIJJi ~~ L>.>'44 u~~ ~i ak.~J al.A~ a ~lqc
«~p4J.I ~ .l~-:14» 4:~I a~.!:ll ~..)~,~LU ~l:l.o ~l ul ,Jlill ~
~ •J ~l.i..o
• • • .<-: ~~~
~u..,.-, " .lWI
. Ji~• I LJ:J:;-, · ola:u..o ~
· ·1 • -:q 0A .. . L ~ ...u.1
~ o.l~ ~~I f-5W1 ~ ' J ~ 4 c.!L.Jj ~jLJJ • L--8,1 ~ -:I Ji Lk.~
ul·l.>:4-4 ""· 1 .~WI ."r.3W\
~ •
a.a.lb u- . c.:r'1
1... t.:,..:; • ·1.-:1t
1._-:J LJ:J
v::--i .,........ ~\.ti
'.r
uLil~I
~ a........u,1.J..ul ~ i u,.4 LLLU 4>-l:al 4:~I ulS'~I ~I...P." ~ ~ I ul ;;.! ;;,-.:lll
.(')a.!4.!t;,;;JI c!J~I ~ u~~ ~~ J.1c. ~..ul ~µ, ~ ' J.....-i CIC; L,jl
~\.j • I .·.f I,.. j I IJ..iS'.~_i:\ cl.L.u.ll · -~~ · ··t\ 4.Jb u ~ - .t~-: • - -t\ I,..
. ~ '+' c.:r- .)!.)-4 • ~ - - ~r~ c.:r-J
• I~ c.:,--
t- d.JUI
.. r ~.~ __j\ t.b>o ~
.... J ..ul ~~I -- -r
("4J.. Li~_., ~ I
.. · '--9~
~
J:!JJ~ as~ .)~\S' o~I ~UI c.:.al.)~'l'I t--A ~~ I..L&S' ~ UJ.) 4~j •.,JI
4-4~..u.l J~~I c.:.alj L:!JUI JIJ..9\'I as~..9 Nortel Networks c.:.a'l'Lc.o:i)U
-~~~as~ ~J Asset-Backed Commercial Paper (ABCP)
1
E e·, f "' :~ ·. .~ .
fu c..
, • r.
,t'
l ~ ~ 1 ~ • 'r ~c. -
~ ,., ,r,- ~ _:. <t ~. ~ ~. ~ r .~
r .
t_ /ti b ~ §. [,
l,
-r»•
t r ' b .::.
f. •L C·,
fc: t ~ ·£,
a.:
)~ e! '\,.
~ '""* - it.
C- I:;
• ,
.r ~ -: I - [ ~· ~. ~· Q. p p
,. ~ \.· - - -~,. C <t.. • <t.. I' '
~ ~ ,l• - t f , [• F· r;-, ~ ~ ~ 5' f ~. r- tl~: 't· i:, 'CE!i.. t
1
:1 l :·~· 1 t ·~ 1 t •t {' ['-· ~ £:f { t £:f
. i
~ t> _ _
r _ _ _~ r- ~ _ ~- ~ _ _ ~ ~~ i~ & 1 't.t.1_ ;~ ~ lt t( ~- l
~ ! fi- e· t ~ J· t· t· rt [. l ~ { ~ 'L •G_ 'L [• C· ~. C• [, G., ~ ~· fr. c;. ~
~.~ f.. [ ,I!~ b . ~El' l, ~· ~ e,, I:. J:: f ~. f:: -~ rr f Ii\ ~ ~ { ~ ~ \ c .h T
Ir- ~ _,. - c- !::: ~~ i-, ~ 1 F.-; c__ El' ~. ·~ t-'
c_ [• ~ 'G. [• - iL
~ r_. L /),,.I ,, .~ , t• - f V\ - C J:!,.I t
- L• • ·~ ~· ,
•L
f ~ c:.. ft• l; - .-
f: '°
.. ~·
't.. ~ .
C, ~· t>- •• t CI ~
V\ •L
C l~
~·
'P· 1 ~:f ~ f: r .~: •L[• ,.
~ £:.
r ). f:: 'L ·~ ·~ (• ~ ·L: ,[
I f:: I
I.e.: ~ - ,•
·t • [•
[ l,.
~
~ :t ~·
.-1 ·~ ~ ~ ~-· E: fi ·~. [ , \·· \ r;: . (;i - i,.. ·t- .r. ,c;. ~ :.... . ,i:- j ~
c:..
C· G., == ::s - Cf!,
1,./J-1
- - • J..
!n k fi_ 'c. [ ~ ~ E ~ f:• ,- Ii>· C
11> h o ~ - ~
,._ - , c_ - (,"(' 0 c_ ~
~ ,(; c_ ~ .
Jr. ;-
•,_ '°
•L ' ~ ~· ' 'f l
, f:: - 'l.. r:t> - o V\ .. ~ ~ [• t 1. [-;- 3 ,;.._ ·;:
f. ! ~- ·1·: v ~~ f:: ~·
FJ • f '1> E'· • ~ C. ~- t :er ,t; t r ,e: '[ I i I t ~ It
·;1 i rt ~- } f fr ic_ (•1> l.l!-£.-. --f, £C<
t ~ l't.r1.~ lc.' l>'f
.l·~ l b b' - ; l ~ c_ i ~ .c; . ~ ~
c ·~ t.1 ')! ·1:.. 11>
.r-i ·(
· .... _,. !:::
J;-
-~ I - - 1 · ~ -:- r 1. ff,,r- 1 r· ~r ;. c£~· e..ir r,:r v-~ i-
1:: e· .~ 'i ~- ~ c· f:: c r~ ~· ~ c·
I t> - C t:
'°f ~ ~ f:! C
f '1!- ~ G., ~ ;&\ \)
1.t> C·f
l, (; • • ,
.~~ 1 F.~ -;{,;:c ~ ,. t,·
f
p-1 U>
't
'>I
J:. .
r- -
I)
~tc
c_
I
.. '
C·
'C I> ~ Ct. ~
•Y
· {Er fi· f, i '\. ~ ~ ' ..
t· f' 1-,
V\ b . •
~ £ 1. 'E. f t P ~
t
E ~·
r
;t:
C
\.:o
b
~ •
C, [•~ ,~L ,c;11>· Ii\
fr
.b l, I;;" lo •
~i~-~~f-•t ft: - t l ~- i - - 1. ( . { );- '\ ~
}:; C. 11>• f;- I G
l '>• "O ..
ti! ~ ~~ .rt ,(; . ~,l, ·~. G.. 'f lr );- ~· '[ ~. l fr f ,c: f: t ~ ~--1 );- • .j [ S r
.. ~ t- f" t, '< 11 .,
l :~ rt ;:- 'L -~
~ t~ ~ u e -:. ~ . . l ] i f ~ t [
~ ~ 1:-. !l :><
l,' - - l, L -~ C.· • \
-
El~ 1
f~ rt r·" ·f 1· l ~ ~ •L 00 11 ~~
r r:: [ f, [ '° i- ~ ~ ·[· r· t :. -:- Q. ~
C §!. ~
•C~ i-.,,i O-< ~
ls>• ~ • \JJ I ::r' • •I. g ~ ·\. '& ~ 1, i r ·t· ~. . - i -~ s· ·\. , ·<j_. C" [I; si
.,! . 1·- 0 I- 0 •
[i ~ 1 ~~~ ..~. ~~ [i ri. r<i.- ft -~ :t i ~ ~ t l ~ r r[ 5 ~ j:.
~ I [, ·~ .1: ~ 'L Cl,. f;- 'r.._ 1-.·.:.
i. c ·~ £_ 1> t
~· g- E{ fl
f.. r::1- -c· ~t ~ 1.: l Jr f.~ J~ ~~ .f' l .ff.
lr r y·E· .~ [~ ~£,E\ :-,
~~ ~~ f: ~- ~. ·~ ~~ ~ r- ~ g~ b i ~ ~ ·'.
{- I :t· 1 f~--
!:i.Jlli::Z:U--·.-·,··F·./ ,,. . ,,,·O. .,,,,_,, ,: J··. ·r--''J·.J ,,,v.... ,;r,•., i'''~~""">....,.,.-··:,.....,....,
..., _., ,., · ,.,·""""-.,,......
,,aq.=·
.. ,r..,.,,.·.
··J,=,···.,-,,,.,..,.,
...•~"""",
~~UJ·~·
.1 '"""'·,r··''"r""tti..,,.'(~'-"".Jl,2-=--,_,v,,....,,,.0.,.,..,.,,u.""T']i'J,,.,,'jji;£;iJJ
~ - iJ u-- ~ iJ •
ru
<...a....,.,oJI 0A ~l~i uo.:co:..:J ~ .a ·o.:t:11 J::,,JI 0-A~I rl..1;.; ,,,4~
o(U~,":~lS~4)) ci~4 «ui ~ ~ ~ <?' ~J,J~I ~,~, LJ.4 a.L_,b c.::.,l&.,l....a,J
.\.!ll.:u a~ ~..,t; ~tr?-1 ~t ~ ~ <JS:JJ
c.::.,~ ~-' I.:.~ '-',J.ul..al ~-~,, · I ~ ,\.!ll.JS' I..LiS' •..("-: · l ·.~ ~'I .
- 'Y (.)-" • .. ,.,.... u.. - u..,..... u ur- u,AJ
~..,Jr'~)U o..,_µI ~~I 0A d.L.uL..,,c.!lliA ,l.:U -~J~I oJ.lw~I J~'il
o.ll.£, c,;s o~..1.C. ~t,Joi ,·,4s ,,,i ..L4l .«~c.::.t'i~'il .,~ ~.,..b,..; 4; ,cs2 ,~u» ~
ci.>.I - ~,1 ~
. J-lc,r - ·.. ''J-I ~ I ~ · ·· -::~---'I i.!.WJ i."?"'~~
· <"tJ • [ ~I (>J-r--- -~ · '"lu&.;JI ~
.a 4.!4.,..JI c.::.ttll~IJ c.::.,LilbuJI J4c. ~~~I w,,i~I
s~;..Jtu~~t
a4L..u:,.. ~.J.A,, ~ lAJ aWoWI ~ c.:,lUI .J~~I Jl.JJi ~ ~l_j:!
,, .. ,, .. -
. ~t ~.Jlw ~~ ~ j i ci'1' a41.,Jl ~ Ji alAl_µJ~I ~ al:~ ,,~WI
~ ..
1~
... ,.-:;.t:..
j ( . ) . ':?"'
.. , t ~
· L tUI .) ~~I "9.)j &-,~~ .. ..1Z...J, .. ~ - · ... L ~1
.. f8J ~ ( > A ~
, • «.!1..>J u=;~, l.:U .JUI oA ..u_j..A ~ ~->3 ~I aw~ ~~I ~l~I ~ c..,A
- - C. - - -
J.!:i.Jii as'...,.._.j, ~
(.r."j~IJ j.A.:.UI Jlil.lJ .WWI ~j ~ 0.1) Q~i •.,ti
~I
,, - -
I~~ a: .";! ~ l~~alAl..,.ill u=o~ 01 .Nortel Networks a~~)U
,~ ____ -:-:~o~laL~&tl.~ab
.. ~ I.:" ··t\ a.JUI
'.)_r.-, j ..
.. I ~I~~
"'jj .. ~
·-l4JLl
. '.)
la.A
o_µl 0i J~, l.:U .alAl..,_lli ~~ ~ a.!L.;:J.I ~UI t_)4f'l .>J...Jl..a:i ~ al~k.l)\J
01 ~ ,~ul4J ·t~.,14 ~~ ~ ~ ~i oA ~_;g I~~ ~...J Q~i ·114\t
,, -
-~._;~ ~ ~~ aW:u_,..:; ~ I ~
l ;~ f z i.~.:.1 -
- , ~ ~ ~ r· ~
iJ:: tl~ e:I:. '[ .. l.c ).~ f.t :[ '~Fe ·~.fi f't
£. ~: ,t'
·i· 7 ~ t ~· J ~ - ~ - i- 1= a .f t ~· f:4.':
.F" C·
~ .es- 9' , ~--< ~ f"
l..
l..~ 1
I C·
r'\t. ·,r,-1~ t i. ., ftl ~ =I r E: ~,. e-· l ~· a~. =r ij
_r. ~ f . ~ •; -:- [, -:- , .! [ r ·~: !' c.' I:. t· ~ ~.~.:t.
.r c
~ Er~ ~fl .-~ ~[ ~c, c}. O~- .r:-
. 'I: 9' , ,_ ~
;~
~
1 ~
r-~ e.,. 1••
1,· .., I,
C)S ::!, !: ,
l 1. 1
C... 1:' -
1,, = ~t'' r;. H.•
I;; ~ ~ " 8 1> ~- ~ tC C·
~ C· ·Y ,;;., 5· ;- ~ ~· - ~ , V\
s-. • • ·r, - ~ - ., ..14
'° , r.,.
r.[ ;r·- 1: (-t~i>
· ·- f ·ri:;; e..t ~~ r~1f= ~= i~·1t·~ ·:,'
,ll-' ,c;, [, •
(t, •
1 ~~ ~
1,
_;_
,
-
C· f;
f:?..>
,f-' (')
0 C)S
'[ , ~ ,
t ~. ·~. ·t · [, t,
- ,C-
~ ~. f {" 'L ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~. a ,C- ~
6. [, - . ~ ?
~.f l\
't. ~ c...
~ '<i. . ~ r: t- - ~ . ~ r ~ [ . I·,·'
,j (I) •
- - C· c_
t ·[ '[ ~ f! 't: 'ftg. ~- f'C- ~-i 1;.~. -
~ C... C ..
, ft - . ~ [• . , !t f.
•C' r11>· 'C. - li>l "' 1> ' b. ~ (C)'
-
c ~· r. t ,c. · · i . r- ~C. • t:r~ ~Q - !t ~·. r.:•:1.•• k :]
,t:,· ::t.• ,
l
·1· 1 ~ I . ~: [, . }
I ,s
l\
J:. ,r }
\I\
C· ...
c...
,r
V'\l~ , r
:v'\
r i, I•
S
· - ~ e,.
• -
·-
1[,
f, £;r J,r. ,' ~c-- iRt· ,• C•.c -
,c _ - = \.,•
,. l;- A
,_
~ ... ()'Q • -
r.,.·:.:~·.
E
C
1
, h ·[ I:; .~· ~. C: . .~ \.
1_
•:-_" C· .~·
.~ !f.
{- <t- re·C· <t- 1,t:. ~ J::. .,.r:: en ~ -~· , \ t
b• 1, , r C)I I •
C ·~ f! ~
- ~ tC ~ t>"° ~ t>"° ~
s- I>c-
= t .,.
., ',_
J:: ·E'
f>: -. £
• ~ - •
t -Y •- tC
v ~, [s- ~·C _: ~ ·::1
\.·.1'
C .: <r; ,c.- t 'l, 'l,
!t' 1$ ~ ~~. 1~';: ~ ~ :~-~ [
ft• 1>~ - 5=: ·~ ,. ~.6· r:. b ~fl: e. -[, -~ ~· y'~ r::. _,
f.:fr-i ~
k.[ { •ff
tt~·~i I (r~i~bcf,
tC _ Ci }c ~. ~. lo I,'
i- ~- .r~! i.r ~., 1 - ~
'- ~fr[,<tI, !,I;, tr- ~l rt- • 1~~ f ~ I:. ~ ~ ~ J
10-'-"'Wt..>.!J1.a.1J't
~~~1 L>~~J..9.J.ll o-4_#<.i-90,J_; Q~j cull L)~~~J~I ~l_lA
~UI ~?11 ~~ 0-4 [~~ J..9..ul 0-4 ..1:..uJI e·, ;:; ~ ·r..\WI ~ I J ~ o~
~ ~ ci°'11J International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) ~..9..ul
a.! "'.!~>31 c~l~'.)11 .J>.l .c.cl_,JI ~ <.i-9 ~ ~ J ~~L.,, 4Lo c~l~I
a.!1.!; ,~sill ~~ ~ 0 ~ as'~ ~i ~~J.A 0t J-A ~..9..ul ~UI t_)411 ~w
.cG~ Lo Jli91 <.i-9 ~ I ~..u 0~ 0t ~ 'l.:U -~~ 0-4 ~ i
riA
~J..ul ~UI t.)4?11.>:!:'-'-4 0t J.A..&i ~ J.WI ~ 1.§jjlJ . J ~ a.bWI
..&l ~ ~ International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
-
':T• La.,~
. ~~ - u· lS' ~. cG~ L4A ~)LJI
• -'I cLik - . J~
-· W I u:u
· ·1.,-.
-~'I u':ib
. ':T·
t_)4?Jl .>:!:W L>..,.;_.i JJ.3 rl~I Jb. ~ 0,,t~I J ~ I ..lbY- ~ • I.LAS'
[~~ International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) ~J..ul ~UI
·L>~
4UI u~l..:JI ~4':-:, c.J:-:~1 u-i~..ul a~~ L>J-->'i ~~ ~Ll.4.-r
~.J.jj .~_,.LuJI [~~J o.;b?JI u~~j ~ oJ~ W t..1.4i ~J ,a.!,o;. ,~.JI
u~~ .;~J 4UI u4&JI J)L..;.. 0-4 ~~I 0,,t~..1.4.U ~~ ?JI uLl~I
0J..1.:1 Ji a,o~:-L4 ~I~ ~JJ-4l1J ~ I ~411 ul.9~1 u4~J 'f'8-'-"~I
,~I d.J:.~..ul ~~?JI ulj4"?JIJ ,o.3.J,.:,c.A J:..t..-3 ul~ -l.P."-J r~ c4 ~I~
uw~4 ~>1,1 ~l»JI JJI~ 0--A J:..ull ~ 0,,t~..ul ~ ':J~ ~'-4......uii -l.P."-JJ
1.§jjl .;Ua.U d.J:.~..ul o~I 0.:-41:JI U~J as'~I ~_.;~15 ;(g)WI ul~
~
~bl.JI ~ · -Llb. .. ~ · . LA~J . ..1--1-:. : rti ~LlA'J~
: rtiJ ..u-:. .r ~ .. I ~ ..ul ct S'\i4J..
\.!!.ti u--
1:: - -
c4 1-'..)-:!:-'-1
.::~ 0'.) b':JI . ··'- - ~ L
~ ~
L : . ~• ' ~I:. ..ul a..u . t ... a...:;. "':.f I
- ~ c.;-- • 'J-'""
" - "
n, - . -~ - \.
- 'r t> y ..
f, .~: ~· t 1 ·r· c: ~· ~~ ~ ~l c·- Ct-~· t> ·[ t E ~ f"
~ f. f.~ [ ~·Ir ~:,
'\. Er . ~ : C· ~ ,C-' ,J.. -• • ·( t, • ! ~ n i;- c;- C· ;~ lC... t•· 1 -[ 1' f> ~.·:.
I, <; ~ 1> :.. '- ,t ~· ·~ t - C. ..c I:: I is. ~ - t' ~ . ' ,._ i,'l
[ t> - e.. l, [ ri -f. 0 {' - ' 'l.. ('f ~· 5. £ 0 l, ~0 t 'i: ~ ~0 1· L"·
u~JJ~~J.,_;.b~;;~~lulS'~lc.)-4~4J:.~~«~~l
-~J-1_j..4tll ul~WllJ ~J6.~I c.)-4 ~..u.JI ~l~lJ ~lll ~I~ ~IJ.ill
«ct ,cea>.» Ji«~),,~ LWI as~I ~ c.:,l ~ I c.)-4 c.:,! ,~1_,JI ~
;-st,... . ,.:1 LWI as~,., . i.,# _;.:·ii f1 ~4) c.:,~ i~ ~J.A.J l:jfi ~~i
f1 ~L.;JI u~I c.:,i ..r4~I ~ J .(j)~L.u ~L.;JI ulS'~I c.)-4 4J:.~ c.)-4
l. · · 1- .ublal · ~- .t ~ ~ , . --9 ••• c.!JUA • .< • Jl · <t , I .-:L,bLl,,j ...
~ ~ . ~ .. ~ ~ (.)~ (.)--'J "(to' ..)-!:A-J
rv,
. .VCJll.,I', · - ~ ~.. ~,)Cllll,,---
Lf:,~ 4.1..a.9 '":-'-?': '?.:iii Lo.9 ~~ faU : u ~ t ~ ~~~ 4-t~t
Li.A w~I ~. . . ~.J.a.lll .~ ~
- r L.I.)~1 ~ • A~· ...L9 , lA~ J
o.)L~· l.!l~ u~
o~~,~w
1.1-:.-: c.....u.&.,,U
-
-
. c.ill~ ..)-!):. I__# ~~
as'.;-c:iJI 01:, .)~ ~, J.)w «~~l ~~I» ,~l:., wlJ~J .a.!;b; Q ((~~t
a..J~'}ll~WI~
- - • - ·<- . . ~WI
- ~~J - - - ,... ~l.i.i1.H~o~A-~
l9~c.,-- • • ~
... q
. ~l..,_;JI "~ Fo..,:J
f=
~ ~ I.
r'~ ~ ,Jl:J.I I.· - ··
~~
I... • Lll:J.I ."e..lWI
- '-' . ~(.)=!
· 1 ...u:; ~
•
-:fl ,LlL:u~I
'-?"'"'J -
~J~ J6. ~J .a.l.AWI 1.:?..J:"il _;_?.iJ ~ I u:l~ ~ wl_j-L&-U ~ 0 ~
ol.clJl c,!d t:-,__;b 0---4 ~ l ..J:~ ~"ii oA 0ts I~! Lo 0 ~ JIJ.--uJI ~ ,c.ill~
~~ l.!ll.LA0i Fl_,.JI oAJ • warranty repairs r~?JI c , l j ~ ~~b.JI
~ ~~ lfj <?JlS ,.,;_;,>-i "=.)~ wlk L..!u.J ~ji ~ <?JI ~~ I oA i..S..»- i
.wl~L:u.j?JI J ~ ~ ,.,;..ul
Y'VY' ~L:..:, 4Ua.9 ~ &$~1 Lo.9 ~..b,j faU :ul.J::&.al ~ ~l..w.4ll.9 4.4.J~I
A A.I ,r. (.'i [• [• :::h c_ c_ ,(; C)I ll L L f;-:~ A.I
,:, IL1... 1 - 1V\~· ::S j:: 'f, ~· I, I I ~ 1(. t'' •t I
r:"
,lr
hj::
~ C ~
,~I,
V }( I'
~
~ L
- I ~
,._
f;'°
• - -
•-1:- t
~ l~' •\, [ C• I , I
r
~ 1 ()t .. -· ~.. ~ , • 1.r') r:: a
.,. < ~1> ,c-" ~• - , - .t>
i.
·~ ,C-
fr,. ,
'
~ n-
'~.•!,
a c
a ~' ·~ b C• P.f
1· rr.l''
t; ._., O [, ~ • f; t°. <i. 'l
1:.:. "'O r.,· 1> • ~.,. c· ::s c· .~·
~.ks· ·Lhb ~
i;-- ·f • o C"i 1>
·• , re· ~ • ~ ~
t ~ ~ V\
9, ~... r, .E
c· ~
·<r. I:! t> t· c: "° ~
I;; fp, - •· }· . ' 3 - [, \~ C·
~• ~"' ~ ~ :i'~ C-;~ S:.. , n .c- '~_,. Ci·'
·f
f;. '\. I:! 1.,. V• 1 OQ • !:: br ! · . ~
f- fr_· t;_,._ -!:::21::. r.. V o<·
t
~ - . t: ~ . 0 ,. ' ' •
.,. ii ~· ~ _ -
I,. 00 [• i:.. ('f C C: I,
[J.~ ~c- r-}...-t Tb
[• (;
~~ ,c;i. ~ ~~ ;fr.
~ Cik"- t~ ~ ': ~ i- r.- ' c.. ~
[, ~· b C/.l"('i• I -
"°b c- t.' s= 'E C'"" ~·
16 }( tC .
gl r~ .( l r\ 't. ·L _:
t ::- ~ ~ f ·{ )t ~- i ~ :r. !,L .c
C· t I f .i 1 -~ \ i ·t: t c. ; . t. r t. t·
,. r· '--
~ ~ . _ ~·r.,._ • L.
9-- ·[ ' I • I-
.~ I, •
ii ' f. t'-
L ·E. I,
-
E 'br s ·r t~ \' 'f' T.£:
S:: - C· . - l ' . '-o - ('f - "
C· V\ ·~. . • ,C- •
- W"° 1::. - ' • ~ 1· c: - - _,. §i ~ - n'i;
h •
·~. ,' ~ - 0'· _,. . ~ ~ tC .y - c -
1·
f C, 'lj.. -~ b C. I, - .. n" •L
00 b '- 1c; 00 _,. 1
~ "° . ~ - ~Ii- ·~~ 'f.,., ~[. 'rt:. 1 r c-'\ ~f 1,° •~_ t-c '~[ V:1::.
• ::_ -
~r £ }
~ 1, I, - ' -
O • - - 'l_ - L r') ' ~ ~ 't> [r ~
t-' 1 G-.
l s l .. ~ <
0
~
·t.
Il ~
r~ ~f
I
1· l c... .~ ,c;- ·1· 'f. , ~6 I ii ~• ' '-o 0
~
f i,.
'-DI C.. c.. .
I
. g
_,_
~ ~I:! ~ ·~.I:: t [. i.~' , e·c-
C: _ I ~ • tC:- _, ~.
- C· ( C- [• f, ~ •G._ G"'" '\.,. ,r' 1:- t f,. r. l o f: ~.. .. ~ ,f:: t. ~ l
~ ir, b ~ S:: f- ·,~ t" £ [ [• ' C· f!'
~~ ~" cf. · . ~ ~
}e.. ,c;. ~ r.. c \; C c· f'.' ~· c.' ~· ,t' ~ :i 'e. '1- l. 1~ ·~ '
IS>'1 C 'J'
[• ~ P ~ ~ ,c; f\ f ~
·r · ,[
• \., ~ •l.: c .
t. • ~ 1' ·. 4! - ·~ ·c·. b .- ~ .~ r-·
.c- - e-• c-" ~ ~· ~. . r
~·V\ ~P t;,c-[• ·_'['
L. 6 \ • I J- .[." - C I [•
I:!. - C· [ 0 - •L
f C· [! C·
C- Ci_.
t r-~ r-~ ~.. 1~r. .[I: ~ f }(!c. r,·. 11 r.·.. l,: ~~ tI:. [~• ."t, _).
t1
- c.. ,r' - l, ' ('p, t> ~ t , ~ E
~ •Ls= ~· ·f ~~ ~- t- t t -('p, • :c- • { · [• · =" [•
l h s 'it t er ~ } e. } - '(.
f l t ~: ~ l ~ f ·f. ·1. c: , ~ e ·fi ·[
~ a 't
,... ff ~
~;&\ -~ :r,~ ~~ rb ,~~ ,c;~. l!- ';t ';tI - [. t - '1:! ~
I I I I - -
'i.
'° 1-! t
::S
- . - ,c;~. s· r. r~ ~· l-
- Er Lt -
~ ,t: 1· fl,, {i P: {i ~ c;: {i [• :t (r [• ·t... cf," ~ [• I;.: ~
0 I," I
I [• .r;- ~- '
·i. •<i_J:: f;"" ' f;"" f;"" ~ 1.. V .r;- ' r;- ~ ~
?.y T
I - I : I I I
.e-('
l l l ·t .~ l,r f f ~ 1\ ~ ~
· [ ~ fr·\
ft· ·L . \ tX [ t'' 't· .,. r.·
.f. t~ ~ .c -~~ ~..: l·~, -r: ~ ~ ·i..cl. rr; "r . ~. ·~[ ·[_ 1} ~.t 1·I r·~- N•.' {.
!. r 1.·,.!
i - {i _,. er f- ,f-' t,. . .. 1\ tX );
·t~ I tr,: t- l[ ~ ~ ~~ i· t 1.[ 1.{ <-~ tJ ~-~ f f'!:-l't ~~. ~~ ~~ t. ~· i
; :~ c, &\ ~ f;""
~t. .r, ,t-' f- 6 ~ ~ iA b • ~ ~ .f .c- rc: ['
i , V - I ·f ~ fl ·V ~ .r;- ' .. ~ t•· •<i_ & tX '
t. ,. er - t- II
81· E f" b 'e. {. i:: ~1.:
e f. Ci. l, - tX ,I: C: J-- - ';t '[c· '[c· [V\ m
f.J ;~ti. t ·r· l r;· { ~ i ·c,.. l, (~; r- \~ irr ~r (."();
·e.1 ~.,· · : •E'
r ·e.. a ~. [• -;t t ri: · i ·f - ~ ~ ! · ·_ C· C· ~. V· C ~ ~
c .. (· ~.
~ t { b c;-
,C- • - - 1r:- ' c_ • )• : . C· C· p
.·~~·~ ~·r .}! r· t. ~ 1"· ·i . J·~ :tc l t r~ ~. lt· t'( e.;•f ~..~ {' Ii
• ; ' ·i ,. '. t'~. ' r 1- ·~ -~ ' c· ~ G. ce, .'
·i .rt [ r €. Fi· 1. rc·.h t 0 t ~ 'r.- c. tr ft. -:
~ ; L~ fr: t;. le·
.r 1- ·Ii_. -
.c· r·\ :: l r s t r. !c 1 t r ~ Ci; ~- fl- C, ·c, r<' <; •• - 't. C, ;~
[ f E l 'k ,t ;~· ~- f; · -c~ ~ ~ - ~ { f t 1: f f: :-; ;~ (;: . f. ,t'. I c-
?. ·~ 1 C: \- i;- I-
i:; b, • ~ ~ C)I (• • ~ ~ '
~ Ii ..
1
l, .r,,~· n· T:.t- 1. ~r> 1 [
- " "t:I~ 0 1\
t - -~ .rE ·~ ~ .~ t-r, ",.
f{;"" c..,,=:- f' ~~·'L.,.,._
t: i \- I.. r> ~
r. ,. C·
q J-.~ J ~- }• ~), s: E; ~- 1 ,f, J• ( { } t: [ Ci. l t ~.! -( :c, ~.r. ~ I!, ,C·
l,· I r;. 'f; fil.
L· ,. • Q - "C)I \or, C) 1/\ ~ ~ ; • "' •
-~ • C:.. - I I r;- ~ b J-.; I e! '- _,. • ~ i/~.'
·lj.. ,
tIi [ -[ :_• ,.,.~ 1 t c.~f;, 0~ ~C· , • C·f
~ ' - 'i- r.t . L•
c. "{ ::, . • 'e. • ,c
C·
l,
,,.. C:
1· :
r l~. ft.E!: ~ '..if t -r.-~ _.Et l..c" _ ·f ~·g ·f :t~~ ~- ;r.l-_,. I:.: ... •
I-
f) } • . L '} ('I -
L
·~
~- ,c
~~I wblu'i
- 'J-'
bWI
•
:LA ~'i \s,;.,,.;~~wlu.J.IJbi ~;..;.,;~~
.....,-- C,- \ -· - - \....•
,~Wt2.c~t
~IJ 4UI uL..o..l>JI ~~ J ~ ~~~~I u'1WI 0-4 ..).J.....c. ~~
~J~Ul.)~'1IJl.)Ji~l~o~LiS'~..u_,~_µ1;;.)b?Jlc; •·,Q0 4,;,;;
.'iJJ& 4lA ul.)~I ~! '5..)l ~ ~ f".J.....c. _,t u4~1 ~IJ-4 ~ j i ~
ul.S'~ cPJ ~IJ ~l->--1u?JI _,t ¥1yJ.1 ~~I u~~I 0l -;,~I ~LUI 0-AJ
~b ~~..)~I Ji Jw?JI ~~~I~ D.)..)ll ~ f1 ~ I u ~ J
~L.uJ.)~I ~-;,~I 4Ul__;~1 w,,,_; 4~i,114U~ .ieJ .L~j..ll~I
. ~J-tAA ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ i ~J ''->~t ~l..~i r-~ r~ i~ ~~,
aI< .~. Q J-4&. ~)Le, r'~ ~ .)J..) ~l ~ , 111 I ubl.;:?JI J.p.. ~ ...L..a.J
0-4 ~~.)~I~~ .4UI ul-.-.uj.ll ~r'~ ~lll y.-u,Ll.1.1.;-t:i:. ~l~?JI
~ I L&J~~ ~ I u~j.ll ~J>9 ~ d.£14,ll ~l 0-4 .,~j ~.,.ti J.:>JI
0-4 ~_,JI ~J ~ I ~J • L+.t ~L;JI -;,~WI ubl.J--:!hiJ receivable assets
-
JS' 0i 'l'l 4UI u~j.ll ~ r'~ ~I J~}U -L-L.ui LA.)~4 ..)_,.ii.ll ~ i
-
u ~ ~ ~J: ..)~'14 ~~J ~ J ~ I ~ w4 ~~ ~ ~ ~jA
~\..,;.; 11,I D..)~! ~ '-".>J.J..Li ~ ~I ..)_,.ii.ll 0-4 ~ ~ ~~ .<'-'"'>pennies
.4lA ~jA JS'~ JUI 0-4 ~ ~ ..)~~ t~I r':'~ f"J: JS'~~
~li91 ~~I~ J ~ 4 <<J-Alllo:"JI)) ~~I~ ~ 1 ~ 1 Loi
0-4 ~~ ..lAl ~i r-~1 ~ ~i '.·: "'! ~J .w,,,y-,i ~~ ~~
f11=w
•w,Jy--1 ~~ ~!_;gl ~ ..lAl ~l.iA ~ ,0:...ul LJA ~~ .)_;--.1 J:,l- ~~
. c"'°
. :I"
.ti ~l.aj'i
~
~ 1 ~6..lL
• •
a.:»~'11 ~
·.< - . ~
- ~ c.r-
-::1-:.1t b '1 l..iAiJ
$' I
·t 1 - lo
_t
t'
,
,.
r·•[ f= 1'· ,tr 1c' 1-C·.c-" ,~·t: 'f!~ f . . C·,.f lrt.6C ·1 ~f:: .r·[ --~ ~r· i=~ 1 [ .1- ri~ c ~~ nt
tS' ,c t ~ ,
r:. • " ,c
r..! ,t' ~· I
1:.
r E .6· ..c
C
., ~·
Cl)
'-" - -
lo
:
f ~
t
- ~
~ ~~I J,w:wll
r.'7~~.-~ .. ~ . ~::i::::c:c:::s::z:::r=:::~~:"'".-~~.:r:~ ' .· ~ ~ ~ ~ ; \ ; ; : > L - A · I ' · \ · · . ! ' , ( ·-:v . · ·' ·.~-~-..·::'. -;,''.;",ii:'./~ ...1·,q
,~;..it ut.w.~
.(Rosen and Rosen, 2010) ~ I ~~I d..:lUI i.:..,l.)~~4 Wl:9 ~ t_>lb)U (')
[J.J> Jl J_p,,..) ~ ')] 1.§.L.ll ¥' «secondary securities» 1.§.,._:,t:JI J ~ I (Y)
~ uJ.r?-l:alJ .<.)UI .Jw:L.u')]I JI.JJi ~~I~~ ~WL-~1 Jlys~I
.. - ,,. .. C.
..A, HA 4-AWI ;;Jb?}I .J.SAA ,i!J~I J5JA c.:.ilj_~ ·w~J ~ . .). i ~ti
~J..ul ~j..JJ L..1.4.4 ~ ;(gJJ. "as.;-J_I ;;JbU ~l~~I" wl~ ~ ~ i - -
.A,
tr· ;;~1 J~ ,,-,r ~l:u-J' ,~bf'I ~
OJb?JI .l.fLA ,LWI ;;Jbf'I ~J.) ,"wJ...u;.IY.I ~.)~,~ti wl~ ~ ..u:.l- -
·rY·, ·~,A, tr, Jl_,1u :t:tl_;-11 .)..LA.JI ,0~1 ~ ' .4.AWI
~ ~ < i ~ J ~ ~ L A :~l_;.l~l~IJJw"ul_~~~i- -
Beyond Weberian Bureaucracy: Max .(L~f'I L.ill4) . ~,_;g~I
L..o4,. ,~~ -:11 r.,_w, .
~ Weber on Bureaucracy and his Critics
·rY·' • ,r .)..LA.JI ,rA ~ I .~_fill
Y"AO
~6. a.kA. "a.Joi~~
. . -
-,£ · • ·t\ . · -~LA 4.J~
<r~i..>-
. · h. •. a..:.b · I · -~. ..1J:.i -
- D.lL:.I"" u~
J..9~1 .l..u.11 , ~ 0,AG!I _;\.J..&..o?Jl .~~?JI r.,Wl..9 yb~I :j.J_j.All~ d..J.1.1
....A, tn
:wl~ .l~I ~ (~'}]\ a.iU4) ~ a:s.;..9 ("~ -
Corruption and Self-Conflict: A Sociological Approach.
2012 International Conference on Government, Law and Culture.
Hong Kong, January 5-7, 2012.
-~'~~,()A l.l..lJ:. c>:-'.Jj ~.>3 -
fl
s~t~_;..J't
·r' C\A y r~ '11Jy~ ~'iJ LA4,. ,"-.AWi ~L.u~I J:.6.:i ~ "IJ_,:-6'.) -
s~loJt~t
,~b?JI r.,_J...JIJ .)~'ii ~ ,'11J-O~I ~4,. ,LWI oJb?JI ~ ~~t -
. 0.)J ~ I "ld
.~t-1
.(r' C\Ao ,~.,JI .)b ,~.)) ob~I ~ ~ I J:bujl ~L.ut _,
:~b?JI r~ ~..;--JI ~ I :0~) ~~I ,~IJ!;WI J:.6.:i :~_.)LlJ.I r.!.!iii -Y
·(r' C\A1 ,~L.ulJ...UIJ ~~I oJbf
~)L.u?JI <::r..;---11 c.sl~l..9o~W.I ~~I o-4 ~_jAJ~..,>-t,ll OJb?Jl~o.)~1-'f'
·(r, C\AV ~L.ul.).JJIJ ~~I OJbl ,~b':11 r~ ~..,>-t,11 ~ I :0~)
~~I oJLll ,~b?JI ~ ~..,>-t,11 ~ I :o.JAWI) ~->~I ~.!.!oi..9 oJbl -t
·(rY• •'f' ,~L.ulJ...UIJ
,~)L.u?JI ~ I LWI oJl.:i':11,~l:i.JI ~ I ,~)L.u?JI ~..,>-t,11 oJl.:i?JI ~""'""_j-4-0
't'AV
QjJ ;, ·,·, 1·. ~ ,,.) ·,! 1 :: 1:;:r·,; '..=;·,,.,:..-........ !.I ,,. ...~·-:·.~ 1.:--;:·.~: '.,·;.-:·., .·, ..) ·;:-==-·~h·; ·-'·l ( 1·~_,.-.,-; ;,~·=i•t:,,, . . . =;.;_.,- ~··· =.•. .-~ .,( ,:; (\1:-~.·-.1 ·,,i' =:, ; =. ··. , ~--· 1 ( ,_. , ... ,.: • ··., (: ,·.-•.-~, ?,:, ·, '·.J ::=.... ~ ::.~ :,· ·: :-·· :. ~-;,~;-.•·:,: ~--~~·:,}-:-::- 1.1; ·i.:· ' .;:·.-~ .,....- ·,· ~: 1 Y·.J "i; '· ·. '.,:.'..- J·1 ·:; ~-~·· ·~·:·/.'~ ,. · ='· ;=.=/ '.\··'.; = 12@
Y'M
u~~'jl ~ ~ . ? ,~a....____JJ.)~ ~I;;_.,!.)~ y_,b~~.J.411 ~~1-, o
. t w-rA' ~ u.o 'r"' 0..0..o ',A .)..WI'~ 4-LA4', '~~~I r#IJ
~ ~I ;;_.,b'jl ~yi lS...U ~~I ~j..tll L..ul_.,.) : J ~ ~ 4 ;;_.,b'jl _,,
~~'jl r#I a\ ,ulru ,c.ilyi.;,:Jl l!J~l w.))11 '~..>! ~ b 'f"WI tlW.11
.tr-0.. ~u.o 't'0..0..1 ,t .).,wl ,H ~1,~~~IJ
..<- ti LylW.J1.r..:r-
'-?"4~ -~ ~U;.tl .. L-:-:.)~ ~~bj ~
._,.. ~ -- :~U;.tl ... L - -W
._,.. ~..,.,
~ ~ 'f", 0.. O..o J}il .).J.AJ1 , ~ o>L..,JI ~ I ,;;_.,b~ ~_yJI ~ I ,~~1
• , 0..A-HO..
~~1 .)~1..>.)la..:J.~b'jl ~4,bt ~1_.,~ ~~1 a-.ul_.,.) :~I.)~! -'A
,(~b'jl r#I ) .)~ c.ill.J.I 4.a.44', ~ '0.).) \JI JW u ~ b u\.!,; .~.j 4 C Cl
-~~~~-~ .. , . , : - : q - r ~~
·"
u~
~ 4JoJ [. I_,.;..
-A' t'r1 - lAWI D.Jbtll ~ ~ I J ~4,bll lAWI D.Jb?ll
IHIIIIHllllllll~I III
* 9 9 6 0 1 4 2 3 5 3 *