TOEFL TEST Section II ; Structure and written Expression

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard writen English. There are two types of
questions in this section, with special directions for each type

Part A

Directions : questions 1 -20 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases. Marked ( A ), ( B ), ( C ) and
( D ) . Choose one word or Phrase that best complete the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet find the number of the questions and fill in the
space to the letter you have chosen.

Part B ;
In questions 21-40 each sentence have 3 to 4 underlined words. The four underlined parts of sentence are marked
( A ), (B 0, ( C ) AND ( D ), Identify one word must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your
answer sheet find the number, of the questions and fil in the space of the letter you have chosen in answer sheet.

Section 2: Structure

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard
written English.

1. The Eiffel Tower ___________ Paris, France.

a. landmarks
b. is landmarked in
c. is a landmark in
d. is in a landmark

2. Young deer _________.

a. are called fawns
b. be fawns
c. is fawns
d. are fawns called

3. Not until a dog is several months old does it begin to exhibit signs of independence
___________.
a. its mother from
b. from mother
c. to mother
d. from its mother

4. a.Him should b.be careful with that vase because c.it is very old d.and extremely fragile.

5. To score a goal in soccer you ________.

a. must kick the ball
b. must kicks the ball
c. may kick them ball
d. must kick them balls

6. The observation deck at the Sears Tower _________ in Chicago.

a. is highest than any other one
b. is highest than any other one
c. is higher than any other one 15
d. is higher that any other one
7. If it _________ so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside.
a. was
b. was not
c. weren’t
d. had not

8. A dream about falling _________.

a. scary is
b. is scary
c. are scary
d. very scary is

9. George Washington _________first U.S. President.

a. was the
b. became
c. were the
d. are the

10. Amelia Earhart was _______________ to pilot her plane across the Atlantic Ocean.
a. the first and a woman
b. the first woman
c. who the first woman
d. the woman who first

11.a. Crawfish farming b.have been practiced in south Louisiana c.for many d.years.

12.. The White Rose Bridge,a.which close today, for b.resurfacing will not be c.open ford.two
months.

13. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves a

A B C

complete loss of consciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.

17
16
14. .The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sea

A B C D

15. I will invited you in our ceremony tomorrow

A B C D

16. There was ten people in line already when we arrived yesterday
A B C D E

17. This hospital has received …………………………….. for Mers Identification sample, already
a. A blood
b. Blood
c. Two bag of blood
d. bloods

18. Let’s go,………………………….?

a. Will we
b. Can we
c. Shall we
d. Must we

19. The earlier we leave, ……………..

a. The soonest we will arrive

b. The sooner we will arrive
c. As sooner we will arrive
d. The better

20. She might be late, today

A B C

21. He played very well, doesn’t he ?

A B C

22. She is the most cleverest student in this class

 A B C D

23. She can play badminton well, when he was young

A B C

24. We have to hurry, …………………?

a. Haven’t we ?
b. Have we ?
c. Don’t we ?
d. Mustn’t we ?

25. Migraine headaches are more frequent ….... women and men.

a. Between
b. Than
c. among
d. beside

26. Gruppies are sometimes call rainbow fish because of the males’ bright colors

A B C D

27. He drives more fast than she does

A B C

28………………a teacher, she is also a good author

a. between
b. behind
c. beside
d. although

29.the party will be started …………..9.00 PM

a. at

b. for

c. since

d. on
30. It was the most difficult day for me,…………… I had a surgical operation last summer

a. when

b. how

c. why

d. where

31. The view from your house is ………………from mine.

a. better

b. better than

c. the better

d. the best

32. honey is the only form of naturally occurring sugar that ………to be refined.

a. doesn’t

b. does not have

c. not having

d. has not

33. The art of singing ………………….humanity

a. as old

b. old as

c. as ols as

d. so old

35. When …………….the conference ?

a. the director attended

b. did the director attend

c. the director will be attended

d. the director attendance

36. if I ………you, I would just go for dessert.

a. was

b. am

c. were

d had been

37. A good models must poses not only nice personality but also a wide variety of

A B C

Skills

38. Tropical forests can be find in Southeast Asia Countries

A B C D

39. everybody ……….lola gets good achievement every year.

a. but
b. only
c. not

d. beside

41. : My father wanted me to be a doctor

a. instead of

b. instead

c. instead than

d. instead
41. We went to yogya ……….to bali, on our vacation, last year

a. . instead of

b. instead

c. instead than

d. instead

42. By using coupons, you can get a discount on a lot of things ……….. groceries, toileteries, and
household items.

a. Such

b. Such as

c. as Such

d. Like

43. If water is heated to 212 degrees F,……………………………………as steam.

a. It will boil and escape
b. It is boiling and escaping
c. It boils and escapes
d. It would boil and escaped
 Section 3: Reading

This section is designed to measure your ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic
and style to those that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This
section contains reading passages and questions about the passages

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was the illegitimate son
of Ser Piero, a Florentine notary and landlord, but lived on the estate and was treated as a legitimate son.

In 1483, Leonardo da Vinci drew the first model of a helicopter. It did not look very much like
our modern day “copter,” but the idea of what it could do was about the same.

Leonardo was an artist and sculptor. He was very interested in motion and movement and
tried to show it in his art. In order to show movement, he found it helpful to study the way things moved.
One subject he liked to study was birds and how they flew. He spent many hours watching the birds
and examining the structure of their wings. He noticed how they cupped air with their wings and
how the feathers helped hold the air. Through these studies, Leonardo began to understand how birds
were able to fly.

Like many other men, Leonardo began to dream of the day when people would be able to fly. He
designed a machine that used all the things he had learned about flight, and thus became the first
model of a helicopter.

Poor Leonardo had only one problem, however. He had no way to give the necessary speed to
his invention. You see, motors had not yet been invented and speed was an important part of the flying
process. It would be another four hundred years before the engine was invented and another fifty
years before it was put to the test in an airplane. Leonardo’s dream of a helicopter finally came to pass
in 1936.

The Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist, Leonardo died on May 2, 1519,
and was buried in the cloister of San Fiorentino in Amboise.

1. What is the author’s main point?

a. The invention of the helicopter.
b. Birds cup air with their wings and use feathers to help hold the air.
c. An overview of one of Leonardo da Vinci’s many skills.
d. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 and died in 1519.

2. The word problem in paragraph five could best be replaced by the word:
a. dilemma
b. mistake
c. danger
d. pain

3. The word it in paragraph two refers to:

a. Leonardo da Vinci
b. The first model helicopter 19
18
c. 1483
d. motion and movement
 4. Which paragraph explains why Leonardo’s helicopter was not successful in his lifetime:
a. paragraph 1
b. paragraph 2
c. paragraph 4
d. paragraph 5

5. The word illegitimate in paragraph one is closest in meaning to:

a. against the law or illegal
b. not in correct usage
c. incorrectly deduced; illogical
d. born out of wedlock

6. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph? “Since then people have been
living out Leonardo’s dream of flying.”
a. paragraph 3
b. paragraph 4
c. paragraph 5
d. paragraph 2

7. What was the main problem with Leonardo’s invention?

a. motors were not yet invented
b. the birds lost their feathers
c. he was illegitimate
d. he couldn’t draw

8. The word they in the third paragraph refers to:

a. the feathers
b. the birds
c. the studies
d. the wings

9. In what year was the first helicopter flown

a. 1483
b. 1452
c. 1519
d. 1936

10. What two things did birds have that Leonardo da Vinci noticed helped them to fly?
a. wings and beaks
b. feathers and talons
c. wings and feathers
d. cups and feathers

11. The word thus in the fourth paragraph could best be replaced by:
a. Hence
b. After
c. Unsuitably
d.Inappropriately
20
 Glass fibers are extremely strong; for their weight, they are stronger than steel. They are made by
forcing molten glass through tiny holes called spinnerets. As many as four hundred spinnerets are placed
together, and threads of glass much thinner than human hairs are drawn off at great speed-miles of
thread per minute. As they speed along, the threads are coated thinly with a type of glue and twisted
into a yarn.The glass fibers are used with plastics to make boats and car bodies. They are also woven
into heavy cloth for window draperies and into strong belts for making tires stronger.

A special kind of glass fiber is causing a revolution in communications. A signal of light can be
made to travel along the fiber for very long distances. By changing the quality of the light, many
messages can be sent at once along one strand of glass. New office buildings are being “wired” with
glass fibers as they are built. The glass fibers will be used to connect telephones and computers in ways
that not long ago were either impossible or too expensive.

Glass wool traps air in a thick, light blanket of fibers. This blanket is then put into walls and
ceilings to keep warm air in during the winter and cool air in during the summer.

To make glass wool, molten glass is fed into a spinning drum with many holes in it. As the glass
threads stream out of the holes, they are forced downward by a blast of hot air and through a spray of
glues. The threads are then further blown about to mix them up as they fall in a thick mat on a moving
belt.

The glass we see through and drink out of has many, many other uses besides the ones
described here.

12. What was the author’s main purpose in writing the article?
a. To inform you how special kinds of glass are made and used
b. To persuade you to investigate the many uses of glass beyond those mentioned in the
article
c. To inform you about the strength of glass fibers
d. To inform you that glue is used to hold strands of glass together

13. The word special in the second paragraph is closets in meaning to:
a. Distinct among others of a kind
b. Additional
c. Common
d. Species

14. Glass fibers are made by forcing molten glass through:

a. Spinners
b. Spiderets
c. Spinnerets
d. Spinets

15. The word changing in the second paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Altering
b. Boring
c. Bringing
d. Doing 22
21
16.What are glass fibers woven into cloth for?
a. Draperies
 b. Cars and boats
c. Glasses
d. Glue

17.The word fed in the fourth paragraph means:

a. To give food to
b. To minister to
c. To support
d. To supply

18. The word they in the second sentence of the first paragraph refers to:
a. Human hair
b. Weight
c. Glass fibers
d. Yarn

19.The word it in the fourth paragraph refers to:

a. Molten glass
b. Glass wool
c. Spinning drum
d. Holes

20. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph? “This improvement in
technology is expected to continue.”
a. Paragraph 1
b. Paragraph 2
c. Paragraph 3
d. Paragraph 4

21. A signal of what can be made to travel along fiber for very long distances?
a. Heat
b. Wave
c. Wool
d. Light

22. The word spray in the fourth paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Shower
b. Blow
c. Spit
d. Force

For centuries, people have searched for a way to replace dead and decaying teeth with
comfortable false teeth. Many materials have been used to make a set of false teeth. The teeth
themselves should be made from a hard and durable material. They should be secured to a soft
material, making them easy to wear. In the last two decades, dentists succeeded in making
durable false teeth that are comfortable, too.

Two thousand years ago, the Etruscans made teeth out of animal bone and gold. These
materials were used-with varying degrees of success-up to the 1700’s. When George Washington
was president, ivory from animals such as elephants became a popular material for false teeth.
Doctors and inventors also tried silver, peal, and agate, but teeth made from these materials
24 were
23
very expensive. Perhaps the most successful material was porcelain, invented by a Frenchman
about two hundred years ago. White, strong, and resistant to decay, porcelain is still used today
for making single teeth.
 Besides finding a material for the teeth, inventors also had to find a way to secure them in
a person’s mouth. People tried wire, springs, and many kinds of glue to accomplish this.
In most cases, however, discomfort and a likelihood of the teeth falling out plagued the person
who wore them.

Around 1844, an American dentist named Horace Wells used laughing gas to put people to sleep
before working on their teeth. This innovation made dental work a lot less painful. Soon after, an
inventor created the first form of rubber. This was important to dentistry because teeth could be attached
to the rubber, and the rubber could be molded to fit the shape of the mouth. With these two developments,
dentist could work without causing pain and could fit teeth more carefully. False teeth have become
more available and comfortable since then, and dentists have continued to improve the making and use
of false teeth.

23.What is the main topic of this passage?

a. Horace Wells
b. False teeth
c. Gold and bone
d. The Etruscans

24. The word they in the first paragraph refers to:

a. Teeth
b. Materials
c. People
d. Dentists

25. The word varying in the second paragraph cold best be replaced by the word:
a. Constant
b. Changeless
c. Fluctuating
d. Stable

26. Porcelain was invented after the first use of:

a. Rubber for holding for holding teeth in place
b. Laughing gas
c. Ivory for making teeth
d. Electric drills

27. When did Horace Wells begin using laughing gas?

a. 1700
b. Two-thousand years ago
c. 1834
d. 1844

28. The word besides in the third paragraph means:

a. In addition to
b. Stand next to
c. Anyway 25
d. Together

29. The word them in the third paragraph refers to:

 a. Teeth
b. Inventors
c. People
d. Wire

30. When was rubber found to be a useful material for false teeth?
a. After laughing gas was used to put patients to sleep
b. While George Washington was president
c. Before a Frenchman invented porcelain
d. While the Etruscans were making teeth of bone and gold

31. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph? “It is unimaginable
what will come next.”
a. Paragraph 1
b. Paragraph 2
c. Paragraph 3
d. Paragraph 4

32. The word molded in the fourth paragraph means:

a. Formed into a shape
b. To form an organic growth
c. To make an ornament
d. The fitting of a shoe

33. The word resistant in the second paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Prone
b. Insusceptible
c. Hearty
d. Sassy

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of
moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species,
including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical
canopies as they are in most habitats globally.
Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of
the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of
similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may
be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body
temperature.
Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,
flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have
their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging
below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s
face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by
snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and
plucking food with their hands.
Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing
animals to cross the wide gaps from one tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque
or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more
effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing 26
on a limb several times before jumping. The
forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively
large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals the supplement their insect diet
with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree
38. crowns
The word may be problematic,
“typify” in line 19since
is trees
that closest in meaning to
yield these foods can be sparse.
(A) resemble (B)
protect (C)
characterize (D)
divide
34. passage answers which of the following
questions?
(A) How is the rain forest different from other 39. According to paragraph 4, what
habitats? makes jumping from one tree crown to
(B) How does an animal’s body size another difficult for small
influence an animal’s need for food? mammals?
(C) Why does rain forest provide provide an
unusual variety of food for animals? (A) Air friction against the body
(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate surface.
the upper canopy of the rain forest? (B) The thickness of the branches.
(C) The dense leaves of the tree
35. The word “they” in line 4 refers to
crown.
(A) trees
(B) climbing mammals of (D) The inability to use the front feet
moderately large size as hands.
(C) smaller species
(D) high tropical canopies 40. The word “supplement” in line 24 is
closest in meaning to
36. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true
about the small mammals in the rain forest? (A) control (B)
(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to life in replace (C) look
the canopy. for (D) add to
(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the
canopy to that of other environments. 41. Which of the following terms is
(C) They have difficulty with the changing conditions defined in the passage?
in the canopy.
(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter
(A) canopy (line 1)(B) warm
from heat and cold.
blooded (line 5) (C) terminal
leaves (line 13) (D) springboard
37. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the
(line 21)
author indicates that
(A) small animals require proportionately more
food than larger animals do.
(B) a large animal’s size is an advantage in
obtaining food in the canopy.
(C) Small animals are often
attacked by larger animals in the rain forest.
(D) Small animals and large animals are equally
adept at obtaining food in the canopy.

13
 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contribution of
women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking
the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important
force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy
Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail
Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her
husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken
of these contributions. During these centuries,
women remained invisible in history books.
Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of
female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were
amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their
selection and use of sources.
During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history
by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged National, regional, and
local women’s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence,
newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two
greatest collections of women’s history in the United States – one at the Elizabeth and Arthur
Schlesinger Library at Radeliffe College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith
College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.
Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century,
most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of history, just as
much of mainstream American history concentrated on “great men”. To demonstrate that
women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out
women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their
autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists
working for women’s right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the
great mass of ordinary women. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold
in the American histories being published.

42. What does the passage mainly discuss ?

(A) The role of literature in early
American histories.
(B) The place of American women in written
histories.
(C) The keen sense of history shown By
American women.
(D) The “great women” approach to History
used by American historians.
43. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that
47. On the basis of information in the third
(A) a woman’s status was changed by marriage. paragraph, which of the following,
(B) even the contributions of outstanding women would most likely have been collected by
were ignored. nineteenth-century feminist organizations?
(C) only three women were able to get their writing (A) Newspaper accounts of
published. presidential election results.
(D) poetry produced by women was more readily (B) Biographies of John Adams.
accepted than other writing by women. (C) Letters from a mother to a
daughter advising her how to handle
44. The word “celebratory” in line 12 means that the a family problem.
writings referred (D) Books about famous graduates of the
to were (A) related to country’s first college.
parties (B) religious (C) serious
(D) full of praise 48. What use was made of the
nineteenth-century women’s history
45. The word “they” in line 12 refers to materials in the Schlesinger Library and the
(A) efforts (B) authors Sophia Smith Collection?
(C) counterparts (D) sources (A) They were combined and
published in a multivolume
46. In the second paragraph, what weakness in encyclopedia about women.
nineteenth-century histories does the author point (B) They formed the basis of college
out? courses in the nineteenth-
(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities. century.
(B) They left out discussion of the influence on money (C) They provided valuable
on politics information for twentieth- century
(C) The sources of the information they were based on historical researchers.
were not necessarily accurate. (D) They were shared among
(D) They were printed on poor quality paper. women’s colleges throughout the
United States.

49. In the last paragraph, the author

mentions all of the following as possible
roles of nineteenth-century “great women”
EXCEPT

(A) authors
(B) reformers
(C) activists for women’s rights (D)
politicicans

15
 50.. The word “representative” in line 29
is closest in meaning to (A) typical
(B) satisfied (C)
supportive (D) distinctive

Questions

The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were
5 marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by
sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art
Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of
ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in
outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored
10 device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had
been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest
popularity had been generically termed “art glass”. Art glass was intended for
decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations
and innovative techniques.
15
France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style:
among the most celebrated was Emile Gallé(1846-1901). In the United States, Louis
Comfort Tiffany(1848-1933)was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a
great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and
20
are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining
ancient Egyptian.
The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915,
although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920’s. It was eventually to be
overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had present since
the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and
25 designers. Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers alter the
First World War. The basic tenet of the movement – that function should determine form
– was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be
simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric
relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to
the style and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public
taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste
demanded dramatic effects of contrast stark outline, and complex textural surfaces.

16
51. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss? 56. The word “overtaken” in line 19 is
(A)Design elements in the Art Nouveau style closest in meaning to
(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style (A)surpassed
(C) Production techniques for art glass (B) inclined
(D)Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau (C) expressed
style (D)applied

52. The word “one” in line 4 refers to

57. What does the author mean by
(A) century (B) development (C) stating that “function should
style (D) coloration determine form” (line 22)
?
(A) A useful object should not
53. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was
be attractive.
sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient burial
(B) The purpose of an object
glass?
should influence its form
(A) The distortion of the glass (B) The appearance
(C) The design of an object
of the glass (C) The shapes of the glass objects (D)
(D) The form of an object
The size of the glass objects
should not include
decorative elements.
54. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2 ?
(A) To compare different Art
58. It can be inferred from the
Nouveau styles
(B) To give examples of famous passage that one reason.
Art Nouveau artists Functionalism became
(C) To explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular popular was that it (A)
clearly distinguish
in the United States
(B) appealed to people who
(D) To show the impact Art Nouveau had on
liked complex painted
other cultures around the world
designs
55. The word “prized” in line14 is (C) reflected a common desire
closest in meaning to (A)valued to break from the past
(B) universal (C) uncommon (D) was easily interpreted by
(D)preserved the general public

59. Paragraph 3 supports which of the

following statements about
Functionalism?
(A)Its design concept avoided
geometric shapes.
(B) It started on a small scale
and then spread gradually.
(C) It was a major force in
the decorative arts
before the First World
War
(D)It was not attractive to
architects and designers

17
 60. According to the passage, an object made in
the Art Nouveau style
would most likely include (A) a
flowered design (B) bright
colors (C) modern
symbols (D) a textured
surface

Questions
During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling
perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these
glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progress
along a glacier like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial
streams of meltwater might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward
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the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed,
overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly
slides downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat,
or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same areas as normal
glaciers, often almost side by side.
10
Some 800 years ago, Alaska’s Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated,
and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has
been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per
year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile,
a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet per day. Hubbard’s
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surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to
800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.
About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If
enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, West Antarctic ice shelves
could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the
Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean,
20
causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in
motion
a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase. Earth’s
albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This
situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between
25 glaciations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning
the beginning of the Ice Age.

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61. What is the main topic of the passage? 66. According to the passage, the Hubbard
(A)The classification of different types of surge Glacier
glaciers. (A)moves more often than the Valerie
(B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers. Glacier.
(C) The definition of a surge glacier. (B) began movement toward the sea in
(D)The history of a particular surge Glacier. 1895
(C) is 800 feet wide.
62. The word “intervals” in line 2 is (D)has moved as fast as 47 feet per day.
closest in meaning to (A) records
(B) speeds (C) distances 67. Yahutat is the name of (A)an
(D) periods Alaskan town (B) the last ice
age (C) a surge glacier
63. The author compares the surging motion of a surge (D)an Antarctic ice shelf
glacier to the
movement of a (A) fish (B) 68. The word “plunge” in line 20 is closest in
wave (C) machine (D) boat meaning to
(A) drop (B) extent
64. Which of the following does the another mention as (C) melt (D) drift
possible cause of surging glaciers?
(A) The decline in sea levels. 69. The term “vicious cycle” in line 22 refers to
the
(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves.
(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers
(C) The shifting Antarctic ice shelves.
(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the
(D) The pressure of meltwater Underneath the
temperature of tropical areas
glacier.
(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels
65. The word “freeing” in line 7 is might have on glacial ice
closest in meaning to (A) pushing (D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose
(B) releasing (C) strengthening to the Gulf of Alaska
(D) draining
70.The author provides a definition for which of
the following terms? (A)Tributary (line
14)
(B) Ice dam(line 15) (C) Albedo
(line 23) (D)Interglacial (line
24)

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71.Which of the following statements is supported
by the passage?
(A)The movement of surge glaciers can
be prevented.
(B) The next ice age could be Cause by
surge glaciers.
(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic
ice shelves.
(D)Normal glaciers have little effect on
Earth’s climate.

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