WESTERN COLLEGES, INC.

Naic, Cavite

A Thesis Paper Presented to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies of

Western Colleges, Inc. Naic, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Master of Arts in Education major in

Administration & Supervision

IRENE I. BAQUIRAN
December 2022

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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled The Impact of School-based Program for obese

Adolescents prepared and submitted by Irene I. Baquiran, in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education Major in
Administration and Supervision, has been examined and is recommended for
acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____ on ____

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Arts in Education major in Administration & Supervision.

Comprehensive Examinations passed on ___________.

Abner V. Pineda, PhD, EdD, DPA, DBA

Dean, School of Graduate Studies

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Title: The Impact of School-based Program for obese Adolescents

Researcher: Irene I. Baquiran
Adviser: Abner V. Pineda, PhD, EdD, DPA, DBA
School: Western Colleges, Inc. Naic, Cavite
Degree: Master of Arts in Education
Date of Completion: December 2022

ABSTRACT
Purpose:
This study was conducted to determine the impact of school-based program
for obese adolescents.

Design:

This study utilized the quantitative method of research. This design focuses
on the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find
patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize
results to wider populations. It used survey questionnaire to know the children’s
profile and their eating habits and physical activity.
A pair-matched cluster-randomized controlled school-based trial was
conducted in which 8 public high schools were randomized to either a 12-session
school nurse-delivered and after school exercise program, or 12-session nurse
contact with weight management information (control). Overweight or obese
adolescents (N = 126) completed anthropometric and behavioral assessments at
baseline and 8-month follow-up. Main outcome measures included diet, activity, and
BMI. Mixed effects regression models were conducted to examine differences at
follow-up.
Findings:
During the follow-up, the students that undergoes intervention have the same
BMI with the controlled school. Students who undergo counseling and have a 12-
session contact with the nurse and the controlled school showed that there were no
differences in other behaviors targeted by the intervention.

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Research Limitations:
This study was limited to the collected data gathered from the
respondents from the eight (8) public high schools where 7 schools are
predominately white, and 1 Hispanic.

Key Words
Adolescents, Obesity, School-based program, eating habit, diet, and
physical activity.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page 1
Approval Sheet 2
Abstract 3-4
Table of Contents 5-6
INTRODUCTION 7-8
METHOD 9-10
Initial Stage
Final Stage
RESULTS 10
Development Stage
Conduct of Exploratory Factor Analysis
Final Results
DISCUSSION 10
REFERENCES 11
APPENDICES
Appendix
A. Letter to the Schools Division Superintendent 12
B. Informed Consent Form 13
C. Copy of the First Draft of the Instrument
D. Matrix for Development and Validations of the 14-17
Proposed Instrument on ______
E. Copy for the Instrument Validators 18
F. Content Validity Index Results
G. Table 20

H. Figures 20

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I. Semi – Final Draft of the Developed and Validated 21
Instrument :
J. Copy of the Final Instrument 21
K. Certificate of PlagScan Review (Revised Final Manuscript) 21
L. Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae 22-24

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INTRODUCTION
The study was conducted to educate the community on the importance of
having a good eating habit and engaging in physical activity to be physically and
mentally healthy. Obesity has become one of the major problems that can be
encounter during the adolescent period. Obesity is a medical problem that increases
the risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high
blood pressure and certain cancers. There are different factors that may lead to
obesity these includes diet, lack of exercise, environmental factors, and genetics.
Obesity, which broadly refers to excess body fat, has become an important
public health problem. Its prevalence continues to increase worldwide. As the
prevalence of obesity increases so does the burden of its associated co-morbidities.
Non-communicable diseases and their risk factors including obesity are now
becoming a significant problem not only in affluent societies but also in developing
countries.
The World Health Organization (WHO) adopted body mass index (BMI),
which is calculated by dividing the body weight in kilograms (Kg) by the square of the
height in meters (m), as a surrogate measure of total body fat. BMI correlates well
with the percentage body fat in the young and middle aged where obesity is most
prevalent. With this index, obesity is defined when the value is equal to or more than
30Kg/m2.
Adolescents are prone to obesity due to decrease of physical activity and
being expose to unhealthy foods. In the Philippines, around 27 million Filipinos are
overweight and obese, based on the latest survey of the Department of Science and
Technology's Food and Nutrition Research Institute.(27M Filipinos are overweight,
obese - BusinessMirror2022/03/)
The Department of Health (DOH), National Nutrition Council (NNC), Philippine
Association for the Study of Overweight and Obesity (PASOO), Nutrition Center of
the Philippines (NCP), World Health Organization (WHO), and United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) raise the alarm on growing obesity in the Philippines on
the occasion of World Obesity Day.
Globally, obesity affects 800 million individuals, placing them more at risk for
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some cancers. It has also emerged as a major
risk factor for severe disease during the COVID-19 pandemic, making people living
with obesity twice as likely to be hospitalized if tested positive for COVID-19.
Obesity, which was once considered a problem primarily in high-income and
developed countries, is now a rising health problem in low- and middle- income
countries including the Philippines.
Around 27 million Filipinos are overweight and obese, based on the latest
survey of the Department of Science and Technology’s Food and Nutrition Research
Institute. For the past two decades, overweight and obesity among adults has almost
doubled from 20.2% in 1998 to 36.6% in 2019. Similarly, the prevalence rates of
overweight and obesity among adolescents have more than doubled from 4.9% in
2003 to 11.6% in 2018.

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Obesity is a complex disease that occurs when an individual’s weight is higher
than what is considered healthy for his or her height. Obesity affects children as well
as adults. Many factors can contribute to excess weight gain including eating
patterns, physical activity levels, and sleep routines. Social determinants of health,
genetics, and taking certain medications also play a role. (Centers For Disease
Control and Prevention CDC 24/7 Saving lives Protecting People.)
There are many factors that may lead to obesity. One of those factors are
poor eating habit and lack of physical activity. Obesity is generally caused by eating
too much and moving too little. If you consume high amounts of energy, particularly
fat and sugars, but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity,
much of the surplus energy will be stored by the body as fat. If you're not active
enough, you do not use the energy provided by the food you eat, and the extra
energy you consume is stored by the body as fat. The Department of Health and
Social Care recommends that adults do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity
aerobic activity, such as cycling or fast walking, every week. (Obesity - Causes -
NHShttps://www.nhs.uk › conditions › obesity › causes)
To fight the problem in obesity, some schools launch programs that will help
in overcoming obesity. Some schools have started introducing programs and
activities that can prevent obesity. They also work with different organizations to
seek help and guidance to fight obesity. Schools also teach the risk of being obese.
They also teach them about the proper nutrition and exercise that can help them be
back in shape.
Given the dramatic increase in adolescent overweight and obesity, models
are needed for implementing weight management treatment through readily
accessible venues. We evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of a school-based
intervention consisting of school nurse-delivered counseling and an after-school
exercise program in improving diet, activity, and body mass index (BMI) among
overweight and obese adolescents.

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METHODS AND PROCEDURES

A pair-matched cluster-randomized controlled school-based trial was
conducted with a convenience sample of 8 public high schools in Massachusetts.
The total student enrollment at these schools ranged from 673 to 1467; the student
populations were predominately white (61.8% to 94.4%) in 7 schools, and Hispanic
(42.7%) in 1 school. The percent of students considered low income ranged from
5.7% to 59.7%. Schools were pair matched on enrollment, and 1 school from each
pair was randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition. Data were
collected from September 2012 to June 2013. Clinical Trial Registration #
NCT01463124.
Adolescents in grades 9 to 12 were eligible to participate if they had a BMI ≥
85th percentile for age and sex, provided assent and had parental consent, and had
at least 1 English speaking parent. Exclusions included plans to move out of the
area; a medical condition that precluded adherence to the intervention; diagnosis of
a serious psychiatric illness; genetic or endocrine cause of obesity; taking a
medication associated with weight gain; or weighing ≥ 300 pounds. Students were
recruited to a study about “healthy living,” in an attempt to reduce the potential for
stigma, through school announcements, flyers and posters, going into classes,
setting up an information table in the cafeteria, and school nurse encounters.
Assessments were completed at baseline and 8 months later by trained research
assistants. Participants received a certificate of participation after the program
completion. After the screening process, a total of 126 students were eligible to
participate in the program.The study retained 100% of participants at follow-up.
A pair-matched cluster-randomized controlled school-based trial was
conducted in which 8 public high schools were randomized to either a 12-session
school nurse-delivered cognitive-behavioral counseling intervention plus school-
based after school exercise program, or 12-session nurse contact with weight
management information (control). Overweight or obese adolescents (N = 126)
completed anthropometric and behavioral assessments at baseline and 8-month
follow-up. Main outcome measures included diet, activity, and BMI. Mixed effects
regression models were conducted to examine differences at follow-up.
Adolescent overweight and obesity have increased dramatically in recent
decades, with 34% of adolescents currently overweight or obese.1 Adolescent
obesity has negative physical and mental health consequences,2–4 and is strongly
linked with obesity during adulthood.5 Adolescence provides an opportunity to
promote healthy lifestyles affecting physical and psychosocial outcomes during
adolescence and into adulthood, yet adolescent obesity has been understudied
compared with adults and preadolescents.6 One systematic review7 found that
comprehensive behavioral interventions including diet and physical activity
counseling and behavioral management training8 are efficacious for decreasing

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youth body mass index (BMI), but they were focused on preadolescents and
conducted in specialty clinics with limited access by youth.7
Models for implementing expert recommendations for weight management
interventions9 with adolescents require development and testing. The school A pair-
matched cluster-randomized controlled school-based trial was conducted with a
convenience sample of 8 public high schools in Massachusetts. The total student
enrollment at these schools ranged from 673 to 1467; the student populations were
predominately white (61.8% to 94.4%) in 7 schools, and Hispanic (42.7%) in 1
school. The percent of students considered low income ranged from 5.7% to 59.7%.
Schools were pair matched on enrollment, and 1 school from each pair was
randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition. Data were collected from
September 2012 to June 2013. Clinical Trial Registration # NCT01463124.
Adolescents in grades 9 to 12 were eligible to participate if they had a BMI ≥
85th percentile for age and sex, provided assent and had parental consent, and had
at least 1 English-speaking parent. Exclusions included plans to move out of the
area; a medical condition that precluded adherence to the intervention;

RESULTS
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of participants were generally
comparable between the 2 conditions (Table 1). Control schools had fewer students
that were of black race and more students that were mixed race when compared
with intervention schools (15.8% vs 24.1% black race and 21.1% vs 5.6% mixed
race, respectively; p = .018). Anthropometric measures did not differ significantly
between conditions.
DISCUSSION
This study found that a school-based intervention consisting of school nurse-
delivered counseling plus the availability of an after-school exercise program
improves a limited number of self-reported dietary and physical activity behaviors,
but not BMI, other anthropometric outcomes, or key obesogenic behaviors. The
school nurse counseling component is feasible for school nurses to deliver with high
fidelity and is acceptable to overweight and obese adolescents. However, an after-
school exercise component is not as well received or feasible for students, with 50%
of students not attending any of the classes held during the school year. The most
commonly cited barriers to participation in the after-school exercise program were
academic and other personal after-school responsibilities or extracurricular activities
as well as not liking to exercise in a group setting.

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REFERENCES :
1.Everybody Needs to Act to Curb Obesity DOH and development partners call for a
whole-of-society approach to reduce obesity in the Philippines 04 March 2022
2. Department of Science and Technology's Food and Nutrition Research Institute.
(27M Filipinos are overweight, obese - BusinessMirror2022/03/)
3. Baingana FK, Bos ER. Changing patterns of disease and mortality in sub-Saharan
Africa: An overview. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, Bos ER,
Baingana FK, et al., editors. Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Second
Edition. World Bank; 2008. pp. 1–9.
4.Bouchard C. Defining the genetic architecture of the predisposition to obesity: a
challenging but not insurmountable task external icon. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:5-6.
Choquet H, Meyre D. Genetics of obesity: what have we learned? External icon Curr
Genomics. 2011; 12:169-79.
5. Obesity Causes NHS
6. Effect of eating habits on obesity in adolescents: a study among Chinese college
students 020 Mar; 48(3): 0300060519889738.
Published online 2019 Dec 16. doi: 10.1177/0300060519889738
7. Obesity - Causes - NHShttps://www.nhs.uk › conditions › obesity › causes

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LETTER ASKING PERMISSION

Ma’am:
Greetings of Love, Peace & Respect!
The undersigned is presently on the last stage of her Master of Arts in
Education major in Special Education. She / He is conducting a research entitled

In order for the researcher to finish the said paper, a survey questionnaire has
to be floated to the respondents.

In this regard, may the researcher seek your approval for the conduct of the
study at your school.

The researcher conveys his/her utmost gratitude for the support you accord to
him / her with regard to his / her study.

Respectfully yours,

IRENE I. BAQUIRAN
Student – Researcher

Noted By :

Dr. Abner V. Pineda

Dean

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LETTER TO THE PARTICIPANTS / RESPONDENTS

Dear Sir/ Ma’am:

Greetings of Love, Peace & Respect!

The undersigned is presently on the last stage of her Master of Arts in
Education Major in Special Education. She is conducting a research entitled The
Impact of School-based Program for obese Adolescents.

In order for the researcher to finish the said paper, a survey questionnaire has
to be floated.

In this regard, may the researcher seek your ample time to answer the
attached survey.
The researcher conveys her utmost gratitude for the support you accord to
her with regards to her study.

Respectfully yours,

IRENE I. BAQUIRAN
Student – Researcher

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Appendix D

MATRIX FOR DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATIONS OF (title)

Part l. Profile of the obese / overweight pupils in terms of :

1.1 Name ______________________________________________ (optional)

1.2 Grade and Section :
1.3 Socio economic Status

Part ll. This set of questions is about your children’s eating habits and
physical activity. The first few questions ask about food, and the rest of the
questions should be answered for each of the children in your household.
Your participation in this survey is voluntary and all answers will be kept
confidential. If there is a question that you do not wish to answer, you can
skip it and move on to the next question. We are hoping that the information
we get from this survey will help us understand the eating behaviors of
children in our community.

Thank you for completing this survey.

Please indicate whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat

disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements:

2.1 Some people are born to be fat and some thin; there is not much you can
do to change this.

01 Strongly agree; 02 Somewhat agree; 03 Somewhat disagree; 04 Strongly

disagree

2.2 What you eat can make a big difference in your chance of getting a
disease, like heart disease or cancer.

01 Strongly agree; 02 Somewhat agree; 03 Somewhat disagree; 04 Strongly

disagree

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2.3 When you buy food, how important is each of the following?

2.3.1 How safe the food is to eat ?

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Not at all

important

2.3.2 Nutrition (how healthy the food is)

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Not at all

important

2.3.3 Price?

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Not at all

important

2.3.4 How well the food keeps ?

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Not at all

important

2.3.5 How easy the food is to prepare ?

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Not at all

important

2.3.6 Taste (whether child likes the food ?

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Not at all

important

2.4 In your opinion, how important are the following things are to a child’s
present and future health?

2.4.1 What a child eats :

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Don’t know

2.4.2 How much a child eats :

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Don’t know

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2.4.2 How much exercise a child gets :

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Don’t know

2.4.3 What the child weighs :

01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Don’t know

2.5 Please answer the following questions for each of your children:

Child 1 Child 2 Child 3 Child 4

2.5.1 Sex
01 Male
02 Female

2.5.2 Age

2.5.3 Height :
(in feet & inches)

2.5.4 Weight :
(in pounds)

2.5.5 Not counting juice, how often do your children ages 2 and over eat fruit on an
average day?

01 Never or rarely; 02 helping; 03 Don’t know/ not sure

01 Don’t know/ not sure

2.5.5 On an average day, how often does each child eat vegetables? (Includes
vegetable salad..)
01 Never or rarely; 02 helping; 03 Don’t know/ not sure

2.5.6 How many times a week does each child eat fast food (McDonalds, Wendy’s,
Taco Bell, etc.)

01 Never or rarely ; 02 1-2 times; 03 3-4 times; 04 5 or more times;

2.5.7 How many sodas per week does each child drink ?
01 Never or rarely; 02 1-4 sodas; 03 5-7 sodas; 04 8 or more sodas; 05 Don’t know/
not sure

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2.5.8 How many times per week does each child play or exercise enough to make
him/her sweat and breathe hard for 20 or more minutes?

01 Never or rarely; 02 1-2 times; 03 3-4 times; 04 5 or more times; 05 Don’t know/
not sure
2.5.9 How would you describe each child’s weight?

01 Very underweight; 02 Slightly underweight ; 03 About the right weight; 04 Slightly

overweight; 05 Very overweight

2.5.10 About how many hours do you estimate each of your children sit and watch
TV or videos on an average school day?

01 Less than 1 hour; 02 1-2 hours; 03 3-4 hours; 04 5 or more hrs; 05 None;

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Appendix E

COPY FOR THE INSTRUMENT VALIDATORS

Dear Validator :
Greetings of Love, Peace & Respect !
Kindy evaluate the items enumerated that are grounded from my review of
related literature and studies according to the relevance to the research objectives
and its language proficiency to elicit reliable responses.
The research objective is grounded on the definition of the terms indicated
prior to each evaluation table.
Please use the scoring scale below and indicates the necessary remarks
thereafter.

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Appendix F
CONTENT VALIDITY INDEX RESULTS
Appendix G

TABLE
Table 1
Race Control (N=57) Intervention (N=54)
White 63.2 63.3
Black 15.8 24.1
Mixed 21.1 5.6
Hispanic 38.6 24.1

Table 2
Survey Questions No. of Responses
Strongly Somewhat Strongly
Somewhat Agree
Agree disagree disagree
2.1. Some people are born to be fat and some are
10 18 51 47
thin; there is not much you can change this.
2.2. What you eat can make a big difference in your
chance of getting a disease, like heart disease or 49 98 15 0
cancer.
Very Somewhat Not important at
Not too important
important important all
2.3 When you buy food, how important is each of the
following?
2.3.1 How safe the food is to eat? 112 50 0 0

2.3.2 Nutrition (how healthy the food is) 68 40 18 0

2.3.3 Price? 33 93 0 0

2.3.4 How well the food keeps 64 22 17 3

2.3.5 How easy the food is to prepare? 109 17 0 0

2.3.6 Taste (whether child likes the food ?) 121 5 0 0

2.4. In your opinion, how important are the following
things are to a child’s present and future health?

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Very Somewhat
Not too important Don’t know
important important
2.4.1 What a child eats 126 0 0 0

2.4.2 How much a child eats 98 28 0 0

2.4.2 How much exercise a child gets 73 53 0 0

2.4.3 What the child weighs 89 37 0 0

Never or Don’t know/ not Don’t know/ not
helping
rarely sure sure
2.5 Not counting juice, how often do your children
13 21 71 21
ages 2 and over eat fruit on an average day?
Never or 4 -5 or more
1-2 times 3-4 times
rarely times
2.5.6How many times a week does each child eat fast
11 52 50 49
food)
2.5.7 How many sodas per week does each child
27 34 61 4
drink?
2.5.8 How many times per week does each child play
or exercise enough to make him/her sweat and 0 23 40 63
breathe hard for 20 or more minutes?
Very Slightly About the right Slightly
underweight underweight weight overweight
2.5.9 How would you describe each child’s weight? 0 0 11 115
Less than 1
1-2 hours 4- 5 or more hrs. None
hour
2.5.10 About how many hours do you estimate
each of your children sit and watch TV or videos on 27 34 61 4
an average school day?

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Appendix H

Figures
Appendix I

SEMI – FINAL DRAFT OF THE DEVELOPED AND VLIDATED INSTRUMENT

Appendix J

Copy of the Final Instrument

Appendix K

Certificate of Plag Scan Review (Revised Final Manuscript)

Appendix L

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Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae

IRENE I. BAQUIRAN
Bendita 1, Magallanes, Cavite
Irene.baquiran@yahoo.com

PERSONAL DATA:
Nickname: Irene
Birthday: Oct. 1,1981
Birthplace: Bendita 1, Magallanes, Cavite
Age: 41
Height: 5’2
Civil Status: Married
Father: Danilo Icasiano
Mother: Brigida Icasiano
Address: Bendita 1, Magallanes, Cavite

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Masteral: MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION

Western Colleges Inc.
Naic, Cavite
(January 2020– Present)

Tertiary: BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Major in Science
Cavite State University
Indang Cavite
(June 1998 – May 2002)

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Secondary: BENDITA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Bendita 1, Magallanes, Cavite
(June 1994 – April 1998)

Elementary: BENDITA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Bendita 1, Magallanes, Cavite
(June 1988– April 1994)

SEMINARS ATTENDED

School-Based Training on Assessment and December 16-18, 2020

Grading in an Alternative Delivery Modality
(ADM) Modular Approach

Capacity Building for Teachers and School July 7-9, 2020

Leaders on the Development and Utilization
of I.D.E.A. Lesson Exemplar

Office 365 Revealed – Transforming Schools May 13 – 14, 2020

for the Digital Age Webinar

Division Seminar Workshop on Content October 23 – 25, 2019

And Pedagogy in EPP/TLE/TVE/TVL

Ika-6 na Panrehiyong Kongreso ng mga September 14, 2019

Guro sa Filipino

2019 CALABARZON Conference in May 27 – 29, 2019

Campus Journalism

Jourknow: Division Summer Journalism April 29 – May 3, 2019

Training

3-Day Digital Literacy Training on Tech4Ed April 25 – 27, 2019

Platform, Data Privacy and Security, Cybersecurity
And MS Office Applications

Municipal Training on Campus Journalism June 1 – 3, 2016

For School Paper Advisers and Campus
Journalists

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WORK EXPERIENCES

TEACHER
Bendita Elementary School
Bendita 1, Magallanes, Cavite
August 2019 up to present

TEACHER
Shorooq Al-Marefa Schools
Exit 8, Riyadh, KSA
March 2016 – March 2019

TEACHER
Pintong Gubat Elementary School
Dasmarinas, Cavite
Oct. 2004 – August 2015

TEACHER
Ramirez Elementary School
Ramirez, Magallanes, Cavite
September 2002 – September 2004

SKILLS

Computer Literate

CHARACTER REFERENCES:

Violeta Ruiz
Principal, Magallanes Central School
Magallanes, Cavite

Ms. Lynnette A. De Leon

Principal, Kaytitingga Elementary School
Alfonso, Cavite

Shiela B. Bello
Principal, Bendita Elementary School
Bendita 1Magallanes, Cavite

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______________________
IRENE I. BAQUIRAN

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