General Biology 2

Quarter 3 Week 1

Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Outline the processes involved in genetic

engineering
• Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA
 General Biology 2
Review

Mendelian Genetics
Gregor Johann Mendel (1882-1844)

• Father of Genetics
• Genetics - study of heredity.
• Austrian monk
• Studied the inheritance of traits in pea
plants
• Developed the Laws of Inheritance
• Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated
and tested some 28,000 pea plants.
• He found that the plants’ offspring retained
traits off the parents.
Site of Gregor
Mendel’s
experimental
garden in the
Czech Republic
Particulate Inheritance
• Mendel stated that physical traits are
inherited as “particles”
• Mendel did not know that the particles
were actually CHROMOSOMES and DNA.

Genetic Terminology
• Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from
parent to offspring.
• Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring.
Types of Genetic Crosses
• Monohybrid Cross - cross involving a single trait.
• Dihybrid Cross - cross involving two traits.

Designer “Genes”
• Alleles - two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive)
• Dominant - stronger of two genes expressed in the
hybrid.
• Recessive - gene that shows up less often in a cross.
• Genotype - gene combination for a trait.
⚬ Homozygous Genotype - gene combination
involving two dominant or two recessive genes;
also called as pure.
⚬ Heterozygous Genotype - gene combination of
one dominant and one recessive allele also called
as hybrid.

• Phenotype - the physical feature resulting from a

genotype.
RECAP

1. ___________ carries the genetic

information in all living organisms.

2. ___________ a single stranded type of nucleic

acids that is mostly involved in protein synthesis.

3. ___________ is a protein molecule that

catalyzes biochemical reaction
RECAP

1. DNA carries the genetic information in

all living organisms.

2. RNA a single stranded type of nucleic acids that

is mostly involved in protein synthesis.

3. Enzyme is a protein molecule that catalyzes

biochemical reaction
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic Engineering
• the artificial manipulation, modification, and
recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid
molecules in order to modify an organism or
population of organisms.
• simply the addition, deletion, or manipulation
of a single trait in an organism to create a
desired change.
• Two Types of Genetic Engineering
⚬ Classical Breeding
⚬ Recombinant DNA Technology
Classical Breeding

• the practice of mating or

breeding selected
organisms with desirable
traits.
Classical Breeding
Classical Breeding
Steps in Classical Breeding
1. Determine
2. Select parents that
which trait are
exemplify these traits.
significant enough
to be chosen.

3. Choose the best offspring

4. Repeat the
from parents to produce the
process.
next generation.
Recombinant
DNA
Technology
Recombinant DNA
• (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that is created by
combining two or more sequences that would not
normally occur together through the process of
gene splicing.

Recombinant DNA Technology

• is a technology which allows DNA to be produced
via artificial means. The procedure has been used to
change DNA in living organisms and may have even
more practical use in the future.
The modification in genetic
engineering may involve the
following:
• Introduction of new traits
into an organism,
• enhancement of a present
trait by increasing the
expression of the desired
gene, or
• enhancement of a present
trait by disrupting the
inhibition of the desired
genes’ expression.
Steps in Creating Recombinant DNA
Steps in Creating Recombinant DNA
Steps in Creating Recombinant DNA
Steps in Creating Recombinant DNA
Steps in Creating Recombinant DNA
Steps in Creating Recombinant DNA
Steps in Creating Recombinant DNA
Genetically Modified Plants

• Bt Corn
⚬ Bacillus
thuringiensis
⚬ resistant to corn-
borer disease.
Genetically Modified Plants

• Bt Eggplant
⚬ Bacillus thuringiensis
⚬ resistant to eggplant fruit and shoot borer (ESFB)
Genetically Modified Plants

• Golden Rice
⚬ B - carotene
⚬ Pre-cursor
Vitamin A
Other Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Human Insulin
 We must learn how to
General Biology 2

think not only logically, but

bio-logically.

-Edward Abbey-