Science L ife

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Vie Sciences

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I mpacts Socio
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S ocio- Economic
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Economiques I mpacts
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Chapter n°1 :

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Introduction

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Prepared by:

Mrs BOUCENNA B., Mr CHAFFAI A. & Mr TRABSI S.

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USTHB – FSB – L1 2023-24.
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Preamble

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among the questions that a biology student starting their studies may

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ask:

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What interests do these living beings present to humans?

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The expected, non-exhaustive, answer will be :

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1. Biological interests 3. Socio-economic
2. Ecological interest

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(nutritional and medical...) interests

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I- Impact of plants on human.

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The importance of plants is reflected in:

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the very high number of species within the plant kingdom.
the wide range of distribution and adaptation in the biosphere.

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 the various uses of plants by humans.

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Let's mention a few non-exhaustive interests:

1- Food
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2- Medicinal 3- Fodder 4- Condiments
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5- Textiles 6- Aromatics 7- Fuels 8- Industrial

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9- Dyeing 10- Forestry

I.1. Nutritional and Medicinal Interests of Plants.

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I.1.1. Nutritional Interest

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The major interest of plants for humans is undoubtedly nutritional.

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currently, the plants cultivated with nutritional interest are very varied and their
cultures are organized in subsidiaries such as:

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1-Cereal Farming. 2-Vegetable Crops. 3-Fruit Tree Cultivation.

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4-Oilseed Crops. 5-Date Palm Cultivation. 6-Horticulture.

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I.1.2. Medicinal Interests
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A medicinal plant is a plant used for its therapeutic properties, forming the basis of
phytotherapy.
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Some historically reputed medicinal plants....

Willow bark Digitalis Eucalyptus Papaver somniferum

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Usage of plants :
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Infusion Extracts
Pure constituents Essential oils
Herbal teas (Decoction, maceration)
II- Impact of animals and their derivatives on human beings.

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The transition to agriculture from the Neolithic hunter-fisher-gatherer era was

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accompanied by the domestication of animals, leading to livestock farming.

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 Humans are dependent on animals for their food and various products derived

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from them, used for various purposes.

 This includes food and by-products obtained from various species of mammals,

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birds, amphibians, fish, and various arthropods.

farming practices have evolved significantly throughout history, and the most
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commonly practiced ones today are:

1- Cattle, sheep, goat, camel, and horse farming

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2- Poultry farming.
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3- Aquaculture.
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4- Beekeeping

5- Vermiculture
II.1. Types of Animal Farming and Their Interests.

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Types of Animal Farming. Products . By-products.

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1- Cattle, sheep, goat, camel,

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Red meats wool, leather, hair, manure.
and horse farming

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2- Poultry farming. White meats, Feathers, down, manure
eggs
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3- Aquaculture. Flesh (fish Fish meal, oil, shells.
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meats)
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-Beeswax, pollen, hive products.

-Medical applications in the
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4- Beekeeping Honey treatment of arthritis with bee

venom (apitherapy).
-Pollination vector
III- Impact of microorganisms on living organisms.

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III.1- Beneficial effects of microorganisms

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III.1.1. Impact on human health

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III.1.1.1. Microorganisms in the human body = microbiota

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III.1.1.2. Microorganisms introduced into the human body = Probiotics

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III.1.2. Impact on plant production and health
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III.1.2.1. Humus formation.
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III.1.2.2. Mycorrhization.
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III.1.2.3. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

III.2- examples of the beneficial effect of microorganisms.

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Example n° 1

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The rumen microbiome is essential for the degradation of cellulose-rich foods

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consumed by ruminants.

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Example n° 2
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Microorganisms can be used as vectors in transgenesis.
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III.3- Harmful effects of microorganisms.

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III.3.1. Some harmful effects on humans and animals.

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example 1:

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Bacterial respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

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example 2:
Mycoses are infections caused by fungi often found on the skin or on the mucous membranes.

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III.3.2.Some harmful effects on plants.

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example 1:
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Bacterial infections which mainly affect fruits such as bacterial rot of the tomato

example 2:
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Virosis: these are viral infections that can affect different organs of the vine, fruit trees and
orchards.Potato virus Y is one of the most widespread viruses.
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example 3:
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Mycotic infections or cryptogamic diseases are caused by parasitic fungi such as Fusarium
oxysporum which is the causative agent of bayoud disease which affects the date palm.
VI. Ecological and Environmental Interest.

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VI.1. Formation of an ecosystem.

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Living organisms that occupy a given habitat contribute to the formation of an

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ecosystem.

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There are several ecosystems.

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Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic ecosystems

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Forest Ecosystems
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(Oceans and Seas)
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Steppe Ecosystems
Lotic Ecosystems
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Desert Ecosystems (Rivers and Streams)

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Agro-écosystèmes Lentic Ecosystems

(Lakes and Ponds)
VI.1.1. Interest of living organisms in ecosystems: the example of plants.

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 Plants form the vegetative cover.

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 Among the roles of the vegetative cover:

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1- Habitat for wild animals or those living in semi-freedom.

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2- Soil protection against erosion.

3- Enrichment of the soil with organic matter from the decomposition of

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plants.
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3- Improvement of the soil structure.

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VI.2. Trophic relationship between living beings and recycling of
organic material.

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VI.2.1. Trophic relationship between living beings

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Plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms represent a source of food and therefore a
source of energy.

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Living organisms maintain a trophic relationship between them

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These trophic relationships are called food chains. there are two kinds of food chains:

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terrestrial food chains aquatic food chains

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Plants are the primary producers
in terrestrial food chains
Algae and other photosynthetic microorganisms
are the primary producers of aquatic food chains.
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VI.2.2. Recycling of organic and mineral materials

Microorganisms play a central role in the functioning of ecosystems by acting on the

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decomposition of animal and plant organic matter.

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Microorganisms play a role in the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle, and the degradation of
contaminants.
V. Socio-economic Interest.

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 Development of jobs.

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Existence in Algeria of dozens of centers and institutes related to the mentioned applications

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(See TD)
INRAA ITGC INPV ITAF ITCMI INFR CNRDPA

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 Development of commercial exchanges between communities, cities, and countries.

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 Development of roads and other transportation routes for the maintenance of crops and

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exchanges.
 Development of professions directly or indirectly related to cultivation and plantations:
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Manufacturing of mobile products (tractors, threshers, planters, ...).
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Cold storage for preservation.

Manufacturing of packaging and packaging products (cardboard, crates).

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 Population displacement in case of famine (lack of food).

 Sources of wealth and prosperity in times of abundance.

 Some Algerian centers and institutes related to the activities mentioned in this chapter.
(to be discussed in TD)

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Institut National de la

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Recherche Forestière

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Institut National de la Protection des
Végétaux
Centre National d’Insémination
Artificielle et d’Amélioration Génétique.
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