A Study of Pre-Competitive Anxiety of Archers in Relation To Their Performance

Vol.
01,Issue03,March2013
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH PEDAGOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN
EDUCATION AND MOVEMENT SCIENCES (IJEMS) ISSN: 2319-3050
A STUDY OF PRE-COMPETITIVE ANXIETY OF ARCHERS IN
RELATION TO THEIR PERFORMANCE
1 2
Rajesh Kumar Siwach Jaipal
1
Mphil, NIS (Archery), India
2
PET, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Butana, Sonepat,Haryana,India
ABSTRACT
______________________________________________________________________________
Performance in Archery is not only dependent upon various physical or physiological factors but it also
depends upon various psychological parameters. Keeping in view the importance of the relation between
anxiety and performance, the study focused on the aim to establish relationship between pre-competitive
anxiety and performance of National level archers of India. Further comparison of male and female
archers’ pre-competitive anxiety was studied and comparison of Archers (Male/Female) using Wooden
equipment and Modern equipment was studied. 60 Archers (30 male, 30 female) were selected for the
study of which 15 male and 15 female used wooden equipment while other 15 male and 15 female used
modern equipment. S. Sharma and M. Singh (73) adoption of Speilberger's STAI was used to measure
anxiety. Statistical techniques included Mean, S.D.,’t’ test and Karl Pearson's co-efficient of correlation.
It was observed during the study that the mean of pre-competitive anxiety of females is less than their
male counterparts but statistically not significant. While comparing the means of pre-competitive anxiety
scores of archers using modern equipment with archers using wooden equipment it was found that the
Archers using modern equipment, both Male and Female, had higher scores than their counterparts using
Indian equipment but the difference was not significant statistically. The co-relation of performance in
Archery with anxiety scores is negative in all the four groups studied and is significant in male archers
using modern equipment, indicating that the anxiety affects the performance of archers negatively or in
other words, with the increase in pre-competitive anxiety there is decline in the performance. The greater
co-relation in the male archers using modern equipment may be attributed to the higher or tougher
competition between them. On the basis of investigations appropriate changes could be induced in
coaching and training programme for manipulating desirable anxiety among archers, and some efforts
could be adopted in coaching methodology, according to their level of anxiety. Psychological preparation
of archers will help for better performance.
Keywords: Archer, Performance, Pre-competition and Anxiety.
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
Archery is one of the oldest practiced sports in India. It is an introvert action of an Archer, his
ability to understand and to execute a similar type of movements, which requires concentration,
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Vol.01,Issue03,March2013
attention and reflex action. No doubt the basic Archery is concerned with form but competitive
Archery is mental game. In the last few decades Archery has gained tremendous popularity all
over globe. In today's age of scientific knowledge man has made rapid progress in all walks of
life and the area of games and sports is also not left behind.
Sports Psychology is playing an important role, which has made us, realize the relationship of
different psychological factors with competitive performance. The study of anxiety has been
considered important in all areas of human activity including sports. For anxiety in its broadest
sense refers to the general state of alertness. It is related to the bodies alarm system and provides
for vigilance against disruptive forces in the environment. To maintain the internal balance, the
organism, must function with a certain level of anxiety always present.
By studying the related literature we arrive at the conclusion that there are different views with
regard to pre-competition anxiety and its implications in various sports and situations. Some
studies revealed that there is significant difference between team games and individual games
with regard to the pre-competition anxiety in sports. Some studied revealed that competitive
anxiety between male and female were statistically significant. Some researchers concluded that
lower the level of arousal (Anxiety) the higher the quality of performance. So, it is necessary to
know the actual result regarding the pre-competition anxiety and its relationship with sports
performance particularly in Archery.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To compare the pre-competitive anxiety level of male and female archers.
2. To compare the pre-competitive anxiety level of male and female archers using wooden
equipment.
3. To compare the pre-competitive anxiety level of male and female archers using modern
equipment.
4. To compare the pre-competitive anxiety level of male archers using wooden and modern
equipment.

5. To compare the pre-competitive anxiety level of female archers using wooden and
modern equipment.
6. To find out the relationship between pre-competitive anxiety level and performance of
male archers using wooden equipment.
female archers using wooden equipment.
male archers using modern equipment.
female archers using modern equipment.
HYPOTHESES:
1. There does not exist a significant difference between male and female archers with regard
to their pre-competitive anxiety.
2. Male and female archers using wooden equipment do not differ significantly with regard
3. Male and female archers using modern equipment do not differ significantly with regard
4. There does not exist a significant difference between pre-competitive anxiety of male
archers using wooden and modern equipment.
5. There does not exist a significant difference between pre-competitive anxiety of female
6. There does not exist a relationship between pre-competitive anxiety level and
performance of male archers using wooden equipment.
performance of female archers using wooden equipment.
performance of male archers using modern equipment.

performance of female archers using modern equipment.
SAMPLE:
A sample of 60 Archers participating in National Competition in total was taken of which 15
male and 15 female archers using modern equipment and 15 male and 15 female archers using
wooden equipment were selected randomly.
TOOLS USED:
1. STAI form X-1 by Speilberger et. al adopted by S. Sharma and M. Singh was used to
measure anxiety of archers.
2. For performance in archery, the FITA round score of archers using modern equipment
and composite score of 50 m and 30 m for archers using Indian equipment was taken as
performance.
METHODOLOGY:
The study comprises of 60 archers using wooden and modern equipment who participated in
Senior National Archery Championship at JRD Sports Complex, Jamshedpur, West Bengal. The
sample consisted of 30 archers (15 male + 15 female) using wooden equipment and 30 archers
(15 male + 15 female) using modern equipment. The data was collected one hour before each
competition. The archers were asked to sit for three minutes to cool down and they were told the
purpose of the study and their co-operation requested. Then the questionnaire was explained and
the subject was asked to fill up. For performance in archery the FITA round score of archers in
modern equipment and archers using Indian equipment score of 50 m and 30 m was noted. The
data of various groups was compared and computed. Statistical techniques were used to find out
significance of difference and coefficient of correlation in various variables.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Analysis of Means, S.D. and’t’-value between Male and Female Archers

Table - 1
Group N Mean S.D. 't'-value Level of Significance
Male Archers 30 38.47 3.85

0.065 NS
Female Archers 30 36.27 3.76
The table 1 shows the pre-competitive anxiety level of male and female archers. The result
reveals that mean score of male archers and female archers are 38.47 ± 3.85 and 36.27 ± 3.76
respectively. The’t’-ratio came out to be 0.065 which is not statistically significant.
Analysis of Means, S.D. and’t’-value between Male and Female Archers Using Wooden
Equipment
Table - 2

0.016 NS
The table 2 shows the pre-competitive anxiety level of male and female archers using wooden
equipment. The result reveals that mean score of male archers and female archers using wooden
equipment are 36.80 ± 3.14 and 35.27 ± 3.65 respectively. The’t’-ratio came out to be 0.016
which is not statistically significant.

Analysis of Means, S.D. and’t’-value between Male and Female Archers Using Modern
Equipment
Table - 3

0.114 NS
The table 3 shows the pre-competitive anxiety level of male and female archers using modern
equipment. The result reveals that mean score of male archers and female archers using modern
equipment are 40.13 ± 7.76 and 37.27 ± 3.86 respectively. The 't'-ratio came out to be 0.114
which is not statistically significant.
Analysis of Means, S.D. and’t’-value between Male Archers Using Modern Equipment and
Wooden Equipment
Table - 4
Male Archers using 15 40.13 4.76

Modern Equipment
0.079 NS
Male Archers using 15 36.80 3.14
Wooden Equipment
The table 4 shows the pre-competitive anxiety level of male archers using modern equipment
and wooden equipment. The result reveals that mean score of male archers using modern
equipment and wooden equipment are 40.13 ± 4.76 and 36.80 ± 36.80 respectively. The’t’-ratio
came out to be 0.079 which is not statistically significant.

Analysis of Means, S.D. and’t’-value between Female Archers Using Modern Equipment and
Wooden Equipment
Table - 5
Female Archers using 15 37.27 3.86

Modern Equipment
0.041 NS
Female Archers using 15 35.27 3.65
Wooden Equipment
The table 5 shows the pre-competitive anxiety level of female archers using modern equipment
and wooden equipment. The result reveals that mean score of female archers using modern
equipment and wooden equipment are 37.27 ± 3.86 and 35.27 ± 3.65 respectively. The’t’-ratio
came out to be 0.041 which is not statistically significant.
Analysis of Means, S.D. and Coefficient of Correlation between Anxiety Test Scores and
Archery Performance Score
Table - 6
Group N Anxiety Archery Coefficient of

Correlation
Performance Performance
Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Male Archers using Wooden

15 36.80 3.14 591.21 19.42 -0.399
Equipment
Female Archers using

15. 35.27 3.65 508.64 60.15 -0.236
Wooden Equipment

Male Archers using Modern

15 40.13 4.76 1281.93 19.56 -0.593
Equipment
Female Archers using

15 37.27 3.86 1219 64.55 -0.254
Modern Equipment
Table No. 6 shows that the coefficient of correlation between performance tests and pre-
competitive anxiety tests of male and female archers using wooden equipment and modern
equipment are -0.399 , -0.236, and -0.593, -0.254.
The value of coefficient of correlation of male archers using wooden equipment came out to be -
0.399 which is less than the table value at 0.5 level of significance. The correlation is negative
but not significant. So the hypothesis that there does not exist a relationship between pre-
competitive anxiety level and performance of male archers using modern equipment is rejected.
The value of coefficient of correlation of female archers using wooden equipment came out to be
-0.236 which is less than the table value at 0.5 level of significance. Though the correlation is
negative but is not significant. It means that the pre-competitive anxiety is a contributing factor
to the performance in archery of female archer using wooden equipment up to some extent. But
there is no significant relationship. So the hypothesis that there does not exist a relationship
between pre-competitive anxiety level and performance of female archers using wooden
equipment is retained.
The value of coefficient of correlation of male archers using modern equipment came out to be -
0.593 which is more than the table value at 0.5 level of significance. The correlation is negative
and significant at 0.5 level of significance.
It means that the pre-competitive anxiety is a contributing factor to the performance in archery
of male archer using modern equipment. There is a significant relationship. This suggests that
with the increase in anxiety level there will be decrease in the archery performance. So the
hypothesis that there does not exist a relationship between pre-competitive anxiety level and
performance of male archers using modern equipment is rejected.

The value of coefficient of correlation of female archers using modern equipment came out to be
-0.236 which is less than the table value at 0.5 level of significance. Though the correlation is
negative but is not significant. It means that the pre-competitive anxiety is a contributing factor
to the performance in archery of female archers using modern equipment up to some extent. But
there is no significant relationship. So the hypothesis that there does not exist a relationship
between pre-competitive anxiety level and performance of female archers using modern
equipment is retained.
CONCLUSION:
1. There does not exist a significant difference between male and female archers with regard
2. Male and female archers using wooden equipment do not differ significantly with regard
3. Male and female archers using modern equipment do not differ significantly with regard
4. There does not exist a significant difference between pre-competitive anxiety of male
5. There does not exist a significant difference between pre-competitive anxiety of female
performance of male archers using wooden equipment.
performance of female archers using wooden equipment.
8. There exists a significant relationship between pre-competitive anxiety levels of
performance of male archers using modern equipment.
performance of female archers using modern equipment.

It is observed that the mean of pre-competitive anxiety of females in both groups is less than the
male archers using either wooden or modern equipment but not statistically significant. While
comparing the means of pre-competitive anxiety scores of archers using modern equipment with
archers using wooden equipment it is found that the Archers using modern equipment, both Male
and Female, had higher scores than their counterparts using Indian equipment but the difference
was not significant statistically.
The co-relation of performance in Archery with anxiety scores is negative in all the four groups
studied and is significant in one group that of male archers using modern equipment. This means
that the anxiety affects the performance of archers negatively or in simpler terms, with the
increase in pre-competitive anxiety there is decrease in the performance score.
The greater co-relation in the male archers using modern equipment may be attributed to the
higher or tougher competition between them. As the small difference in score affect their
position and ranking.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY:

On the basis of such investigations appropriate changes could be induced in coaching and
training programme for manipulating desirable anxiety among archer, and some efforts can be
made to adopt coaching methodology, according to their level of anxiety. The results of the study
might server as a motivating force to the coaches to take interest in the psychological preparation
of their archers for better performance and outcome in future tournaments.
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Vol.

A STUDY OF PRE-COMPETITIVE ANXIETY OF ARCHERS IN

RELATION TO THEIR PERFORMANCE

Keywords: Archer, Performance, Pre-competition and Anxiety.

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QUARTERLY ONLINE INDEXED DOUBLE BLIND PEER REVIEWED 110

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Analysis of Means, S.D. and’t’-value between Male and Female Archers

Group N Mean S.D. 't'-value Level of Significance

Male Archers 30 38.47 3.85

Group N Mean S.D. 't'-value Level of Significance

Male Archers 15 36.80 3.14

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Male Archers 15 40.13 7.76

Group N Mean S.D. 't'-value Level of Significance

Male Archers using 15 40.13 4.76

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Group N Mean S.D. 't'-value Level of Significance

Female Archers using 15 37.27 3.86

Group N Anxiety Archery Coefficient of

Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Male Archers using Wooden

Female Archers using

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Male Archers using Modern

Female Archers using

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IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY:

Cratty, J. Bryant, "Psychology in Contemporary Sports, by Lea and Fiberger, 1979.

QUARTERLY ONLINE INDEXED DOUBLE BLIND PEER REVIEWED 118

Scalan and Passer, " Anxiety and Athletic Performance", 1978

Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and Behaviour, New York, 1966.

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