GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

NEYYATTINKARA

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:
MOHAMMED JAFAR.S

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Batch(2022-2025)
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE NEYYATTINKARA

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report entitled “Online Voting system” is the

project presented by MOHAMMED JAFAR.S (2201132527) during the
year 2024 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the Diploma
in Computer Engineering.

JUSTIN RAJ D AMBILI M

Lecturer in Computer Engineering Head of Department

Internal Examinar External Examinar

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to, Mr.SHIBU RS , principal for giving me an

opportunity to do this project on topic “Online Automobile Services” and for
the facilities offered to me during endeavor.

I offer my heartily thanks to Mrs.AMBILI M , the Head of. Department of

Computer Engineering for enterprising attitude, sustained inspiration,
encouragement and help.

The motivation and driving force behind this report is our coordinator
JUSTIN RAJ D , Lecturer in Department of Computer Engineering. I am
deeply indebted his for the inspiration inoculated in me and for the apt
guidance. I also stand grateful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff for
their valuable assistance.

Finally, I am forever indebted to our parents for their blessings and supports.
Last but not the least I intended my sincere thanks to my friends for their
constant help and support.
 ABSTRACT

The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the
new application that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting
promises the possibility of convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes
in an election[1]. This research project provides the specification and requirements for E
-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means the voting process in election by
using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application.
At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all the
concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally,
the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the
vote without visiting the polling booth. The application follows proper authentication
measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the system. Once the voting session is
completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All the candidates
vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and
disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is
completed the admin can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete
the voting process.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------
----------------------------3
INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------
-----------------------4
PROPOSED SYSTEM--------------------------------------
--------------------4
REQUIREMENTS FOR ONLINE E-VOTING SYSTEM-------------5
MODULE’S INFORMATION----------------------------------
--------------6
E-VOTING SYSTEM DESIGN---------------------------------
-------------7
THE VOTING PROCESS------------------------------------
-----------------8
WORKING--------------------------------------------
-----------------------------9-10
FLOWCHART OF OVERALL VOTING PROCESS--------------------10
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS----------------------------------
----------------11
PROPOSED WORK---------------------------------------
----------------------12

INTRODUCTION TO HTML----------------------------------
--------------12-14
INTRODUCTION TO BOOTSTRAP------------------------------
---------15-16
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON---------------------------------
-----------17-18
DEMOSTRATIONS AND SCREENSHOT---------------------------
----19-25
1
SOURCE CODES----------------------------------------
------------------------26-27
CONCLUSION------------------------------------------
--------------------------28
REFERENCES------------------------------------------
--------------------------29-30

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Title Page No.

Fig no.1 E-Voting Design 7
Fig no.2 The Voting Process 8
Fig no.3 Working diagram 9
Fig no.4 Overall Voting Process 10
Fig no.5 Breakdown of HTML Tag 12

2
INTRODUCTION

The proper execution of democratic rights has become linked to the availability and
reliable functioning of advanced information and communication technology (ICT). While
modern societies fully rely on ICT for business, work and leisure time activities, the use of
ICT for democratic decision making is still in its infancy. In fact, the out date
technological concepts for voting have been blamed in part for lost and uncounted votes
and could therefore be responsible for biased political decisions making . Countries all
over the world are examining e-voting , for it has some striking advantages over
traditional paper voting, including security for casting votes, accuracy of counting and
analyzing votes, options to conduct voting in a centralized and decentralized manner,
etc. The reasons why the e-voting technology has not matured to equivalent levels as
known for business and leisure time activities lies mostly in an inherent lack of trust and
fear of electronic threats. While most countries are still conceptualizing or testing
evoting systems, three cantons in Switzerland have pioneered the development of e-
voting to its full technological maturity. The world is always in improvement and growth
in technology, that's why we should go parallel with it, to be able as much as we can get
benefit from these improvements.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The application can be installed in the android phones and voting will be enabled by the
administrator on the polling day. If there are different stages of polling then application
will enable the user only on the polling day. The user can enter into the application by
giving his voter id/Aadhar number (unique number) and a secret password which is
provided to the user. As soon as the user enters into the application he selects his
constituency and his booth number or place then the user can cast his vote and logout
from the application. The vote should be kept secret and it should be available on the
voting day in the counting center. To keep the vote secret an encryption and a
decryption algorithm is used. So as soon as the user casts his vote the vote is encrypted
so that it is secret and the same is encrypted on the polling day.

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REQUIREMENTS FOR ONLINE E-VOTING SYSTEM

Basic requirements for electronic voting

 Privacy ‒ All votes should be kept secret

 Completeness ‒ All valid votes should be counted correctly
 Soundness ‒ Any invalid vote should not be counted
 Unreusability ‒ No voter can vote twice
 Eligibility ‒ Only authorized voters can cast a vote
 Fairness ‒ Nothing can affect the voting

Extended Requirements for electronic voting

 Robustness ‒ faulty behavior of any reasonably sized coalition of participants

can be tolerated. In other words, the system must be able to tolerate to certain

faulty conditions and must be able to manage these situations.

 Universal Verifiability ‒ any party can verify the result of the voting

 Receipt-freeness ‒ Voters are unable to prove the content of a particular his/her

vote

 Incoercibility ‒ Voter cannot be coerced into casting vote by a coercery.

5
MODULES

The proposed project contain following modules:

Administrator
User
Account

ADMINISTRATOR:

• User Information: Consists of all information of the user those who are eligible for
voting.

• User Verification: Verify the user during registration and user Login.

• Voting Information: Storage for storing the vote information casted by the user.

USER:

• Registration: Registers with administrator to obtain a password for voting.

• Login: Initiates voting using the password provided by the administrator.

• Encryption: Encrypting the vote after the vote casted by the user

ACCOUNT:

• Registration: The user should register before using the application.

• Login: Logging into the application using user name and password.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM DESIGN

Like most of the systems in the world, the security consideration is very important. We
are taken into account this part through sending password to users email account.
Further encrypting the vote while sending it to the admin. It is clear that the user
information should be stored in the database, so that the valid users can register
themselves to get the password. It also stores the password once it is sent to the user
until the user cast s the vote. It is also possible to get information of user who doesn't
participated in voting process. The application should be secure because it should not
reveal vote information. So the vote should be encrypted once user confirms the vote.
Also the password is sent to users e-mail account in order to avoid the misuse of
password . Since the e-mail account is confidential we used that feature to avoid the
misuse of our applications password.

Fig no.1- E-Voting Design

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The registration process is illustrated as in the figure1 shown above. When user chooses
registration option and provides required details those details are compared with the
information maintained by the admin. If user provided data is found to be correct a
password is generated and given to the user through mail service in order to make it safe
and secure.

THE VOTING PROCESS

8
 Fig no.2- The Voting Process

WORKING

9
 This allows the user to vote. Admin can see the voting results according to vote
options[3].System can maintain the data about the voter like Name, ID number and other
relevant data. Even though the system enables voters to poll their vote from anywhere,
initially the voters should register themselves to get a password for voting purpose. This
constraint is imposed to ensure that only the genuine person is allowed to vote in the
elections. The aim of this work is to design and implement an electronic voting website
that will enable people to vote securely from anywhere.

Fig no.3- Working digaram

The application is also aimed at being localized [4]. Figure Below shows the overall voting
process. Electronic voting refers to the use of computers or computerized voting
equipment to cast ballots in an election. Electronic systems can be used to register
voters, tally ballots, and record votes [5].The Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project [6]
came into being in order to develop a new voting technology in order to prevent a
recurrence of the problems that threatened the 2000 U. S. Presidential Elections. The
report assesses the magnitude of the problems, their root causes and how technology
can reduce them. They address a wide range of “What is” issues including voting

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procedures, voting equipment, voter registration, polling places, absentee and early
voting, ballot security, cost and public finance of elections, etc.

FLOWCHART OF OVERALL VOTING PROCESS

Fig no.4-Overall Voting Process

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Software tools:

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  SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)
 Microsoft Visual Studio 2010
 Microsoft Office Power point- Used during presentation

Text editor:

 Notepad, Notepad++

Web Server:

 IIS Server

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Operating System: MAC OS x

 MAC Book Air

 8GB RAM
Intel core i5
IBM Testing LAB

PROPOSED WORK

FRONT-END

 HTML

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  BOOTSTRAP

BACK-END

 PYTHON

INTRODUCTION TO HTML

First developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is short for Hypertext Markup
Language. HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are
displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other
pages called hyperlinks. Every web page you see on the Internet is written using one
version of HTML code or another.

HTML code ensures the proper formatting of text and images so that your Internet
browser may display them as they are intended to look. Without HTML, a browser would
not know how to display text as elements or load images or other elements. HTML also
provides a basic structure of the page, upon which Cascading Style Sheets are overlaid to
change its appearance. One could think of HTML as the bones (structure) of a web page,
and CSS as its skin (appearance).

What does an HTML tag look like?

Fig no.5

BACKGROUND

HTML is the World Wide Web's core markup language. Originally, HTML was primarily
designed as a language for semantically describing scientific documents. Its general

13
design, however, has enabled it to be adapted, over the subsequent years, to describe a
number of other types of documents and even applications.

AUDIENCE

This specification is intended for authors of documents and scripts that use the features
defined in this specification, implementers of tools that operate on pages that use the
features defined in this specification, and individuals wishing to establish the
correctness of documents or implementations with respect to the requirements of this
specification. This document is probably not suited to readers who do not already have
at least a passing familiarity with Web technologies, as in places it sacrifices clarity for
precision, and brevity for completeness. More approachable tutorials and authoring
guides can provide a gentler introduction to the topic. In particular, familiarity with the
basics of DOM is necessary for a complete understanding of some of the more technical
parts of this specification. An understanding of Web IDL, HTTP, XML, Unicode, character
encodings, JavaScript, and CSS will also be helpful in places but is not essential.

SCOPE

This specification is limited to providing a semantic-level markup language and

associated semantic-level scripting APIs for authoring accessible pages on the Web
ranging from static documents to dynamic applications. The scope of this specification
does not include providing mechanisms for media-specific customization of
presentation (although default rendering rules for Web browsers are included at the
end of this specification, and several mechanisms for hooking into CSS are provided as
part of the language). The scope of this specification is not to describe an entire
operating system. In particular, hardware configuration software, image manipulation
tools, and applications that users would be expected to use with high-end workstations
on a daily basis are out of scope. In terms of applications, this specification is targeted
specifically at applications that would be expected to be used by users on an occasional
basis, or regularly but from disparate locations, with low CPU requirements. Examples of
such applications include online purchasing systems, searching systems, games
(especially multiplayer online games), public telephone books or address books,
communications software (e-mail clients, instant messaging clients, discussion software),
document editing software, etc.

WRITTING SECURE APPLICATIONS WITH HTML

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When HTML is used to create interactive sites, care needs to be taken to avoid
introducing vulnerabilities through which attackers can compromise the integrity of the
site itself or of the site's users. A comprehensive study of this matter is beyond the scope
of this document, and authors are strongly encouraged to study the matter in more
detail. However, this section attempts to provide a quick introduction to some common
pitfalls in HTML application development. The security model of the Web is based on the
concept of "origins", and correspondingly many of the potential attacks on the Web
involve cross-origin actions. [ORIGIN]p1254 Not validating user input Cross-site scripting
(XSS) SQL injection When accepting untrusted input, e.g. user-generated content such
as text comments, values in URL parameters, messages from third-party sites, etc, it is
imperative that the data be validated before use, and properly escaped when displayed.
Failing to do this can allow a hostile user to perform a variety of attacks, ranging from
the potentially benign, such as providing bogus user information like a negative age, to
the serious, such as running scripts every time a user looks at a page that includes the
information, potentially propagating the attack in the process, to the catastrophic, such
as deleting all data in the server. When writing filters to validate user input, it is
imperative that filters always be safelist-based, allowing known-safe constructs and
disallowing all other input. Blocklist-based filters that disallow known-bad inputs and
allow everything else are not secure, as not everything that is bad is yet known (for
example, because it might be invented in the future). There are many constructs that
can be used to try to trick a site into executing code. Here are some that authors are
encouraged to consider when writing safelist filters: • When allowing harmless-seeming
elements like imgp310, it is important to safelist any provided attributes as well. If one
allowed all attributes then an attacker could, for instance, use the onloadp930 attribute
to run arbitrary script. For example, suppose a page looked at its URL's query string to
determine what to display, and the site then redirected the user to that page to display
a message, as in:

 Say Hello
 Say Welcome
 Say Kittens

If the message was just displayed to the user without escaping, a hostile attacker could
then craft a URL that contained a script element:
https://example.com/message.cgi?say=%3Cscript%3Ealert%28%27Oh%20no%21%27%29%3
C/script%3E If the attacker then convinced a victim user to visit this page, a script of the
attacker's choosing would run on the page. Such a script could do any number of hostile
actions, limited only by what the site offers: if the site is an e-commerce shop, for
instance, such a script could cause the user to unknowingly make arbitrarily many
unwanted purchases. This is called a cross-site scripting attack.

INTRODUCTION TO BOOTSTRAP

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Bootstrap is a free and open-source framework for creating websites and web
applications. It's the most popular HTML, CSS, and JS framework for developing
responsive, mobile first projects on the web.

One Framework, Every Device

Bootstrap is promoted as being One framework, every device. This is because websites
built with Bootstrap will automatically scale between devices — whether the device is a
mobile phone, tablet, laptop, desktop computer, screen reader, etc.

Mobile-First
Not only is Bootstrap responsive, it is mobile-first. This means that it is primarily
designed for mobile devices, then scales up from there (as opposed to being designed
for desktop, then trying to scale it down to mobile devices).

Bootstrap Components
Bootstap includes components such as buttons, navbars, dropdown menus, alert boxes,
and more. In most cases, you can make use of a component simply by using the
appropriate class name.

We'll be looking at these components throughout this tutorial. We've got plenty of
interactive examples that enable you to see exactly how these components work.

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Advantages of Bootstrap
One of the main benefits of development frameworks like Bootstrap is that they can help
speed up development times, while maintaining quality and consistency across the site.
You no longer need to re-design every element. And you don't need to spend hours
trying to get everything looking and working right across browsers, platforms, and
devices. By using Bootstrap, all (most) of the hard work is done for you.

Given Bootstrap is the most popular frontend development framework on the web, this
skillset could be a useful one to learn. Adding Bootstrap to your bag of tricks could help
you in many ways — from building websites faster, to landing your dream job.

Also, athough Bootstrap comes with its own set of styles, these are easy to override.
You're not locked into the "Bootstrap design". You are free to use whichever Bootstrap
components you choose, while adding your own on top. There are thousands of websites
out there that are built on Bootstrap, but with their own design.

Who's Using Bootstrap?

Bootstrap can be used to build websites of any scale, from small blogs to large
corporate websites. Organizations that use Bootstrap include NASA, University of
Washington, FIFA, Newsweek, VOGUE and many more.

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

scikit-learn, scikit-image, OpenCV, SciPy, Pillow, NumPy, matplotlib.

We have built our project over isolated python virtual environment. This makes it easy to
manage our project’s dependencies and packages. We have used virtualenv package to
17
create a virtual environment, which can be installed and activated by running these
commands

- cd lpr/ virtualenv
-p python3 env
source env/bin/activate

We have included a requirements file named as requirements.txt inside our project

folder. To install all the modules and dependencies required for the project run the
following command in terminal as

- pip install -r requirements.txt

1. scikit-learn: scikit-learn is a Python module for machine learning built on top of

SciPy. It provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a
consistent interface in Python.

2. scikit-image: For performing Image Processing, we have used scikit-image. It’s a

Python package for image processing

3. SciPy: SciPy is a free and open-source Python library used for scientific computing
and technicalcomputing. It contains modules for optimization, linear algebra,
integration, interpolation, special functions, FFT, signal and image processing, ODE
solvers and other tasks common in science and engineering

.
4. OpenCV: OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) is an open source computer
vision and machine learning software library. OpenCV was built to provide a common
infrastructure for computer vision applications and to accelerate the use of machine
perception in the commercial products.

5. Pillow: Python Imaging Library (abbreviated as PIL) is a free library for the Python

18
 programming language that adds support for opening, manipulating, and saving
many different image file formats.

6. NumPy: NumPy is a library for the Python programming language, adding support
for large, multidimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of
high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.

7. matplotlib: Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language

and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API
for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter,
wxPython, Qt, or GTK+.

DEMOSTRATIONS AND SCREENSHOT

INDEX PAGE

19
VOTER’S LOGIN PAGE

20
VOTER’S_SIGNUP PAGE

21
VOTER’S_PROFILE PAGE

22
DONATION PAGE

23
24
25
VOTER’S PAYMENT CONFIRMATION MAIL

26
SOURCE CODE

1.VIEWS.PY

27
2.VOTER_PROFILE.html

28
CONCLUSION

Online E-voting system is a prototype developed by using PTC Web services. As the need

for voting system has started to increase and some organizations or countries has

started to look for the solutions, this can be the starting point to improve and deploy in

the real world scenarios.

In this project I have tried to explain the importance of Paillier cryptosystem, , its unique

properties and its application areas especially in e-voting.

We need to keep in mind htat voting is not the only process during the whole voting

processes. There might be some other security concerns that need to be considered

when such an application is built for practical reasons.

Lastly, Paillier Cryptosystem efficiency can be improved as suggested in many papers [1],

[8]. Random numbers pre-computation is one of the ways implemented in this project. It

has increased the calculation more than one of the ways. In the next section, I will be

listing all improvements that can be done to this web service and application.

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REFERENCES

[1] http://cris.joongbu.ac.kr/publication/evoting_implementation-APIEMS2004.pdf

Implementation issues in a secure e-voting schemes, Riza Aditya, Byoungcheon Lee, Colin

Boyd and Ed Dawson.

[2] http://www.euractiv.com/en/egovernment/estonia-country-world-introduce-

internet-voting/article-145735, Estonia first country in the world to introduce internet

voting, October 2005.

[3] http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~pev5b/writing/academic/thesis/thesis.html

Vote Early, Vote Often, and VoteHere: A Security Analysis of VoteHere, Philip E. Varner,

May 11, 2001.

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography Public-key cryptography.

[5] http://www.trustycom.fr/pdf/FoPoSt00.pdf P. Fouque, G. Poupard, J.Stern, Sharing

Decryption in the Context of Voting or Lotteries, Financial Cryptography 2000

Proceedings.

[6] http://www.captcha.net/ , the Official CAPTCHA web site.

[7] http://www.vote.caltech.edu/reports/alv-nag_loyola.pdf R. Michael Alvarez,

Jonathan Nagler, The Likely consequences of Internet Voting for Political

Representations.

[8] P. Paillier, Public-Key Cryptosystems Based on Composite Degree Residuosity Classes,

30
Eurocrypt ‘99

[9] P. Fouque, G. Poupard, J.Stern, Sharing Decryption in the Context of Voting or Lotteries,

Financial Cryptography 2000 Proceedings.

[0] I. Damgard, M. Jurik, J. Nielson, A Generalization of Paillier’s Public-Key System with

Applications to Electronic Voting, Aarhus University, Dept. of Computer Science.

[1] A. Shamir, How to Share a Secret, Communications of the ACM 1979

[2] A.J. Menezes, P. C. van Oorschot, and S.A. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography,

CRC Press, 1997.

[3] D. Naccache, Double-Speed Safe Prime Generation, Gemplus Card International.

[4] M. Wiener, Safe Prime Generation with a Combined Sieve, Cryptographic Clarity.

[5] B. Wilson, C. E. Chow, Paillier Threshold Cryptography Web Service User’s Guide,

University of Colorado ‒ Colorado Springs Master’s Project, 2006.

[16]http://www.cs.rit.edu:8080/ms/static/spr/2005/4/kar1141/report.pdf , Progress on

Probabilistic Encryption Schemes, Kert Richardson, July 2006.

[17] http://www.cs.umd.edu/~jkatz/THESES/staub.pdf.gz An Analysis of Chaum’s voter-

verifiable election scheme, Julie Ann Staub, 2005

[18] http://www.brics.dk/RS/00/45/BRICS-RS-00-45.pdf Ivan Damgard and Mads J.

Jurik, A Generalization, a Simplification and Some Applications of Paillier’s Probabilistic

Public-Key System, PKC 2001.

[19] http://www.cryptovirology.com/cryptovfiles/newbook/Chapter4.pdf Implementing

Perfect Questionable Encryptions, Adam L. Young and Moti M. Yung.

[20] http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/cryptobytes/CryptoBytes_January_2002_final.pdf

CryptoBytes, Dan Boneh, Hovav Shacham, Spring 2002.

[21] http://www.gemplus.com/smart/rd/publications/pdf/Pai99pai.pdf Public-Key

31
CryptoSystems Based on Composite Degree Residuosity Classes, Pascal Paillier, 1999

[22] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paillier_cryptosystem , Paillier Crytosystem from

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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