KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA SRI GADING

DIPLOMA IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(BUILDING SERVICES & MAINTENANCE)

DVC 40133
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

TITLE : CHEMICAL WASTE WATER

Prepared by:

SESSION: NOV 2020 – APRIL 2021 CLASS/SEMESTER: DTM 4A

NAME NOMBOR MATRIC

1. NORYANTI VOON 333611215155

2. AHMAD UZAIR BIN AHMAD BASRI 333661218652

3. HAROLD BIN SAMBIMBU 333611213885

4. MUHAMMAD SYAZWAN BIN MOHD AZIZI 333661215710

LECTURER: EN. NORSYAHIDAN BIN NORSALBI

DATE SUBMIT: 31 / 12 / 2020

INTRODUCTION

Wastewater treatment, also called sewage treatment, the removal of impurities from
wastewater, or sewage, before it reaches aquifers or natural bodies of water such as rivers,
lakes, estuaries, and oceans. Since pure water is not found in nature, any distinction between
clean water and polluted water depends on the type and concentration of impurities found
in the water as well as on its intended use. In broad terms, water is said to be polluted when
it contains enough impurities to make it unfit for a particular use, such as drinking, swimming,
or fishing. Although water quality is affected by natural conditions, the word pollution usually
implies human activity as the source of contamination. Water pollution, therefore, is caused
primarily by the drainage of contaminated wastewater into surface water or groundwater,
and wastewater treatment is a major element of water pollution control.
OBJECTIVE

1. To study the test that can be used to measured water pollution

2. To gain awareness of the effect of water pollution to the environment
CONTENT

1) Biohydrogen production from chemical wastewater

as substrate by selectively enriched anaerobic mixed
consortia: Influence of fermentation pH and
substrate composition
METHOD
Selective enrichment of H2 producing mixed microflora
Table 1
Characteristics of selectively enriched H2 producing mixed consortia

S. No. Parameter Value

1 pH (1:10) 7.7 ± 0.2

2 ORP (1:10) −62.18 ± 11 mV
3 Total solids 18.53 ± 0.44 g/l
4 Suspended solids (SS) 13.54 ± 0.32 g/l
5 Volatile suspended solids (VSS) 7.62 ± 0.16 g/l

Anaerobic mixed microflora acquired from an operating lab- oratory scale upflow anaerobic
sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating composite chemical wastewater for the past 3 years
were used as the inoculum. Dewatered sludge from UASB re- actor was subjected to repetitive
pretreatment sequences (four times) with shock treatment (100 ◦C; 2 h) followed by acid
treatment (pH 3 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid; 24 h) to selectively enrich the H2
producing mixed microflora by in- hibiting the growth of methanogenic bacteria (MB) and
facili- tating the growth of spore-forming bacteria. The characteristics of enriched H2
producing mixed consortia after pretreatment prior to use in the experiments is depicted in
Table 1.
DATA
0.8
12 h pH 5
Cummulative hydrogen yield (mmol/g-COD)
0.7 24h
48h
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
CE01 CE401 CE402 CE403 CE402S
Experiment
1.4

12 h pH 6
Cummulative hydrogen yield (mmol/g-COD)

24h
1.2
48h

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
CE01 CE401 CE402 CE403 CE402S CE0S

Experiment

0.3
Cummulative hydrogen yield (mmol/g-COD)

12 h pH 7
24h
0.25
48h

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
CE01 CE401 CE402 CE403 CE402S
Experiment

Fig. 1. H2 production pattern with the function of fermentation pH during experimental variations studied.
 2) CHEMICALWASTEWATERTREA ENT
METHOD

Water-borne poultry waste having a total solids con- tent of about 30£D lbs. per million
gallons was treatedtion are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and
there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of
the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of
the invention is de- fined and limited only by the claims which follow.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of treating wastewater, having a pH below 9.0 and containing nitrifying bacteria
and in ex- cess of 2£D m total solids, selected from the group consisting essentially of
municipal sewage and indus- trial, commercial and agricultural process waters con- taining
organic wastes and mixtures thereof, said method comprising the following sequential steps:
A. mixing an amount of said wastewater with an amount of an alkaline coagulant aid effective
to obtain a mixture having a pH of at least about 9 but less than 11 and thereby killing said
nitrifying bac- teria by means of said rise in pH level, said coagu- lant aid being selected from
the group consisting essentially of portland cement, lime, sodium silicate and mixtures
thereof.
B. adding to the resultant mixture, remaining after said multiple separations of
aggregated solids, an amount of an oxidizing and disinfecting agent effec- tive to oxidize at
least a portion of the remaining solids in the mixture and convert them to a filterable state
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the treatment of step (h) includes adding an amount of said
second oxi- dizing and disinfecting agent effective to loqwer said B.O.D. level to 5 mgs) or less.
3. The process of claim 2 including the further step of flowing the mixture resulting from the
treatment of step (h) through activated carbon.
DATA
 3) TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER BY CHEMICAL METHODS FOR
REUSE

METHODS
Was obtained from a large dyeing and finishing mill the present experimental investigation
consisted of three in northern Taiwan. Currently, the mill purchases major parts: electrochemical
treatment, chemical coagu 60% of water it needs daily from the city water supply lotion and ion
exchange. The three treatment units can be and the rest is obtained from groundwater. The operated
independently in a batchwise fashion or in combined sequence. In the combined treatment mode, the
groundwater is softened first using slacked lime, wastewater effluent was first fed to the
electrochemical unit. followed by filtering through a fine sand filter. It is the effluent was then
chemically treated using appropriate then mixed with the city water supply. The water is amounts of
polyalanine chloride (PAC) and polymer. finally passed through an anionic ion exchange bed to After
sedimentation, the wastewater effluent was finally lower inorganic ion concentrations before it is
used in treated by ion exchange. The electrochemical experimental apparatus is shown in Fig. I. Two
pairs of anodic and the dyeing and finishing processes. According to the cathodic electrodes (steel
plates) are situated approximately current practices of these industries (Internal 1.5 cm apart to each
other and are dipped in the textile
DATA
 4) CHEMICAL INDUSTRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

METHOD
For this study two factories represent the chemical industry discharging their
wastewater into the sewerage system were selected (Table 1). Composite samples from the
different departments and the final effluents were collected. Physicochemical analyses were
carried out according to the (APHA, 1998). Laboratory experiments have been carried out to
recommend the appropriate treatment. Chemical coagulation precipitation and biological
treatment via aerobic systems were investigated.
DATA
 5. TREATMENT OF THE TEXTILE WASTEWATER BY
COMBINED ELECTROCOAGULATION

METHOD

The wastewater was obtained from a tank containing a mixture of exhaust dyeing
solutions at a textile factory in Turkey (Gebze) producing approximately 1000 m3 of
wastewater per day. The composition of the wastewater is shown in Table 1. The
wastewater was first filtered
DATA
 6. PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY DURING WASTEWASTER
TREATMENT USING A SINGLE CHAMBER MICOBIAL FUEL
CELL

METHOD

The SCMFC consisted of a single cylindrical plexiglass chamber (15 cm long by 6.5 cm diameter; empty
bed volume of 388 mL) containing eight graphite rods (anode) each 6.15 mm in diameter and 150 mm
long (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) placed in a concentric arrangement about a single cathode (Figure 1).
The graphite rods were abraded by sand paper to enhance bacterial attachment. The air-porous
cathode consisted of a carbon/platinum catalyst/proton exchange membrane (PEM) layer fused to a
plastic support tube. The PEM (Nafion 117, Dupont, Wilmington, DE) was sequentially boiled in H2O2
(30%), deionized water, 0.5 M H2SO4, and then deionized water (each time for 1 h). The PEM was
then hot pressed directly onto carbon cloth loaded with 0.5 mg cm-2 of Pt (E-Tek, Miami, FL) by heating
it to 140 °C at 1780 kPa for 3 min. The cathode/PEM was placed onto a 25 mm diameter plastic
(Plexiglas) tube containing 2 mm diameter pores at 2 mm intervals (cathode tube). Air flow through
the tube was initially 4.5-5.5 mL/min but was changed to passive oxygen transfer (no forced air flow)
except as noted. Copper wire was used to connect the circuit containing a 465 Ω load unless stated
otherwise. Local domestic wastewater (primary clarifier effluent) was obtained from the primary
clarifier of the Pennsylvania State University Wastewater Treatment plant. Wastewater was pumped
into the reactor and used as the fuel without any modifications except for dilution of the wastewater
with deionized water in some experiments. Wastewater fed to the reactor had a pH ranging from 7.3
to 7.6 and a COD of 210 or 220 mg/L. The hydraulic retention time in the reactor ranged from 3 to 33
h as noted. All measurements were taken after the reactor had been operated for at least six hydraulic
retention times, when power output was consistent. Measurements reported here are averages of
triplicate measurements taken over three consecutive retention times. Two different controls were
used to account for COD losses. The first control consisted of a second tank of similar volume (400 mL)
to account for COD or BOD losses unrelated to fuel cell operation (volume control). The second control
consisted of a separate set of experiments using the SCMFC with an open circuit (disconnected
electrodes; electrode control).
DATA
 CHEMICAL OR ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
7.
,FOLLOWED BY ION EXCHANGE, FOR RECYCLE OF TEXTILE
DYE WASTEWATER

METHOD
All the reagents used were of Analytical Reagent grade. Polymeric coagulant (dye-fixing agent-
Sandofix-WRN) and dye effluent (Procion Black 5B-Reactive dye) were collected from Textile
industry. The cross-linked polystyrene bead resins, which are commercially known as Amberlite
IR 120 and Amberlite IRA 400, were used. 3.1. Analytical measurements The analytical methods
of the COD of all samples were determined by the dichromate reflux method [41]. In
electrochemical process the chloride ions cause interference, because they can be oxidized to Cl2
by dichromate under the analysis conditions, the samples were treated with Ag2SO4 to form a
precipitate of AgCl that was separated by centrifugation. The oxidized products and the reduction
in dye concentration were measured by using a UV–Visible Spectrophotometer (Systronics 118),
the colour removal was calculated by following formulae: Color removal (%) = 100 [ABSM 0 −
ABSM] ABSM 0 (6) where ABSM is the average of absorbance values as it is maximum absorbency
visible wavelength. ABSM 0 the value before electrolysis, ABSM the value after electrolysis.
DATA
 8. The Identification and Characterization of
Osmotolerant Yeast Isolates from Chemical
Wastewater Evaporation Ponds

METHOD
Ramon Serrano (Spain) graciously donated €. cereuisiae strain RS16 [12] (MATa, leu2-3,
112, ura3-2S1, 328, 372). All other yeast strains were isolated from the chemical industry
wastewater evaporation ponds. Samples from the evaporation ponds were analyzed for
pH and Na+ content and the ponds exhibiting the most extreme conditions were chosen
for further work. Water samples were filtered and the concentrate was plated on agar
plates made with pond water. Colonies of yeast exhibiting ex- tensive growth were
selected for further studies. The isolated strains were grown routinely on YPD medium
containing 1% yeast extract, 2% Bacto-Peptone, and 2% glucose. For growth experiments YPD
medium or 0.62% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (YNB) medium was used. YNB (10×
strength) was filter sterilized, while glucose and salt solutions were autoclaved separately. NaCl was
added as indicated. In order to examine the effect of pH on yeast growth, the medium was prepared
in either of the following buffer systems: 0.1 M citric acid-0.2 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH
2.0-8.0); or 0.1 M potassium dihy- drogen phosphate-0.1 M NaOH (pH 6.0-10.0).
DATA
CONCLUSION
In our group, we have summarized our research on chemical wastewater treatment
and experimented with objectives we have previously targeted. Chemical wastewater
treatment forces contaminants dissolved in soluble wastewater more easily through the
addition of specific target materials. During precipitation, the previously dissolved material
turns into a soluble material that can be filtered from the liquid. Four common ways to treat
wastewater include physical water treatment, biological water treatment, chemical
treatment, and sludge treatment. There are three main stages of the wastewater treatment
process, known as primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment.