F/M/22

The diagram shows a cross-section through a mammalian heart.

Which chambers of the heart are represented by G and H?

G H
A Left ventricle Right ventricle
B Right atrium Left atrium
C Right atrium Right ventricle
D Right ventricle Left ventricle

Blood entering the heart from the vena cava passes through, or past, several structures before
entering the lungs. Five of these structures are included in this list: atrioventricular node, aorta,
semilunar valve, left atrium, pulmonary vein, Purkyne tissue, sinoatrial node, pulmonary artery.
After arranging these five structures in the correct order of blood flow from the vena cava to the
lungs, which structure will be third?
A atrioventricular node
B Purkyne tissue
C semilunar valve
D sinoatrial node

The maximum pressure in each of the four chambers of a healthy human heart was recorded
during one cardiac cycle. The maximum pressures recorded were 3 mm Hg, 10 mm Hg, 25 mm
Hg and 120 mm Hg.
Which value was recorded for the right ventricle?

A 3mmHg B 10mmHg C 25mmHg D 120mm

M/J/22
V1
What is systolic blood pressure?
A the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxing
B the blood pressure in the left ventricle at the start of a contraction
C the maximum blood pressure in the arteries
D the maximum blood pressure in the right ventricle
The diagram shows pressure changes in the left side of the heart and aorta over time. The
length of this cardiac cycle is 0.6s. Points 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicate when atrioventricular valves and
semilunar valves either open or close.

What is the total time during one cardiac cycle that the atrioventricular valves and the
semilunar valves are both closed at the same time?
A 0.03s B 0.04s C 0.07s D 0.21s

Which reactions take place in the capillaries surrounding an alveolus?

1 carbon dioxide + water  carbonic acid
2 carbon dioxide + haemoglobin  carbaminohaemoglobin
3 haemoglobinic acid  haemoglobin + hydrogen ions
4 hydrogencarbonate ions + hydrogen ions  carbonic acid  carbon dioxide + water

hydrogencarbonate ions + hydrogen ions  carbonic acid  carbon dioxide + water

A 1 and 2 B 3 and 4 C 3 only D 4 only

Which statement explains the importance of the chloride shift in red blood cells (RBC)?
A Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood plasma into RBC and chloride ions diffuse out of RBC to
maintain a balance of positive and negative ions.
B Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse into plasma from RBC and chloride ions diffuse into RBC to
maintain a balance of positive and negative ions.
C Carbon dioxide in RBC together with chloride ions stimulate the release of oxygen from
haemoglobin to allow increased levels of respiration.
D Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse into RBC from plasma and chloride ions diffuse into plasma
to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions.

V2
What occurs during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart?
Aortic pressure increases.
Atrial pressure does not change.
Ventricular pressure increases.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3. C 2 and 3 D 3only

Which plan diagram represents the tissues in a major vein?

A B C D

The diagram shows the pressure changes in various structures of the left side of the heart
during the cardiac cycle.
At the end of which period is the ventricle full of blood?

Which description of movement of substances during tissue fluid formation is correct?

A Low hydrostatic pressure forces substances out of the capillary at the arterial end allowing
small substances to enter the fluid that bathes the cells.
B Tissue fluid moves back into the venule due to a net hydrostatic pressure change in the
capillary.
C Movement of water in tissue fluid into the capillary by osmosis is due to the low water
potential and low hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary.
D A high water potential of the surrounding tissue fluid causes substances to leave the
capillaries at the arterial end.

Which row shows the carbon dioxide diffuses change in concentration of some substances in
red blood cells when from active cells?
 Carbonic Hydrogencarbonate Hydrogen ions
Anhydrase Ions
A Decreases No change No change
B Increases Increases Increases
C No change Decreases Increases
D No change Increases Increases

V3
Which statement correctly links muscular or elastic arteries to their function?
A The aorta is an example of a muscular artery as it transports blood from the left ventricle of
the heart.
B Arteries further away from the heart are muscular arteries as they transport blood at high
pressure.
C Elastic arteries expand when the heart contracts and then recoil as the heart relaxes to
maintain pressure.
D Muscular arteries facilitate smoother blood flow than elastic arteries as their walls expand
and recoil.

The graph shows the changes in pressure that occur in the left side of the heart during one
cardiac cycle.

What is the heart rate in beats per minute?

A 75 B 80 C 120 D 150

Which events occur during ventricular systole?

1 Atrioventricular valves close.

2 Muscle in ventricle walls relaxes.
3 Semilunar valves open.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

O/N/22

V1

Which statements about arteries are correct?

1 artery walls can resist high pressure.

2 Arteries pump blood out of the heart.

3 Blood in arteries has the same flow rate as in veins.

4 The pulse in arteries is the result of a surge in blood that causes expansion of the artery wall.

5 There are semilunar valves at the junction of arteries with the heart.

A 1, 2 and 4 B 1, 3 and 5 C 1, 4 and 5 D 2, 3 and 4

What happens during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart?

1 The atrioventricular node transmits an electrical signal to the apex of the heart.
2 The pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure in the atria.
3 The atrioventricular valves close and the semilunar valves open

A 1, 2 and B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only

A shortage of protein in the diet of children can lead to a disease that causes excess tissue fluid
to build up in the abdomen.
What explains why a build-up of excess tissue fluid can occur in this disease?
A A shortage of plasma proteins decreases blood water potential; less tissue fluid returns to the
blood.
B A shortage of plasma proteins increases blood water potential; less tissue fluid returns to the
blood.
C A shortage of protein in the diet causes weak cardiac muscle, reducing hydrostatic pressure.
D A shortage of protein in the tissue fluid decreases its water potential; more water leaves the
blood.

34. Red blood cells may contain a molecule known as 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG).
When 2,3-BPG binds to haemoglobin, a higher partial pressure of oxygen is needed to
bring about 50% saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.
Which statements about the effect of 2,3-BPG are correct?
1 2,3-BPG in red blood cells causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right.
2 The binding of 2,3-BPG to haemoglobin reduces the Bohr effect.
3 The binding of 2,3-BPG to haemoglobin lowers the affinity of the haemoglobin for oxygen.
4 When 2,3-BPG is not present, oxyhaemoglobin is less likely to unload oxygen.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3. C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

Carbon dioxide is continually produced by respiring cells. It diffuses into red blood cells and
dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3–). HCO3– then diffuses
out of the cell in exchange for chloride ions (Cl –) in the chloride shift.
What is the importance of the chloride shift?
A It helps to maintain a neutral pH in the red blood cell by acting as a buffer.
B It maintains a balance of positive and negative charge between the cell and the plasma.
C It causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left, releasing more oxygen.
D It prevents carbon dioxide combining with haemoglobin, allowing haemoglobin to combine
with oxygen.

V2
The photomicrograph shows a blood smear.
Which cell is a monocyte?

The table shows some information about three blood vessels, P, Q and R, from a mammal.

Which row identifies blood vessels P, Q and R?

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a heart defect that people can have from birth. People with
VSD have a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the left and right ventricles.
What could happen in a person with VSD?

1 Blood will leak through the hole, mostly from right to left.
2 The volume of blood circulating through the lungs will be higher than in a person without VSD.
3 Less oxygen will be delivered to the body tissues.

A 1, 2 and 3. B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

Which statement about the structure of the heart is correct?

A The semilunar valves close when the pressure in the ventricles falls lower than the pressure
in the arteries.
B A muscle called the septum separates the atria from the ventricles.
C There is a small patch of tissue in the right atrium that acts to delay the electrical impulse.
D Closure of valves in the veins prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles.

V3
Which blood vessels carry blood into the atria?
1 Coronary artery
2 Vena cava
3 Pulmonary artery
4 Pulmonary vein
A 1 and 2. B 1 and 3. C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

Which statements about the cardiac cycle are correct?

1 The atrioventricular valves close during atrial systole.
2 The left and right ventricles contract together.
3 There is a time delay as the electrical impulse passes from the atrioventricular node to the
sinoatrial node.
4 Electrical impulses pass along the Purkyne tissue to the ventricles.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 3 and 4 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4 only

At one point in the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the right ventricle is lower than that in the right
atrium and lower than that in the pulmonary artery. Which row is correct?
Which statements about the formation of haemoglobinic acid are correct?
1 It is linked to the action of carbonic anhydrase.
2 It prevents blood from becoming too acidic by removing excess hydrogen ions.
3 It can only occur when oxygen associates with haemoglobin.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 only D 2 and 3 only

Oedema is caused by the accumulation of tissue fluid around body cells. What would increase
the amount of tissue fluid around body cells?
A lower blood pressure than normal
B lower blood plasma protein concentration than normal
C higher blood plasma protein concentration than normal
D lower tissue fluid protein concentration than normal

F/M/22
Control of heartbeat is myogenic. This means the electrical activity controlling the rhythm of a
regular heartbeat begins in the heart muscle itself.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal heart rhythm that causes rapid and irregular contractions
of the atria. Untreated cases of AF can lead to a stroke.

(a) A stroke is caused when a small blood clot, often forming in the left atrium, is carried by
the blood to the brain where it blocks a small artery and leads to brain damage.

(i) List all of the structures through which a blood clot in the left atrium must travel to reach the
blood vessels supplying the brain.
The structures must be listed in the correct sequence.

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(ii) Explain why blocking a small artery in the brain leads to brain damage.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) A common cause of AF is when a small group of muscle cells in the wall of the left atrium
starts to send out electrical impulses to the surrounding heart muscle cells.
Explain how the control of heartbeat by the sinoatrial node can be disrupted by AF, resulting in
rapid and irregular atrial contractions.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(c) Red blood cells are involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Fig. 5.1 is a diagram representing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between a red
blood cell in a capillary and a respiring cell. Some of the reactions that take place in the red
blood cell are also shown. The diagram is not drawn to scale.

(i) Fig. 5.1 Identify enzyme X and molecule Y in Fig. 5.

X …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Y …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) The hydrogencarbonate ions shown in Fig. 5.1 leave the red blood cell and are replaced by
chloride ions.
State why it is necessary for chloride ions to enter the red blood cell as hydrogencarbonate ions
leave.
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M/J/22
V1
B-lymphocytes are activated to form plasma cells during immune responses. Fig. 2.1 is a
drawing of a plasma cell made from a transmission electron micrograph.

(a) (i) State the name of the process that is occurring at T.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Complete Table 2.1 to show the names and functions of the cell structures labelled P,
Q, R and S in the plasma cell shown in Fig. 2.1.
Cell structure in fig 2.1 Name of cell structure Function of cell structure in plasma cell
P
Q
R
 S

O/N/22

Fig. 2.1 is a simplified diagram of the human circulatory system.

(a) (i) State why the human circulatory system is described as a closed, double circulation.

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Identify blood vessel Q and blood vessel R, shown in Fig. 2.1.

Q ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

R ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii) Blood leaving the heart passes through valves before it enters blood vessel R.

Describe the differences between the structure of blood vessel Q and the structure of
blood vessel R. Do not refer to valves in your answer.

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