72 - 36 - 322-3-CSEP E11 2024 Lecture 12 Vibration and Impact Loading

CSE E11 - 2024 Instructor: Ella Li
CSE E11 National Building Code Part 4

(Structural Design)
Lecture 12
Vibration and Impact Loading
Course Coordinator:
John Pao, P.Eng. Struct.Eng., S.E.
Instructor:
Ella Li, MASc, P.Eng. Struct.Eng., PE, SE
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11

Instructor: Ella Li
LESSON OVERVIEW
1) INTRODUCTION
2) DEFLECTION
3) FLOOR VIBRATION
4) DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE DUE TO
RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES
5) AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11
6) IMPACT LOADING
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 2

Instructor: Ella Li
1) INTRODUCTION
• 1.1 REFERENCE
• 1.2 CONTROL EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION AND VIBRATION

Instructor: Ella Li
1.1 INTRODUCTION - REFERENCE

REFERENCE
NBC 2015 COMMENTARY D

Instructor: Ella Li
1.1 INTRODUCTION - REFERENCE

REFERENCE
NBC 2015 COMMENTARY D

LIST OF REFERENCES

Instructor: Ella Li
1.2 INTRODUCTION
CONTROL EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION AND VIBRATION
• Excessive deflection and vibration have a great influence on structural design
– Advent of stronger materials
– Lighter construction
– More rigid cladding
– Smaller damping
– Longer spans
– More accurate strength calculation (take into account the interaction of building components)
• Code approach to control excessive deflection and vibration:
limiting the member deflection under specified load to certain ratio of the Span L

Instructor: Ella Li
2) DEFLECTION
• 2.1 EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION

• 2.2 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN SOLUTION FOR
EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION
• 2.3 DEFLECTION CRITERIA

Instructor: Ella Li
2.1 DEFLECTION - EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION

PROBLEMS DUE TO EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION
• Excessive structural deflection can create a variety of problems:
- cracks in or crushing of non-structural components such as partitions
- lack of fit for doors or windows
- out-of-plumb walls
- end rotation resulting in damage due to eccentric forces
- unsightly droopiness
- ponding of water

Instructor: Ella Li
2.1 DEFLECTION - EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION

CRACKS
• Cracks may transmit unwanted sound through partitions, or water and cold air
through the building envelope, and thus promote material deterioration.
– Control of cracking in structural concrete: covered in CSA A23.3 “Design of Concrete Structures”

Instructor: Ella Li
2.2 DEFLECTION - ALTERNATIVE DESIGN SOLUTION FOR

EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION
• A number of alternative design solutions can prevent problems caused by

excessive deflection:
– Partition cracking, for example, can be avoided either by making the supporting structure
stiff enough or by providing flexible joints in the partitions.
– Similarly, to avoid cracking, plastered ceilings should be hung from the floor structure, not
rigidly attached to it.

Instructor: Ella Li
2.3 DEFLECTION - DEFLECTION CRITERIA

NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – TABLE D-1
• A Table D-1 summarizes the deflection criteria contained in NBC Part 9 and in
the design standards referenced in NBC Part 4.

Instructor: Ella Li
2.3 DEFLECTION - DEFLECTION CRITERIA

NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – TABLE D-1

Instructor: Ella Li
3) FLOOR VIBRATION
• 3.1 FLOOR VIBRATION TYPES

• 3.2 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO WALKING
• 3.3 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO MACHINERY
• 3.4 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

Instructor: Ella Li
3.1 FLOOR VIBRATION TYPES

CONTINUOUS VIBRATIONS AND TRANSIENT VIBRATIONS
CONTINUOUS TRANSIENT
VIBRATIONS VIBRATIONS
- Arises due to the cyclic forces of - Caused by persons jumping or

machinery or certain human activities other impact (e.g., dropping of
such as dancing. weights in a health club, vehicle
impact in a parking garage)
- Considerably amplified when the

cyclic forces are synchronized with a - Decay at a rate that depends on
building frequency (i.e. Resonance) the available damping.

Instructor: Ella Li
3.2 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO WALKING

FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO WALKING
• The vibration of floor systems due to walking may cause annoyance to
occupants.
• Deflection limits in Table D-1 is replaced in recent years by new criteria
based on the dynamic vibration of building structures
– ISO 10137, “Bases for Design of Structures – Serviceability of Buildings and Walkways
Against Vibration”
– Reference [8]

Instructor: Ella Li

RECOMMENDED CRITERIA TO CONTROL VIBRATION DUE TO WALKING
• Reference [9]: Recommended criteria for steel construction

• Reference [10]: Recommended criteria for all structural materials, including
light-frame construction.

Instructor: Ella Li

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES
• Pedestrian bridges
– Unusual form of vibration: lateral sway vibration due to resonance caused by heavy
pedestrian traffic.
– Such vibration could occur in a laterally flexible structure used for heavy pedestrian traffic
such as a suspended walkway.
– For guidance on the subject, see the section titled Serviceability Limit States in CSA S6.1,
“Commentary on CSAS6-14, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code.”

Instructor: Ella Li
3.3 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO MACHINERY

MINIMIZE VIBRATION DUE TO MACHINERY
• The undesirable effects of continuous vibration
caused by machines can be minimized by special
design provisions (Reference [8] [9]), such as:
– locating machinery away from sensitive occupancies
– Vibration Isolation
– alteration of the frequency of the structure.

Instructor: Ella Li
3.4 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• 4.1.3.6. (3): A dynamic analysis to be carried out for floor structures supporting
assembly occupancies whose fundamental vibration frequency is less than 6 Hz.
(4.1.3.6. (3) in NBC 2020)

Instructor: Ella Li
4) DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE

DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES
• 4.1 STEP FREQUENCY

• 4.2 LOADING DURING RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES
• 4.3 FLOOR FRENQUENCY (fn)
• 4.4 HUMAN REACTION
• 4.5 PREVENT OR CORRECT UNACCEPTABLE VIBRATION
• 4.6 OVERLOADING
• 4.7 FATIGUE

Instructor: Ella Li
4.1 DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

- STEP FREQUENCY
TYPICAL STEP FREQUENCY
• Dancing, foot stamping, jumping exercises and marching are rhythmic activities that
create periodic forces with step frequency (e.g., beat of music) in the range of 1 to 4Hz.
• For rhythmic activities involving a group of people (such as concert, stadium), the most
critical range is 2 to 2.75Hz.

Instructor: Ella Li

- STEP FREQUENCY
STEP FREQUENCY: 1 to 4Hz
DANCING FOOT STAMPING JUMPING EXERCISE MARCHING
STEP FREQUENCY: 2 to 2.75Hz
CONCERT STADIUM
Instructor: Ella Li

- LOADING DURING RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES
SINUSOIDAL DYNAMIC LOAD • The sinusoidal dynamic load applied to the
floor for any harmonic can therefore be
• Typical loading cases are shown in
represented by αiwpsin2π ifst where
Figure D-1.
– αi is a dynamic coefficient that varies
– For rhythmic activities, such as
depending on the activity,
dancing, the periodic forces can be
approximated by a sinusoidal dynamic – wp is the effective weight of participants per
load causing vibration at the step unit area in kPa,
frequency, fs. – ifs is the forcing frequency,
– In the case of jumping exercises, – t is time.
however, the periodic forces shown in
Figure D-1 can also create significant
sinusoidal load at double the step
frequency, 2fs, and some sinusoidal
load at triple the step frequency, 3fs.
– For any harmonic multiple, i, of the
step frequency, the forcing frequency
is equal to ifs.

Instructor: Ella Li

SINUSOIDAL DYNAMIC LOAD

Instructor: Ella Li

RECOMMENDED LOADING FUNCTION FOR RHYTHMIC EVENTS
• Table D-2 recommends values of the forcing frequencies, ifs, of the dynamic load
based on an estimation of density and weight of participants, wp, and of the dynamic
coefficient, αi, for typical rhythmic events. These values are based on References [15]
and [16] and on recent experience.

Instructor: Ella Li

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (ρ)
• If the forcing frequency, ifs, is smaller than the fundamental natural frequency of the floor
structure (the floor frequency), fn, the dynamic load has the same effect (e.g.
displacement, member force) as a static load of the same magnitude
• If the forcing frequency approaches the floor frequency, the dynamic effect increases with
each cycle of vibration to a maximum (see Figure D-2) whose ratio to the static effect is
given by EQUATION (1)

Instructor: Ella Li


Instructor: Ella Li


Instructor: Ella Li

- FLOOR FRENQUENCY (fn)
DETERMINATION OF FLOOR FRENQUENCY (fn)

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
HUMAN REACTION
• Floor Vibration is more likely to annoy people than to cause overloading or fatigue.
• Acceptable levels depend very strongly on the activity of the people who feel the
vibration.
– People in offices or residences could b annoyed from continuous vibration at 0.5% g
– People participating in rhythmic activities could accept 10% g
– Diners in a restaurant who share floor structure with dancing could accept 2% g

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
TABLE D-3 RECOMMENDED ACCELERATION LIMITS

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
MAXIMUM ACCELERATION (api)

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
MINIMUM FLOOR FREQUENCY - EQUATION (6)

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
MINIMUM FLOOR FREQUENCY BASED ON EQUATION (6)

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
EXAMPLE

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
MINIMUM FLOOR FREQUENCY
Based on Table D-4, Min. natural frequency of 6.5 Hz for satisfactory performance of the floor.

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION OF THE FLOOR STRUCTURE
Based on EQUATION (2)
MAX. FLOOR DEFLECTION Δ = (18 / fn)2 = (18/6.5 Hz)2 = 7.7mm
Corresponds to SPAN/3900 (30m / 7.7mm ≈ 3900)
Very difficult for a 30-m span to achieve

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
CLOSER ESTIMATION OF MINIMUM FLOOR FREQUENCY
Based on EQUATION (4) and (5)
Effective Weight of Participants (Wp)

Reduced from 0.6 kPa for dance floor
Equivalent over the whole span 0.6 kPa x 12m / 30m = 0.24 kPa

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
Damping Ratio (β)
Based on NBC 2015 Commentary D Item #10
β = 0.06 for concrete floor

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
For floor frequency of less than 2.7 Hz, vibration due to first harmonic resonance
Based on Table D-2, α1 = 0.5

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
For floor frequency of less than 2.7 Hz, vibration due to first harmonic resonance
(Cont’d)
1.3α𝑖 𝑤𝑝 Τ𝑤𝑡 1.3 × 0.5 × 0.24 𝑘𝑃𝑎Τ5 𝑘𝑃𝑎
α𝑝𝑖 Τ𝑔 = = = 0.24
2 2
𝑓𝑛 2 2β𝑓𝑛 2 𝑓𝑛 2 2 × 0.06 × 𝑓𝑛 2
−1 + −1 +
𝑖𝑓𝑠 𝑖𝑓𝑠 𝑖𝑓𝑠 𝑖𝑓𝑠
∴ Vibration of 24% Gravity Acceleration

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
For floor frequency between 4 ~ 5 Hz, vibration due to second harmonic resonance
Based on Table D-2, α2 = 0.05

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
For floor frequency between 4 ~ 5 Hz, vibration due to second harmonic resonance
(Cont’d)
1.3α𝑖 𝑤𝑝 Τ𝑤𝑡 1.3 × 0.5 × 0.24 𝑘𝑃𝑎Τ5 𝑘𝑃𝑎
α𝑝𝑖 𝑔 =
Τ = = 0.027
2 2
𝑓𝑛 2 2β𝑓𝑛 2 𝑓𝑛 2 2 × 0.06 × 𝑓𝑛 2
−1 + −1 +
𝑖𝑓𝑠 𝑖𝑓𝑠 𝑖𝑓𝑠 𝑖𝑓𝑠
∴ Vibration of 2.7% Gravity Acceleration

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
OPTIONS TO ACHIEVE ACCELERATION LIMIT
Based on Table D-3, Acceleration Limit for the floor is around 2%

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
OPTIONS TO ACHIEVE ACCELERATION LIMIT OF 2% (CONT’D)
OPTION #1
Based on Figure D-4, a floor frequency of 5.3 Hz is needed
Based on EQUATION (2), Max. deflection Δ = (18 / fn)2 = (18/5.3 Hz)2 = 11.5 mm
Corresponds to SPAN/2510 (30m / 11.5mm ≈ 2510), still not easy to achieve

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION OPTIONS TO ACHIEVE ACCELERATION LIMIT OF 2% (CONT’D)

OPTION #2
Based on Figure D-4, with increased mass, wt, resulting from the addition of 75mm of concrete
A lower minimum floor frequency of 4.0 Hz is acceptable.
Based on EQUATION (2), Max. deflection Δ = (18 / fn)2 = (18/4.0 Hz)2 = 20 mm
Corresponds to SPAN/1500 (30m / 20mm ≈ 1500)
The increased floor weight results in a moderate decrease of floor frequency

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION
OPTIONS TO ACHIEVE ACCELERATION LIMIT OF 2% (CONT’D)
OPTION #3
Alternatively, an FEM dynamic analysis to determine floor frequency might indicate
that, without the extra concrete, a 5.3 Hz limit is achievable.

Instructor: Ella Li

- HUMAN REACTION
SOLUTION

Instructor: Ella Li

- PREVENT OR CORRECT UNACCEPTABLE VIBRATION
MEASURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Instructor: Ella Li

- PREVENT OR CORRECT UNACCEPTABLE VIBRATION
MEASURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Instructor: Ella Li

- OVERLOADING

Instructor: Ella Li

- FATIGUE

Instructor: Ella Li
5) AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11

VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS DUE TO
HUMAN ACTIVITIES (SECOND EDITION)
• 5.1 GENERAL
• 5.2 HUMAN COMFORT
• 5.3 DESIGN FOR WALKING EXCITATION

Instructor: Ella Li
5.1 AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11 - GENERAL

Instructor: Ella Li
5.1 AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11 - GENERAL

Instructor: Ella Li
5.2 AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11 - HUMAN COMFORT

SOURCES OF TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR HUMAN COMFORT
• Human response to structural motion is a very complex phenomenon involving:

– The magnitude of the motion
– The environment surrounding the sensor
– The human sensor
• A continuous (steady-state) motion can be more objectionable than motion
caused by an infrequent impact (transient).
• The threshold of perception of floor motion in a busy workplace can be higher
than in a quiet apartment.
• The reaction of a senior citizen living on the 50th floor can be considerably
different from that of a young adult living on the second floor of an apartment
complex, if both are subjected to the same motion.

Instructor: Ella Li

• The reaction of people who feel vibration depends very strongly on what they are doing.
– People in offices or residences do not like “distinctly perceptible” vibration
(peak acceleration above about 0.5% of the acceleration of gravity,0.5%g)
– People taking part in an activity will accept vibrations 10 to 30 times greater
(5% to 15%g or more).
– People dining beside a dance floor, lifting weights beside an aerobics gym, or standing in a
shopping mall or on an indoor pedestrian footbridge will accept something in between
(about 1.5%g).
– People on an outdoor pedestrian bridge or monumental stair will tolerate higher accelerations.
• Sensitivity within each occupancy also varies with duration of vibration and remoteness
of source.
• It is noted that these limits are for vibration frequencies between 4 and 8 Hz, which is the
range of resonance frequencies of human internal organs. Outside this frequency range,
people accept higher accelerations.

Instructor: Ella Li

• ISO 10137:2007 Bases for design of structures - Serviceability of Buildings and Walkways
Against Vibrations
– Contain a baseline curve for human response to continuous sinusoidal accelerations in one-third octave bands.
– Recommendations for vibration tolerance limits in the form of multiplying factors applied to the base curve, e.g.,
4 for office environments subject to intermittent vibration (such as from pile-driving) and 60 to 128 for transient
vibration (such as from blasting) are also in ISO 2631-2.
– “Continuous vibrations” are those with a duration of more than 30 minutes per 24 hours;
– “Intermittent vibrations” are those of more than 10 events per 24 hours.

Instructor: Ella Li
5.3 AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11

- DESIGN FOR WALKING EXCITATION
EVALUATION CRITERION FOR LOW-FREQUENCY BUILDING FLOORS
• Recommended human comfort criterion for the evaluation of floor vibration due
to walking on low-frequency floors, (fn ≤ 9 Hz).
• Occupant complaints of objectionable vibration of high-frequency floors, (fn >
9 Hz,) are rare and are not considered here

Instructor: Ella Li

RECOMMENDED ACCELERATION TOLERANCE LIMITS (ao/g)
• Recommended acceleration tolerance limits, ao/g, are found in Table 4-1.
• These limits are slightly conservative for natural frequencies between 3 Hz and
4 Hz and 8 Hz and 9 Hz compared to values from Figure 2-1 but are
recommended for design simplicity.
• Floor systems with fundamental frequencies less than 3 Hz should generally be
avoided because they are liable to be subjected to “rogue or vandal jumping”.
• If fn < 3 Hz, the system should be evaluated using criteria in Chapter 5.

Instructor: Ella Li

ESTIMATION OF REQUIRED PARAMETERS
- FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL FREQUENCY (fn)
• Determined as described in Chapter 3

Instructor: Ella Li

ESTIMATION OF REQUIRED PARAMETERS - EFFECTIVE PANEL WEIGHT (W)
• The effective panel weight is estimated by determining the effective panel
weights for the beam or joist panel and girder panel modes separately and
then combining them in proportion to their flexibilities.

Instructor: Ella Li

ESTIMATION OF REQUIRED PARAMETERS
- DAMPING RATIO (β)
• The damping ratio, β, can be estimated using the component values shown in
Table 4-2, noting that damping is cumulative.

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN CONSIDERATION
• AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11 • AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11
- SECTION 4.1.3 - SECTION 4.3 RECOMMENDED
– Open Web Joists EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR
– Unequal Beam or Joist Spans LINEAR MONUMENTAL STAIRS
– Interior and Exterior Floor Edges
– Floor Width and Floor Length
– Vibration Transmission
• AISC STEEL DESIGN GUIDE 11

- SECTION 4.2 RECOMMENDED
EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR
PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Instructor: Ella Li
6) IMPACT LOADING
6.1 CRANE-SUPPORTING STRUCTURES AND IMPACT OF

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

Instructor: Ella Li
6.1 IMPACT LOADING

CRANE-SUPPORTING STRUCTURES AND IMPACT OF MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT

Instructor: Ella Li
6.1 IMPACT LOADING

CRANE-SUPPORTING STRUCTURES AND IMPACT OF MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT

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CSE E11 - 2024 Instructor: Ella Li

CSE E11 National Building Code Part 4

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 2

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 3

1.1 INTRODUCTION - REFERENCE

NBC 2015 COMMENTARY D

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 4

1.1 INTRODUCTION - REFERENCE

NBC 2015 COMMENTARY D

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 5

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 6

• 2.1 EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 7

2.1 DEFLECTION - EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 8

2.1 DEFLECTION - EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 9

2.2 DEFLECTION - ALTERNATIVE DESIGN SOLUTION FOR

• A number of alternative design solutions can prevent problems caused by

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 10

2.3 DEFLECTION - DEFLECTION CRITERIA

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 11

2.3 DEFLECTION - DEFLECTION CRITERIA

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 12

• 3.1 FLOOR VIBRATION TYPES

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 13

3.1 FLOOR VIBRATION TYPES

- Arises due to the cyclic forces of - Caused by persons jumping or

- Considerably amplified when the

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 14

3.2 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO WALKING

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 15

3.2 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO WALKING

• Reference [9]: Recommended criteria for steel construction

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 16

3.2 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO WALKING

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 17

3.3 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO MACHINERY

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 18

3.4 FLOOR VIBRATION DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

(4.1.3.6. (3) in NBC 2020)

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 19

4) DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE

• 4.1 STEP FREQUENCY

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 20

4.1 DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 21

4.1 DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

STEP FREQUENCY: 1 to 4Hz

DANCING FOOT STAMPING JUMPING EXERCISE MARCHING

STEP FREQUENCY: 2 to 2.75Hz

4.2 DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 23

4.2 DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 24

4.2 DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSE DUE TO RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 25