72 - 36 - 314-1 E11 2024 Lecture 4 Wind

CSE E11 - 2024 Instructor: Ella Li
CSE E11 National Building Code Part 4

(Structural Design)
Lecture 4 Wind Load

Course Coordinator:
John Pao, P.Eng. Struct.Eng., S.E.
Instructor:
Ella Li, MASc, P.Eng, PE, SE
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11

Instructor: Ella Li
LESSON OVERVIEW
1) INTRODUCTION
2) SPECIFIED WIND LOAD
3) STATIC PROCEDURE
4) DYNAMIC PROCEDURE
5) WIND TUNNEL PROCEDULE
6) CLADDING AND SECONDARY MEMBERS
7) OTHER STRUCTURES
8) WIND DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 2

Instructor: Ella Li
1) INTRODUCTION
• 1.1 WIND FORCE

• 1.2 CODE OVERVIEW

Instructor: Ella Li
1.1 INTRODUCTION – WIND FORCE
• A structure in the path of wind causes the wind to be deflected, or in some

cases, stopped.
• The result is that the kinetic energy of the wind is transformed into the
potential energy of a pressure or suction acting on the structure.

Instructor: Ella Li

DETERMINATION OF WIND FORCE
• The determination of the magnitude of the pressure or suction is quite difficult, as it
is dependent on a number of variables:
– Wind Velocity
– Air Density
– Shape of the structure and its orientation
– Texture of the surface of the structure
– The point on the structure where pressure is being measured
– The stiffness of the structure
• A great deal of research has been conducted to evaluate and quantify wind effects
on various structures and has resulted in the establishment of design coefficients
that account for building shape and wind direction.

Instructor: Ella Li

WIND - AIR FLOW
• Air flowing around a structure behaves as a fluid flowing around an object.
• The flow pattern generated is complex in nature.
• Pressure generated by wind act perpendicular to the boundary surface.

Instructor: Ella Li

POSITIVE PRESSURE AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE (SUCTION)
• The convention used for wind force:

o Positive Pressure: force acting towards or pushing on the boundary surface.
o Negative Pressure (Suction): force acting away or pulling on the boundary surface

Instructor: Ella Li
1.2 INTRODUCTION – CODE OVERVIEW

Instructor: Ella Li
1.2 INTRODUCTION – CODE OVERVIEW

Structural Commentaries
(User’s Guide
– NBC 2015:
Part 4 of Division B)

Instructor: Ella Li
2) SPECIFIED WIND LOAD
• 2.1 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

• 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
• 2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAINS
• 2.4 MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
• 2.5 LOWEST NATURAL FREQUENCY (fn)

Instructor: Ella Li
2.1 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Instructor: Ella Li
2.1 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Instructor: Ella Li
2.2 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
DYNAMICALLY SENSITIVE
• 1.0 s < Building Period (T) < 4.0 s (Mid- and High-Rise Building) (around 30-storey)
• h = 60m is approx. 20-storey high residential or 15-storey office building

Instructor: Ella Li
2.2 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

VERY DYNAMICALLY SENSITIVE
Building Period (T) ≥ 4.0 s

Instructor: Ella Li
2.3 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAINS
OPEN VS ROUGH TERRAIN

Instructor: Ella Li
2.3 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAIN
OPEN TERRAIN
• Open terrain is level terrain with only scattered buildings, trees or other
obstructions, open water or shorelines thereof.

Instructor: Ella Li

ROUGH TERRAIN
• Rough terrain is suburban, urban or wooded terrain extending upwind from the building
uninterrupted for at least 1km or 20 times the height of the building, whichever is greater.

Instructor: Ella Li

OPEN VS ROUGH TERRAIN

Instructor: Ella Li
2.4 MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
• The Main Structural System is an assemblage of

structural elements that provides support and stability
to the building as a whole.
• The system generally receives wind loading from
more than one surface.
• The structure or element to be designed in these
cases is relatively rigid.
• As such, detailed knowledge of the dynamic
properties of these structures or elements is not
required and dynamic actions of the wind can be
represented by equivalent static loads.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Wind Load Calculation Procedures (Page I-1)]

Instructor: Ella Li
2.4 MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
EXAMPLE In the two-story braced frame

structure shown, the braced frames
resist all lateral loads on the structure.
How should the diagonal braces on
the first floor level be classified?
(A) Main Structural system
(B) Cladding and Secondary Members
The answer is
(A) Main Structural system
Instructor: Ella Li
2.5 LOWEST NATURAL FREQUENCY (fn)
• Estimate Building Frequency fn (Rayleigh’s Method)
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Dynamic Procedure (Page I-13)]

Instructor: Ella Li
3) STATIC PROCEDURE
• 3.1 SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE

FOR LOW BUILDING
• 3.3 SPECIFIED INTERNAL PRESSURE
• 3.4 NET WIND LOAD

Instructor: Ella Li
STATIC PROCEDURE
GENERAL
• Static Procedure is appropriate for most wind load calculation
cases, including for the design of the main structural system of
most low- and mid- rise buildings as well as for the design of
cladding on all buildings.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Wind Load Calculation Procedures (Page I-1)]

Instructor: Ella Li
3.1 STATIC PROCEDURE - SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE

SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE (p)
• Normal to boundary surface

• Positive (pushing against) or Negative (suction)

Instructor: Ella Li

IMPORTANCE FACTOR FOR WIND LOAD (Iw)

Instructor: Ella Li


Instructor: Ella Li


Instructor: Ella Li

REFERENCE VELOCITY PRESSURE (q)
• q is calculated from the Reference Wind Speed V, which is based on:

– annual maxima of 60 minutes moving average wind speed,
– at a height of 10 m,
– in open flat terrain
– have an annual probability of being exceeded of 1 in 50.
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Reference Wind Pressure (Page I-4)]

Instructor: Ella Li

• Derived from wind speed V (m/s)

Instructor: Ella Li


Instructor: Ella Li

REFERENCE VELOCITY PRESSURE (q) – NBC 2015 VS 2020

Instructor: Ella Li

• 1-in-50 Reference Wind Velocity (1-in-10 Reference Wind Velocity)
– Hourly wind speeds having the annual probability of occurrence of 1-in-50
– A return period of 50 years
– Have 1 chance in 50 of being exceeded in any one year
• 1-in-10 Reference Wind Velocity
1-in-30-year Wind Speed 1-in-10-year Wind Speed

1-in-50-year Wind Speed
• Estimated from a • Computed from the 1-in-30-year

mapping analysis of speeds using a map of the
wind speeds dispersion parameter that
occurs in the Gumbel analysis.
• Analyzed using the Gumbel
extreme value distribution fitted
using the method of moments
[Source: NBC 2020 - Appendix C
with correction for sample size.
Wind Effects (Page C-8)]

Instructor: Ella Li

A two-storey steel-frame office building is located in a suburban area of Kelowna.
EXAMPLE
What is the 1-in-50 Reference Wind Pressure?
• Taken Subsection 1.1.3 Climate and Seismic Data and Table C-2 in Appendix C
The answer is :
q (1/50) = 0.40 kPa

Instructor: Ella Li

EXPOSURE FACTOR (Ce)
H < 6m, 0.9 Govern
H < 12m, 0.7 Govern
• Reflects changes in wind speed with height [Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY
– Static Procedure (Page I-4)]
• And effects of variations in the roughness of surrounding terrain.
Instructor: Ella Li

Reference Height (h)
• h is in meter (m)

Instructor: Ella Li

Reference Height (h)

Instructor: Ella Li

EXPOSURE FACTOR (Ce) EXAMPLE

What is the Exposure Factor at the roof level of the structure for the windward wall?
• Rough Terrain
• Reference height h = 8 m
• Ce = 0.7(h/12)0.3 = 0.7 x (8m / 12)0.3 = 0.62 < 0.7
The answer is: Ce = 0.7

Instructor: Ella Li

Changes In Terrain
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures – Exposure Factor – Changes in Terrain (Page I-7)]

Instructor: Ella Li

TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR (Ct)
• Hills and escarpments can significantly increase wind speeds near the
ground. This effect is reflected by applying the topographic factor.
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures – Speed-up over Hills and Escarpments (Page I-8)]

Instructor: Ella Li

TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR (Ct)

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST EFFECT FACTOR (Cg)
• For small and low-rise structures, or structures and components

having a relatively high rigidity.
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures – External Gust Effect Factor (Page I-8)]
Instructor: Ella Li

GUST EFFECT FACTOR (Cg)
• At any time, the wind acting upon a structure can be treated:
– Mean or time-averaged Component [Source: NBC 2020 Appendix C -
Wind Effects (Page C-8)]
– Gust or unsteady component
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures

– Gust Effect Factors (Page I-8)]

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cp)
• 4.1.7.5 (2): For the design of main structural system

• 4.1.7.5 (3): For the design of roofs
• 4.1.7.5 (4): For the design of cladding and secondary structural elements supporting the cladding
• 4.1.7.5 (5): For the design of balcony guards, except as provided in 4.1.7.5 (6)
• 4.1.7.5 (6): For the design of balcony guards 2.0m or less below the roof surface
• 4.1.7.5 (7): To determine the contribution from parapets to the wind loads on the Main Struct. System.
• 4.1.7.5 (8): For the design of parapets themselves
• 4.1.7.5 (9): For the design of cladding on parapets
Instructor: Ella Li

Non-dimensional ratios of actual wind-induced pressures on a building
surface to the velocity pressure of the wind at the reference height.
They account for the effects of aerodynamic shape of the building, orientation of the surface
with respect to the wind flow, and profile of the wind velocity.
Usually determined from wind-tunnel experiments on small-scale models, although

measurements are occasionally made on full-scale buildings.
It is very important to simulate the natural velocity profile and turbulence in the wind tunnel;
experiments in smooth uniform flow can be misleading.
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures – Pressure Coefficients - 18 (Page I-9)]
• At any geographical location, winds are the strongest for certain directions. The probability is less
than 100% that the direction of the strongest wind will align with the direction that produces the
highest pressure on a given surface.
• Therefore, the actual wind load on a given surface will be less than computed by combining the
reference wind velocity pressure for the location with the peak pressure coefficient for the surface.
• An allowance for directionality effects has been included in the factored loads, so no further reduction
should be made to them unless the loads are determined through a detailed wind tunnel study.
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures – Pressure Coefficients - 19 (Page I-9)]

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cp) – 4.1.7.5
Main Structural System
• The coefficients are given as either time-or spatially-averaged pressure

coefficients, Cp, for design of the main structural system.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Pressure Coefficients – 24 (Page I-10)]

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cp) EXAMPLE

What is the External Pressure Coefficient at the roof level of the structure for the
windward wall?
• H = 8.0 m; D = 12.0 m;
• H/D = 0.67
• Cp = 0.27(H/D + 2) = 0.27 x (0.67 + 2) = 0.72
The answer is: Cp = 0.72

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cp) – 4.1.7.5
Roofs
• The coefficients are given as either time-or spatially-averaged pressure

coefficients, Cp, for design of the roofs.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Pressure Coefficients – 24 (Page I-10)]

Instructor: Ella Li

[Source : NBC 2020 NOTES

(Page 4-114)]

Instructor: Ella Li
EXAMPLE A high-rise residential building shown below is located in the water

front of Tofino, BC.
Calculate the unfactored base shear and overturning moment due to
the wind loads in the E-W direction.

Instructor: Ella Li
Step 1: Calculate Specified External Pressure

p = IwqCeCtCgCp SOLUTION
Importance Factor (Iw)

Residential Building (Normal Importance), hence Iw = 1.0
Reference Velocity Pressure

For Tofino, q (1/50) = 0.68 kPa
Topographic Factor (Ct)

Not on hill or escarpments, hence Ct = 1.0
Gust Effect Factor (Cg)

Cg = 2.0 for Main Structural System

Instructor: Ella Li

Step 1: Calculate Specified External Pressure (Cont’d) SOLUTION
Exposure Factor (Ce)
Located in Waterfront, hence Open Terrain
Windward Side
Reference Height h is the height above ground
Exposure Factor Ce = (h/10)0.2 ≥ 0.9
Ce = 0.9 for H < 6m; Ce at the top = (60m / 10)0.2 = 1.43
Leeward Side
Reference Height is mid-height of the roof, hence h = H/2 = 60m/2 = 30m
Exposure Factor Ce = (h/10)0.2 = (30/10)0.2 = 1.25 > 0.9
Roof
Reference Height is mean roof height, hence h = H = 60m
Exposure Factor Ce = (h/10)0.2 = (60/10)0.2 = 1.43 > 0.9

Instructor: Ella Li

Step 1: Calculate Specified External Pressure (Cont’d)
SOLUTION
External Pressure Coefficient (Cp)
Height H = 60m
Width Parallel to the wind D = 40m
H/D = 60m/40m = 1.5
Windward Side
Pressure Coefficient Cp = 0.8
Leeward Side
Pressure Coefficient Cp = -0.5
Roof
Pressure Coefficient Cp = -1.0

Instructor: Ella Li

Step 2: Calculate Base Shear
SOLUTION
V = p x Area of the side wall = IwqCeCtCgCp x Area
F1 = 1.0 x 0.68 kPa x 1.25 x 1.0 x 2.0 x 0.5 x (60m x 70m) = 3,570 kN
F3 = 1.0 x 0.68 kPa x (1.43 - 0.9) x 1.0 x 2.0 x 0.8 x (54m x 70m)/2 = 1,090 kN
Base Shear V = Σ Fi (i = 1 to 3) = 3,570 kN + 4,113 kN + 1,090 kN = 8,773 kN

Instructor: Ella Li

Step 3: Calculate Overturning Moment
SOLUTION
Overturning Moment = Σ Fi (i = 1 to 4) x h
= 3,570 kN x 60m/2
+ 4,113 kN x 60m/2
+ 1,090 kN x (2/3 x 54m + 6m)
+ 5,445 kN x 40m/2
= 385, 710 kN-m

Instructor: Ella Li
3.2 STATIC PROCEDURE

- SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE FOR LOW BUILDINGS
• Low Buildings: Buildings with a height, H ≤ 20m and less than the smaller
plan dimension [CL. 4.1.7.6 (1)]
• (Cp Cg) Factor combined
• Normal to boundary surface
• Positive (pushing against) or Negative (suction)
Instructor: Ella Li

H < 6m, 0.9 Govern
H < 12m, 0.7 Govern
• Reflects changes in wind speed with height [Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY
– Static Procedure (Page I-4)]
Instructor: Ella Li

EXPOSURE FACTOR (Ce) Reference Height (h)
• h is in meter (m)

Instructor: Ella Li

• (Cp Cg) Factor combined

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT

(Cp Cg) FOR LOW BUILDINGS

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
(Cp Cg) FOR LOW BUILDINGS

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cp Cg) FOR LOW BUILDINGS
20. Based on data obtained from systematic boundary-layer wind tunnel studies.
In several instances, these data have been verified against full-scale measurements.
21. Most appropriate for buildings with a height-to-width ratio less than 1.0 and a reference height less
than or equal to 20m, where the width is based on the smaller plan dimension, D s.
Beyond these limits, NBC Article 4.1.7.5. must be used.
22. The simplified load distributions were developed to represent as closely as possible the structural
actions (horizontal thrust, uplift and frame moments) determined directly from experiment.
These results make allowance for the partial loading of gusts referred to in NBC Sentence 4.1.7.9.(1).
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures – Pressure Coefficients - (Page I-10)]

Instructor: Ella Li

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cp Cg) FOR LOW BUILDINGS
• The peak pressure coefficients of certain low-rise structures can be

determined directly from wind-tunnel tests. These coefficients are
composite values of CpCg, incorporating the gust effect in addition to
aero dynamic shape factors, and are given in NBCArticle4.1.7.6. dealing
with pressure coefficients. [Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures
– External Gust Effect Factor - 16 (Page I-8)]
Instructor: Ella Li

EXAMPLE The residential building shown in the figure below is located in the
suburb of West Vancouver. It is not located on the hill or escarpments.
Determine the base shear acting on the building due to wind in East-
West direction. Ignore the corner condition.

Instructor: Ella Li

Step 1: Calculate Specified External Pressure SOLUTION
p = IwqCeCt(CpCg)
Importance Factor (Iw)

Residential Building (Normal Importance), hence Iw = 1.0
Reference Velocity Pressure

For West Vancouver, q (1/50) = 0.48 kPa
Exposure Factor (Ce)

Located in Suburb, hence Rough Terrain
Roof Slope α = tan-1 (4/12) = 18.43° > 7 °
Reference Height h = Mid Height of the roof = 9.5m + (4/12) x (10m/4) = 10.3m
Exposure Factor Ce = 0.7(h/12)0.3= 0.7 x (10.1m / 12)0.3 = 0.67 < 0.7, Ce = 0.7

Instructor: Ella Li

Step 1: Calculate Specified External Pressure (Cont’d) SOLUTION
Topographic Factor (Ct)
Not on hill or escarpments, hence Ct = 1.0
Combined Gust Factor and Pressure Coefficient (CpCg)

Instructor: Ella Li

Step 2: Calculate Base Shear SOLUTION
V = p x Area of the side wall = IwqCeCt(CpCg) x (9.5m x 14m)
= 1.0 x 0.48 kPa x 0.7 x [1.0 - (-0.8)] x (9.5m x 14m) = 80.4 kN

Instructor: Ella Li
3.3 STATIC PROCEDURE - SPECIFIED INTERNAL PRESSURE

SPECIFIED INTERNAL PRESSURE (pi)

Instructor: Ella Li


Instructor: Ella Li

EXPOSURE FACTOR FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (Cei)

Instructor: Ella Li

EXPOSURE EFFECT FACTOR FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (Cei)
(Building height ≥ 20m)

Instructor: Ella Li

INTERNAL GUST EFFECT FACTOR (Cgi)
• Value is 2.0 or determined by detailed calculation that take into account the sizes of the
openings in the building envelope, the internal volume and the flexibility of the building.

Instructor: Ella Li

INTERNAL GUST EFFECT FACTOR (Cgi)
[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedures – Gust Effect Factors (Page I-8)]
Instructor: Ella Li

INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cpi)

Instructor: Ella Li

Defines the effect of wind on the air pressure inside the building
The magnitude of this coefficient depends on:

- Distribution and size of the leakage paths
- Openings that vent the internal air space to the exterior.
With very small and uniformly distributed cracks and pores, the leakage is slow.
Although the internal pressure will approximately equilibrate to the average external pressure over the exposed
surface, the influence of gusts will be attenuated.
If the openings are larger and more significant:

- The internal pressure will move closer to that prevailing externally at the largest dominant opening and gust
pressures will be felt within the interior.
- A single opening or a combination of openings on any one wall that offers a passage to the wind and whose
area exceeds by a factor of 2 or more the leakage area of the remaining building surfaces, including the roof.
- Such a significant opening may be provided by main doors, shipping doors, windows and ventilators if they are
open during a storm, either through expected usage or through damage.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY –

Pressure Coefficients – 25-26 (Page I-11)]

Instructor: Ella Li

Category 1 (-0.15 to 0.0)
• High-rise buildings that are normally sealed, have no operable windows and screen doors,
and are mechanically ventilated.
• Some less common low-rise buildings, such as windowless warehouses with door systems
not prone to storm damage, also fall into this category.
• The value of Cpi should be -0.15, except where such openings alleviate an external load, in
which case Cpi = 0 should be use.
Category 2 (-0.45 to +0.30)

• Buildings in which significant openings, if there are any, can be relied on to be closed during
storms but in which background leakage may not be uniformly distributed.
• Most low-rise buildings fall into this category provided that all elements-especially shipping
doors- are designed to be fully wind-resistant.
• Most high-rise buildings with operable windows or balcony doors.
Category 3 (-0.70 to +0.70)

• Buildings with large or significant openings through which gusts are transmitted to the interior.
• Example of such buildings include sheds with one or more open sides as well as industrial
buildings with shipping doors, ventilators or the like, which have a high probability of being
open during a storm or not being fully resistant to design wing loads.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Pressure Coefficients – 26-27 (Page I-12)]

Instructor: Ella Li

[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Pressure Coefficients – 26-27 (Page I-12)]

Instructor: Ella Li
3.4 STATIC PROCEDURE – NET WIND LOAD

Net Wind Load

Instructor: Ella Li
3.4 STATIC PROCEDURE – NET WIND LOAD

Net Wind Load

Instructor: Ella Li
4) DYNAMIC PROCEDURE

• 4.2 SPECIFIED INTERNAL PRESSURE

Instructor: Ella Li
4.0 DYNAMIC PROCEDURE

GENERAL
• The Dynamic Procedure is mainly intended for determining the overall effects of
wind, including resonant response, on the main structural system of:
– Tall buildings
– Slender or long-span structures (with a frequency less than 1Hz)
– Not on cladding and secondary structural members.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Wind Load Calculation Procedures - 3 (Page I-1)]
• In addition to the calculation of wind load, the calculation of wind-induced lateral

deflection and vibration can also be important for some buildings that are
required to be designed using the Dynamic Procedure. These topics, as well as
vortex shedding of rounded structures, are treated separately in this
Commentary.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Wind Load Calculation Procedures – 3 (Page I-2)]

Instructor: Ella Li
4.1 DYNAMIC PROCEDURE - SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE


Instructor: Ella Li

Static: (h/10)0.2 ≥ 0.9
Static: 0.7(h/12)0.3 ≥ 0.7
• Reflects changes in wind speed with height

[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Static Procedure (Page I-4)]

Instructor: Ella Li

[Source : NBC 2020 NOTES

(Page 4-116)]

Instructor: Ella Li

[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Dynamic Procedure – Exposure Factor (Page I-13)]

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST FACTOR (Cg) Static Procedure:
Cg = 2.0 for Main Structural Members

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST FACTOR (Cg)
• Cg is derived from a series of calculations involving the following variables:
(a) the intensity of wind turbulence for the site as a function of height and
of the surface roughness of the surrounding terrain, and
(b) the properties of the building, such as height, width, natural frequency
of vibration, and damping.
• When multiplied by the reference velocity pressure, q, the importance factor, Iw,
the exposure factor, Ce, and the pressure coefficient, Cp, the gust effect factor is
expected to result in a static design pressure that represents the same peak
load effect as the dynamic resonant response to the actual turbulent wind.
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Wind Load Calculation Procedures - 3 (Page I-1 to I-2)]

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST FACTOR (Cg)
[Source : NBC 2020 NOTES (Page 4-116)]

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST FACTOR (Cg)
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Dynamic Procedure – Gust Effect Factor (Page I-14)]

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST FACTOR (Cg)
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Dynamic Procedure – Gust Effect Factor (Page I-14 to I-15)]

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST FACTOR (Cg)
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY

– Dynamic Procedure
– Gust Effect Factor
(Page I-15)]

Instructor: Ella Li

GUST FACTOR (Cg)
[Source : NBC 2015 COMMENTARY

– Dynamic Procedure
– Gust Effect Factor
(Page I-16)]

Instructor: Ella Li
4.2 DYNAMIC PROCEDURE - SPECIFIED INTERNAL PRESSURE

• Same as the Static Procedure

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CSE E11 - 2024 Instructor: Ella Li

CSE E11 National Building Code Part 4

Lecture 4 Wind Load

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 2

• 1.1 WIND FORCE

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 3

1.1 INTRODUCTION – WIND FORCE

• A structure in the path of wind causes the wind to be deflected, or in some

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 4

1.1 INTRODUCTION – WIND FORCE

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 5

1.1 INTRODUCTION – WIND FORCE

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 6

1.1 INTRODUCTION – WIND FORCE

• The convention used for wind force:

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 7

1.2 INTRODUCTION – CODE OVERVIEW

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 8

1.2 INTRODUCTION – CODE OVERVIEW

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 9

2) SPECIFIED WIND LOAD

• 2.1 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 10

2.1 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 11

2.1 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 12

2.2 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 13

2.2 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Building Period (T) ≥ 4.0 s

2.3 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAINS

OPEN VS ROUGH TERRAIN

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 15

2.3 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAIN

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 16

2.3 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAIN

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 17

2.3 SPECIFIED WIND LOAD - CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAIN

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 18

2.4 MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS

• The Main Structural System is an assemblage of

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 19

2.4 MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

EXAMPLE In the two-story braced frame

2.5 LOWEST NATURAL FREQUENCY (fn)

• Estimate Building Frequency fn (Rayleigh’s Method)

[Source: NBC 2015 COMMENTARY – Dynamic Procedure (Page I-13)]

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 21

• 3.1 SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 22

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 23

3.1 STATIC PROCEDURE - SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE

• Normal to boundary surface

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 24

3.1 STATIC PROCEDURE - SPECIFIED EXTERNAL PRESSURE