MATTU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGOINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION SREAM
MICROWAVE DEVICE AND SYSTEM GROUP ASSIGNMENT
Prepared by:
No Name ID No
1. Duresa Tahir Ru 4852/12
2. Abdulaziz Hassen Ru5216/12
3. Yalew Kifle Ru4045/12

Submitted to: Mr.Dinkisa

DEC 06 2023
MATTU, ETHIOPIA
 Wave-guides Overview
Wave-guides are structures that are used to guide and transmit electromagnetic waves in the microwave
frequency range. They are typically made of metal and have a hollow, rectangular or circular cross-
section. The electromagnetic waves propagate within the wave-guide by reflecting off the walls, and
the shape and dimensions of the wave-guide determine which modes can propagate.
Wave guides are commonly used in microwave communication systems, such as radar, satellite
communication, and microwave ovens. They are also used in microwave components, such as filters,
couplers, and antennas. The advantages of wave-guides over other transmission media, such as coaxial
cables, include lower loss and higher power handling capacity.
Analysis of TM and TE modes
TM and TE modes are the two types of electromagnetic waves that propagate in a wave-guide. TM
mode is the transverse magnetic mode, in which the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, and there is no magnetic field component parallel to the direction of propagation. TE
mode is the transverse electric mode, in which the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, and there is no electric field component parallel to the direction of propagation.
The analysis of TM and TE modes involves finding the solutions to the wave equation that satisfy the
boundary conditions of the wave-guide. This can be done using mathematical techniques such as
separation of variables or eigenfunction expansion. The resulting solutions are then used to determine
the dispersion relation, which relates the frequency of the wave to its wavelength and propagation
constant.
The following four points are important in order to analysing the TM and TE mode of wave guide:
 Derive the wave equations to solve for Hz and Ez
 Calculate transverse propagation constant, h2
 Determine the modal phase constant, β
 Determine cut-off frequencies

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 1. Derive the wave equations to solve for Hz and Ez
The source-free Maxwell’s equations can be manipulated into wave equations for the electric and
magnetic fields (as was shown in the case of plane waves). These wave equations are

.……………………Equation (1)

Where

If time factor ejwt is assumed.

Let

To obtain E and H fields, we have to solve six scalar equations.

.……………………..Equation (2)
So we let
….……………………………Equation (3)
Where X(x), Y(y), and Z(z) are functions of x, y, and z, respectively. Substituting eq.
(3) into eq. (2) and dividing by XYZ gives

.………………………………………Equation (4)

Since the variables are independent, each term in eq. (4) must be constant, so the
equation can be written as

Then this equation is separated as

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 .…………………………………………..Equation (5)

From wave equation we obtain

.……………………………..Equation (6)

Then substituting eq. (6) into eq. (3) gives

.…………………… Equation (7)

If we assume that the wave propagates along the wave-guide in the +z-direction, the
multiplicative constant C5 = 0 Hence the equation is reduced to

………Equation (8)

Where A1 = c1c6, A2 = c2c6, and so on. By taking similar steps, we get the solution of
the z-component of equation below for the case of TM mode.

Equation (9)

Instead of solving for other field component Exs, Eys, Hxs, and Hys in eqs. (1) and

In the same manner, we simply use Maxwell's equations to determine them from

Ezs and Hzs. From

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We obtain the below equation which used to w express Exs, Eys, Hxs, and Hys in terms
of Ezs and Hzs. We use this equation when we determine transverse propagation
constant, h2

For the case of transverse magnetic TM mode, For this wave we set Hz = 0

At the walls of the wave-guide, the tangential components of the E field must be
continuous; that is,

…………… Equation (10a)

…………… Equation (10b)

…………….Equation (10c)

…………….Equation (10d)

Equations (10a) and (10c) require that A1 = 0 = A3 in eq. (12.11), so eq. (8) becomes

.………………….. Equation (11)

Where Eo = A2A4

Also when eqs. (10b) and (10d) when applied to eq. (11) require that

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 …………………..…Equation (12)

This implies that

……………………. Equation (13a)

……….……….. Equation (13b)

Then we obtain Kxa and Kyb by arranging the equation (13a and 13b )

………………………………Equation (14)

The negative integers are not chosen for m and n in eq. (13) so, substituting eq. (14) into
eq. (11) gives

………………………….. Equation (15)

In the TE modes, the electric field is transverse (or normal) to the direction of wave
propagation. We set Ez = 0 and determine other field components Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy , and
Hz The boundary conditions are obtained from the fact that the tangential components
of the electric field must be continuous at the walls of the wave-guide; that is,

……………………..Equation (16a)

…………………….Equation (16b)

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 ……………………….Equation (16c)

.………………………. Equation (16d)

For TE modes Ez = 0 we find Hz from the below equation (9)

From equation (17) below and equation (16) above

………………………Equation (17)

The boundary condition written as,

…………………………Equation (18a)

…………………Equation (18b)

………………….Equation (18c)

.………………..Equation (18d)

Imposing these boundary conditions on equation (9 ) yields

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 ………….Equation (19)

Where Ho = B1B3

1. Calculate transverse propagation constant, h2

From the equation (8) and (14) , it is clear that all field components vary with z

according to , that is,

.………………………… Equation (20)

Hence and also we have

…………………….Equation (21a)

……………………Equation (21b)

From Maxwell equation and by combining the equation (21a ) and equ.(21b) we obtain

………………. Equation (22)

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After re arranging. It becomes

Therefore transverse propagation constant, h2 is expressed as below,

…………………….. Equation (23)

2. Determine the modal phase constant, β.

As we know that or we have in equation (23)

.……………………………..Equation (24)

this equation is used to determine the propagation constant after we

obtain attenuation and modal phase constant ( β.).

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By substituting eq. (14) into eq. (24), we obtain the propagation constant

.……………………Equation (25)

For case of propagation

That is, from eq. (25) the phase constant becomes

Therefore the phase constant is becomes ,

.…………….Equation (26)

3. Determine cut-off frequencies.

The cut-off frequency is the operating frequency below which attenuation occurs and
above which propagation takes place

In case of cut off

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The value of w that causes this is called the cut-off angular frequency Wc; that is,

.……………………..Equation (27)

The wave-guide therefore operates as a high-pass filter. The cut-off frequency is

obtained from eq. (27) expressed as below

Or

.…………………………Equation (28)

Where

Where is phase velocity of uniform plane wave.

The above one is Phase velocity of uniform plane wave in the lossless dielectric

medium filling the wave-guide.

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