RAS

PRE CUM MAINS

Distance Learning Programme

Rajasthan Geography

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 Foreword...
Dear Candidates,
In the in-depth survey conducted by the team Samyak regarding the preparation of Civil
Services Examinations it was found that most of the aspirants ask more questions about the
study material. What to read? What not to read? Which books to read? Which notes to read?
To fulfil this demand of aspirants, a comprehensive, inclusive and in-depth result-oriented study
material has been compiled and edited by the Samyak research team according to the latest
syllabus. It is literally “The Ocean in a pot”.
The quality of any product depends on the raw materials and materials used in its
manufacture. Higher the level of accuracy, standardisation of the study material; higher will be
the number of successful candidates. That’s why we have put a special focus on the quality of
DLP Programme and it has been made completely result oriented.
The role of Samyak in the preparation of Rajasthan Administrative Service (RAS) is like a
guide and the architect, which makes your journey from an aspirant to officer easy and
successful. We build officers with values and ethics in whom knowledge and good characters
are the basic characteristics.
Therefore, the first step in the preparation of RAS is the preparation of PRE, so it is
important to start it with seriousness and completeness. All the topics of PRE Exam Syllabus are
included in the Mains Exam Syllabus. Hence DLP has included standard material as per MAINS
exam along with PRE. So that in MAINS exam, the candidate does not have to re-read the part
of PRE.
It is a clear opinion of the RAS toppers that preparation of both PRE and Mains should
always be integrated. For Samyak, the interest of the aspirants is pivot and according to this
policy, this Study material has been made and updated by reviewing through subject experts,
academic scholars, best faculty and experienced administrative officers.
Samyak’s study material (DLP-Distance Learning Programme) has been popular among the
aspirants from the very beginning. Because it has been compiled and edited after research-
survey from standard subject material. Conceptual clarity, simplicity, depth and completeness
are inherent in the subject matter and this is our strength.
That’s why our students say:
Samyak hai, to Sambhav hai

With the best wishes!

Samyak Research Team
 Index
1. An Overview of Rajasthan 1–6
• Latitudinal and Longitudinal Expansion
• Division of Rajasthan
• Relief and Geographic Regions
2. Major Physiographic Division of Rajasthan 7 – 14
• Physiographic Divisions of Rajasthan
• Aravalli Range and Hilly Region
• Eastern Plains
• Hadoti Plateau
• Different Types of Sand Dunes
3. Climatology of Rajasthan 15 – 24
• Climatic Conditions in Rajasthan Plain
• Solar Radiation and Sunshine Availability
• Climatic Regions of Rajasthan
• Koppen's Classification
• Thornthwaite Classification
• Seasons in Rajasthan
4. River Flow System And Lakes of Rajasthan 25 – 39
• Factors Affecting Drainage System of Rajasthan
• Bay of Bengal Drainage System-
• Arabian Sea Drainage System
• Rivers of Inland Drainage
• Saline Water Lakes
• Fresh Water Lakes
5. Soils of Rajasthan 40 – 46
• Pedogenesis
• Soil Classification
• New Comprehensive System of Classification
• Soil Fertility Status
• Problem of Water Logging
• Soil Conservation
• Soil Pollution
6. Natural Vegetation And Wildlife of Rajasthan 47 – 59
 Types of Forest in Rajasthan
 Grasslands and Pastures
 Vegetation in Forest
 Reserved or closed Area
 National Park & Wildlife Sanctuaries
 Tiger Corridor in Rajasthan
7. Major Crops of Rajasthan 60 – 73
 Land use Statistics
 Cropping Patterns
 Methods of Cultivation
 Distribution of Major Crops of Rajasthan
 Horticulture Crops
 Agriculture Marketing
8. Major Irrigation Project & Water Conservation Methods 74 – 86
 Basic Sources of Irrigation
 Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP)
 Atal Bhujal Yojana
 Traditional Water Management in Rajasthan
9. Major Industries of Rajasthan 87 – 100
 Types of Industries
 Large Scale Industries
 Small Scale Industries--
 Important Institutions of Rajasthan
 Corporate Social Responsibility (C.S.R)
10. Minerals of Rajasthan (Metallic and Non-Metallic) 101 – 113
 Position of Rajasthan in India with Respect to Minerals
 North-Eastern Field & South-Eastern Field
 Metallic Minerals
 Non-Metallic Minerals
 Fertilizer Minerals
 Chemical Minerals
11. Power Resources of Rajasthan 114 – 122
 Distribution of Coal
 Oil and Natural Gas
 Gas Power Plants of Rajasthan
 Hydroelectric Power Plants in Rajasthan
 Solar Power Generation
12. Biodiversity and its Conservation 123 – 135
 National Parks
 Wildlife Sanctuaries
 Tiger Reserves
 Wetlands in Rajasthan
 CAMPA
13. Population and Tribes of Rajasthan 136 – 149
 Population Growth
 Population Density
 Sex Ratio
 Major Tribe
14. Tourism in Rajasthan 150 – 169
 Major Tourist Destination
 Heritage Circuit
 Balaji Tourism Circuit
 Eco-Tourism
15. Livestock in Rajasthan 170 – 182
 Rearing of Domestic
 Animals For Different Purposes
 Cow Breeds in Rajasthan
 Buffalo Breeds in Rajasthan
 Sheep Breeds in Rajasthan
 Goat Breeds in Rajasthan-
 Camel Breeds in Rajasthan
16. Transportation in Rajasthan 183–189
 Airways
 Railways
 Roadways
 Rajasthan Geography
1

CHAPTER - 1
An Overview Of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Latitudnal and Longitudnal Expansion
 Division of Rajasthan
 Relief and Geographic Regions

Rajasthan is situated in the North-West region of India. Its geographical location is between 23º3' to
30º12' North latitude and 69º30' to 78º30' East Longitude.
 The latitude extension of Rajasthan in 7º09' and longitude extension is 8º47'.
 The East (Silan, Rajakheda, Dholpur- Eastern Most Point) to West (Katra, Fatehgarh, Jaisalmer-
Western most point) Distance of Rajasthan is 869 Kms. While the North (Kona, Sriganganagar -
Northern most Point) to Sourth (Borkund, Banswara - Sourther most Point) distance of Rajasthan is
826 Kms.
 Time Difference with Indian standard time 82 º 30' East is approximately 35 minutes.
Neighboring states of Rajasthan
States No. of district Name of Rajasthan district
Punjab(Minimum length of 2 Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh
boundary, 89 km), Districts:
Fazilka and Mukhtasar
Haryana, Districts: Mewat, Rewari, 7 Hanumangarh , Churu,Jhunjunu,
Mahendragarh, Bhiwani, Hisar. Sikar, Jaipur, Alwar
Uttar Pradesh, Districts: Agra, 2 Bhartpur , Dholpur
Mathura
MP(maximum length of boundary, 10 Dholpur , Karauli, SawaiMadhopur
1600 km followed by Haryana), ,Kota, Baran, Jhalawaar,
Districts: Jhabua, Ratlam, Mandsor, Pratapgarh,Banswara,Bhilwara,
Neemuch, Agar Malwa (previously Chittorgarh*
Shajapur), Rajgarh, Guna, Shivpuri,
Shyopur, Morena
Gujarat, Districts: Kutch, Banas 6 Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Sirohi,
Kantha, Sabarkantha, Aravali, Jalore, Barmer
Mahisagar and Dahod

Two time touching districts

 Total interstate boundary with Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat is
4850 km.
 International Boundary with only Pakistan (1070km) (Sindh and Punjab provinces) is known As
Radcliffe line, according to the report published on 17 Aug, 1947. Barmer and Sri Ganganagar are
two districts having both international and inter state border.
 Rajasthan Geography
2

Jaisalmer 464 km
Barmer (Pakistan+ Gujarat) 228 km
Sri ganganagr (nearest Distt. Headquarter) (Pakistan+ Punjab) 210 km
Bikaner(Farthest) 168 km
 Pali have maximum no. of touching districts 8 followed by Nagaur(7).
 Tropic of Cancer 230 30' passesthrough Southern part of Dungarpur to the middle part of
Banswara.
7-Divisions of Rajasthan
1. Jodhpur (6)
Jodhpur , Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore, Pali, Sirohi
(largest Area wise)
2. Jaipur(5)(Largest
Jaipur, Dausa , Alwar , Sikar , Jhunjhunu.
Population wise)
3. Bikaner(4) Bikaner, Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh Churu
4. Ajmer(4) Ajmer, Bhilwara, Tonk, Nagaur
5. Kota (4)(smallest
Kota ,Baran, Bundi, Jhalawar
Population wise)
6. Udaipur(6) Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Banswara, Dungarpur,
Pratapgarh,Rajasmand
7. Bharatpur(4)(smallest
Bhartpur, Dholpur, Karauli , Sawaimadhopur
Area wise)
 Area of state 3,42,239 sq. km ., Largest state (area wise, total 10.41% area of India , having
5.67% population of India). Area wise rajasthan is larger than Norway, Poland and Italy and
almost twice the size of England, five times the size of Sri Lanka and 17 times the size of Israel.

Physiography
Part(Ancient) Part(Recent) Area Population Era Time(years)
in % in %
Tethys Sea Desert 61.1 40 Pleistocene 10 lakh
Gondwana Aravali 6 7 Precambrian 60-65 Cr.
TethysSea Eastern Plain 23.3 40 Pleistocene 10 lakh
Gondwana South East 9.6 13 Carboniferous 35 Cr.
Plateau
Highest Peaks of Rajasthan
Peak Height
Gurushikhar 1722
Ser 1597
Delwada 1442
Jargha 1431
Achalgarh 1380
Kumbhalgarh 1224
Raghunathgarh 1055
 Rajasthan Geography
3

Figure 1 Geographical position and Administrative units of Rajasthan

 At present there are 33 districts in rajasthan (Pratapgarh is the 33 rd formed on 26 Jan, 2008) and 314
Tehsils.
 Rajasthan Geography
Relief and Geographic regions
1. Hilly region:
 Mountaneous region
 900m from the sea level
 1% of the total area
 Guru Shikhar, Ser, Achalgarh, Delwara,
Abu, Jarga, Kumbhalgarh
2. Mountain range:
 altitude of 600m to 900m
 spread in 6% of the area
 sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Ajmer
4
3. Higher plateau region:
 On both sides of Aravali range between
the altitude 300m-600m
 Comprise 31% of the area
 Hadoti plateau, plateau in Chittor (Mesa or
Misa Plateau) and Pratapgarh districs.
4. Plain region:
 Two regions: Western desert plain and
Eastern plains (formed by flood plains of
river and contains suitable conditions for
agricultural land.
 Spread in 51% of the area.
 Rajasthan Geography
5

Important Questions

The area of Rajasthan is nearly equivalent to which of the following European countries?
(A) Norway (B) Belgium
(C) Switzerland (D) Poland
Codes:
(1) A, B and D (2) A and C
(3) B and D (4) A and D (4)
 Percentage area of Rajasthan to the total area of India is?
(1) 9.95% (2) 10.55%
(3) 10.41% (4) 11.45% (3)
 Which of the following districts of Rajasthan have a common boundary with Gujarat?
1. Sirohi 2. Dungarpur
3. Pratapgarh 4. Banswara
Select the correct answer using the codes given below-
(1) 1,2,3 and 4 (2) 1,2 and 3
(3) 1,2 and 4 (4) 1 and 4 (3)
 Which district is not included among the districts of Bangar region in Rajasthan?
(1) Sikar (2) Jhunjhunu
(3) Churu (4) Rajsamand (4)
 Which is known as ‘Hundred Island Area’ in Rajasthan?
(1) Dungarpur (2) Jalore
(3) Udaipur (4) Banswara (4)
 Select the incorrect pair-
(Present Name) (Ancient Name)
(1) Ganganagar - Yoddheye
(2) Udaipur - Shivi
(3) Jalore - Swarangiri
(4) Bharatpur - Virat (4)
 Tropic of Cancer passes through which part of Rajasthan?
(1) Northern (2) Southern
(3) Middle/Central (4) Eastern (2)
 District in Rajasthan, which has its Headquarter’s name different from the district’s name
itself is-
(1) Rajsamand (2) Pratapgarh
(3) Pali (4) Dungarpur (1)
 Which is the correct match of State Bird, State Tree and State Wild Animal?
(Police- 2014)
(1) Great Indian Bustard- Khejri- Camel
(2) Peacock- Khejri- Camel
(3) Pigeon- Babool- Chinkara
(4) Great Indian Bustard- Khejri- Chinkara (4)
 How many states are touched by the borders of state of Rajasthan?
(1) 7 (2) 5
(3) 6 (4) 8 (2)
 Rajasthan Geography
6

 District of Rajasthan which touches maximum number of districts is-

(1) Pali (2) Ajmer
(3) Bhilwara (4) Nagaur (1)
 Arrange following districts of Rajasthan in sequence from East to West?
1. Bundi 2. Ajmer 3. Udaipur 4. Nagaur
(1) 1, 3, 2, 4 (2) 1, 2, 4, 3
(3) 2, 1, 3, 4 (4) 1, 2, 3, 4 (2)
 Smallest district of Rajasthan in terms of area is-
(1) Baran (2) Bundi
(3) Dholpur (4) Hanumangarh (3)
 How many districts of Rajasthan are located on the boundary with Madhya Pradesh?
(1) 7 (2) 8
(3) 9 (10 at present) (4) 6 (3)
 Largest district of Rajasthan in terms of area is-
(1) Barmer (2) Jaisalmer
(3) Bikaner (4) Bhilwara (2)
 District with maximum expansion from North to South is-
(1) Jhalawar (2) Bhilwara
(3) Chittorgarh (including Pratapgarh)
(4) Jhunjhunun (3)
 Length of international border of Rajasthan is-
(1) 1070 Kms (2) 970 Kms
(3) 1170 Kms (4) 870 Kms (1)
 Total length of land frontiers of Rajasthan is-
(1) 5091 Kms (2) 5920 Kms
(3) 5290 Kms (4) 5090 Kms (2)

Very Short Answer Type Questions (15 words) Essay Questions (100 words)
1. The districts of the international border of 1. How the geography of Rajasthan influenced the
Rajasthan. socio-cultural development of the state.
2. Jaipur Division. 2. Border states and neighboring countries of
3. Border Districts of Rajasthan Rajasthan.
4. Ghoomer
5. State Bird
6. Yodheya
7. Magra Region
Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)
1. Explain the features of geography of Rajasthan.
2- International date line.
3. Global position and extent of Rajasthan.
4. Divisional Status of Rajasthan.
5. Hadoti
6. Jodhpur Division
7. Dang Area
8. Marwar
9. Jangalu
10. Mand
 Rajasthan Geography
7

CHAPTER - 2
Major physiographic division
Of rajasthan
Important Points :
 Physiographic Divisions of Rajasthan
 Aravalli Range and Hilly Region
 Eastern Plains
 Hadoti Plateau
 Different Types of Sand Dunes

2.1 Introduction
 Rajasthan, the largest state of India, has an area of 3,42,239 sq. kilometres but from the point of
view of population, it occupies 8th place.
 Aravalli range divides the land into two natural divisions.
 Aravalli is one of the oldest mountain range in the world.
 The Aravallis intersect Rajasthan from end to end in a line running from Delhi to the plains of
Gujarat covering a distance of about 690 kms. They divide Rajasthan into two natural divisions,
viz. the northwest, which comprises about three-fifths of the state, and the south east which
covers about two fifths.
 Aravalli ranges affects the climate of the state and protects it from the Desertification.
 The highest part of the Aravalli from a backdrop for the area between Mount Abu and Ajmer,
commonly known as
Mewar.
 Aravalli falls sharply on
its western side towards
Jodhpur, it slopes
gradually on its eastern
side towards Udaipur.
The Drainage of the hills
water the region through
the Banas and Chambal
river that flow towards
north-east.
2.2 Physiography of
Rajasthan
 On the basis of the
present landforms, we
can divide Rajasthan
into the following
physiographic divisions.
 Rajasthan Geography
8

As per Prof. CV Mishra, published in ‘Rajasthan Geography’ in 1968 by National Book Trust.
S. Geographical region Features Districts
No
1 Western dry region Dry desert plain Jaisalmer, Barmer, SE Bikaner, W
Annual rain: 15-25cm Jodhpur, SE Churu and W Nagaur
2 Semi-Arid region Dry region in west of Jalore, Pali, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu, NE
Aravali Churu, SE Jodhpur
Annual rain: 25-50cm
3 Canal region Irrigated desert plains Ganganagar, W Bikaner and N Jaisalmer
Annual Rain: 15-25cm
4 Aravali Region Aravali hill range Udaipur, SE Pali and W Dungarpur
Annual Rain: 30-60cm
5 Eastern Industrial Rocky plains, Semi arid Jaipur, Ajmer, Sawai Madhopur,
region Annual Rain: more than Bhilwara, Bundi, Alwar, Bharatpur,
50cm Dholpur, Kota
6 South Eastern Vindhyan and Lava E Dungarpur, Banswara, Chittorgarh,
Agricultural region plateau Kota, Jhalawar
Annual Rain: more than
50cm
7 Chambal ravines Ravines of Chambal Sawai Madhopur and Dhaulpur
Annual Rain: more than
50cm
 Prof. Ram Lochan Singh divided Rajasthan in 2 major regions as ‘Rajasthan as is’ and ‘rocky
region’, which further subdivided in 4 and 12 small regions.
 The division below skips the complexities of above divisions and presents a general view about
the physiography and topography of Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
A. Western Sandy Plain
 Also known as Thar Desert
(a) Sandy Arid Plain
 Vast stretches of sand and rock outcrops
mainly of Aravalli genesis, schists,
Malani granite and Vindhyans are
exposed in the Thar area.
 In the north-west extensive slightly
elevated areas of Jurassic and Eocene
rocks, mainly limestones are found in
Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Churu,
Hanumangarh and Ganganagar districts.
 Rock outcrops are exposed on surface
and under the effect of wind forms round
bosses and tores with wind polished
surface which some how represents
erosional topography.
 Beacause of this feature the region is
further sub-divided in two regions:
(i) Marusthali (ii) Dune free tract
(i) Marusthali:
 Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Churu, some part of
western Nagaur and Western two thirds
of Barmer and Jodhpur districts
 Multiplicity of types of dunes and of
agglomeration in different parts divided
on the basis of their shape, size, wind
direction and vegetable cover.
 Further towards west this sandy and arid
Marusthali is known as Thar Desert.
 The Thar is essentially a flat plain
formed of the alluvium deposited by
rivers originating in the Himalayas as
well as the Arvallis.
 Thar is most densely populated desert in
the world.
(ii) Dune free tract:
 Tract of Jodhpur-Jaisalmer-Barmer-
Bikaner
 The limestone and sandstone rocks
expose here belong to Jurassic and
Eocene formations.
 To the north of Jaisalmer and south of
Pokaran a number of playa lakes occur
in basins bordered by low scarps.
(b) Semi-Arid Plain or Rajasthan
Bangar
9
 From 25 cm. isohyet line in west to 50
cm isohyet in northern part of Udaipur in
East is covered with superficial sand
deposits.
 In the north lies the Shekhawati Tract
with inland drainage as its prime feature.
 The region is further subdivided in 4
regions.
(i) Luni-Jawai Basin
(ii) Shekhawati Region
(iii) Dry sandy or desert region
(iv)Ghaggar region
(i) Luni-Jawai Basin:
 Semi arid region crossed by Luni and its
tributary Jawai
 Pali, Jalore, Jodhpur and
SouthernNagaur
 The topography is marked with steep
slopes of hills and extensive alluvial
plains. The Luni River rises from the
Aravali hills near Ajmer and flows
towards the south-west.
 Flood occurs during rain in Luni.
 The Luni basin covers the fertile area
between the foot of the Aravali and the
Luni River.
(ii) Shekhwati Region
 Also known as Bangar region.
 Semi-arid transitional plain characterized
by inland drainage and stream with salt
lakesin Deedvana, Degana, Sujangarh,
Tal-Chapar, Parihara and Kuchman.
 There is only one seasonal river Kantli
(Jhunjhunu) and that too is lost in the
sandy terrain, when it enters the Churu
district.
(iii) Dry sandy or desert region
 Annual rainfall average: less than 25cm
 Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and western
region of Jodhpur and Churu
 Sand dunes are omnipresent
 Rock landforms can be found in regions
such as Pokaran, Jaisalmer, and
Ramgarh.
 Rajasthan Geography
(vi) Ghaggar Plain
 No stream or river except the Ghaggar
Nali which flows through ancient bed of
the SaraswatiRiver which is now extinct.
 Northern half is converted to agricultural
plain by rigorous canal irrigation.
 South-East portion of the region is still a
desert area.
 Ganganagar and Hanumangarh.
(v) Nagauri Uplands
 Ladnu, Didwana, Nagaur and Jayal
tehsils
 There are no hills rexcept Parabatsar,
which itself is an off-shoot of Aravali
Hills.
 The whole region is sterile and sandy
B. Aravalli Range & Hilly Region
 Aravali range crossing the state
diagonally in NE to SW direction, is the
principle and the dominont landform of
the region
 One of the oldest folded mountain range
in the world
 The range is spread from Delhi in north
to Palanpur in Gujarat in South, which is
about 692 kms.
(a) North Eastern hilly region or Alwar hills
 Spread in Alwar, Jaipur and Dausa
districts
 Hills are discontinuous
 Shekhawati hills, Toravati hills, Jaipur
and Alwar hills
 Average height is between 450m to
270m
 Raghunathgarh (1055m) in Sikar,
Bhairanch (792m) in Alwar and Kho
(920m) in Jaipur. Other important peaks
are Jaigarh, Nahargarh, Alwar fort and
Bilali
 North of Lake Sambhar, the main axis of
the range continues north eastward,
through the Malkhet and Khetri groups
of hills, east of this the northern Arvallis
splay out into the Torawati hills and the
hills of northeast Jaipur and Alwar on
the whole the Northern Aravallis are
more extensive diffused and lacking in
any definite pattern.
10
 The offshoots of the ridges and hills to the
west are found in Sikar, Shri-madhopur,
Neem-ka-Thana and Khetri tehsils
(b) Central Aravalli Range (20,919 sq. km.)
 Comprises of the districts of Ajmer,
Jaipur and south-western part of Tonk.
 Upland with scattered ridges in the
western part is bounded by Sambhar
basin in the west, Alwar hills and plains
in the north, the Karauli Table land in
the east and the Banas plain in the south.
 Taragarh (870m) in Ajmer and Nag Hill
(795) are major peaks
 Mountain passes in Beawar: Bar,
Parveria and Shivpur ghat, Sura ghat
pass and Debari.
 The region is subdivided in the following
two zones:
(i) Sambhar Basin of Shekhawati lower
hills
(ii) Marwar hills
(c) Mewar Rocky region and plateau of
Bhorat
 Disc shaped hills in Udaipur are locally
known as "Girwa".
 Plateau of Bhorat is situated between
Gogunda (Udaipur) to Kumbhalgarh
(Rajsamand). Deshharo is the green
area/vegetation cover between Jarga &
Raga hills.
 A system of two or three parallel ridges
raising to an average altitude of 600 m
 This is completely hilly zone
 whole of the Udaipur district except
eastern tehsils (Maoli, Rajsamand and
Vallabhnagar), south-eastern margin of
Pali district and parts of Gujarat State
between Banas Plain and Abu block
 Abu block lies completely in Sirohi
District
 Represents the great Indian watershed
running from north of Udaipur district to
south-west before turning to east beyond
Udaipur city.
 Major peaks: Gurushikhar (1722m),
Ser (1597 m), Delwara (1442m),
Achalgarh (1380m), Abu (1295m) and
Rishikesh (1017m) in Sirohi. Jarga
 Rajasthan Geography
(1431m) in Udaipur, Kumbhalgarh
(1224m), Leelagarh (874m),
Kamalnath hills (1001m) and
Sajjangarh (983m).
(d) The Abu Block:-
 This region is situated in Sirohi district
and partially in Udaipur district.
 Aravali range is discontinuous in South-
Western parts and spreads in the form of
cluster in Sirohi.
 It has been separated from the main
Aravali range by the wide valley of west
Banas and by a narrow pass near the
village of Isra from Abu- Sirohi range.
 Highest Bio-diversity in Rajasthan can
be seen here.
 Oria/Odia Plateau lies in Abu block.
C. Eastern Plain
 Bharatapur, Alwar, Dhaulpur, Karauli,
Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk
and Bhilwara.
 This region is mainly formed by river
flood plains and there are basins of many
rivers and rivulets.
 Three major sub-division based on the
river basin:
(a) Chambhal Basin:
The hadoti region in Kota, Ravines
(Beehad) of Dhaulpur, Sawai Madhopur
and Karauli come under this region.
The landforms are very much eroded
and plains exist in between such
regions.
(b) Banas basin
 Extends from east of the Aravalli of
Malpura upland in the east and
north east Bhilwara.
 The region is formed by Banas and
its tributaries Banganga, Bedach,
Kothari, Den,Sohardra, Mansi,
Dhundh, Morel, Vagan and
Gambhir.
11
 The region is sloped towards east, at
an elevation of 150-300m
(c) Chhappan basin or middle Plain or
begar tract.
 Spread across Dungarpur, Banswara
and Pratapgarh.
 Formed by Mahi river which enters
from Madhya Pradesh and falls into
Gulf of Cambay.
 The region in local language is also
known as Vagad
 The Chhappan village cluster is
situated in the region between
Pratapgarh and Banswara.
 Chhappan plains are fertile plains
with extensive cultivation is
practiced based on high rainfall.
 average elevation of 200-400
D. South-Eastern Rajasthan Plateau
(Hadoti Plateau)
 It contains about 9.6 per cent of the area
of whole of Rajasthan.
 This is an extension of Malwa Plateau in
Madhya Pradesh
 Extended from Kota to Bundi, Jhalawar
and Baran Districts.
 Average elevation: 500m
 Many small hill ranges Mukundra and
Bundi ranges are among them.
 The region is flooded by Chambal and
its tributaries such as Kalisindh, Parvan
and Parvati.
 This region locally called Pathar (Stony)
and ''Uparmal (high-table land)'',
comprises of the eastern and south-
eastern part of the state and is known as
Hadoti in Rajasthan
 The region is further sub-divided in 2
regions
(a) Vindhyan Scarpland
(b) Deccan Lava Plateau.
 Rajasthan Geography
12

(i) Longitudinal dunes (Seif of sahara of Urg or Arabia):- The longitudinal dunes run south-west
to northwest parallel to the prevailing winds and are mostly sword shaped. In such dunes, the
longer axis is parallel to the directions of the wind.
(ii) Crescent shaped dunes (Barchans) of Turkistan : Crescent shaped dunes have a gently sloping
convex windward side and steep leeward side.
(iii) Transverse dunes:-The transverse dune are formed across the wind direction and are
commonly found in the eastern and northern parts of the Marusthali. The windward side is long
and gently sloping, while the leeward side is steep and abrupt. Such dunes are stabilized in semi-
arid parts.Trees are found on the leeward side. 

.
Some Facts about Rajasthan physiography
 Guru Shikhar: Highest peak between Himalaya and Nilgiri. Colonel Todd gave it the title
of Peak of Saints.
 Mukundra Hills: Situtated between Kota and Jhalra Patan and gives the watershed the
slope in norther direction and Chambal flows through it.
 Malakhet Hills: Hills regions in Sikar locally known as
 Malani Hill range: situated between Jalore and Balotra
 Mesa Plateau: The Chittor fort is situated on this plateau
 Udiya Plateau: The highest plateau of the state
 Abu Plateau: Second highest plateau
 Lasariya Plateau: near Jaisamand in Udaipur a dispersed plateau
 Major passes (aka Naal in Mewar region) in Rajasthan: Jilwa Pass (between Mewar and
Marwar), Someshwar Naal, Hathiguda Naal
 Barkhan: the half crecent shaped dunes in desert.
 Vertebrate Stripe (Kubad Patti): the region between Nagaur and Ajmer has seepage of
excess fluoride into the ground water, which cause the weakening of bones and that’s
why the region is named as such.
 Baggi: The plain and fertile soils present in Ghaggar plains, locally also known as Kathi.
 Rajasthan Geography
13

Important Questions
 Which physical Devision of Rajasthan is a part of Malwa Plateau?
(1) Hadoti Plateau (2) Chambal Plain
(3) Luni Plain (4) Bhorat Plateau (1)
 Arabala range of Vindhyan formation is found in which part of Rajasthan?
(1) Kota - Jhalawar
(2) Bundi - Sawai Madhopur
(3) Banswara - Dungarpur
(4) Udaipur - Chittorgarh (2)
 Which type of forest is found around Mt. Abu where average rainfall is above 150 cm and
elevation is 1000–1300 meters?
(1) Dry Teak Forest
(2) Mixed Deciduous Forest
(3) Sub – tropical Evergreen Forest
(4) Coniferous Forest (3)
 Mukundwara Hills largely extend in which district?
(1) Jaipur District (2) Banswara District
(3) Kota District (4) Alwar District (3)
 The correct match of physiographic region and related district given in List– I and List– II is:
List– I List– II
(Physiographic
Region) (District)
A. Bhakar i Banswara
B. Girwa ii Nagaur
C. Vagad iii Sirohi
D. Bangar iii Udaipur
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) i iii iv ii
(2) iv iii ii i
(3) iii iv ii i
(4) iii iv i ii (4)
 ‘Dangland’ Dang Area is a part of-
(1) Bhorat Plateau (2) Mt. Abu
(3) Karauli Plateau (4) Chittorgarh (3)
 In which district of Rajasthan Harsh Mountain is located?
(1) Udaipur (2) Nagaur
(3) Jaipur (4) Sikar (4)
 Approximately how much part of the total area of Rajasthan is covered by Thar desert?
(1) 40 percent (2) 61 percent
(3) 67 percent (4) 56 percent (2)
 Match the following and select the correct answer using codes given below:
(Region) (Mountain Peaks)
A. North Aravalli i. Rishikesh
B. Middle Aravalli ii. Taragarh
C. South Aravalli iii. Bhangarh
Codes:
(A) (B) (C)
(1) i ii iii
(2) iii ii i
(3) iii I ii
(4) ii iii i (2)
Very short answer type questions (15 words) 3. Uparmal
1. Desertification 4. Thar
2. Aravali 5. Dang
 Rajasthan Geography
14

6. Chappan's Ground
7. Merwara

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. Illustrate the geo-cultural identity of the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan.
2. Physical Characteristics of Rajasthan
3. Aravalli Range
4. Gaudwar region

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Explain the divisions of the geologic time table.
2. Name the major geographical sub-regions of Rajasthan and mention their characteristics.
3. Discuss the main features of the geo-cultural regions of Rajasthan.
4. Describing the physical regions of Rajasthan, give a special description of any one.
5. Explain the topography and features of the Aravallis.
6. Explain the extent of Aravalli mountain region and its economic importance.
7. Divide Rajasthan into major physical divisions and describe the western desert in detail.
8. Desertification is a major problem in Rajasthan. Explain its causes and effects. Give suggestions
to control this problem.


 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER - 3
Climatology Of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Climatic Conditions in Rajasthan Plain
 Solar Radiation and Sunshine Availability
 Climatic Regions of Rajasthan
 Koppen's Classification
 Thornthwaite Classification
 Seasons in Rajasthan
3.1 Introduction
The study of the climate includes a number of
elements of components parts like temperature
and humidity of the air, the rainfall, the wind
velocity, the duration of sunshine.
The Rajasthan state stretches between 23030 N
to 30012 N and 690300 E to 780-170E longitude.
Some other countries located between theses
latitudes are north Arabia, part of Egypt and
Libya, northern Sahara and part of Mexico.
Although located in the same latitudes, the
climatic conditions here are not so severe as
occurring in some of these countries because
(i) The Southern part of Rajasthan is about 400
km. from the Arabian Sea.
(ii) The elevation of the land surface ranges
between 214 m to 1375 m at few places in the
Aravallis while the larger part of the states is
less than 370 m in altitude.
(iii) The Aravallis stretching from north-east to
south-west are the most conspicuous
physiographic feature in the state which is
responsible for a transition between two
major climatic regions of India the humid
east and the arid west.
15
3.2 Factors Affecting Climate of
Rajasthan
(a) Latitudnal Position of Rajasthan
 Rajasthan is situated from 23º3' N to
30º12' N latitudes. The climate in
Rajasthan is tropical in nature.
(b) Position of Aravali Range
 Aravali Range is situated from South-West
to North-East, Which is approximately
parallel to S-W mansoon winds coming
from Arabian Sea.
 Mansoon rain from Bay of Bangal branch
reach Rajasthan after loosing most of its
mosture and only rain in Eastern Plains.
 Hence West and South-West part of
Rajasthan remains dry.
(c) Distance from Coastal Area
 Rajasthan is far distant from coast, hence
there is no effect of coastal climate in
Rajasthan.
(d) Land Surface
 Approximately 2/3rd part of Rajasthan is
desert. So it experiences huge temperature
difference than any other state.
(e) Height from Sea-Surface
 Plains in Rajasthan experience higher
temperature than South and South-
Western part due to its height from sea-
surface.
 Rajasthan Geography
16

3.3 Climatic Conditions in Rajasthan B. East of the Aravallis:

Plain  As per Koppen’s scheme, the region falls in
A. Western Rajasthan: Bshw i.e. warm semi arid steppe type with
mean annual temperature over 180 Celsius and
 Great extremes of temperature: -2.8oCelsius at an annual rainfall between 45-88 cm.
Ganganagar and Churu, frosts are common
 Extreme climatic conditions at inland
during winter; and rechaching 50oC in Falodi,
locations and vicinity to the tropic of cancer,
Jodhpur (Boriya wali, Bikaner highest ever).
lack of vegetal cover, nature of soils and bare
 Long periods of severe drought accompanied
rocks.
by high wind velocity and low relative
 The altitude at places modifies the
humidity to semi arid conditions although
temperature, Mt. Abu and Bhorat Plateau
sharing the characteristics monsoonal
variations
through the year.
 The rainfall is
Very low, highly
erratic and
variable
seasonally as
well as yearly
throughout the
Rajasthan Plain,
Particularly in the
marusthali.
 The highest mean
relative humidity
is found in wet
months of the
year from July to
September when
it varies between
55 to 70%
between March
and May.
 Dust storms are
common which
suddenly bring
down the
temperature
causing
occasional
showers. These
storms decrease
in number and intensity east wards. remain comparatively cooler even at the peak
Ganganagar has on an average 27 days of dust of the summer season and winters are severe.
Storms during a year while Bikaner has 18 The large water bodies like the pichhola,
days and Jodhpur only 8 Days. fatehsagar and Udaisagar etc. exercise
 Rajasthan Geography
moderating influence to some extent over the
local climate.
 January is the coldest month of the year when
the average temperature ranges between 10.90
Celsius in the north to 160 Celsius in the south,
the gradient being steeper in the north. At
times due to cold wave temperature reaches
the freezing point with occasional frost. May
and June are the hottest months, the
temperature always ranging above 300 Celsius.
C. Rainfall
 It decreases from east and north east to
west and south west. Mt Abu. receives an
exceptional rainfall (164 cm.) owing to its
orography having the direct on slaught of
the Arabiian Sea.
 There are noticeable seasonal as well as
regional variation in rainfall. Except the
NW corner over 90% of annual rainfall is
concentrated within four Monsoon months
June to September.
 Winter rains, locally known as
Mavath/Maawath are associated with the
western disturbances which may
continue sometimes up to May.
 The relative humidity being 28-30% in
April and May in Kota and 20-21% at
Dholpur. The gales of Loo sweep through
fiercely. With the onset of the monsoon
temperature begins to fall and the rise in
relative humidity combined with high
temperature produces muggy or sultry
conditions.
3.4 Solar Radiation and Sunshine
Availability
Rajasthan region receives abundant quantities
of solar radiation especially in the western part of
the State. The mean duration of bright sunshine in
this region is 8.0 to 8.8 hrs. day-1. In the rainy
month of August the bright sunshine is available
17
for only 4.4 to 7.1 hr. day-1 whereas it is for a
maximum period of 9.6 to 9.8 hr. day-1 during
October in the western parts and 10.0 to 10.5 hr.
day-1 during April and May in the eastern parts of
Rajasthan. Due to frequent cloud cover in
September and October in the east Rajasthan, the
maximum bright sunshine occurs only in April
and May unlike in the western parts of the State.
3.5 Climatic Regions
Rajasthan State can broadly be divided into
arid, semi-arid and sub humid regions. The
western Rajasthna consisting of districts of
Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner,
Ganganagar, Churu, Jhunjhunu, sikar, Nagaur,
Jodhpur, Pali and Jalore is under the influence of
arid climate in nearly 1,43,842 sq. kms. In this
arid region rainfall is low and highly variable year
after year creating inhospitable living condition to
both human and livestock population. True
deseritc conditions prevail in an area of 9,290 sq.
kms. in extreme western parts of the State.
However, there is improvement in rainfall pattern
from the west towards the east Rajasthan creating
semi-arid conditions in an area of 66,830 sq. kms.
in the districts of Alwar, Jaipur, bharatpur, Ajmer
Tonk, Swai madhopur, bhilwara, Bundi, Kota
Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Sirohi, Dungarpur, and
Parts of Jhalawar and Banswara districts in the
extreme eastern parts of the State.
3.6 Koppen’s Classification
 This classification is totally based on the
vegetation because through it. The effects of
temperature and rainfall are found out,keeping
in view of the bases of vegetation as used by
Koppen’s of his World Climatic regions.
 Koppen divided entire world into 5 climate
zones (A, B,C, Dand E).
 Lack of dense vegetation and high rainfall in
Rajasthan has led to absence of 'D' & 'E'
claimatice of zones of Koppen's classification.
 Rajasthan Geography
18

(i) Aw or Tropical Humid Region:-
Summers experience scorching heat. Rainfall
mainly occurs also in summer season. Winter
season is arid and cool. The southern Parts of
Dungarpur district and Banswara come under this
region. The areas have more or less the same
similarity with the arid tropical grasslands and
Savana like region. Monsoon types of deciduous
trees are found.
 Avg. Temp. of summer season - 30º C
to 34º C
 Avg. Temp. of winter season - 12º C
to 15º C
(iv) Cwg climatic Region:- Seasonal winds
do not bring rains during winters. Rains are
limited to a few month of the summer season.
Generally, rains occur in rainy season. The south-
estern areas of Aravalli are the part of the region.
In Aforesaid classification, more emphasis has
been given on the vegetation and climatic data but
the influences of surfaces features, variation in air
pressure and the directions of winds have been
ignored. Koppen’s formulae may be considered
more or less proper for lower plains but are not
appropriate for high lands. Hadoti, Mewati and
Dang region of Rajasthan has all the characteristic
of Sub-Humid or Cwg.

(ii) Bshw Climatic Region:- This

regions is semi-arid region/Rajasthan Bangar
region. The winters are dry but even in summers
no sufficient amount of rainfall occurs. Vegetation
is of steppe type which is characterized with
thorny bushes and grasses. This region comprises
the districts of Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur,
Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Hanumangarh.
 Avg. Temp. of summer season - 32º C
to 35º C
 Avg. Temp. of winter season - 10º C
to 16º C
 Avg. Rainfall - 20 cm. to 40 cm.

(iii) Bwhw Climatic Region:- This region

Thoronthewnite's Classification
has the conditions of arid-hot desertic climate. It
has also very meager rainfall. On the contrary the
Da’w
process of evaporation is very active. Thus, these
areas are known as desert region. It includes north
western Jodhpur Jaisalmer, western Bikaner and
Ea’d Da’w
western parts of Ganganangar district. In the other
words, such types of area are limited to western Ca’w
parts of Thar Desert.
Ca’w
 Avg. Temp. of summer season - 35º C
to 39º C
 Avg. Temp. of winter season - 12º C CA’w Climatic Region
to 18º C DA’w Climatic Region
DB’W Climatic Region
 Avg. Rainfall - 10 cm. to 20 cm. Ea’d Trpical Desert climatic region
 Rajasthan Geography
3.7Thoronthwaite’s Classification
The base of this classification is the same as
Koppen’s classification but Thoronthwaite also
took into account the amount of rainfall and
evaporation as well as seasonal and montly as
well as seasonal and monthly distribution of
temperature and distribution of temperature
rainfall. Thus, it has become more popular and
been accepted widely. Rajasthan may broadly be
divided into four regions. Thornthwaite included
apostrophe with the capital words such as A', B',
C' and D'. These groups were formed on the basis
of temperature efficency.
(i) CA’w Climatic Region/Dry-Humid and
Dry:- This includes south eastern parts of Udaipur
and districts of Banswara, Dungarpur, Kota,
Jhalawar. Rains occur in summers. Winters are
generally dry. Savana and Monsoon type of
vegetation is found. Avg. Rainfall 80 cm. to 100
cm.
(ii) DA’w Climatic Region/Warm-
Humid/Semi Arid:- High temperature are
marked in summers. Rainfall is meager. Semi
deserted vegetation is found. This comprises south
and eastern areas of Rajasthan, means districts of
Sirohi, east Jalore, Pali, Ajmer, Chittore, Bundi,
Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Bhilwara, Jaipur, Dausa,
Alwar, Sikar, and Jhunjhunu. Maximum area of
Rajasthan is covered under it. Avg. Rainfall 50
cm. to 80 cm.
(iii) DB’W Climatic Region/Semi
Arid/Mixed:- The winters are short and dry but
summers are long and associated with good rains.
Thorny bushes and semi-arid vegetation are found
in the region. It inludes the northern areas of
Rajsthan i.e. Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu
and Bikaner Districts. Avg. Rainfall 15 cm. to 20
cm.
(iv) EA’d Trpical Desert climatic
region/Dry-Warm/Desert Type:- This climatic
region is very hot and arid, Every season records
rains deficiency. Xerophytic vegetation is grown
only here. This region of marusthali includes
Barmer, Jaisalmer, western, Jodhpur, South-
western Bikaner district etc. Avg. Rainfall is 10
cm. to 12 cm.
19
As per other authors Rajasthan State is
divided into the following climatic regions on the
basis of the distributions of rainfall and the
variations of temperature as well as their effects
on the type of vegetation found in the different
part of Rajasthan.
(i) Arid Region :- It includes Jaisalmer
district, northern parts of Barmer, western of the
Phalodi tehsil of jodhpur, western parts of
Bikaner and southern parts of Ganganagar district.
Here the arid hot desert climatic conditions are
found. The average temperature during summers
is recorded more than 340 Celsius and during
winters it ranges in between 120 C to 160C.
Rainfall is meager. It is recorded and rest areas
record less than 20 cm rainfall. Here climate is
very severe and arid.
(ii) Semi-Arid Region :- This region
comprises the Eastern parts of Ganganagar,
Hanumangarh, Jodhpur and Barmer districts.
Rainfall ranges 20 to 40 cm and its nature is
erratic as well as torrential Thus, whenever rain
occurs it brings foods also. The average
temperature during summer season ranges 320C to
360C, whereas during winter season it ranges 100C
to 170 C. The winter season is very short and arid
in the northern parts of this region.
(iii) Sub–Humid Region :- It includes
districts of Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa and Ajmer,
eastern parts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Pali and Jalore
districts, north-wester parts of tonk, bhilwara and
Sirohi districts. It is semi arid humid region where
rainfall is meagre. This amount of rainfall is also
limited to a few months of rainy season. It
receives rainfall between 40 cm. to 60 cm. The
average temperature during summer season ranges
from 280C to 340 C, whereas it is recorded 120C in
Northern parts and 180C Southern parts. This
regions characterized with steppe type of
vegetation.
(iv) Humid Region :- This region comprises
the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Sawai
Madhopur, Bundi, Kota, Barmer and Rajsamand,
the north-eastern parts of Udaipur. Rainfall varies
from 60 cm. to 80 cm. During winter season a
little rainfall is associated with cyclones.
Deciduous trees are found in this region.
 Rajasthan Geography
20

v) Very Humid Region :- It includes south-east

Kota, Baran, Jhalawar, Banswara, south-west
Udaipur and adjacent areas of Mt. Abu. It receives
rainfall between 80 cms to 150 cms. Summers are
very hot whereas winters are cold and dry. Most
of the rains occur in rainy season. The region is
characterized with mansoon savana type of
vegetation.

3.8 Seasons in Rajasthan

The climate of rajasthan can be studied on the basis of seasons. Indian climate is mainly specified in 3
categories:
a. Summer Season
b. Winter Season
c. Rainy Season
a. Summer:
 Summer starts from
March when the Sun
shifts its orbit to southern
direction.
 Average temp in May-
June reach to more than
40oC in western
Rajasthan(Jaisalmer,
Barmer, Bikaner,
Jodhpur, Churu)
 Average temperature in
Eastert region (Jaipur,
Duasa, Alwar, Sikar,
Ajmer, Tonk, Banswara,)
35oC to 40oC. In the high
hills of Aravali the
temperature remains lower.
 Thr Average temperature in Hadoti plateau (Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar) between 35 oC –
40oC. Hot dry winds locally knows as Loo, blow along with sand storms.
 Rajasthan Geography
21

 The temperature falls drastically

in dry regions.
b. Rainy Season
 Starts from mid June, when the
land gets so much heated and the
reversal of direction of the winds
causes the monsoon to come.
 The monsoon enters Rajasthan in
the Last week of June or first
week of July.
 The monsoon although enters
early but the rainfall remains
scanty due to the following
factors:
 The Aravali range comes in
parallel to the direction of
monsoon coming from Arabian
Sea; hence we do not see the
orographic rains as happens in
Himalayas
 The branch coming from Bay of Bengal gets weak and the the humidity decreases till it
reachesRajasthan.
 The low vegetation in Aravali also makes an adverse effect on rainfall due to less transpiration.
 Inspite of above factors the rain occurs in Rajasthan between June and September.
 In the figure above the 40cm line divides the region in two zones, Marusthali in the west and
eastern high rainfall zone with highest in Mount Abu at average 150cm annually.
 The rainfall in Hadoti and
Mewar region remains 90cm.
 Least rainfall occurs in
Jaisalmer, Barmer, Sri
Ganganagar, with rainfall
10-25cm.
 District with highest rainfall
is Jhalawar.
c. Winter Season
 The winter season is divided
in two categories:
 Retreating monsoon winter
season (From mid September
to October): The average
temperature remains between
30oC – 35oC and minimum
goes to 20oC.
 Winter season (From
December to February)
 Rajasthan Geography
22

 The season doesn’t start abruptly but gradually.

 The whole state comes under the effect of northwestern cold waves till December, as the sun is
directed towards the southern hemisphere.
 The western disturbances enter the state and cause winter rains or Mavath, this is helpful for rabi
crop. In January the temperature falls to 5ºC – 10ºC.
 The temperature reaches zero degrees in some regions of Churu and Falodi.

Important Questions
 Which of the following rivers does not belong to the inland drainage system of Rajasthan?
(1) Rupangarh (2) Khandel
(3) Mendha (4) Mitri (4)
 According to Koppen’s classification which type of climate is found in Sri Ganganagar,
Hanumangarh and Bikaner districts?
(1) Bwhw (2) Bshw
(3) Cwg (4) Aw (1)
 Which district of Rajasthan have highest annual rate of potential evapo-transpiration?
(1) Ganganagar (2) Kota
(3) Dungarpur (4) Jaisalmer (4)
 Which districts of Rajasthan fall under ‘Humid South-eastern Plain’ agro-climatic zone?
(1) Dangarpur and Banswara
(2) Dungarpur, Banswara, and Pratapgarh
(3) Rajsamand, Bhilwara and Chittorgarh
(4) Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar and Sawai Madhopur (4)
 Which region of Rajasthan experience Aw type of climate as per Koeppen’s climatic
classification?
(1) Southern most region(2)North Eastern region
(3) Western region (4) Northern most region(1)
 The dust storms originating in Rajasthan in May and June months are caused due to-
(A) Origin of convectional currents at few places
(B) Aravali hills are parallel to south-western winds
(C) origin of fast speedy easterly winds
(1) (A) and (C) (2) (A), (B) and (C)
(3) (A) and (B) (4) Only (A) (4)
 In which districts of Rajasthan the maximum number of rainy days are found?
(1) Tonk, Sawai Madhopur & Karauli
(2) Jhalawar, Kota & Baran
(3) Sirohi, Udaipur & Rajsamand
(4) Jaipur, Dausa & Bharatpur (2)
 Tripple famine is related to
(1) Uncertain rainfall
(2) Lack of fodder, food and water
(3) Lack of underground water, vegetation and crops
(4) Intense heat (2)
 Which of the following is the largest agricultural climatic zone in Rajasthan?
(1) Humid Southern Plains
 Rajasthan Geography
23

(2) Irrigated Northern Western Plains

(3) Dry Western Plains
(4) Flood Probable Eastern Plains (1)

 Which of the following is the cause of winter rains (Mavath) in Rajasthan (Jailor 2004),
(1) South-west Monsoon Winds
(2) Western Disturbances
(3) Trade Winds
(4) Retreating Monsoon Winds from Himalayas (2)
 Which one of the following is the most humid district of Rajasthan?
(1) Udaipur (2) Jhalawar
(3) Banswara (4) Chittorgarh (2)
 Which of the following districts are covered under very high humid area?
(1) Jhalawar, Banswara(2) Bundi, Sirohi
(3) Jaipur, Sikar (4) Bharatpur, Dholpur (1)
 What is the meaning of “Loo” word?
(1) Winds flowing in Desert of Thar
(2) Dusty and dry wind
(3) Moist winds
(4) Winds flowing with equal velocity (2)
 Which of the following is not a correct match for climate regions proposed by Coppen?
(1) Aw- Southern Rajasthan
(2) Cwg-Northern Rajasthan
(3) BWhw- Dry desert
(4) BShw- Semi arid desert (2)
 Which of the following is the smallest agricultural climate zone in Rajasthan in terms of
area?
(1) Humid southern plains
(2) Semi arid eastern plains
(3) Flood prone eastern plains
(4) Humid south eastern plains (1)
 Average rainfall in Rajasthan is?
(1) 48 cm to 52 cm (2) 63 cm to 67 cm
(3) 57 cm to 58 cm (4) 58 cm to 62 cm (3)
 In how many climatic regions is Rajasthan divided ?
(1) Five (2) Four
(3) Six (4) Three (1)
 Which of the following district experiences minimum air pressure in the month of June?
(1) Bundi (2) Baran
(3) Jaisalmer (4) Rajsamand (3)
 Highest percentage of disparity in rainfall is observed at?
(1) Barmer (2) Jaipur
(3) Jaisalmer (4) Banswara (3)
 Monsoon rainfall in Rajasthan increases in the direction?
(1) South- West to North- East
(2) South- East to North- West
(3) North- West to South- East
 Rajasthan Geography
24

(4) South to North (2)

 Winter rains in Rajasthan are generally caused by?
(1) North-East winds
(2) South-West winds
(3) Convectional currents
(4) North-West winds (4)
 Which one of the following positions of Aravali Range is responsible for less rainfall in
Rajasthan?
(1) It is parallel to Monsoon
(2) It is very high
(3) There are many gaps in this mountain range
(4) It lacks in vegetation (1)
 Isobar line of 1000 milibar in July month passes through?
(1) Sirohi, Udaipur, Pratapgarh and Jhalawar
(2) Sirohi, Chittorgarh, Kota and Baran
(3) Jalore, Pali, Ajmer and Karauli
(4) Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Kota and Baran (1)
 Which of the following months is warmest in Rajasthan?
(1) April (2) June
(3) May (4) July (2)

 Which of the following districts of Rajasthan experiences highest average rainfall?
(1) Bharatpur (2) Banswara
(3) Jhalawar (4) Sirohi (3)

Very Short Answer Type Questions (15 words)

1. Mawth
2. Name the Drought prone areas of Rajasthan.

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. Explain the effect of La-Nina on Indian monsoon.
2. Why is western Rajasthan the most drought prone region of India?
3. Discuss the factors affecting the climate of a region.
4. Why western Rajasthan receives only less rainfall?

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Explain the theory of origin of monsoon.
2. Major climatic regions of Rajasthan.
3. Give a pictorial description of the climatic conditions found in Rajasthan.
4. "The distribution of rainfall has played a major role in the climatic division of Rajasthan." Describe.
 Rajasthan Geography
25

CHAPTER - 4
River Flow System and Lakes of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Factors Affecting Drainage System of Rajasthan
 Bay of Bengal Drainage System
 Arabian Sea Drainage System
 Rivers of Inland Drainage
 Saline Water Lakes
 Fresh Water Lakes

4.1 Introduction
Aravali Mountain Ranges play a pivotal role in establishing Drainage System of Rajasthan.The
Aravali is in fact a tri junction watershed, with the Arabian Sea on one side and Bay of Bengal on the
other. This watershed runs along the Aravalli axis from the Sambhar Lake to southward of Ajmer.The
most characteristic feature of the drainage system of Rajasthan is that nearly 60.2 percent of the area of
the state has an inland drainage system.Nearly all this area lies west of the Aravalli divide. In this area
we found a large number of separate drainage basins like Kantlibasin, Sota and Sahibi basin, Barah
basin and misfit streams in the Luni Basin. Bikaner and Churu are two districts without any river.
Factors affecting drainage system in Rajasthan
 The geological history of Rajasthan.
 The formation of aravalli ranges in a diagonal shape.
 The location of Great Indian Watershed.
 Himalayan mountain orogeny upheavals.
 Climatic changes and phases.
4.2. Rivers of the Bay of Bengal Drainage System
Those rivers which either originate from the eastern slopes of the Arvallies or they flow from
highlands of Madhy Pradesh of the north and meet the Bay of Bengal system (the Ganga System)
through the Yamuna which is fed by the Chambal, Banganga, the Kunwari and the Sindh etc.
Rajasthan's 22.4% of area is covered under this drainage system.
(i) Chambal
 Old mythological name: Charmawati/Charmanwati.
 Origin: Manpur (Janpao spur of the Vindhayan) near Mhow.
 Length: 965 km (375km in RJ), flows through a long narrow and steep gorge at
Chaurasigarh for325 km and for 113 km at Kota.
 Enters Rajasthan near Chaurasigarh (MP) and Bhanpura (Begun tehsil, Chittorgarh Distt.),
Gandhisagar Dam is built here.
 Forms the boundary between Kota and Bundi districts, and further forms boundary of MP
with Sawai Madhopur and Dhaulpur.
 Rajasthan Geography
26

 Enters UP and meetsYamuna River near Muradganj (Etawh)

 Tributiries: Left bank: Bamni, Banas, Kural, Mej, Chakan
Right Bank: Chhoti kalisindh, Kalisindh, Parvati, Kunnu, Alania
 Only perennial river of Rajasthan.
 Chuliya Waterfall: Bhainsrodgarh (chittor)
 Gandhisagar (on the border of MP and RJ), Ranapratap Sagar (ravatbhata, chittor),
Jawahar Sagar (bundi-kota), Kota Barrage (Kota).
 Bad land topography.
 Rajasthan Geography
(ii) Kali Sindh
 Origin: Dewas hills (MP)
 Flows in a northerly direction and passes
through Jhalawar and Baran.
 MeetsChambal near Nonera village (Kota)
 length 278 km, 145km in RJ
 Tributries: Parwan, Niwaj, Ujaad and the
Aahu
(iii) Banas (Hope of forest)
 Only river with entire course in Rajasthan.
 Length: 480 km
 origin in Khamnor hills (Rajasamand Distt.),
about 5 km. away from the Kumbhalgarh
Fort
 It flows through Gogunda Plateau to
Nathdwara, Kankroli, Raj Samand,
Railmagra and parts of Bhilwara district.
Taking an easterly course, the river flows
through tonk and Sawai Madhopur districts
of Rajasthan.
 Meets Chambal at Rameshwaram (Sawai
Madhopur)
 Flows through the heart of the Mewar plains
 Tributries: Right bank: Berach, Menal; left
bank: Kothari, Khari, Dhund and Morel.
 Bisalpur Dam in Bisalpur village in Tonk.
 Tri-river merge (Triveni Sangam) at Bigod in
Bhilwara where it merges with Berach and
Menal. The Menal waterfall is here.
(iv) Bedach/Berach :-
 Length : 157 km
 Origin: Gogunda hills, north of Udaipur.
 It then enters Udaisagar and flows past the
Chittorgarh Fort to meet Banas near Bigod.
 From it is origin source to Udai Sagar Lake, it
is known as Aayar/AayadRiver and
thereafter, it is called Berach River.
 Ghosunda Dam in Appavas Village of
Chittorgarh
 Ancient civilization of Ahar was flourished in
this river vally.
(v) Kothari
 Origin:Diwer hills north of Rajsamand
district
 Length: 145 km in Udaipur and Bhilwara
27
 Meets Banas near Bhilwara city
 Meja Dam near Mandal, Bhilwara.
(vi) Khari :-
 length: 80 km
 Origin hills of Bijral village north of
Rajsamand district.
 flows past the Deogarh town and meets banas
near Deoli (Tonk distt.)
(vii) Parbati :-
 Tributary of Chambal
 Origin:the northern slopes of vindhayan
range in Sehore District (MP).
 Enters Rajasthan through Kota and then flows
via Baran and meets Chambal near Pali in
Sawai Madhopur.
(viii) Banganga :-
 Origin: The Bairath hills of Jaipur
 Length: 380 km.
 Taking a south easterly direction, it flows into
Bharatpur districts.
 Spreads out into several channels in
Bharatpur and one of the main channels has
now been diverted to Ajan Dam (Bharatpur)
which supplies water Keoladev National
Park.
 Meets the Yamuna at Fatchabad (Agra distt
U.P.)
(ix) Gambhiri
 Length: 110 km
 Origin: hills of Swai Madhopur and flows
past the Karauli town
 Changes its coursemultiple times in a year
 Panchna dam and Band Baretha have been
built over this river to tame its water.
 Enters Rupabas Tehsil of Bharatpur district
and finally goes to Agra district and meets
the Yamuna River.
(x) Vapani (Brahmani)
 Origin: Hariour village in Chittorgarh
 Meets Chambal at Bhaisrodgarh
 Brahmani & Banas Rivers will be linked to
provide additional water to Bisalpur Dam.
(xi) Mej
 Origin: Bhilwara
 Meets Chambal at Lakheri in Bundi.
 Rajasthan Geography
4.3. Rivers of Arabian Sea Drainage
These rivers which originate from the Western
slopes of the Aravallies flow towards the
Arabian Sea. All these rivers are ephemeral
and flow only during the rainy season. Some
of the rivers of this drainage system also
originate from the Vindhyan mountains.
(i) Luni River :-
 Origin:Nag Pahar hills near Ana Segar at
Ajmer.
 Length: 320km Inland drainage.
 Initially takes a northerly course and flows
into Nagaur district. Thereafter it takes a
south westerly direction and flows through
28
Jodhpur Barmer and Jalore districts. After
receiving a small tributary from the Pushkar
valley, the basin of the river widens.
 The saraswati, carrying the drainage of
Pushkar valley joins the Sabarmati, a
tributary of the Luni. Being purely rainfed
streams, these come to life only during rainy
season and even then get choked with
advancing sands at places. It receives many
smaller hill torents from the western slopes of
the Aravalli range, like Lilri, Ghuhia, Sukri,
Jawai, Bandi, and Sagi, all joining on the left
bank. Jojri is the only right bank tributary to
Luni. All these streams contribute to the sub-
soil within its bend.
 The water of Luni River is sweet as far as
 Rajasthan Geography
Balotra but lower down it becomes more and
more saline till the river ends itself in brine
near the Rann of Kutch.
 Pali city is situated on the banks of Bandi
River, Jalore is on the banks of Sukri and
Shivganj (Sirohi) city is on the banks of
Jawai River.
 Jasvantsagar Dam in Bilada, Jodhpur gets
water from Luni.
(ii) Sabarmati: -
 It originates from the village Vekria of
Kotra/Kotda Tehsil in Udaipur.
 Mainly a river of Gujarat(total length 317km)
but it flows fora very short distance of 29 km
in Rajasthan through Udaipur district.
 The two headstreams- Wakel and Sei have
carved out their valley invariably in the areas
of phyllitic rocks hard rocks like quartzites.
 Origin: Padrara near Kumbhalgarh and
flowing southwards, it enters the Gujarat
state where Ahmedabad city is situated on
its banks.
 Falls in the Gulf of Cambay.
 Tributries: Baval, Hathmati, Meshwa, Betrak
and Majam which all are originated from
Udaipur and Dungarpur districts.
 In the initial stages the river is known as
Vakal.
29
(iii) Mahi :-
 Major River of southern Rajasthan specially
in the Banswara and Dungarpur districts.
 Origin: Ammoru, near Mhow (M.P.), enters
Rajasthan in Banswara district near Khandu
village
 The river taking a north-westerly bend
damarcates the boundary of Banswara and
Dungarpur districts, enters Gujarat state from
Mahisagar district (Kadana Dam)and falls
into the Gulf of Cambay.
 The total length of Mahi is 576 km.
 The Mahi Bajaj Sagar Multipurpose Project
has been constructed on this river near
Borkhera village.
 Forms the boundry between the Banswara
and Dungarpur districts.
 Major tributaries: Som, Jakham, Anas, Chaap
and Moren.
 Its basin is also known as Chappan plains.
 The river crosses tropic of cancer twice.
 Beneshwar is the place where Mahi, Som and
Jakham meet.
 The drainage area of Mahi River is known as
Chappan ka Maidan in Banswara.
 Som, Mahi and Jakham they do converge at
Beneshwar in Dungarpur.
 Anas and Erou are Mahi's tributary of
importance.
 Rajasthan Geography
 The river Som, one of the main tributaries
makes its confluence with Mahi at Vaneshwar
where the Bhil tribes hold their annual fair at
Magh Purnima every year.
 The Dev Somnath temple is located on Som
river in Dungarpur district.
 Jakham is another important tributary which
flow through Paratapgarh tehsil (Chittorgarh
Distt.) and upon which a dam has been
constructed.
(iv) West Banas River :-
 Originates from- Naya Pindwara/Sanwada
Village in Southern Aravali region in Sirohi
District of Rajasthan.
 It passes through little Rann of Kutchch and
its water ultimately drains into Gulf of
Kutchch.
 Sipu River is the importan tributary of West
Banas River.
 62% falls in Gujarat while remaining 38% of
River's drain area lies in Rajasthan.
4.4 Rivers of Inland Drainage
Rajasthan's 60.2% area is covered under
inland drainage system. Some of the main
rivers of inland drainage which do not meet
the sea are lost in the sand dunes.
(i) Ghaggar :-
 Starting from the Kalka hills (Shiwalik Range-
Himachal Pradesh).
 Length:465 km
 Flows through Ambala, Patiala and Hissar
districts of Haryana. It enters Rajasthan in
Tibbi tehsil (Ganganagar distt.) and then flow
through Hanumangarh, Talwara, Anupgarh
and Suratgargh.
 It is called the ancient Saraswati river which is
now lost.
 Enters into the Bhawalpur district of Pakistan
where it is lost in the vast array of sand dunes.
 The Ghaggar often causes floods during the
heavy rain.
 Fort Abbas in Pakistan gets flooded when
there is heavy rainfall in Sri-Ganganagar.
(ii) Sota-Sabi :-
30
 The Sota river starts from the hills of Bairath
and the Sabi from Sewar hills.
 These rivers flow in Kotputli tehsil and the
tehsils of Bansur, Behror, Kishangarh and
Mundawar. Takin a north-easterly direction
these river enter into Rewari and Gurgaon
(Haryana State) where their waters spead out
causing floods.
 Sabi is known as "Kosi of Ahirwati".
(iii) Kalni :-
 Also knoen as Masurdi, is the main river of
Jaisalmer and originates from Jaisalmer.
 The river flows only during the rainy season.
 It starts from Kotri village and flows to a
distance of 27 km. Its waters are finally
collected into Bhuj lake.
 It is known as "Kak River" in Rajasthani Folk
literature.
(iv) Kantli :-
 'Ganeshwar Civilization' near Neem-Ka-
Thana Tehsil of Sikar and Jhunjhunu's 'Sunari
Civilization' were discovered on its bank.
 This river originates from the Khandela hills
of Udaipurwati (Jhunjhunu distt.)
 Taking a northernly course the river flows
through Begar and Jhunjhunu and finally
terminates in the sand dunes of churu.
 The river is approximately 50 Km. long.
(v) Some small Rivers :- There are four main
rivers which bring water to the Sambhar salt
lake during rainly season. These are Mendha,
Starting from manohar thana Chomu (Jaipur
Distt.), Roopangar Nala, Starting from Ajmer,
Khandel, staring from Sri Madhopur (Sikar
distt.)
Major cities situated on rivers
 Chambal – Kota, Ravatbhata, Keshoray
Patan, Sawai Madhopur
 Jawai – Sumerpur (Pali), Shivganj (Sirohi),
Jalore
 Bedach – Chittorgarh
 Khari – Asind, Gulabpura, Vijaynagar
 Rajasthan Geography
(Bhilwara)
 Bandi – Pali
 Kalisindh – Jhalawar
 West Banas – Seesa, Gujarat
 Luni – Balotra (Barmer)
 Sabarmati – Gandhinagar
 Chandrabhaga – Jhalrapatan
 Banas – Nathdwara, Tonk
 Ghaggar – Anupgarh, Hanumangarh
4.5 LAKES
31
Wildlife sanctuaries on river banks
 National Chambal Gariyal Sanctuary:
Chambal
 Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary: Chambal
 Shergarh Sanctuary (Baran): Parvan river
 Bassi Sanctuary (chittorgarh): orai and
Brahmani river
 Fulwari ki naal: Mansi, Vakal and Som river
Rajasthan is a state of ‘Varieties of Lakes’.
Some lakes are natural while others are artificial.
 Rajasthan Geography
Some of them are saline while others are sweet
ones. The fresh water lakes have been created by
damming the rivers and store water for the
drinking and irrigation purposes. The presence of
Saline water lakes is a result of Tethys sea, these
lakes are concentrated mainly in the north western
rajasthan. Lakes in the east of Aravali contain
sweet water. Conserving water in the form of
manmade lakes has been in long history of
Rajasthan, these lakes were built by kings for
luxury and entertainment and also for public good
by Banjaras and Traders. The natural lakes in
western Rajasthan are mainly wind origin and also
known as Playa lakes.
A. Saline Water Lakes :—
In Rajasthan all saline water lakes are to be
formed as residual of Tethys Sea.
(i) Sambhar Lake :-This is the largest lakes
of Rajasthan and second largest salt water lake in
India after Chilika (Orissa). This lake is on the
border of Jaipur & Nagaur district. From north to
south, the lake extends to a length of 32 km.,
while from west to east it extends to a breadth of 3
to 12 km. The total area of the lake is around150
sq km. The Hindustan Salt Ltd is the main
manufacturer of sodium chloride (common salt)
and sodium sulphate which are produced here.
The salt is manufactured solar evaporation
method from March to July. This has been
included in Ramsar wetland site in 1990.It is also
an important bird area.
Its drainage contains Kantali in the north,
Mansi in south, Bandi in east and Luni in west.
The western region hence from this lake is arid
and semi arid zone.
(ii) Deedwana lake: - This salt water lake is
near Deedwana town (Nagaur distt). It is about 4
km. long and 2 km. broad. The depression is
surrounded by sand hills on all sides except in the
west where an isolated spur of the Aravalli forms
its western boundary. The bed of the depression
shows the presence of black clay and similar in
32
appearance to that of the Sambhar lake. The salt
from this lake is not suitable for eating.
(iii) Pachpadra lake :- This lake is about 25
sq. km. in area and it is situated near Pachpadra
(Barmer distt) The salt of Pachpadra corresponds
more to the sea salt. The salt pits in this lake are
scattered over an area of about 5000 sq. metres.
Ashes of salt are made by Kharwal caste
individuals from a bush called "Morli".
(iv) Lunkaransar lake :-It is situated 80 km
from Bikaner in Lunkaransar. It is about 6 sq. km
in area and located near Lunkaransar town
(Bikaner distt.) Mainly sodium cholride is
produced.
Other saltwater lakes are Falodi lake
(Jodhpur), Kavod (Jaisalmer), Degana (Nagaur),
Kuchaman (Nagaur), Talchapar (Churu), Kachhor
and Revasa.
B. Fresh Water Lake :—
(i) Jai Samand :- It is the largest freshwater
lake of Rajasthan. This lake is said to have been at
one time the biggest artificial fresh water lake in
the world. The lake was built by Maharana Jai
Singh in the year 1691. It was created in 1685-91
by building a dam across the river Gomati near
Salumbar (Udaipur distt.). Its breadth varies from
1 km. to 8 km. with a circumference of about 50
km. It contains seven island inhabited by Bhils,
who use rough boats, called Bhils for transport.
Tha Largest islet is "Baba ka Bhagra or Baba ka
Magra". After 1950, two canals viz. Shyampura
and bhat canals were built for irrigation purposes.
It is also known as Dhebar-Lake.'Pyari'
(Bhatwada) is the second biggest island.
(ii) Raj Samand :- This lake was built in
1662 A.D. by Maharaja Raj Singh of Udaipur.
The lake is in Raj Samand district. It is 6.5 km.
long and 3 km. broad. Today, the lake is being
used for irrigation. it is fed by Banas feeder canal.
Raj Samand is famous for one of the longest
literary works ever inscribed on stone. In nine
 Rajasthan Geography
marble pavilions from which the embarkment gets
its name of Navchowki, are 25 marble slabs
containing 1017 verses written in Sanskrit
describing the early history of Mewar (Raj-
Prashasti).
(iii) Pichhola :- This lake took its name from
the small village of Pichhola nearly and was
originally created by a Banjara in the 15th century
during the reign of Maharana Lakha. The lake
Pichola is near the Udaipur city. It was said to be
again renovated in the early 20th century by
Maharaja Udai Singh. Apart from the two large
island palaces- the present lake palace hotel and
Jagmandir, there are several small islets. The lake
is 7 km long and 2 km broad. Fateh Sagar and
Swaroop Sagar are parts of the same lake.
Jagmandir palace had been an abode for coveted
personalities viz. Shahjahan and Britishers. Natani
ka Chabutra is situated on its bank.
(iv) Fateh Sagar :-It lies to the north of
Pichola lake and connected to it by a canal. It is
an another artificial lake known as Fateh Sagar.
The lake covers an area of about 3sq. km when
full and has one small island which has been made
a public park with a fountain. Its foundation stone
was laid by Duke of Connaught. Fateh Sagar lake
was constructed by Maharana Jai Singh in 1687.
Udaipur Solar Observatory is also situated at here.
(v) Udai Sagar :- This pictureques lake 4
km. long and 3 km. wide situated 15 km. east of
Udaipur was built by Maharana Udai Singh
Between 1559 and 1565. It is said to be the site
of the famous meeting between Maharana Pratap
and Kunwar Man Singh.
(vi) Ana Sagar :- It was built by Ana ji, the
Lord of Ajmer in 1137 A.D.. It is a small lake in
Ajmer city getting water from the nearby hills.
Emperor Jahangir built Daulat Bagh (now called
Subhash Garden) near this lake and Emperor
Shahjahan built 378 metre long Baradari on the
33
lake to have scenic view. This lake situated at the
foothills of Nag Pahar (Hills).
(vii) Nakki lake (Higest Lake) : It is a small
natural lake near Mt. Abu which is surrounded by
hills. The lake is about 35 m. deep and has an
area of 9 sq. Km. Highest lake of Rajasthan
situated at a height of 1220 Mtr. It is considered
that this lake was constructed by male dieties in
one night with the help of their nails. Nun Rock,
Todd Rock, Hathi Cave (Gumpha) are situated
near its bank.
(viii) Pushkar :- This is a small natural lake
with an area of 3 sq. km. It is located 11 km. west
of Ajmer city. It is of an irregular elliptical shape,
surrounded by hills except in the east. Around its
bank are big buildings, temples, cenotaphs and
bathing ghats. Hindu submerges the ashes of their
departed relatives in the lake, as this lake is
considered to be very holy. There are "52 Ghats"
at the bank of this lake. As per 'Padma Puran', this
lake was constructed by Lord Brahma. Gau Ghat
is the most famous ghat of Pushkar Lake. Guru
Govind Singh (10th Sikh Guru) recited 'Guru
Granth Sahib' on Gau Ghat in the year 1705.
Rajasthan's first and famous Lord Brahma temple
is situated on the bank of Pushkar Lake.
Rajasthan's second Brahma temple is situated in
Asotara (Barmer).
(ix) Silisedh :- This is a small lake, which is
surrounded on all sides by low hills, is situated 12
km. west of Alwar city. It has an area of about 10
sq km. In 1845 Maharaja Vinayasingh built a
lodge for his queen, which now is a Hotel. The
Sariska Tiger Reserve surrounds this lake.
(x) Kolayat Lake:- This lake is near
Kolayat town about 48 km. south-west of Bikaner
city. Here is the Famous Kapil Muni Ashram.
Every year on Kartik Purnima, there is a fair
attended by Hindu worshippers. The famous Kapil
Muni Ashram is situated on the bank of this lake.
 Rajasthan Geography
34

(xi) Bal Samand:- It is large artificial lake banks. It is just near the famous Mandore
situated about 6 km. from Jodhpur city. It has a Gardens.
small palace and small pavallions living on its

S. No. District Lake, Pounds & Dams

1 Ajmer Anasagar, Foysagar, Pushkar, Narai Sagar Dam
2 Alwar Mangalsar, Silisedh, Jaisagar, Devti, Vijaysagar
3 Bharatpur Avar Dam, Band Baretha, Ajaan, Lalpura, Moti Lake
4 Bundi Navalakhan Lake, Mavalsagar, Jaitsagar, Bhimtal, Jawahar Sagar,
Bardha Dam
5 Banswara Bajaj Sagar Dam, Boravangadi
6 Bhilwara Meja Dam, Arwar, Parvatisagar
7 Bikaner Loonkaransar, Anoop Sagar, Sursagar, Kolayat, Gajner
8 Baran Umed Sagar, Bilas, Kalisot, Banthali, Ratai
9 Barmer Pachpadra
10 Chittorgarh Bhupal Sagar, Gambhiri, Orai, Bassi, Vagan, Kundiya, Bankiya
 Rajasthan Geography
35

11 Churu Chhapartal
12 Dholpur Talabshahi, Ramsagar, Umilasagar, Parbati
13 Dungarpur Gaibasagar, Lodisagar, Gajpur
14 Dausa Madho Sagar Dam, Kalakh Sagar, Jhilmili, Devanchali
15 Ganganagar Talwara Lake
16 Jhalawar Bhimsagar Dam, Harishchandra Sagar Dam, Chanwli Dam
17 Jhunjhunu Pannalal Shah Talab, Fateh Sagar Talab, Ajit Sagar Dam
18 Jalore Balasamand, Bankali
19 Jodhpur Bal Samand, Pratap Sagar, Ummed Sagar, Kaliana, Takhat Sagar,
Pichiyak Dam, Jaswantsagar, Kailiba
20 Jaipur Galta, Mansagar, Kanota Bandh, Deoyani, Ramgarh Dam,
Chhaparwara
21 Jaisalmer Dhharsi Sagar, Gadisar, Amar Sagar, Bujh Lake
22 Kota Jawahar Sagar Dam, Kota Dam, Kishorsagar
23 Karauli Panchana, Kalsil, Khirkhiri, Bishan Samand
24 Nagaur Sambhar, Kutchaman, Deedwana Lakes
25 Pratapgarh Jakham Dam, Jal Sagar, Bhanwar Semla
26 Pali Hemavas Dam, Jawai Dam, Bankali, Sardar Samand, Sei, Kharda,
Raipur, Luni, Meethari
27 Rajsamand Rajsamand, Nandsamand, Agria, Kaundeli
28 Sirohi Nakki Lake (Mount Abu, Sirohi), Nevara, Angor, West. Banas
29 Sawai Madhopur Morel, Pancholas, Galai Sagar, Binori Sagar, Mansarover
30 Tonk Bisalpur Dam, Tordisagar, Galwa, Motisagar
31 Udaipur Jai Samand, Raj Samand, Udai Sagar, Fateh Sagar, Swaroop
Sagar and Pichola, Some Kagdar, Rohini.

Important Question
 In which one of the following lakes Rupangarh, Mendha and Khandela rivers drain their water?
(RPSC, A.A.O-2018)
(1) Phalodi Lake (2) Sambhar Lake
(3) Pachbhadra Lake (4) Didwana Lake (2)
 Match List – I with List – II and select your answer from the codes given below–
List-I List-II
A Jalmahal Lake 1. Alwar
B Pandupol water fall 2. Udaipur
C Lunkaransar Lake 3. Jaipur
D Fatehsagar Lake 4. Bikaner
Codes:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) 3 1 4 2
(2) 1 3 4 2
(3) 1 3 2 4
(4) 3 4 1 2 (1)
 Which one of the following lakes of Rajasthan is not covered under National Lake Conservation
Programme (NLCP)? (RPSC, RAS Pre.-2018)
(1) Fateh Sagar Lake (2) Nakki Lake
(3) Swaroop Sagar Lake(4) Ana Sagar Lake (3)

 Rajasthan Geography
36

 ‘Takhat Sagar’ water body is situated in which district of Rajasthan?

(1) Jodhpur (2) Jaipur
(3) Jalore (4) Jhunjhunu (1)
 The Malpura-Karauli Plain is a part of-
(1) Mahi basin (2) Banganga basin
(3) Chambal basin (4) Banas basin (4)
 Which one of the following lakes of Rajasthan is not covered under National Lake Conservation
Programme (NLCP)?
(1) Fateh Sagar Lake (2) Nakki Lake
(3) Swaroop Sagar Lake(4) Ana Sagar Lake (3)
 Which one of the following rivers is not included in the Bay of Bengal drainage system?
(a) Parvati river (b) Parwan river
(c) Seep river (d) Anas river (4)
 'Dead river' is the title used for which of the following rivers?
(a) Kantli river (b) Kakani river
(c) Saabi river (d) Ghaghar river (4)
 Which of the following is correctly matched?
(River) (Tributaries)
(a) Mahanadi - Hasdo
(b) Krishna - Pranhita
(c) Godavari - Musi
(d) Tapi - Ung (1)
 Som is a tributary of—
(a) Sabarmati (b) Mahi
(c) Banas (d) Luni (2)
 Match List-I with List-II and select your answer from the codes given below :
List-I List-II
(Industry) (Centre)
A. Jalmahal Lake (i) Alwar
B. Pandupol water fall (ii) Udaipur
C. Lunaksar Lake (iii) Jaipur
D. Fatehsagar Lake (iv) Bikaner
Code:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(a) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(b) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
(c) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(d) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (1)
 Which of the following pair is correct?
(a) Banas (River) Banganga (Tributary)
(b) Luni (River) Kothari (Tributary)
(c) Cambal (River) Sukri (Tributary)
(d) Mahi (River) Jakham (Tributary) (4)
 Which of the following rivers drain into Sambhar Lake?
(i) Kakni (ii) Kantli
(iii) Mendha (iv) Rupangarh
Code :
(a) i, ii, iii & iv (b) i, ii, iii
(c) i, iii, iv (d) iii & iv (4)


 Rajasthan Geography
37

 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
List-I List-II
(River) (Origin)
A. Bedach (i) Khamnor Hills
B. Banganga (ii) Vindhyan Ranges
C. Parvati (iii) Gogunda Hills
D. Banas (iv) Bairath Hills
Code:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(a) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(b) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(d) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) (1)
 Which river of Rajasthan is known as 'Dead River'?
(a) Jawai (b) Morel
(c) Sabarmati (d) Ghaggar (4)
 Match the following :
(River) (Originating Source)
(i) Chambal (a) Khamnaur hill
(ii) Banas (b) Gogunda hill
(iii) Berach (c) Kalka, Himalaya Mountain
(iv) Ghaggar (d) Janapao hill
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(1) (d) (a) (b) (c)
(2) (d) (a) (c) (b)
(3) (a) (b) (c) (d)
(4) (a) (d) (b) (c) (1)
 The river which originates from the hills of Aravali situated in North of Udaipur and flows in
Bhilwara is:
(1) Khari (2) Sabi
(3) Banas (4) Kothari (3)
 Which of the following is NOT true ?
(1) Jagmandir and Jagniwas Palace are situated on the islands of Pichola lake.
(2) Rajsamand Lake gets its water from Gomati river.
(3) Jaisamand lake is the largest artificial lake of fresh water in Asia.
(4) Foysagar lake is situated in Udaipur. (4)
 Which among the following lakes lies in Bikaner?
(1) Gajner Lake (2) Kolayat Lake
(3) Lunkaransar Lake (4) All the above (4)
 Which of the following is/are correct ?
(i) Luni River originates from Naag hills, Ajmer
(ii) Luni river flows through Nagaur, Pali, Jodhpur, Barmer, Jalore
(iii) Luni river gets lost in Rann of Kutchch, Gujarat.
(iv) Banas and Mahi rivers gets merged into Luni.
(1) (i) and (ii) are correct
(2) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
(3) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(4) All the above (2)
 Match the following :
(River) (ends at)
(i) Mahi (a) Bay of Kutchch
 Rajasthan Geography
38

(ii) Ghaggar (b) Bujh lake

(iii) Kakney (c) Desert
(iv) Western Banas (d) Bay of Khambat
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(1) (b) (c) (d) (a)
(2) (d) (c) (b) (a)
(3) (a) (b) (c) (d)
(4) (c) (b) (d) (a) (2)
 Which of the following rivers make border between Banswara and Dungarpur?
(1) Chambal River (2) Mahi River
(3) Banas River (4) Luni River (2)
 Lake whose foundation stone was laid by 'Duke of Cannaught' ?
(1) Fatehsagar Lake (2) Udai Sagar Lake
(3) Foysagar Lake (4) Jaisamand Lake (1)
 The lake on the bank of which Todd Rock is situated?
(1) Nakki Lake (2) Kolayat Lake
(3) Udaisagar Lake (4) Balsamand Lake (1)
 Maximum amount of surface water is available in which of the following rivers of Rajasthan ?
(1) Banas (2) Mahi
(3) Chambal (4) Luni (3)

 Which of the following is located in the southernmost part of Rajasthan?

(1) Luni basin (2) Mahi basin
(3) Banas Basin (4) Southern Aravali (2)
 Which of the following pair is incorrect?
River Dam
(1) Kothari - Meja
(2) Ravi – Beas - Nohar
(3) Banas - Bisalpur
(4) Morel - Panchana (4)
 Match the following with the help of codes given below:
(Main River) (Tributary)
(A) Chambal (i) Bandi
(B) Luni (ii) Mansi
(C) Mahi (iii) Wapani
(D) Banas (iv) Anas
Codes:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) iii i ii iv
(2) iv iii ii i
(3) i iv ii iii
(4) iii I iv ii (4)

 Which of the following rivers is known as a ’Dead River’?
(1) Ghaggar (2) Banganga
(3) Luni (4) Kantali (1)
 The correct order of drainage basins from north to south is:
(1) Sabi – Banganga – Berach – Som
(2) Banganga – Sabi – Berach – Som
(3) Sabi – Berach – Som – West Banas
(4) Banas – West Banas – Som – Berach (1)
 Which of the following rivers does not belong to the inland drainage system of Rajasthan?
 Rajasthan Geography
39

(1) Rupangarh (2) Khandela

(3) Mendha (4) Mitri (4)
 Which one of the following is not a tributary of Bans River?
(1) Mansi (2) Parvati
(3) Kothari (4) Morel (2)
 Which of the following is not correctly matched?
(River) (Tributary)
(1) Gambhiri - Meshwa
(2) Mahi - Jakham
(3) Kali Sindh - Parwan
(4) Sabarmati - Majam (1)
 Som is a tributary of&
(1) Sabarmati (2) Mahi
(3) Banas (4) Luni (2)

 Which one of the following rivers of Rajasthan is not included in inland drainage system?
(1) Parvati (2) Kantali
(3) Kakni (4) Ghaggar (1)
 ‘Dead River’ is the title used for which of the following rivers?
(1) Kantli River (2) Kakani River
(3) Saabi River (4) Ghaghar River (4)
Very short answer type questions (15 words)
1. Lathi Series
2. Two main tributaries of Chambal River
3. Maruganga
4. Rajsamand Lake
5. Mahi River
6. Menal
7. Jakham River
8. Sambhar Lake
9. Name four tributaries of Banas.

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. Give details of the objective, timing and target of Chief Minister Jal Swavalamban Abhiyan in
Rajasthan.
2. Describe the major six rivers of Rajasthan.
3. Lake Development Conservation Plan in Rajasthan
4. Ground Water Policy of Rajasthan

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Explain the difference between drainage system and catchment area. Discuss the drainage system of
Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER - 5
Soils Of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Pedogenesis
 Soil Classification
 New Comprehensive System of Classification
 Soil Fertility Status
 Problem of Water Logging
 Soil Conservation
 Soil Pollution
5.1 Introduction
The Scientific study of soil is called pedology
and the process of soil formation is called
pedogenesis. The Rajasthan soils have developed
under the arid and humid climate over the bed
rocks of complex nature, predominantly under the
process of laterzation. Soil is the top layer of
earthformed due to prolonged wheathering of
rocks and landforms by various agents and
biological activity. It is one of the most important
natural resources because the mankind is
depended on soil for food. The importance of soil
for agriculture cannot be over emphasised. An
intimate knowledge of soil is a pre requisite for all
agricultural operations and planning. Most of the
soil present in rajasthan is either in the form of
alluvium or borne by winds.
5.2 Classification of Soils
(i) Desert Soils :- These soils cover
considerably large area in the districts of Nagaur,
Jodhpur, Jalore, Barmer, Hanumangarh,
Sriganganagar, Churu, Jhunhunu and Sikar, where
the rainfall is less than 400 mm. These soils are
pale brown single grained, deep and well drained.
Texture is sandy to sandy loam. Calcium
Carbonate sometimes occur in the form of Kankar
nodules which increases with depth. In most of
the desert soils nitrogen is low, mostly ranging
between 0.02 to 0.07 percent. This deficiency is
balanced to some extent by the presence of high
available nitrogen in the forms of nitrates. Thus,
the phosphates together with nitrates have made
40
these desert sands fertile for agricultural crops and
plants where water supply is regular.
(ii) Dunes and associated Soils :- These
have been grouped separately from desert soils as
they are only deposited sand and little profile
development has taken place. Sand dunes are of
frequent occurrence in western Rajasthan.
The texture varies from loamy fine sand to
coarse sand (76 to 84% fine sand, 10 to 18%
medium sand, 0.8 to 2.5% Silt and 2.5 to 5.3%
Clay) and may or may not be calcareous.
Cultivation is practiced in rainy season on the
slopes of low to medium high dunes and usually
rainfed Bajra or kharif pulses are grown.
(iii) Brown Soils :- these soils are spread
over the parts of Tonk, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur,
Bhilwara, Udaipur and Chittorgarh districts,
Major area of these soils are present in the
catchment area of Banas river. Texture of theses
soils varies from sandy loam to clay loam.
The colour of soils ranges from greyish
brown to yellowish brown. They are rich in
calcium salts but have poor organic matter. Thus
the use of fertilizers becomes essential to get good
harvest. They are generally moderately to well
drained. As the ground waters are saline, soils
irrigated with these waters have accumulated
salts. Tank irrigated soils have also developed
problem of high water table.
(iv) Sierozems :-The soils are found in Pali,
Nagaur, Ajmer, Jaipur and Dausa districts and lie
on both sides of Aravallis, where the hills are
 Rajasthan Geography
discontinuous and have lot of wind gaps. They are
mostly yellowish brown, sandy loam to sandy
clay loam in texture with weak structure and are
permeable. The rainfall in the area is higher than
the true desert of the extreme west. Thus, these
soils are found in areas where rainfall is between
50 to 70 cm. per year. Natural vegetation is also
seen at some places. The soils are suitable for
cultivation but for low rainfall and high
evaporation. Kharif crops are rainfed and rabi
crops are grown through well irrigation. In the
Kharif corps Bajra, Jowar, Pulses and Seasamum
can be grown, and in Rabi crops such as Wheat,
Mustard and Vegetables are cultivated.
(v) Red loams :- These soils are found in
southern parts of Rajasthan in the districts of
Dungarupur, Banswara and parts of Udaipur and
Chittorgarh. The parent material of these soils is
the red sand stone or yellow sandstone which is
found in the vindhyan rocks. These soils are
characteristically raddish in colour sandy loam to
loam in texture with granular or crumb structure
and well drained. The annual rainfall varies from
70 to 100 cm. therefore, the soils have rich
contents of iron-oxides and are devoid of calcium
salts because calcium salts are easily soluble in
water and are easily washed away. ‘the soils are
suitable for maize, chilles (Kharif crops) wheat,
barley and rape seeds (rabi, crops) Cultivation.
(vi) Alluvial soils :- These soils cover a vast
area in north western, eastern and south eastern
plains, of the state. These soils have been brought
down by different rivers, therefore, different areas
have soils of different characteristics depending
upon the source from which the alluvium has been
brought and deposited. These soils are the most
fertile soil of Rajasthan.
The soils deposited by the river Ghagger in
the flood plains of Sriganganagar and
Hanumangarh districts are yellowish brown in
color, loam to salty loam with massive or blocky
structure and are calcareous in nature.
Stratification is common in these soils.
The alluvial soils in Alwar, Dausa, Jaipur,
Bharatpur, parts of Ajmer, Sawai Madhopur,
41
Bhilawara, Baran, Bundi and Kota have been
brought down and deposited in earlier times and
now there are no recurring deposits so they are
called older alluvium. The old alluvium soils
cover major areas in Bhilawara, Tonk and Ajmer
districts and sizeable parts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh
and Jaipur districts. The color of soils ranges from
grayish brown to yellowish brown. They are
sandy loam to clay loam in texture.The soils of
recent alluvium cover almost whole of Bharatpur
district and a sizeable part of Alwar, Dausa and
Jaipur districts.
The black soils of Kota, Baran Bundi and
Jhalawar districts are also alluvial soils. The
alluvium has been mostly brought down and
deposited by the river Chambal and its tributaries.
The final textured alluvium is of igneous origin
(Deccan trap) and the sedimentaries of the
Vindhyans.
The soils, in general, are clay loam to clay in
texture and are moderately to slowly permeable.
The soils often crack upto depths of 50 cm. or
more during dry season. These are generally non-
saline and non-alkaline. Because of their colour
(medium to dark black), these soils are sometimes
classed into black soils.Generally, these soils are
noted for good productivity and produce a wide
variety of crops including wheat, rice cotton and
tobacco.
(vii) Hill Soils (lithosols) :- These soils are
found on and at the foot-hills of the main hills and
hill ranges of the state. Soils of the main hills are
found at foot hills of Aravallis in Sirohi, Pali,
Nagaur, Udaipur, Rajasamand, Chittorgarh,
Bhilawara and Ajmer districts. The colour of soils
varies from reddish to yellowish red to yellowish
brown. These soils are sandy loam to clay loam in
texture and well drained. Cultivation of crops in
these soils is very much restricted due to shallow
nature of these soils and presence of stone on the
surface. Soil erosion due to water is another
problem of these soils. Shifting cultivation is
generally practiced here.
 Rajasthan Geography
(viii) Saline Sodic Soils (Solonchaks) :-
These soils are found in the natural depressions
like the Pachpadra, Didwana, Sambhar and Ranns
of Jalore and Barmer districts. Besides these,
saline sodic soils are seen in the far flood plains of
river Ghaggar and in parts of the Luni Basin.
Small pockets of salt affected soils also lie
scattered not only in the arid zone but also in the
semi arid zone. These soils are dark grey to pale
brown. Water table is sometimes very close to
surface. Cultivation is not possible due to the
impeded drainage and high degree of salinity. The
only vegetation consists of some tolerant grasses
and shrubs.
5.3 New Comprehensive System
Soils formed from their respective parent
materials after attaining equilibrium with the
factors of soil formation attain certain
distinguishing characters and properties that are
utilized to classify the soils according to the latest
taxonomy, a comprehensive system.
Most soils of Rajasthan belong to only five
orders, namely-Aridisols, Alfisols, Entisols,
Inceptisols and vertisols as per latest soil
taxonomy. This system was developed by Soil
Survey Staff, U.S. Department of agriculture in
1960.
(a) Aridisols/Desert Soil :- Aridisols occur
extensively in the western half of Rajsthan
divided by the Aravalli axis and some parts of
Alwar, Jaipur and Ajmer districts which fall
on the eastern half. Aridisols are associated
with soils of order Entisols. Aridisols are
mineral soils mostly found in dry climate. It
covers highest area in Rajasthan.
(b) Alfisols/Alluvial Soil :- Alfisols occur in part
of Jaipur, Alwar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madopur,
tonk, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Banswara,
Udaipur, Dungarpur, Bundi Kota and
Jhalawar districts.
42
(c) Entisols/Yellow-Brown Soil :- Entisols are
probably the dominant soils in the State
almost all the districts falling in the western
half of the state are covered in some or major
parts by these soils.
(d) Inceptisols/Moist New Soil :- Inceptisols
occupy a major area in Rajasthan along the
foot hills of the Aravalli in the districts of
Sirohi, Pali, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh
and in some part of Alluvial plains in
Udaipur, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur and
Jhalawar.
(e) Vertisols (Black Soil) :-These soils are mostly
found in Jhalawar, Bundi, Kota, Baran
districts of Rajasthan. These are clayey soils
which have deep wide cracks at some time of
the year. They ae compact and very slowly
permeable due to which they become sticky
and plastic.
5.4 Soil Fertility Status
Most districts having light soils were low in
nitrogen. Soils of districts of Banswara,
chittorgarh, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Bundi, Kota,
Tonk, bhilwara and Jhalawar have medium
nitrogen status. Nitrogen content increased with
increasing clay contenet of soil. Surface soil
contain highter nitrogen than the sub surface
soil and most of the nitrogen occur in organic
constituents of the soil.To understand the fertility
staus of soil, nutrient categoristion must be kept in
mind. There are 3 important types of nutrient
present in soil i.e.
(a) Primary Nutrient - Nitrogen, Phosphorous,
Potash etc.
(b) Secondary Nutrient - It contains Carbonates
and Sulphates of Iron, Calcium, Magnesium
etc.
(c) Micronutrients -
 Rajasthan Geography
 Boron :- Total and available boron were
found to vary greatly in Rajasthan soils.
 Zinc :-The available zinc in soils varied from
0.78 to 4.19 ppm is generally sufficient for
most of the crops. However, responses to zinc
were observed in alluvial soils, and soils of
Alwar, Jhalawar and Bharatpur districts.
 Manganese:- Desert soils were found to
contain the lowest amounts of total and
available manganese. However Rajasthan soils
in general appear to be well supplied with
total available reducible and active
manganese.
 Iron:- Most of Rajasthan soils were
adequately supplied with availabe iron,
however, grey brown, deep black soils were
found deficient in iron (Lal and biswas 1973).
 Copper:- Rajasthan soils including sand dune
soils were rich in copper and deficiency of
copper was found in medium black and recent
alluvial (Dholpur and bharatpur districts)
soils.
5.5 Soil Problems & Management in
Rajasthan
(a) Salinity and Alkalinity :- Salinity and
alkalinity of soils is a serious problem in some
parts of Rajasthan. Where salinity is due to high
water table.Permanent solution to the problem is
to provide adequate drainage. In other areas,
solution to salinity resides in the availability of
good quality of irrigation water. Where good
quality of water is not available, management of
saline-sodic-soils continues to be problem. Under
such condition only cultivation of some crops is
possible through certain pecific cultural practices
and introduction of salt resistant crops and trees.
Where sodicity of the soil and high residual
sodium carbonate content of irrigation water are
the main problems, use of gypsum which is
abudandantly and cheaply available in Rajasthan,
is economical and long term solution to the
problem.
43
(b)Wind Erosion and Shifting Sand Dunes :-
Shifting sand dunes poses a constant threat to crop
production and also to general public facilities
like rail tracks, highways and buildings etc. The
wind works as a powerful agent for erosion. Its
action is twofold, At a velocity of over 30 km an
hour during May and a somewhat similar velocity
during the whole of the monsoon season, the wind
is active both the removing and transporting
relatively fertile arable soils and in depositing
coarser sandier soils over arable lands. The
problem is thus clearly two fold also : to save the
topsoil of arable land from erosion and to prevent
the deposition of an agriculturally useless sandy
cover. The measures that have been worked out to
control wind erosion include.
(i) Afforestation : Plantation of wind breaks and
shelter belts.
(ii) Grass development :Plantation of trees and
grasses on marginal and sub-marginal lands.
(iii) Wind strip cropping : grass and crop strip at
right angle to wind direction.
(iv) Stubble mulching/vegetation fencing : crop
stubbles are left in the field and next crop
planted with minimum tillage.
Using these technologies, a sand dune gets
stabilized within 2-3 years.
(c) Ravine Lands :- Ravine lands along the
Chambal river and its tributory occupy
considerable area. shallow gullies upto 3 meter
depth, can be made cultivable by leveling allowed
by contour bunding. The medium and deep gullies
can also be converted into productive wood lands.
The major reason for this type of farmation is
Gully erosion.
(d) Water Logging :- With the introduction of
canal irrigation on sytem table of the area is
rising at an average rate of about 0.8 per year.
With the result of this large area has become
water logged and this area increasing every
year. This problem can be checked and
overcome by introducting proper drainage
system in the canal project area. Water
logging or water stagnation also a serious
problem particularly in deep black soils. In
 Rajasthan Geography
Rajasthan this problem is particularly visible
in Ganganagar, Suratgarh, Badhopal,
Ravatsar and Lunkaransar in Bikaner. The
government has planned to make gullys for
extraction of water logged.Problem of water
logging is locally known as 'Sem'. Problem
of water logging is also known as problem of
'Sem' in local dialect. It is mostly
concentrated in the areas of canal irrigation.
Government has recently decided to dilute the
problem of 'Sem' by-
i. Introducing new and innovative methods for
irrigation purposes.
ii. Absorption of water through use of Gypsum.
iii. Proper lining of canal.
iv. Even an international partnership with the
countries facing similar problems is also
started viz. Indo-Dutch Water Development
Project. This project is started with the help
of Government of Netherlands to remove the
problem of water logging in Rajasthan.
(e) Low Soil Moisture Storage :- Sandy soils
have low moisture storage varying from 1 to 1.5
mm per cm soil depth . High evaporation and low
storage capacity limit the availability of rain water
for plant use. Owing to low moisture storage
capacity and high infiltration rates of sandy soils
there is little scope for water harvesting in desert
soil. However, soil moisture storage can be
improved by (i) application of organic matter, fine
sands like pond sediments and (ii) reducing the
losses of moisture from evaporation and deep
percolation by the used of mulches, compacting
sandy soils by rollers.
5.6 Soil Conservation
Soil erosion is the problem that needs to be
taken care first to even start the process of soil
conservation.
1. Increase in vegetation cover: the soil
consolidation is necessary and can be done
by planting more and more trees and
bringing barren lands under some kind of
44
permanent cultivation. The roots of the
trees keep the soil surrounded intact.
Development of green corridors is a major
step towards this.
2. Strip Cropping: The crops are planted in
such a way at the borders, that as a result
the speed of water flowing decreases, and
the the soil eroded by water gets
accumulated around the the stripes.
3. Crop-Rotation: If the farmer keeps
farming one crop over and over the soil
loses the fertility and the biota and
chemical components reduced in
concentration.
4. Limited use of Chemica Fertilizers
5. Restriction on slash and burn
6. Gully erosion control and better land use.
Desertification:-
 It is a process of spreading of desert soil
by various agents of erosion. It is caused
by uncontrolled deforestration and
grazing, Land use by humans and other
factors like wind, temperature and
precipitation.
 Almost 35% of the land of the world
comes under deserts, and in India the dry
region extends to Rajasthan, Gujarat and
Andhra Pradesh.
 March of desert: when the Desert expands
in area because of any reason, the process
is known as March of Desert.
(a) Ways to combat desertification:
 Development of irrigation sources.
 Use of draught prone vegetation like
Khejri, Kikar, Rohida, Jojoba, Neem,
etc.
 There should be regulation on grazing.
 Methods to control the furtherance of
sand-dunes.
5.8 Soil Pollution
Any unwanted change in the Physical,
Chemical or Biological changes which cause
adverse influence on humans and other living
organisms and reduce the natural capacity of
 Rajasthan Geography
45

the soil. It is caused by soil erosion, soil In Barmer, Pali, Jodhpur and Bhilwara,
acidification, soil salinisation and soild waste. textile mills and printing and dying
Solid waste in terms of rajasthan has been industry release polluted water and
divided in four categories: chemicals and the solid waste is extremely
dangerous for the soil and biota.
1. Domestic Waste
3. Municipal Waste: In Cities and Towns
2. Industrial Waste: relatively lesser in
the responsibility to collect and dispose is
Rajasthan but still presemt in Kota, Ajmer,
on the municipal corporation. The cities in
Udaipur, Bhilwara, Sri Ganganagar,
rajasthan produce approx 6000 metric ton
Kishangarh etc and their improper
waste annually. In jaipur alone percapita
management cause the soild waste to seep
waste generation is 0.75 kg daily, and the
into the soil and further to ground water.
whole city generate 1750 MT daily.
The cement factories at Chittorgarh,
Jodhpur, Nagaur, Alwar, Churu and Sirohi 4. Agricultural waste
The Land pollution alters the nature of
districts and Presence of Marbal dust in
the soil and also augments to air and water
Ajmer, Rajsamand, Udaipur and Sirohi.
pollution. It destroys the fertility and
The ash from the Kota and Suratgarh
causes expansion of barren land.
thermal power plants spread to an area of
around 3 km.

Important Question
 The great boundary fault is situated in which part of Rajasthan?
(1) North – East (2) South – East
(3) North – West (4) South – West (2)
 Which type of soil is found in Pali, Nagaur and Ajmer districts?
(1) Yellowish Brown (2)Grey Brown Alluvial
(3) Red Loam (4) Deep Medium Black(2)
 In which region of Rajasthan Verti soil is found?
(1) Hadoti Plateau (2) Ghaggar Plain
(3) Luni Basin (4) Shekhawati (1)
 Maximum area of soil erosion in Rajasthan is found at-
(1) Sri Ganganagar (2) Hadoti Plateau
(3) Dungarpur (4) Sirohi (2)
 Red loamy soil is found in district-
(1) Sirohi (2) Kota
(3) Dungarpur (4) Bikaner (3)
 In which of the following districts “Red Loamy” Soil is found?
(1) Udaipur-Kota
(2) Bhilwara-Ajmer
(3) Banswara-Dunagarpur
(4) Jaipur-Dausa (1)
 ‘Khasra’ is related to-
(1) Land area (2) Community building
(3) Government tax (4) Religious tax (1)
 Which of the following statements is true regarding soils of Rajasthan?
 Rajasthan Geography
46

(1) Sandy soil is formed by granite and sandy soil shells in the Thar Desert.
(2) Red Loamy Soil is formed by granite, gneiss and quartzite shells in southern part.
(3) Black Soil is formed by disintegration of basalt lava in south-eastern part
(4) Mixed red soils is formed by disintgration of phosphatic shells in southern part
(1) 1, 3 and 4 (2) 2, 3 and 4
(3) 1, 2 and 3 (4) 3 and 4 (3)
 Which of the following was the important objective of land reform policy of in Rajasthan?
(1) Increment in agriculture production
(2) Improvement in quality of life
(3) Poverty alleviation in rural areas
(4) Eradication of all elements of exploitation and social injustice (4)
 In which of the district pairs Alluvial Soil is found?
(1) Bikaner- Jodhpur (2) Bharatpur- Dholpur
(3) Kota- Bundi (4) Ajmer- Nagaur (2)
 Where does hump of Rajasthan exist?
(1) Bharatpur- Alwar (2) Banswara- Dungarpur
(3) Kota Bundi (4) Nagaur- Ajmer (4)
 Which among the following is the process by which soils of Rajasthan convert into acidic and
alkaline soils?
(1) Seepage of water from top to down
(2) Capillary action
(3) Flow of water
(4) Printing industry (4)
 “Sem” is related to?
(1) Formation of sandy dunes
(2) Change in ecology
(3) Water logging
(4) Deforestation (3)
 Brown Soil is found in Rajasthan in?
(1) Drainage area of Banas river
(2) Southern part of Rajasthan
(3) Hadoti Plateau Region
(4) Both sides of Aravali Range (1)

Very Short Answer Type Questions (15 words)

1. Mention the characteristics of 'Dang region' of Rajasthan.
2. Brown clay
3. sheath-erosion

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. Write a short note on soil degradation in Rajasthan.
2. Black soil and its importance.
3. Soils of Rajasthan.
4. Tubule erosion.

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Give a brief description of the major problems of soil in Rajasthan and state their solutions.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER - 6
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Types of Forest in Rajasthan
 Grasslands and Pastures
 Vegetation in Forest
 Reserved or closed Area
 National Park & Wildlife Sanctuaries
 Tiger Corridor in Rajasthan
Rajasthan has a great variety of natural
vegetation ranging from scanty vegetation in the
western arid region to mixed deciduous and sub-
tropical evergreen forests in the east and south
east of the Aravalli range.
In 1949-50 there was only 13% of the
physical area of Rajasthan had forests. The first
policy for conservation of forests was
formulated in 1894 with an objective to generate
revenue and provide conservation. After
independence new forest policy was formed
according to which the minimum forest cover
mandated was 33% of the area. In 1988 an
amended forest policy was introduced based on
security, conservation and development. In
rajasthan forest act was passed for security of
forests, social forestry was inserted in 6 th five
year plan and community participation in forest
conservation in 8th plan. Rajasthan government
approved first forest policy in August 2010.
6.2 Factors affecting Vegetation
The location and distribution of natural
vegetation including forests have been greatly
influenced by :
(i) Physical factors like relief and soil
(ii) Climatic factors like extremes in rainfall
and temperature distribution, and
(iii) Biotic factors like indiscriminate grazing,
unregulated cutting of trees and periodical
clearance of land for cultivation.
47
(i) Physical Factors :- The Physical feature
of the state are characterized chiefly by the
Aravalli ranges which diagonally intersect the
state into 3/5 fertile south east and 2/5 arid
sandy and unproductive north west. The north
western and western part of the state is a wide
expanse of windblown sand. It is much drier
except along the foot of the Aravallis where
some of the trees of the estern part occur, the
vegetation is dominated by shurbs, Further,
westward as the aridity increase, trees get
stunted and still further in the Barmer,
Jaisalmer, Bikaner and western Jodhpur, trees
disappear and shrubs became dominant. The
Flora in the east and south east of the Aravalli is
well developed and has a larger number of trees
than the western flora. The vegetation around
Mt. Abu is the richest due to heavy annual
rainfall of about 150 cm. It is obvious that
physical feature have resulted in different types
of vegetation.
(ii) Climatic Factors: - The climate has the
greatest effect on the vegetational distribution in
different parts of the state. Maximum rainfall is
recorded between July to September. Hightesth
rainfall is maintained in Aravallies near Mt. Abu
and lowest in the arid region near Jaisalmer, and
the occasional showers do occur during winter
months as well. The relationship between the
rainfall and the different types of vegetation that
exists in different parts of the state is well-
marked. Mount Abu receives maximum rainfall
and the chief species constituting the top canopy
 Rajasthan Geography
are Magnifera indica (Mango), Sizygium
cuminic (Jeera), Anogeissus acuminate
(Dhokra). the Banswara and Baran regions in
eastern Rajasthan have an annual rainfall of 80
cm and have pure formations of Tectona grandis
(Sagwan) with admixture of Anogeissus latifolia
(Dhaura) and Madhuca India (Meetha Neem)
and some grasses also grow. In areas of 40-80
cm rainfall and in localities where the soil is
good. Anogeissus pedndula (Dhau) occurs in
pure stands. In Chittorgarh and Pratapgarh areas
with a rainfall between 60 to 80 cm poles and
samplings of Santalum aplpumare found to
exist. In areas with a range of rainfall between
20 to 40 cm and in the west of Aravallis in
Ajmer-Pali-Sirohi area up to Jodhpur, the
vegetation anogeissus pendula (Dhau) Acacia
sengal (Kheir) and is the occurrence of
Tecormella undulata (Rohira) prosopis spicigera
(Deshi Babul). Towards Jodhpur, there posopis
spicigera (Deshi Babul) and Acacia Senegal
khair.
(iii) Biotic Factors :- the biotic factors
have adversely effected the vegetation in the
state. the indiscriminate grazing by large focks
of sheep, goat and other cattle including camels,
the ungulated cutting of trees and periodical
clearance of land for cultivation. The activities
of the nomadic tribes with their migratory herds
of sheep and goats have also been responsible
for the devastation forests.
6.3 Forest types of Rajasthan
The recorded forest area (RFA) as per the
latest ISFR 2019 (Indian State of Forest Report-
2019) of Rajasthan is 32,845 Km2 which is
9.59% of the total area of Rajasthan. Among
which Reserved Forest area constitutes 37.30%,
Protected Forest is 56.31% and Unclassed
Forest Area is 6.39%.
1. Mixed Deciduous forests :- These
forests are found in the south-eastern Rajasthan
in the districts Bundi, sirohi, Kota, Udaipur and
Chittorgarh district. Average rainfall is more
than 60 centemetres. Mixed types of forests
occur forming about 20% of the forest area and
48
cover an area of about 9065 sq. kms. These
forest occur at elevation of 300 to 1200 m. and
mostly occupy the plateau section and the gentle
slopes where the soils is poor.
2. Sub-tropical evergreen forests :- These
occur about 30 sq. kilometre round Mt. abu at
elevation of 1000 to 1300 metres where, the
rainfall is 1500 mm. or more annually. On the
higher elevations it has humid types of forests
containing Ambartari, Karonda, varieties of
Jasmine, Weeping willow and Kara, on the
lower slopes dense forests of Dhau, Haldu, Bel,
Siris, Mango, Jamun, Kachhar, Timsu,
Rohira.
3. Dry thorn Forests :- These are found
mainly in the arid area of north west covering
the districts of Nagaur, Pali, Sikar, Jhunjhunu,
Ajmer, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer. Ravines and
sandy tracts are also dotted with thorny bushesh.
The trees vary in height from 4.5 to 6 m. In
areas covered by this forest, there is good
growth of grasses of various species.
6.4 Type of Forest based on Forest
Produce
1. Dhol Forest : This is the principal type
of forest covering about 60% of the forest area.
Located mainly in southeastern part of Aravalli
hills between 270 m to 770m of evaluation.
These are important from the protective point of
view and provide a useful vegetative cover.
these provide good firewood and makes
excellent charcoal.
2. Kattha Forest :- These occur mostly in
pure patches and sometimes mixed with other
species and occupies about 3% of the forest
area. It is found in the south east region of the
state.
3.Salar Forest :- Boswellia solar is found
in the upper ridges of the Aravalli hills and
covers about 5% of the total forest cover area.
This type of forests covers an area of 10,360 sq.
km. and occurs in Alwar, parts of Chittorgarh,
Udaipur, Sirohi, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Rajsamand
and Jaipur. This tree grows at attitudes of 430 m
and above. The trees are straight grained and
 Rajasthan Geography
thus provide suitable timber for use as packing
material. In areas of deep soils, grasses are fairly
dense while in rocky soils practically no grass
grows.
4. Butea monosperma (Dhak) Forests :-
The species are characterized of badly drained
clay soils and occupies the foot hills and
depression. The total area under this variety is
very small compared to total forest area in the
state.
5. Bamboo forests :- Bamboo covers about
2.5% the area mostly in parts of Chittorgarh,
Udaipur, Kota and Abu hills. It generally occurs
inpure patches in depressions.
6. Teak forests :- Teak forests of the dry
type occupy over 2635 heatarces and represent
the northern limit of teak in Inda. Teak occurs
commonly in southern and south eastern parts of
the Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Baran, at an elevations
of 250 to 500 meters.
6.5 Grasslands and Pastures
 Locally known as beeds : These are also
found on the hill tops and their slopes in
association with sparse trees and scrubs in
Mewar, Merwara and Alwar hills.
 Scrubs and bush lands : Often found in
association with forests are grasslands and
sometimes in exclusion these represent the
poorest floral type but cover a substantial
portion of the region. These are found in
scattered patches as well as in long stretches
and generally occupy the steeper hills slopes
plateau top and rocky denuded plains with
thin soil cover.
6.6 Vegetation in Forests
The main forest produce is dhank wood
which is used principally as fire wood
(Anageissus Pendula) and for manufacture of
charcoal.
Non Timber Forest Resources :- The non
timber forest products are (a) Gum and resin
yeilding plants, (b) Tan and dye yeilding plants,
(c) oil seeds and oil yielding plants, (d)
Essential oil bearing plants, (e) Species
providing fiber and flosses, (f) Species
49
providing miscellaneous products, (g) Edible
produicts species.
Khus oil is distilled from veteveria
zizinoldes which is found mainly in Bharatpur
and tonk Forest Divisions.
Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) occurs
almost all over the state and large quantities of
leaves are excreted for the manufacture of
Bidis.
Dhak: Also known as forest fire because
of intense red and yellow color. The main tree is
Palas and mainly found in Rajsamand and
surrounding area.
Salar Forest: found mainlu in Udaipur,
Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Sirohi, Ajmer, Alwar,
Jaipur etc. these forest has excess of Saal trees.
Khejri: It is also known as Kalpvraksh of
Rajasthan. Its fruits are called Sengri, which
when dried is used as food and its leaves
provide pasture to the local cattle. This is also
known as Shami Tree and it is worshipped on
Dusshera festival.
Other vegetation covers Dhokda, Mahua,
Bamboo, Beed, Rohida (Sagon of desert or
Marwar Teak), Sandal etc.
6.7 Programmes for the Development
and Preservation of the Forests
(i) Plantation of trees in the pasture land :
Under this programme, more trees are to be
planted on the pasture lands which will
facilitate the cattle to graze grass also
(ii) Forest not only helps to conserve the soil
but also to check the soil erosion otherwise
the area without forest will turn into arid
lands.
(iii) Govt. has also introduced the plantation
programmes through schools, Each student
of any standard is to plant the tree and also
to look after the same.
(iv) Van Mahotsav is celebrated from 1 st July to
7th July every year. This programme should
be implemented effectively.
 Rajasthan Geography
50

(v) People should be aware of the fact that the by 23°4'N to 30°11'N latitude and 69°29'E to
trees provide ecological security as well as 78°17' E longitude. The State has 4 distinct
better condition to life. regions namely, Western Desert with Barren
(vi) Full protection to the animal life is only Hills, Level Rocky and Sandy Plains, the
possible when we protect forest because the Aravalli Hills and South-Eastern Plateau.
forest is the home of the wild animals. The climate of the State varies from semi-
(vii) Research work should be promoted by the arid to arid. Western part of the State, including
forest department for improving the forest Thar Desert (also known as The Great Indian
in context with the modern development of Desert), is relatively dry and infertile whereas in
science and technology Rajasthan is the south-western part, the land is wetter, hilly,
ecologically imbalanced state and therefore and more fertile. The average annual
in order to maintain the ecological balance temperature ranges between 0°C to 50°C and
there should be forest over at least 33% the average annual rainfall is in the range of 500
area of the state. While the natural mm to about 750 mm. The State is drained by a
vegetation is on 9.53% area. Efforts should number of rivers which include Banas,
be trade to bring more and land as much as Chambal, Luni and Mahi.
possible under the vegetation cover.In The State has 33 districts. As per the 2011
many villages area around some water Census, Rajasthan has a population of 68.55
bodies is known as "ORAN"- A million accounting to 5.66 percent of India's
sacrosanct ara and is protected by local population. The rural and urban population
communities. constitute 75.10% and 24.90% respectively. The
6.8 ISFR - 2019 (RAJASTHAN) population density is 200 per sq km which is
much lower than the national average of 382
As we know Rajasthan is the largest state persons per sq km. The 19th Livestock census
situated in the north-western part of the country 2012 has reported a total livestock population of
covering an area of 3,42,239 sq km., which is 57.73 million in the State.
10.40% of the geographical area of the country.
The geographical extent of the State is bounded
misc. tree crops
TABLE 1 Land Use Pattern and groves
Land Use Area (in Percentage
Culturable 4,038 11.78
Types 000' ha)
wasteland
Geographical 34,224
Fallow land 2,069 6.04
Area
other than
Reporting area 34,267 100.00 current fallows
for land
Current fallows 1,856 5.42
utilization
Net area sown 17,521 51.13
Forests 2,740 8.00
Not available for 4,343 12.67
land cultivation
Permanent 1,674 4.88
pastures and
other grazing
lands
Land under 26 0.08
 Rajasthan Geography
51

[A].A Brief Overview of Forestry Scenario :- There are 3 Project Tiger (Ranthambhore,
Rajasthan, the largest State of India Sariska and Mukundra Hills) and two Ramsar
according to geographical area, ranks 15th in (Keoladeo Ghana sanctuary and Sambhar lake)
terms of the RFA, is a forest deficient State. As sites.
per the Champion & Seth Classification of [B]. Forest Cover :-
Forest Types (1968), the forests in Rajasthan As per the data interpreted from IRS
belong to two Type groups i.e. Tropical Dry Resourcesat-2 LISS III satellite of the period
Deciduous and Tropical Thorn Forests which Oct to Dec 2017, the Forest Cover in the State is
are further divided into 20 Forest Types. The 16,629.51 sq km which is 4.86 % of the State's
State has the examples of some of the best geographical area. In terms of forest canopy
afforestation practices along the Indira Gandhi density classes, the State has 77.81 sq km under
Canal. Under Joint Forest Management, there Very Dense Forest (VDF), 4,341.90 sq km.,
are 6,377 VFMCs/EDC operational in the State. under Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) and
Recorded Forest Area (RFA) in the State is 12,209.80 sq km under Open Forest (OF).
32,737 sq km of which 12,475 sq km is Forest Cover in the State has increased by 57.51
Reserved Forest, 18,217 sq km is Protected sq km as compared to the previous assessment
Forest and 2,045 sq km is Unclassed Forests. In reported in ISFR 2017.
Rajasthan, during the period 1st January 2015 to TABLE 2 Forest Cover of Rajasthan (in sq.
5th February 2019, a total of 2,834 hectares of km)
forest land was diverted for non-forestry Class Area % of GA
purposes under the Forest Conservation Act, VDF 77.81 0.02
1980 (MoEF & CC, 2019). As per the MDF 4,341. 90 1.27
information received from the State during the
OF 12,209.80 3.57
last two years, a total of 42,633 ha of plantations
were raised. Five National Parks, 25 Wildlife Total 16,629.51 4.86
Sanctuaries and 11 Conservation Reserves Scrub 4,760.04 1.39
constitute the Protected Area network of the
State covering 2.92% of its geographical area.

Table 3
District Geograp 2019 Assessment % Change Scrub
hical Very Mod. Open Total of wrt
Area Dense Dense Forest GA 2017
(GA) Forest Forest assessm
ent
Ajmer 8,481 0.00 43.00 262.11 305.11 3.60 6.11 204.64
Alwar 8,380 59.00 334.96 802.70 1,196.66 14.28 -0.34 245.66
Banswara 4,522 0.00 38.57 229.85 268.42 5.94 7.42 63.45
Baran 6,992 0.00 154.89 856.10 1,010.99 14.46 -2.01 106.56
Barmer 28,387 0.00 3.85 285.94 289.79 1.02 16.79 234.23
Bharatpur 5,066 0.00 22.00 208.27 230.27 4.55 1.27 77.93
Bhilwara 10,455 0.00 31.00 193.19 224.19 2.14 3.19 176.39
Bikaner 30,239 0.88 27.23 227.50 255.61 0.85 8.61 51.85
Bundi 5,776 1.00 137.93 418.25 557.18 9.65 -0.82 151.62
Chittaurgarh 7,822 0.00 220.55 768.25 988.80 12.64 -0.20 100.09
Churu 13,835 0.00 3.00 79.00 82.00 0.59 0.00 22.00
 Rajasthan Geography
52

Dausa 3,432 0.00 12.00 105.00 117.00 3.41 0.00 99.00

Dhaulpur 3,033 0.00 80.00 339.00 419.00 13.81 0.00 75.40
Dungarpur 3,770 0.00 42.71 259.59 302.30 8.02 11.30 75.35
Ganganagar 10,978 0.00 10.00 102.92 112.92 1.03 -0.08 13.00
Hanumangarh 9,656 1.00 7.00 81.96 89.96 0.93 -0.04 1.00
Jaipur 11,143 12.00 97.11 443.65 552.76 4.96 0.76 285.39
Jaisalmer 38,401 3.93 51.13 270.71 325.77 0.85 12.77 213.27
Jalor 10,640 0.00 18.91 249.16 268.07 2.52 -6.93 250.89
Jhalawar 6,219 0.00 83.02 352.56 435.58 7.00 -3.42 102.34
Jhunjhunun 5,928 0.00 21.00 179.77 200.77 3.39 4.77 186.72
Jodhpur 22,850 0.00 4.55 103.23 107.78 0.47 2.78 172.71
Karauli 5,524 0.00 95.00 775.00 870.00 15.75 0.00 273.00
Kota 5,217 0.00 153.62 393.11 546.73 10.48 -3.27 135.17
Nagaur 17,718 0.00 15.00 132.04 147.04 0.83 4.04 102.32
Pali 12,387 0.00 209.94 464.91 674.85 5.45 0.85 323.64
Pratapgarh 4,449 0.00 562.54 475.37 1,037.91 23.33 -6.09 58.73
Rajsamand 4,655 0.00 134.91 386.88 521.79 11.21 10.79 124.23
Sawai 4,498 0.00 153.92 308.77 462.69 10.29 -3.31 119.67
Madhopur
Sikar 7,732 0.00 31.00 162.06 193.06 2.50 1.06 202.34
Sirohi 5,136 0.00 300.74 611.17 911.91 17.76 -2.09 229.36
Tonk 7,194 0.00 26.94 138.12 165.06 2.29 0.06 57.73
Udaipur 11,724 0.00 1,213.88 1,543.66 2,757.54 23.51 -6.46 224.36
Grand Total 3,42,239 77.81 4,341.90 12,209.80 16,629.51 4.86 57.51 4,760.04

Table 4
Class 2019 Assessment TotalISF
VDF MDF OF Scrub NF R
2017
Very Dense Forest 78 0 0 0 0 78
Moderately Dense 0 4,309 13 2 16 4,340
Forest
Open Forest 0 28 11,708 88 330 12,154
Scrub 0 0 107 4,143 329 4,579
Non Forest 0 5 382 527 3,20,174 3,21,088
Total ISFR 2019 78 4,342 12,210 4,760 3,20,849 3,42,239
Net Change 0 2 56 181 -239
Table 5
Altitude Zone Geographical Area VDF MDF OF Total Scrub
(m)
0-500 3,24,954 27 2,538 9,383 11,948 4016
(71.84%)
500-1000 17,070 51 1,690 2,777 4,518 (27.17%) 740
1000-2000 215 0 114 50 164 (0.99%) 4
Total 3,42,239 78 4,342 12,210 16,630 4,760
 Rajasthan Geography
53

Table 6
Slope (in Geographical VDF MDF OF Total Scrub
degrees) Area
0-5 3,15,978 21 1,563 7,253 8,837 (53.13%) 3,410
5-10 15,796 15 846 1,912 2,773 (16.68%) 586
10-15 4,729 12 669 1,163 1,844 (11.09%) 295
15-20 2,656 11 537 814 1,362 (8.19%) 200
20-25 1,650 9 379 560 948 (5.70%) 140
25-30 901 6 215 321 542 (3.26%) 82
>30 529 4 133 187 324 (1.95%) 47
Total 3,42,239 78 4,342 12,210 16,630 4,760

Table 7
Wetland Category No. of Wetlands Total Wetland Area
Inland Wetlands - Natural
Lake/Pond 20 1,177
Waterlogged 5 1,195
River/Stream 259 19,147
Sub - Total 284 21,519
 Rajasthan Geography
54

Inland Wetlands -Man-made

Reservoir/Barrage 219 16,401
Tank/Pond 1038 7,697
Waterlogged 16 3,037
Salt Pan 2 929
Sub - Total 1,275 28,064
Coastal Wetlands - Natural
Intertidal mud flat 1 4,386
Salt Marsh 3 109
Sub -Total 4 4,495
Wetlands (<2.25 ha) 2,263 2,263
Total 3,826 56,341
Total Recorded Forest (or Green Wash) Area (in ha) 33,07,212
% of Wetland area inside Recorded Forest (or Green Wash) 1.70%
Area

Carbon Stock in Forest

The total Carbon stock of forests in the State including the TOF patches which are more than 1 ha in size
is 108.36 million tonnes (397.32 million tonnes of CO equivalent) which is 1.52% of total forest carbon
of the country.
Forest Restrictions/Liberty Area Percentage
1 Reserved forests Wood cutting and grazing in 12252.28 Km2 37.30%
completely banned
2 Protected Forests Limited wood cutting and grazing 18494.00 Km2 56.31%
2
3 Unclassified No restriction either tree felling 2098.00 Km 6.39%
or grazing
Total 32844.28 100

6.9 Conservation of Forests

1. Regulated forest tree felling and timber
cutting
2. Protect forests from fire.
3. Immediate stay on the conversion of forest
land for agricultural, Residential and other
developmental purposes.
4. Protection from getting submerged under
dams.
5. Development of forests as tourist spots.
6. Reforestration.
7. Restriction on uncontrolled grazing.
8. Greater role of community and
administration in conservation efforts.
9. Programms run by NGOs and SHGs like
Social forestry and Harit Rajasthan Program.
6.10 Wildlife in Rajasthan
Wild life has been considered as an integral
part of a physical eco-system forming food
chains at various trophic levels and its
protection remained an old sanctity.
The protection of wild life is undoubtedly
astate subject but the government is unable to
enact suitable laws and regulations to protect
wild life. Even rules and regulation may not
apply if we do not improve in our attitudes and
aesthetic senses towards wild life. The total
percentage of forest covered area in Rajasthan
as compared to other states in comparatively
 Rajasthan Geography
less yet in regards to diversity and percentage of
animals, it ranges second to Assam.
The wildlife conservation was initiated in
1951 with wildlife and wild birds rules. In 1972
, wildlife Protection Act was passed, this created
rules for protection and conservation of wild
animals and made it a criminal offence to kill an
animal. Today, the State is dotted by (A) 33
reserve forests (B) 7 Deer parks along with (C)
5 zoos that have been enlisted in the table
chronologically (D) three National Parks,.
A. Reserved or closed areas : - These
areas are those where killing of wildlife is
prohibited. The forest and wildlife department
of the state has, hosever no direct control over
these areas. The Govt. of Rajasthan has declared
33 areas as reserved forest areas in the state
where hunting is prohibited. Highest number of
hunting prohibited areas are in Jodhpur (7).
List of Reserved or Closed Areas :—
1. Sonkhalia (171.34 sq.Km.)
2. Gagwana (2100 hect.),
3. Tilora (200 hect.) in Ajmer District,
4. Barriod (23.630 sq.Km.),
5. ohadia (30 hect.) in Alwar,
6. Dhorimanna(6915 hect.) in Barmer
7. Mukum (168.82 hect.)
8. Diyatra(5019 hect.)
9. Deshnokh (2517 hect.)
10. Jodvir (7584 hect.)
11. Bajoo (100 hect.)
12. Kanaksagar in Bundi
13. Menal (20 hect) in Chittorgarh,
14. Sawantsar Kotasar (7091 hect.) in churu,
15. Ujala (3000 hect,)
16. Ramdeora (3000 hect.) in Jaisalmer,
17. Santhalsagar (3.00 sq.km.) in Jalore
18. Gudha Bishnoi (428.58 sq.mk.),
19. Mehlan (5.00 sq.km.) in Jaipur District,
20. Sanchor (1813.12 sq.km.),
21. Doli (425.76 sq.km.)
22. Fitkashim (569.42 sq.km.),
23. Lohawat (1242.31 sq.km.),
24. Sathin (244.86 sq.km.)
25. Jammeshverji (3500 hect.),
26. Dechu (2000 hect.) in Jodhpur,
55
27. Sorsen (80 hect.) in Kanwalji (40 hect.) in
Sawai Madhopur district,
28. Ranipura (120 hect) in Tonk,
29. Bagdarah (342.40 hect.) in Udaipur
30. Kanwalji (40 sq. km.). in Sawai Madhopur
31. Jarodan (30 sq. km.) in Nagaur
32. Rotu (5 sq. km.) in Naguar
33. Jawai Bandh (5 sq. km.) in Pali district.
B. Parks :- Seven Deer and safari Parks have
also been established in the State. They are :—
(i) Deer park at Chittorgarh
(ii) Deer park at Shahapura Jaipur
(iii) Ashok Vihar, Jaipur
(iv) Safari Park, Machia at Jodhpur
(v) Amrita Devi deer park Khejarli (Jodhpur)
(vi) Deer park Sajjangarh and Udaipur
(vii) Deer park at Pachkund Ajmer
C. Zoos (Jantushalas) : - Five zoos at
Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Kota and Bikaner
have been functioning where varied animals
from different part of the world are kept for
public show.
D. National Parks :- In the National parks,
there is a total prohibited on wood cutting,
animal grazing, agriculture, human habitation,
road construction and other human activities
villages, if any fail in the area of the park have
to be evacuated. The main National Parks are:—
1. Ranthambhor National Park, Sawai
Madhopur :- Among the Fifty two (52) tiger
reserves in the country, Ranthambhor, National
park in Sawai Madhopur is naturalist’s delight.
A successful preservation programme was
launched here in 1971 and is recognized by
world wild life foundation. In 1974, it was
selected for Project tiger and is now patronized
by Government of India and the international
Ecological Institute. It was declared National
Park in 1980.
The Forests are found around Aravallis and
Vindhyas and each has distinguished geological
features, the forest is typically dry deciduous
type with dhok ronk ber, salai, mango groves,
 Rajasthan Geography
palm trees, Banyan and Peepal trees as the
main vegetation of this park. The Park also has a
large population of leopards which the second
largest predators of this forest. Another
interesting feature of the Park is marsh
crocodilies found in the neighbouring lakes.
These reptiles are 8-10 feet long. They are
easily seen inside the water or basking on the
shores of the lakes. Other predators of
Ranthambhor are hyena jackals and Jungle cats,
Caracals too have recorded. Sambhars are
scattered everywhere and in large herds around
the lakes. Chital are extremely common
throughout to the park and they come to water
in hundreds particularly during summer months.
Though the park is famous for its wild animals,
it is also rich in avian fauna.
2. Keoladeo Ghana National Park,
Bharatpur :-KGNP was declared as a Ramsar
wetland site in 1951. It was also declared as
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. It did
found its presence in Montreux Record in 1990.
Only 176 km. from Delhi and 50 km. west of
Agra and Taj Mahal, Keoladeo Ghana is a
wonder of the natural world. Over 350 species
of birds are found in a refugee of 29 sq. km. of
shallow lakes and woodland that mark this park.
One third of these birds are migrants many of
them winter in Bharatpur before returning to
their breeding stations as distant away as Siberia
and Central Asia.
Keoladeo Ghana is perhaps the only one
where the habitat has been created by the
Maharaja. The Maharaja recognized the
potential and augmented the water supply by
diverting the water from the nearby irrigation
cannals viz. Chiksana and Ghana. In a few
years the new ecosystem so flourished that it is
able to support thousands of aquatic birds.
Bharatpur was upgraded to National park in
1982 and renamed Keoladeo Ghana. Keoladeo
is the name of an ancient Hindu Temple of Lord
Shiva, stands in the centre of the park. Ghana
means dense and it refers to the dense thick
forest that covers the area. Siberian Crane is the
most sought for one and breaks its journey
56
across India. Black vultures certain mammals
and pythons are most easily sighted at Ghana.
3. Desert National Park Jaisalmer: -45
kms to the south west of Jaisalmer, the Desert
National Park covers 3162 sq. km. of scrub,
thorny forest, desert and dunes. The unique
ecosystem reflects the successful enduring
adaptation by a wide range of mammals, birds
insects and flowers to a harsh climate with
temperature ranging from below freezing to
over 45o Celsius.
The active dune of semi-contrast with the
180 million years old wood fossils at Akal 17
km from Jaisalmer on the Jaisalmer Barmer
road, this fossil park is the proof of the geologic
catclycisms that have taken place in the Thar
Desert. Here, 180 million years ago stood a
forest of giant deciduous trees whose trunks
petrified into fossils litter a bare hillside of mica
and red and yellow stones. The small desert fox
in an important carnivore. The wolf is the main
predator and Jackal is the native on the border
of the Park.
Groups of Black Buck, Chinkara and
Nilgai are found in nearby villages and now
thrive on the park areas of sparse arid grass
lands.
The most remarkable bird of this desert is
the Great Indian bustard weighing about 14 kg
and standing up to 45 cm. This reluctant flier,
the bustard lives upon omnivorous food
consisting of locusts, grasshoppers, seeds,
barriers, lizards and snakes. Some fossils of
Dinosaurs of 6 million years old have been
found at here. In 1980 it was declared as a
UNESCO world heritage site and as a National
Park in 1992.
4. Tiger Reserve, Sariska, Alwar :-
Sariska is one of the few remaining pockets of
forest in the Aravalli mountain range and the
area now covers 557.57 sq. kms. as the core
area. The reserve has been under Project Tiger
since 1979 and before that since 1955 a small
sanctuary. The dry open deciduous and thorny
forests assist in ever increaseing population of
 Rajasthan Geography
ungulates like sambhar, nilgai, chinkara,
chausingha and chital I.Recently a proposal has
been sent to Central Government to declared
Sariska Tiger Reserve as a National Park.
6.11 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan
1. Nahargarh Sanctuary
 It surrounds historical fort of Nahargarh,
Jaigarh and Amer, was decraled a sanctuary
in 1982.
 Area: 50 sq km
 Tigers are returning after perinneal
availability of water made as conservation
effort.
2. Jamva Ramgarh Sanctuary
 Area: 360 sq km
 It was earlier a gaming sopt in Ramgarh,
Jaipur- was declared Sanctuary in 1982.
3. Talchapar black buck Sanctuary
 On Bikaner Jaipur Highway (NH11),
Sujangarh, Churu
 Area: 820 Hectare
 On black deer are found here and can be
seen in upto 500 in one herd.
4. Jaisamand Sanctuary
 On the shore of Jaisamand Lake, in Udaipur.
5. Sitamata Sanctuary: Pratapgarh
6. Bassi Sanctuary
 Area 153 sq km, near Pratapgarh
 As a meeting point of Aravali and
Vindhya Range it was declared as a
Sanctuary in 1988 to protect the biodiversity
of such a unique ecosystem.
 The main attaraction is Chousingha,
Sandgrouz, Leopard and Crocodile.
7. Fulwari ki Naal
 Situated in backward region of Udaipur.
 Area 511 sq km
 It is a dense forest with fauna including
tigers, leopards, sambar and spotted deer.
8. Bhaisroadgarh Sanctuary
 Area 229 sq km
 It was declared as Sanctuary in 1983.
57
 Situated in bhaisroadgarh hill region in
Chittorgarh
 Contains very diverse fauna
9. Sajjangarh Sanctuary
 It was a gaming and poaching spot in
medieval times
 Situated in hilly region of Udaipur
 India's first Augmented Reality Application
has been launched in order to promote
Wildlife Tourism.
 Also contains Sajjangarh zoological park, an
in-situ conservation mechanist which
contains tigers, asian lions, leopards etc.
10. Jawahar Sagar Vanya Vihar: Kota
11. Shergarh Sanctuary
 Situated in Baran, famous for dense tiger
habitat in area of 99 sq km
 It was given protection in 1983
12. Toddgarh Rawali Sanctuary
 Area: 512 sq km
 Spread in 3 districts, Rajsamand, Ajmer and
Pali; Declared In 1983
13. Chambal Sanctuary
 Area 280 sq km of water area from rana
Pratap sagar to deep inside chambal
 Protectec species: fresh water Ghariyal and
Crocodile
14. Ramgarh Vishdhari Sanctuary
 Situated in Bundi
 Area 307 sq km
15. Bandh Baretha Sanctuary
 Near Kevladev bird sanctuary
 Area 193 sq km
16. Sawai Mansingh Sanctuary
 Attatched to Ranthambhore national park, a
103 sq km area forest.
 Declared in 1984.
 As a reserve forest when the tigers in
ranthambore gets more than its capacity,
they will be shifted here.
17. Kailadevi Sanctuary
 In Karauli district also attatched to
Ranthambore national park
 Area 676.40 sq. km.
 As a reserve forest for tiger habitat from
Ranthambore.
 Rajasthan Geography
18. Ramsagar van vihar Sanctuary
 Situated in dholpur.
 It is known for 'Dhok' and 'Khair' trees
species.
 It became sanctuary in 1955.
 Situated on lake it gives protection to
various waterbirds too.
19. Mount Abu Sanctuary
 Area is around 288 sq. km.
 It also houses highest peak in Rajasthan,
'Gurushikhar' (1722 Mtr.)
 Situated in Mt. Abu in Sirohi district.
20. Kumbhalgarh-Ranakpur Sanctuary
 Situated in Rajsamand district.
 It spreads in an area of 610.5 Sq. Km.
covering parts of Rajsmand, Udaipur and
Pali.
 Situated near Ranakpur jain temple and
Kumbhalgarh fort.
21. Sundhamata Bear Sanctuary
 Area: 4468
 It is the first bear sanctuary situated at
Jasvantpura, between Jalore and Sirohi.
 It was declared as a Sanctuary in 2010.
6.12 Forest fauna
 Herbivorous: Black buck, Chinkara (Indian
Gazelle),Sambar deer, Neel Gai, Chital,
Chosingha, Bear, Wild boar, rabit, langor
and monkeys.
 Black buck: Bharatpur, Sirohi, Jaiour,
Barmet, Ajmer, Kota.
 Indian Gazelle: Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur
 Sambar: Bharatput, Alwar, Sawai
Madhopur, Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Kota,
Jhalawarm Jaipur, Barmer, Dungarpur,
Banswara.
 Neelgai: Ajmer, Karoli. Bharatpur,
Jhalawar, Kota, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh
 Cheetal: Bharatpur
58
 The state bird of rajasthan is Gondavan
(Great Indian Bustard), it is found in
Barmerm Jaisalmer and Bikaner region.
 The Khinchan near Falodi is famous for
Kurja migratory birds.
6.13 Some other state government efforts
 The government of Rajsthan made
Rajasthan Biological diversity rules, 2010
and established the Rajasthan State
Biodiversity Board.
 The wildlife census in the state is done by
Forest Survey of India, Dehradun.
 Habitat improvement ground plan in
Talchapar.
 Declaration red alert in Sariska and
Ranthambore tiger reserve. In the
programme the border are sealed and forest
guards to protect the borders.
 Tiger Corridor: project to connect
Ranthambore with Gandhi sagar Sanctuary.
The plan will enable the wild animals to
roam freely from Ranthambore through
Sawai Mansingh Sanctuary to Kwalji in
Bundi, Ramgarh Sanctuary, Jawahar sagar,
Dara Sanctuary and then reach forests in
Madhya Pradesh.
 Van dhan yojna: declared 2015-16 budget,
to reduce the dependence on forests by
providing livelihood to people living in
vicinity.
 Machiya biological Park (2016), Sajjangarh
Biological Park (2015), Nahargarh
Biological Park (2016).
 In latest tiger census published in 2018
number of tigers in state has increased to 69.
 Project bustard: hatching and breeding
center in Sarson(baran)
 Project leopard: declared in budget 2017-18,
will cater in the leopard sanctuaries
 Rajasthan Geography
59

Important Question
 In 2014-15 the maximum and minimum area under forests in Rajasthan was reported in which of the
following pair?
(1) Udaipur - Churu
(2) Banswara - Jaisalmer
(3) Baran - Barmer
(4) Chittorgarh - Bikaner (1)
 In which year the Government of Rajasthan has framed Rajasthan Biological Diversity Rules?
(1) 1994 (2) 2002
(3) 2010 (4) 2015 (3)
 Which of the following forest types is found in the areas of 75 to 110 cm average annual rainfall in
Rajasthan?
(1) Tropical Thorn Forest and Scrubs
(2) Mixed Deciduous Forest
(3) Dry Forests (4) Dry Teak Forests (4)
 Select the correct statements using code given below:
A. Sub-tropical Evergreen Forests are found in Mt. Abu area.
B. Dry Teak Forests are concentrated in southern part of Rajasthan
C. Mixed deciduous forests are found in northern Rajasthan.
D. ‘Khejri’ tree is a dominant tree of dry forests.
Codes:
(1) A, B and C are correct.
(2) A, B and D are correct.
(3) B, C and D are correct.
(4) A, B, C and D are correct. (2)
 Which of the following are responsible factors for desertification in Rajasthan?
A. Deforestation B. Over grazing
C. Drip irrigation D. Soil erosion
Codes:
(1) A & B (2) A, B & C
(3) A, B & D (4) A, C & D (3)
 Which type of forest is most extensively distributed in India?
(1) Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest
(2) Tropical Semi Evergreen Forest
(3) Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest
(4) Himalayan Moist temperate Forest (3)
 Which one of the following districts of Rajasthan has minimum percent share of Forest?
(1) Jaisalmer (2) Baran
(3) Churu (4) Nagaur (3)
Very Short Question
1. Kalpvraksh of Rajasthan .
2. Unclassified Forests.
3. Dhol Forest.
Short Question
1. Mixed deciduous forest.
2. Oran of Rajasthan.
3. Non-Timber Forest Produce in Rajasthan.
Long Question
1. Explain Factors affecting vegetation of Rajasthan
2. Explain the Classification of Forest based on Forest Produce in Rajasthan
 Rajasthan Geography
60

CHAPTER - 7
Major Crops of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Land use Statistics
 Cropping Patterns
 Methods of Cultivation
 Distribution of Major Crops of Rajasthan
 Horticulture Crops
 Agriculture Marketing

7.1 Introduction and 3.7 percent of total reporting area in 1951-52

Agriculturewith its allied occupation of and 1970-71 respectively increased to 8.05
animal husbandry and dairying, forms the main percent to the total geographical area. Thus, the
basis of the economy of Rajasthan.Almost 70 State appears to have made good efforts in
percent of its population is engaged in agriculture increasing forest cover. The district wise details of
and allied pursuits for their livelihood. Agriculture land utilization reveals that Udaipur, Sirohi,
contributes about 55 percent to the total State‘s Karauli and Baran and more than 30 percent
income. It is also the source of industrial raw forest cover which is nearer to the national norm
material. Highest area of barren and waste land is of one-third area to be covered under forests.
found in Rajasthan. Rajasthan is a state with
highest deficiency of water (Availability of
Surface water is approximately equal to 1
percent). 13.27% of total cultivated area of India
is found in Rajasthan.
The land use and cropping pattern indicate
great influence and control by environmental
factors over agricultural inputs. Among these
climate, relief, drainage, soil and ground water are
the main factors which influence the land use and
cropping pattern in State.
7.2 Land Use
Total reporting area of the State is 342.87
Forest Land :- I`11t is encouraging to note lakh hectare during the year 2018-19.
that forest area which accounted for 3.4 percent
Table 1
Land-use category Lakh Hectare Percent
Net sown area 179.03 51.85
Culturable waste land 38.31 11.04
Forest 27.56 8.05
Barren and uncultivable land 23.83 6.95
Fallow lands other than current fallow 19.92 8.14
 Rajasthan Geography
Area under non agricultural uses
Current fallow
Permanent pastures and other grazing lands
Land under miscellaneous tree crops and 0.24
groves
7.3 Cropping Patterns
Cropping pattern is the pattern of crops
showing the proportion of area under various
crops at a point of time. Quite often the area
statistics are used to denote the crop pattern. In
Rajasthan, agriculture mostly depends upon rain.
If monsoon is delayed or rainfall fails or even if
there is an unequal distribution, the kharif crops
and the rabi crops are adversely affected unless
there are good showers is December and January.
Agricultural production is thus reduced to a
gamble. In the arid and semi-arid region, Bajra is
par excellence the major crop: While in south-
eastern tracts, maize is predominant and in eastern
and north eastern tracts, Jowar and wheat crops
are major crops.
Cropping Pattern in Rajasthan is marked
by certain characteristics as follows:
1. Climatic and edaphic conditions have played
important role in cropping pattern of state.
50 cm. rainfall line divides the State into two
major divisions.
(i) The western arid and semi-arid sandy plains,
and
(ii) The easter Arravalli hilly region, the Banas
Basin and Plateau area where the rainfall is
upto 150 cm.
2. Nearly two-fifth of total area of the State is
devoted to farming
3. Greater emphasis is laid on the cultivation of
food crops in agriculture produce.
4. About 45 percent area of the State is covered
by the Great Indian desert.
5. About one fifth of the total area of the State is
classified as a hard core desert and culturable
waste.
61
19.83 5.81
17.42 5.22
16.73 4.86
0.08
6. Jowar, Bajra, Moong and Moth major crops
in western Rajasthan.
7. In Bikaner and Jaisalmer districts only, Bajra
is grown.
8. No separate specific crop is grown as fodder
in this state.
9. The yield per acre is low and in most of the
crops, the average yield is much lower than
that of India.
10. The district of Ganganagar, Hanumangarh
and Bikaner located in the arid region of the
State, mainly because of the facilities of canal
irrigation (Gang Canal, Bhakra, Canal and
Indira Gandhi canal), commercial crops as
well as food crops are grown in good
quantity.
11. Wheat, maize, coton, sugarcane, oil seeds and
barley are major crops in eastern Rajasthan.
12. In majority of the holdings, only one crop in
grown.
13. Agriculture productivity is very high in
Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts due
to irrigation facilities.
7.4 Methods of Cultivation
On the basis of amount of rainfall, four
methods of the cultivation are practiced.
1. Humid farming is practiced in areas
having sufficient rainfall (above 100 cms.) Under
this system, crops are produced without the help
of irrigation Rice and sugarcane are grown in
areas of high rainfall while receiving modrate
rainfall, cotton, tobacco, wheat, barley etc. are
grown. This system is practised in Banswar,
Jhalawar, eastern part of the Kota and Baran.
2. Irrigation farming is practiced in those
areas where rainfall is either seasonal or
insufficient for certain crops. It is practised in
 Rajasthan Geography
important, river valley and covers the districts of
Bharatpur, Alwar, Dholpur, Jaipur, Sawai
Madhopur, Tonk, Kota, Bundi, Ajmer,
Ganganagar and Udaipur. Wheat, rice oilseeds,
barely etc. crops are produced.
3. Jhumming or Shifting cultivation is a
migratory from of agriculture :- In this form,
land is cleared with the aid of fire. The cleared
land is used for two or three years and then
abandoned because of decrease in fertility of soil
and occurrence of diseases. This method is
practiced by primitive tribes of south-eastern hilly
parts of Banswara, Udaipur and Dungarpur
districts. This system is locally known as
‗WALARA‘.
4. Dry farming is paractised in those areas
where rainfall is scanty (less than 50 cms.) and the
irrigation facilities are either absent or very little.
5. The warmth of the sandy soil helps in the
quick maturing of plant. This method is practised
in western Rajasthan. Short maturing and drought
resisting crops like wheat, millets and pulses are
mainly grown.
7.5 Distributional Pattern of Major Crops
Description of Major crops viz bajra, wheat,
kharif pulses, guar, gram, maize and jowar is
given below :—
Bajra (pennisetum typhoides) :- It grows
best under conditions of light showers followed
by bright sunshine during the growing period. It is
heat and drought tolerant crop. Bajra crop is
grown under poor climatic and soil conditions.
Bajra occupies 22.80 percent area of the total
cropped area. The bajra occupies the primary
status in the State croppoing pattern. The highest
concentration (over 40 percent) is in the western
part, particularly, west of Aravalli hills except
northern part of the State especially in Barmer,
Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Jalore, Nagaur, Sikar and
Jhunjhunu districts. Rajasthan ranks first in Millet
production in India.
7.6 Rabi crop
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) :- Although,
wheat is grown under a great variety of climatic
conditions, primarily, it is grown in areas with
62
moderate temperature and sub-humid and even
semi-arid conditions. It grows successfully in a
cool, moist climate and warm dry climate is
favorable for the ripening of the crop. The winter
temperature should be between 100C to 16.60
Celsius. The annual rainfall of 50 cm. is optimal.
Wheat occupies 9.50% area of the total cropped
area. Wheat is an important crop in east of
Aravalli hills and northern part of the state
particularly in Hanumangarh and Ganganagar
districts. The high intensity of wheat hecterage is
also concentrated in the east of Aravalli hillsb
except Hanumangarh and Ganganagar districts. In
eastern part, soils are deep medium black,
alluvium, yellowish brown and annual rainfall
varies from 20 to 75 centimeters. This part lies in
Banas, Mahi, Chambal river basin.Major hybrid
variety of wheat are Rajasthan 3077, Chambal-
65, Raj. 911, Sharbati Maxican, Kohinoor,
Ganga Sunhari, Durgapura-65 etc. Rajasthan is
at 5th rank in wheat production in India.
Guar (Cyamopsis proraloids) :- Guar is an
important drough-resistant fodder and soil
restorative crop, which is especially suitable for
light sandy soils. After harvesting, its seeds are
stored for nutritive cattle to increase energy and
quantum of milk respectively. It solves the
problem of green manure and it is also used for
manufacturing gum. It is an important crop of
western Rajasthan.Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and
Churu are the major guar producing districts of
Rajasthan.
Gram(Cicer arietinum) : Gram is the most
important winter food pulse of the state and has
major share of the area under pulses. The highest
concentration of gram in the districts is due to
better canal irrigation facilities and fertile
alluvium. It is also grown in those areas of the
district where irrigation facilities are lacking.
Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts have ideal
conditions for the gram cultivation. It is also
grown in the north-eastern part of the state, i.e. the
districts of Churu, Jhunjhunu, Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dholpur, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk,Sawai Madhopur
and Ajmer.
Jowar (Sorghum vulgare) :- Jowar tolerates
alkaline of salty soils like barley.The seeds of
 Rajasthan Geography
edible jowar are sown far apart, while chari-jowar
used for fodder is grown compactly. The highest
concentration of Jowar is in the central and south
eastern part of the State viz. in Jhalawar
(30.50%),Tonk (26.28%), Ajmer (23.70%), Barn
(22.35%), and Kota (23.50%) district. The other
important districts are Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali
which contribute nearly 30% of the Jowar
hectreage. It is a Kharif crop but it is also grown
during summers. Jawar research centre is situated
at vallabhnagar (Udaipur).
Maize (Zeamays) :- Maize was introduced in
India from America in the begining of 17th
century. It grows best on well drained fertile
loamy soils and required plenty of moisture
during its early phases of growth. It also needs
heavy manuring and more attention than other
kharif crops. Maize is chiefly grown in the hilly
and mountain-tract region of Aravalli and basins
of rivers like Banas, Mahi etc. The major districts
are Udaipur, Rajasamand, Dungarpur, Banswara,
Chittorgarh, Bhilwara. Mahi Dahwal and Mahi
Kanchan are high quality varieties of Maize
produced in Rajasthan.
Barley (Eabi) :- It is a winter crop which
ranks along with wheat and gram as staple food
grain. It covers roughly an area of 5% and needs
less of water or irrigation. After Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan is the second state which produces
barley more than 25 percent of the total produce
in India. This crop is chiefly grown in Jaipur,
Dausa, Ganganagar, Hanumangar, Alwar, Tonk,
Bhilwara, Swaimadhopur, Udaipur, Rajsamand
and Ajmer. In this State, dry, sandy or moist
cleayey areas as well as those where irrigation
facilities are lecking are devoted to this crop. it is
the chief food of the poor. It is also used either as
fodder or is exported for wine making.
Rice :- Rice requires a lot of water i.e, higher
rainfall and also high temperature. Rice is
generally grown in the areas where either the
rainfall is heavy or there are facilities for
irrigation. The rice produced in Rajasthan is of
inferior variety and the production is also
insignificant. It is limited to Baran, Kota,
Banswar, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Sriganganangar
and Hanumangar districts only. Mahi Sugandha is
63
a new variety of Rice of Rajasthan, which is
equivalent to Basmati.
7.7 Kharif Pulses
The main kharif pulses of the State are moth
(phaseoulus aconitifolius), urd (phaseolus aureus)
green gram and Chaula (vigna catyang walp;
vigna sinesnis savi, cowpeo), pulses are a part of
daily diet of the vegetarian peasantry of the state
supplying the major portion of the protein
requirement. Kharif pulses occupy generally
12.01% of the total cropped area. In uncertain
rains, these act as ‗insurance crops‘ requiring little
care on poor soils. It is well known that pulses and
other leguminous crops increase the amount of
nitrogen in the soil and well developed root
system increases aeration of the soil. Some pulses
serve as excellent nutrition forage and green-
manure crops adding the major plant nutrients to
the soil.Rajasthan was given Rs. 1 Crore cash
award prize by Central Government for
becoming highest pulse producing state in 2010-
11.
The soil and moisture requirements vary from
pulse to pulse :- light, low fertility sandy soils
having low moisture conditions for month. Urd
grown best on clay loams with favourable
moisture conditions and moong on deep well
drained medium soils. Nagaur district of north
western part also produces moong and moth in
16.95 percent area of the total cropped area Arhar
is limited to Sawaimadhopur, Bharatpur, Kota,
Baran, Alwar, and Jhalawar districts.
7.8 Cash Crops or Commercial Crops
Rajasthan grows some of cash crops and in
some of them its position is extremely
satisfactory. Because of lack of irrigational
facilities, absence of perennial rivers, dry climate,
torrential rainfall, defective land tenure system,
poverty of the masses, illiteracy, occurrence of
droughts and famines, the state could not make a
speedy headway.
 Rajasthan Geography
Sugarcane:- Most of the sugar is produced
from sugarcane. The sugarcane cultivation
requires 150-250 Celsius temperature and average
annual rainfall of 125 cm to 150 cm. Sugarcane is
grown in those areas where rainfall is sufficient
high or better means of irrigation exist. Banswara,
Sriganganagar, Udaipur, Kota, Baran, Bundi,
Pratapgarh, Chittorgarh, Bharatpur and Bhilwara
are important district which grows sugarcane. The
production of sugarcane is expected to be 2.84
lakh metric tons in 2020-21.
Cotton :- Cotton is another commerical crop
which covers roughly an area of 1.62% of the
total cropped area of the state. It is mostly grown
in Sriganganagar, Hanumangar, Bhilwara, Ajmer,
Alwar, Banswara, Bikaner, Rajsamand, Jodhpur,
Nagaur, Pali and Dungarpur. This crops is also
grown in those areas where irrigation facilities
exist and rainfall is equally higher, as it needs
watering four to five times. Ganganagar and
Hanumangarh districts account for about one third
of the area under cotton while nearly three-fifths
of the hectareage is concentrated in the south
eastern districts of Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Ajmer
and Jhalawar. 'Bikaneri Narma' is the improvised
variety of cotton whose length of thread is
approximately 23.00 cm.
Oilseeds :- Oil seeds include groundnut,
castor, sesamum, repseed and mustard, linseed
soyabeen, sunflower and safflower. Rajasthan
comes second to U.P. in respect of production of
mustard and rye. Mustard is extensively grown in
Alwar, Bharatpur, Jaipur, Dausa, Sriganganagar,
Hanumangarh, Jalore, Sirohi,Chittorgarh,
Udaipur, Rajasamand, Baran, Kota and Bundi
districts. Rapeseed is also produced in large
quantities. Besides linseed, castor, tramira,
soyabeen are grown.More than 40% of cultivated
area for mustard crop of India is found in
Rajasthan. Jatropha seed is also cultivated in
Southern part of Rajasthan. Jatropha is an
64
important ingredient used in manufacturing of
Bio-diesel.
Groundnut :- Is also an important oilseed in
Rajasthan which covers nearly 2.79 lakh hectares
or 1.31 percent of the total cropped are.
Tobacco :- Tobacco is another cash crop
which is grown in the areas where black soil is
available. It requires an average rainfall of 60 to
100 cm.. Kota, Baran, Jhalawar, Chittorgarh,
Pratapgarh, Bharatpur, Bundi, Alwar, Dholpur are
its main districts.
Spices:- Production of spices equally falls in
the category of cash crops and Rajasthan too
stands on a better footing.
Fruits and Vegetables :- Maltas of
Sriganganagar, oranges of Jhalawar, Keenoo,
grapes, cucumber, melons and water melons have
become very popular and farmers have developed
a taste for their cultivation.
Mango grows in Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar,
Bhilawara and Banswara districts.
7.9 Horticulture Crops
Rajasthan is a key state in terms of
production of horticulture produce, particularly
spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. The state
contributes around 10% to India’s total spices
and 15% to medicinal and aromatic plants
production. As per the annual estimates of GoI
for 2015-16, the state produced around:
 6.82 lakh MT of fruits
 19.87 lakh MT of vegetables
 0.06 lakh MT of flowers
 10.56 lakh MT of spices
 1.87 lakh MT of medicinal and aromatic
plants.
The state is one of the leading producers of
coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, ajwain,
garlic, dilseed, psyllium husk and henna.
 Rajasthan Geography
65

Sr. Category Rajasthan % of Rajasthan % of Rajasthan Indian

No. Area (‗ooo National Production national Productivity Productivity
Ha) Area (‗000 MT) production (MT/ha) (MT/Ha)
1 Fruits 43 1% 682 1% 16 14
2 Vegetables 191 1.9% 1987 1.2% 10 17
3 Spices 1015 29% 1056 15% 1 2
4 Medicinal 369 58% 187 18% 1 2
&
Aromatic
plants
Fruits and vegetables: produced here. Dushmak variety of roses
1. Potato: Bharatput, Dhoplpur are produced in Rajsamand.
2. Tomato: Jaipur, Sirohi, Ajmer, Horticulture infrastructure in rajasthan
S.Madhopur, Tonk 1. Ajmer: Tabiji Research Institute
3. Onion: Sikar, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur, 2. Bharatpur: National Rapseed & Mustard
Jodhour, Alwar Research Institut.
4. Orange: Jhalawar 3. Jodhpur: Central Arid Zone Research
5. Pomegranate: Jalore, Barmer, Chittorgarh, Institute, Arid Forest Research Institute
Bhilwara, Sri Ganganager, Jodhpur, 4. Tonk Central sheep & Wool Research
Jaisalmer Institute.
6. Guava: Sawai Madhipur, Kota, Bundi, 5. Six centre of excellence on Citrus, Mango,
Bharatpur Orange, Guava, Datepalm, Pomegranate.
7. Kinnow: Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh 6. Central Research Institute of arid
8. Date palm: Bikaner, Jaisalmer horticulture is located at Bikaner.
Spices 7.10 Major schemes and programmes
1. Garlic: Jhalawar, Baran, Kota, Pratapgarh implemented by Agriculture department
2. Cumin: Barmer, Jalore, Jaisalmer, (a) National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali 2014-15 :- National Food Security Mission
3. Coriander: Baran, Bundi, Chittorgarh, on Wheat and Pulses has been launched in
Jhalawar, Kota Rajasthan in the year 2007-08 as a centrally
4. Fenugreek: Chittorgarh, Jaipur, Jhalawar, sponsored scheme by the Central
Kota, Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Bikaner, government. During the year 2015-16, GoI
Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur. has changed the funding pattern and it is now
5. Ajwain: Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Bhilwara, GoI: GoR (Government of Rajasthan) to
Rajsamand 60:40. The major interventions of NFSM
6. Fennel: Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Tonk Wheat and Pulses during 2015-16 relates to
Others distribution of certified seeds, demonstration
on improved production technology,
1. Isabgol (psylium Husk): Barmer, Jalore,
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) bio-
Nagaur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Chittorgarh
fertilizer, micronutrients, gypsum, Integrated
2. Hennah (mehandi): Pali, Jodhpur
Pest Management (IPM), agricultural
3. Pushkar (Ajmer) is the place where best
implements, sprinklers, pump sets, pipe line
quality of Roses are produced. ROSE
for carrying irrigation water, mobile raingun,
INDIA is a famous variety of rose
cropping system based training.
 Rajasthan Geography
(b) NFSM- Wheat :- is implemented in 14
districts of the State viz Banswara, Bhilwara,
Bikaner, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli,
Nagaur, Pali, Pratapgar, Sawai-Madhopur,
Sikar, Tonk, Udaipur. NFSM-Pulses was
initially started in 16 districts viz Ajmer,
Bikaner, Barmer, Chittorgarh, Churu, Dausa,
Ganganagar, Hanumanagarh, Jaipur,
Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Kota, Nagaur, Sikar,
Tonk and Pratapgarh. Now all the districts of
the state have been included in the scheme.
(c) NFSM- Coarse Cereal :- Is implemented in
12 districts viz. Ajmer, Alwar, Barmer,
Bhilwara, Bikaner, Churu, Jaipur, Jalore,
Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Sikar.
(d) NFSM- Commericial Crops :- is
implimented in 16 Districts viz. Ajmer,
Alwar, Bikaner, Banswara, Bhilwara,
Chittorgarh, Jalore, Jodhpur, Hanumangarh,
Kota, Pratapgarh, Nagaur, Rajsamand, Sirohi,
Sikar and Sriganganagar. During the year
2015-16, an expenditure of Rs. 15.11 crore
has been incurred against the provision of Rs.
192.71 crore upto December, 2015.
(e) National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA) :- NMSA is one of the
restructured schemes subsuming National
Mission on Micro Irrigation, National Project
on Organic Farming, National Project on
Management of Soil health and Fertility and
Rainfed Area Development Programme to
focus on Climate change adaptation during
the year 2014-15. The funding pattern during
2015-16 is 60 percent Central share and 40
percent State share.
(f) National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA) consists of 4 sub
missions :- Rainfed Area Development
(RAD) Climate Change and Sustainable
Agriculture Soil Health Management. During
the year 2015-16, an expenditure of Rs 0.76
crore has been incurred against the provision
of Rs. 18.89 crore upto December, 2015.
Following are 4 sub-missions-
 Rainfed Area Development
 Soil Health Card Scheme ("Swastha
Dhara Khet Hara")
66
 Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
(PKVY)
 Sub-mission on Agroforestry (SMAF)
(g) National Oilseeds and Oil Palm Mission
(NOOPM):-The main activities of this
mission are production of basic and certified
seeds, distribution of certified seeds, crop
demonstration, coordinated organism
management, plant protection, chemicals and
equipment, bio-fertilizeres, gypsum, pipe
lines for water convection, farmer training,
agricultural improvement, innovation. Seed
treatment drums, sprinkler sets, mini kit
distribution and basic development etc. Ratio
of Central and State in financing pattern has
been changed to 60 : 40.
(h) Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
(RKVY)/National Agriculture
Development Programme :— Looking at
the consistent decrease in investments in
agriculture and allied sectors, the Central
Government started the project RKVYto
formulate plans for the agriculture sector
more comprehensively. Project based
assistance is being provided for the
preparation of Integrated district Agriculture
plan in the fields of agriculture, animal
husbandry, fisheries, poultry, horticulture and
dairy in the state.Ratio of financing pattern
of central and state has been changed to 60
: 40.
(i) National Mission on Medicinal Plants
(NMMP):-
To promote cultivation of medicinal plants so
that raw material to pharmacy sector could
easily be available in sufficient quantity
along with many other objectives the
Government of India has launched this
mission in the state since 2009-10. The
mission is implemented in all districts.
Recently government of India has renamed
the mission as National Ayush Mission and
designated the Ayush Department of
Rajasthan as nodal agency for implementing
the Ayush Department. The new funding
pattern of this mission is 90:10 central and
state respectively. The matching share of
 Rajasthan Geography
state for this mission is kept by the Ayush
Department in the year 2015-16.
(j) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojjana
(PKVY) :-
Organic agriculture is a production of
agricultural products free from chemicals and
pesticides reduced by adopting eco-friendly
low cost technologies. ―Paramparagat Krishi
Vikas Youjna‖ is an elaborated component of
Soil Health Management (SHM) of major
project National Mission of Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA). Under PKVY Organic
farming is promoted through adoption of
organic village by cluster approach and
PGS certification. PKVY funding pattern
GoI : GoR is 60:40.
(k) National Horticulture Mission :—With the
aim of increasing production and
productivity, a separate Directorate of
Horticulture was established in the year
1989-90 in the state. The following schemes
are also being run for the development of
horticulture in the state. Selected 24 districts
of the state are Ganganagar, Jaisalmer,
Barmer, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi, Jalore,
Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara, Chittor,
Bhilwara, Tonk, Ajmer, Bundi, Kota, Baran,
Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Jaipur,
Jhunjhunu and Alwar the area production and
productivity of various horticultural crops
like fruits, spices and flowers have been
increased. Under this scheme, in the year
2020-21 by December 2020, fruit orchards
have been established in 1,657 hectare.
(l) National Bamboo Mission :—Under this
scheme the districts of Karauli, Sawai-
madhopur, Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Banswara,
Dungarpur, Sirohi, Baran, Jhalawar,
Bhilwara, Rajasamand and Pratapgarh were
taken for promoting bamboo cultivation. The
Government of India has renamed the
scheme as national Agro-forestry and
Bamboo Mission (NABM). For
implementing this scheme in the year 2015-
16 a provision of Rs. 2.25 crore has been
made for new plantation of bamboo and
67
maintenance of previous year plantation
which is under progress.
7.11 Government programmes
1. Farmer Service Center: each district
headquarters has minimum one. These act as
agricultural hospitals and research centres and
provide latest news regarding scientific
farming, Social forestry, Watershed
development, land protection, dairy, animal
rearing and horticulture.
2. Adaptive trail centre: the main objective of the
programme is to formulate agro-climatic block
package of practice. The research work will be
done by the Agricultural research centres
situated in various universities.
3. Quality control labs for seeds (6 labs),
fertilizers (4 labs) and pestisides (6labs) are
established at places in the state.
4. Agricultural impliments: to promote use of
technology in agriculture, the government
has planned to provide good quality
agricultural instruments by enabling the
central sector schemes:
i. National food security mission: under
this seed drill, seed-cum-fertiliser drill,
micro planters, disc plough and riz
ferro planters are provided by 50%
government grant.
ii. Sub mission on agricultural
mechanization
iii. National mission on oil seed ans oil palm
5. Water conservation
i. Diggi-fountain programme
ii. Farm pond programme
iii. Water Hoz programme
iv. Irrigation pipeline programme
6. Agricultural information dissemination
i. ‘Kheti Ri Batan’ program on
Akashvani: every Tuesday, Thursday
and Saturday.
ii. ‘Kheti-Badi’ program on
Doordarshan centre Jaipur.
iii. Monthly Newspaper ‗Kheti Ri Banta‘
iv. Kisan call center: 1800 180 1551
 Rajasthan Geography
7. Monitoring and evaluation
i. Evalution survey of usefulnesses
and effectiveness of visit
programme for the interstate and
intrastate farmers, agricultural
units, trainings under various
schemes
ii. Krishi Karman Award: Rajasthan
was awarded with this in 2014-15
for outstanding performance in
wheat production.
iii. The state has been awarded a
citation of Rs 1 Crore in the pulses
category of January 02, 2020 for
the year 2017-18.
iv. Monitoring of campaigns:
8. Global Rajasthan Agritech meet: 2016
in Jaipur, 2017 in Udaipur and GRAM
2018 will be held in Jodhpur. Jointly
organized by Government of Rajasthan
and FICCI. Israel is the partner country
for the event.
―Mahatma Jyotiba Phoole Mandi Sharmik Kalyan Yojna 2015‖ has been launched in the State
Important features of the scheme are :—
68
i. GRAM express: run at the time of
event to bring the farmers from
various place to jaipur.
ii. Jajam Chaupal
iii. Smart farm
iv. Agri start-ups
9. Rajasthan Olive Cultivation limited: A
pilot project on Olive cultivation was
conceived after the visit of team of
farmers and agriculture experts to Israel
to study technical feasibility and
economic viability of the Olive
cultivation in Rajasthan. After studying
and reviewing the recommendations of
the expert teams, the Government of
Rajasthan decided to promote the Olive
cultivation under public-private
partnership in the state.
10. Mukhyamantri Beej Swawlamban
Yojna: a pilot project to develop high
quality seeds of wheat, soyabean, jwar,
and pulses in Kota, Bhilwara and
Udaipur agricultural blocks.
 Rajasthan Geography
 Pregnancy Assistance :- Pregnancy
Assistance of rupees equivalent to 45 days
non skilled labour rate is being provided to
license holder lady labourer for two
pregnancy period. Further rupees equivalent
to 15 days non skilled labour rate is also
being provided to the further of newly born
child.
 Marriage Assistance :- Licensed lady
labourer will be entitled for sum of Rs.
20,000 for marriage of her girl. This
assistance is limited for marriage upto 2 girls
only.
 Scholarship/Merit Award for student :-
Every student obtaining 60 percent or above
marks and also a son of licensed labourer is
entitled for scholarship under this scheme.
 Medical Assistance :- Financial assistance of
Rs. 20,000 will be given to licensed labourer
in case of serious disease (Cancer, Heart
attack, Liver, Kidney etc.) if he might have
admitted for treatment in government
hospital.
7.12 Agriculture Marketing
The government has established Department
of Agricultural Marketing to establish agricultural
markets in state and regulate buying and selling
process of agricultural commodities. The
department ensures competitive price to the
farming community who are left behind in the
competitive marketing scenario. There are 136
Agricultural produce market committees to
regulate functioning of 136 main market yards
and 311 sub market yards. Agricultural
commodities like cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds,
cotton, small forest produce, etc have been
notified for regulation in the state.
(a) Agricultural Marketing –
Directorate of Agricultural Marketing is
working to provide good marketing facilities
to the farmers of the state to get fair price for
their produce and to effectively implement
Mandi regulation and management in the
state.
69
Under the ―Rajiv Gandhi Krishak Sathi
Yojana‖, the farmers / agricultural laborers
and hamals etc. have been given assistance of
` 2 lakhs on accidental death at work place.
The ‗Kisan Kaleva Yojana‘ has been
launched with the objective of providing
quality food at subsidized rates to farmers
coming to sell their produce in the premises of
‗Super A‘ and ‗B‘ class mandis in the state.
(b) Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandi Shramik
Kalyan Yojana 2015
This scheme has the following features: -
 The pregnancy assistance
 The marriage assitance
 The Scholarship/meritorious award for the
student
 The medical aid
 The Paternity Leave
(c) Agriculture Marketing Board –
A comprehensive policy in the state
‗Rajasthan Agricultural Processing,
Agribusiness and Agricultural Export
Promotion Policy 2019, has been started from
17 December 2019. The main features of the
scheme is following :
 Reduction of post-harvest losses by group
based working system.
 Increase participation of farmers and their
organizations.
 To increase income by increasing direct
participation in supply and value addition
chain of farmers and their organizations.
(d) Financial provision
There is a provision of 50 percent of the
project cost or a maximum of ` 100 lakh to
farmers and 25 percent of the project cost and
maximum ` 50 lakh to all other eligible
entrepreneurs as capital grant for agricultural
processing and infrastructure development for
farmers and their organization. .
 Under the Government of India, there is a
provision of additional capital investment
subsidy of 10% of the project cost,
maximum ` 100 lakh to the farmer and his
organization and aditional ` 50 lakhs for
projects to all other entrepreneurs.
 Rajasthan Geography
 An additional subsidy of one percent is
payable to SC/ST farmers and their 100%
owned units of their organizations or to the
women entrepreneurs and young
entrepreneurs below the age of 35 in the
Tribe Sub Plan Area or Backward
Districts.
 For farmers and their organizations, the
maximum limit of interest subsidy for
infrastructure projects during a period of 5
years will be ` 100 lakh, and ` 50 lakh for
farmers and all other categories.
 For the export of agricultural products of
Rajasthan origin, the grant of ` 10 to ` 15
lakhs per annum is for a period of three
years. Provision of high transport subsidy
of maximum ` 20 lakh per year for long
period of 5 years has been made for
enabling quality of production and
exploitation of export markets and for long
term production of organic produce.
 There is a provision of subsidy of ` 15
lakhs per annum for a period of three years
for transportation of fruits, vegetables and
flowers of more than 300 Km. (for other
states).
 There is a provision of electricity rate
subsidy at the rate of ` 1 KW per hour
with a maximum limit of ` 2 lakhs per
annum for a period of 5 years and a
subsidy of 30 percent of the cost on the
power plant with a maximum limit of ` 10
lakhs.
7.13 Prime Minister formalization of Micro
Food processing enterprises (PMFME)
 The scheme has been launched by the
Ministry of Food Processing Industries,
Government of India, for upgrading the
unorganized food processing sector.
 The ‗Rajasthan State Agricultural
Marketing Board‘ is acting as the nodal
agency of the  in the state.
Objectives
 Increase in access to credit of existing
processing entrepreneurs, F.P.O.‘s, self-
help groups and cooperatives.
70
 To strengthen institutes, research and
training in food processing sector.
 Expansion of storage, packaging,
marketing, innovation services.
Farmers Welfare Fund: -
 For the convenience of farmers in trade
and farming, the Farmers Welfare Fund
was formed on 16 December 2019, with
an amount of ` 1000 crores. It will be used
to promote fair prices of agricultural
produce and other schemes related to
farmer welfare.
Credit Facility -
 Rajasthan State Co-operative Bank
Limited has a separate fund of maximum `
500 crores.
7.14 Water resources
Before the independence in state, only 4 lakh
hectare area was available with irrigation facility
from surface water project. Now, with the
continuous efforts of the department, construction
of large, medium and small irrigation projects has
been made to provide irrigation facility to 42.91
lakh hectare area by December 2020.
 In the financial year 2020-21, a provision of `
3192.98 crore has been made on various
irrigation projects (other than Indira Gandhi
Canal Project). Out of which an expenditure
of ` 866.00 crore on the Grand Parvan Project,
` 325.00 crore on the Dholpur lift, ` 1661.81
crore on the Narmada Canal Project has been
spent
 7 major projects during the year 2020-21
[Narmada Canal Project, Parwan, Dhoulpur
lift, Rajasthan water sector restructuring
project in desert area (R.W.S.R.P.D.) and
Navnera Dam (E.R.C.P.), Upper High Level
Canal and Pipalkunt], 6 Medium Projects
(Garadada, Takli, Gagarin, Lahsi, Rajgarh,
Hathiadeh) and 46 Minor irrigation schemes
are in progress.
 The Parvan Multipurpose Irrigation Project is
under construction on the Parvan River near
Jhalawar. A revised administrative and
financial approval amount of ` 7355.23 crore
 Rajasthan Geography
71

has been released by the state government.
Under the project, with a target to provide
drinking water in 1821 villages and 2,01,400
hectares of 637 villages of Jhalawar, Baran
and Kota districts have been targeted to be
irrigated. This project will provide 79 million
cubic meters of water for thermal power
project. With this, a total of 2970 MW power
can be generated. The project is proposed to
be completed by the year 2023.
 The sprinkler irrigation system is essentially
implemented in the Narmada Canal Project for
the first time. The revised cost of the project is
3,124 crores. In this project, additional
irrigation potential has been created in 2.46
lakh hectare area by December 2019.
7.15 Types of Agro-practices
 Mixed Farming: Farming with animal
husbandry
 Dry Farming: in dry regions this practices is
used by conserving water and using quick
ripening crops.
 Shifting Cultivation (Jhumming): also known
as slash and burn
 Contour Farming: In mountain regions the
plantation is done against the slope of the
mountain to minimize the soil erosion.
 Stripe Farming: In slopes crops like pulses,
gram or grass is grown and other crops against
the direction of slope
 Agro Forestry: The large trees, shrubs or
horticulture crops are planted in crop
plantation cycle along with the normal crop.
 Plantation Farming: Special type of
Agricultural practice in which cash crops like
coffee, tea, rubber etc are planted at large
scale
Relay Cropping: More that or equal four
crops at a time.

Important Question
 What was the place of Rajasthan in the production of Soyabean in the country in year 2015-
16? (RPSC, A.E.N 2018)
(1) First (2) Second
(3) Third (4) Fifth (3)
 Where in Rajasthan, National Research Centre on Rapeseed – Mustard is situated?
(1) Nadbai, Bharatpur (2) Sewar, Bharatpur
(3) Noh, Bharatpur (4) Deeg, Bharatpur (2)
 India is divided in 15 Agro- ecological Zones and major portion of Rajasthan falls in which
zone? (RPSC, A.A.O-2018)
(1) 09 (2) 13
(3) 14 (4) 15 (3)
 Central Institute for Arid Horticulture is located in- (RPSC,
A.A.O-2018)
(1) Jodhpur (2) Sri Ganganagar
(3) Sawai Madhopur (4) Bikaner (2)
 Two leading districts of cotton production in Rajasthan are-
(1) Alwar and Bharatpur (2) Kota and Baran
(3) Jaipur and Dausa
(4) Ganganagar and Hanumangarh (4)
 Central Institute of Arid Horticulture is situated at-
(1) Jodhpur (2) Bikaner
(3) Barmer (4) Ganganagar (2)

 Rajasthan Geography
72

The Horticulture Department of Rajasthan has planned to develop an Agro-eco-tourism and

International Flower Research Centre at-
(1) Mount Abu (2) Jobner
(3) Pushkar (4) Jaipur (1)
 Match List– I with List– II and select the correct answer using codes given below:
List – I List – II
(Crop) (High Yielding Variety)
(A) Wheat i. Mahi Kanchan
(B) Barley ii. RHB – 30
(C) Bajra iii. RD – 2035
(D) Maize iv. Raj – 3077
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) iv iii ii i
(2) iii iv I ii
(3) I ii iv iii
(4) ii I iii iv (1)
 Which of the following is an example of a non-cellulosic fabric?
(RPSC, RAS Pre.-2018)
(1) Rayon (2) Linen
(3) Jute (4) Nylon (4)
 National Research Centre on seed spices is located at-
(1) Doomara, Ajmer (2) Mandore, Jodhpur
(3) Beechwal, Bikaner (4) Durgapura, Jaipur (1)
 Which was the largest Bajra producing district of Rajasthan in 2015-16?
(1) Jaipur (2) Jodhpur
(3) Alwar (4) Nagaur (3)
 What is full form of CAZRI?
(1) Central Agricultural Zone Research Institute
(2) Central Auto Zonal Research Institute
(3) Central Arid Zone Research Institute
(4) Central Arid Zonal Research Institute (3)
 The largest producers of mustard in Rajasthan are:
(1) Kota, Jaipur, Dholpur
(2) Sri ganganagar, Alwar, Bharatpur
(3) Tonk, Bundi, Jalore
(4) Ajmer, Pali, Dausa (2)
 Which of the following combinations is NOT correct?
(1) RUDA - agency to promote urban non-farm sector in state
(2) RIICO - an apex organization for growth of industrialization in the state
(3) RAJSICO - agency to provide assistance to small scale industries in marketing
(4) RFC - agency to provide financial assistance to industries up to 20crore (1)
 Central Arid Horticulture Institute is situated at-
(1) Udaipur (2) Jodhpur
(3) Bikaner (4) Sri Ganganagar (4)
 What is the rank of Rajasthan in mustard production in India?
(1) 1st (2) 2nd
(3) 3rd (4) 4th (1)
 Rajasthan Geography
73

Very short answer type questions (15 words)

1. Dry Agriculture
2. Mixed Agriculture
3. Kharif Crops
4. Improved varieties of maize
5. jojoba
6. Cotton Varieties in Rajasthan
7. Isabgol producing districts

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. State the characteristics of agriculture in Rajasthan.
2. Favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of wheat.
3. Major oilseed crops of Rajasthan.
4. National Pulses Development Project.
5. Rainfed Farming Development.
6. Central Arid Zone Research Institute.

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Mention the importance of agriculture in Rajasthan.
2. Mention the major agricultural practices of Rajasthan.
3. Describe the major problems of agricultural development in Rajasthan.
4. Mention the measures to solve the agricultural problems in Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER - 8
Major Irrigation Project & Water
Conservation Methods
Important Points :
 Basic Sources of Irrigation
 Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP)
 Atal Bhujal Yojana
 Traditional Water Management in Rajasthan
8.1 Introduction
Water is basis for evolution of human beings
and Vegetation. It is even said that water is
responsible for the origin of living beings on
Earth. Rajasthan has 3.42 crore hectare
geographical area, out of which 257 lakh hectare
area is culturable.The agriculture production of
the state mainly depends upon south-east
monsoon rain.The average rainfall of the State is
58.64 cms.Consequently, the water resources of
the state are very much limited and meagre
comprising only 1.16% of the national gross water
resources.Nearly half the area in the western part
of the state receives a rainfall less than 25
cms.The extremes of temperature, pressure,
winds, rainfall, cloudiness etc. have caused the
land of Rajasthan through mechanical rock
weathering, chemical disintegration, erosion and
mass wasting.
The irrigation facilities available are
neither equally distributed in the state nor fully
dependable. It is due to uneven distribution of
rains coupled with depend ability of irrigation
infrastructure. On the right side of the Aravallies
the east and south eastern parts of the State are
comparatively better placed and fertile.90% of
the water needs in Rajasthan are based on
ground water, of which 60-70% is used in
agriculture. Sri Ganganagar has the maximum
gross irrigated area and Rajsamand has the least
gross irrigated area in Rajasthan. Wheat is the
highest irrigated cros of Rajasthan.
74
In rajasthan 140 blocks of aquifers out of 236
total are in Darkzone (completely destroyed), 50
in gray zone (in danger).The ground water
resources in rajasthan are extremely saline in 27
districts, extreme fluoride in 30 districts and in 28
districts have heavy concentration of iron.
8.2 Three main Basics sources of Irrigation
1. Wells and Tubewells
2. Tanks and
3. Canals
1. Wells and Tubwells: -Wells & tube wells
play an important role in agriculture in Rajasthan.
Mostly land in Rajasthan is irrigated by wells &
tubewells in the eastern plains and south-eastern
plateau region where water table is very high
ranging from 10 to 20 meters.
2. Tanks Irrigation: -Tank irrigation facility
is totally dependent on rainfall. South and south-
eastern part of the state is dotted with tanks
numbering more than 800 and responsible for
98% of the total tank irrigation in the state where
0.25% of the state total tank irrigation is noted.
Bharatpur and Dholpur districts in the eastern and
Pali on the western part of the Aravalli range have
the largest area under tank irrigation. All of three
districts accounts for more than fifty percent of
the tank irrigated area in Rajasthan.
3. Canal Irrigation: - In Ganganagar district,
all the irrigation is done by canals. The scope for
canal construction in the Aravallis and Mewar
plain area is limited due to the nature of the
 Rajasthan Geography
rainfall and physiographic conditions. The amount
of rainfall in the Aravalli region is between 50
cm. to 90 cm. per annum. A large part of this
rainfall, on an average, about 90 per cent, occurs
within a short period of 2 to 3 months. On the
other hand, the soil over which the drainage line
has been formed is light, unconsolidated and
sandy. The temperature is also high mainly in the
Mewar plains. This causes greater amount of
evaporation. This is caused due to irregular
rainfall loss of water in transportation, higher
seepage, greater evaporation due to high
temperatures prevalent in the area, defective field
channels and water courses and poor system of
the distributor of water among the farmers. Under
this unreliable water supply in the canals, it is
difficult for the farmers either change the crops or
adopt intensive agricultural practices. Moreover,
irrigation farming is expensive which is another
restrictive factor in its future development and
adaptation in the area. Keeping in view the above
facts, for optimum results in terms of agricultural
production through irrigation, corrective measures
are imperative. Among these, there should be
regular and increased supply of water those areas
where irrigation is needed. The distributors
S. No. Source 2011-12* 2012-13
1 Canal 1844 1901
2 Tanks 69 92
3 Tubewells 2932 3118
4 Other wells 2179 2264
5 Other sources 98 125
Total 7122 7499
*All data in thousand hectare.
8.3 Indira Gandhi Canal Project
S. Sources % of Total Command Area
No.
1 Wells & Tubewells
2 Canals
3 Reservoirs & Others
75
system needs improvements by reducing seepage
by lining of canals, and slope correction,
improving the drainage system and by making the
commanded areas more compact. These methods
would ensure better distribution and would
certainly help in increasing the farm output.
There are some main canals which deserve
mention. Gang Canal Project: Gang canal is the
only heritage from the past. The canal originates
from the left bank of the river Sutlej at
Husaniwala. The canal passage through Ferozpur
district of the Punjab for the first 120 km. and
after that enters into Rajasthan. The canal system
covers a gross area of 492428 hectares of which
428158 hectares is cultivated. The Canal being
old (1927) needs regular repairs. Since 1984
programme of joining this canal with Gang canal
link channel has been taken up, which wall get
water from Indira Gandhi Canal. Bharatpur canal
is another source of irrigation which originates
from western Yamuna canal and irrigates a total
are of 11000 hectares and Bharatpur districts
utilizes the water to its maximum i.e. roughly
8500 hectares.
2013-14 2014-15
1859 1929
67 70
3402 3514
2159 2279
162 150
7650 7882
66.54%
31.09%
2.37%
 Rajasthan Geography
This project was previously known as
Rajasthan Canal Project, when completed, will be
one of the largest irrigation projects not only the
country but in the whole of the world. The project
proposes to transform an area over of world. The
project proposes to transform an area over 525
km. long and 45 km. wide of the vast arid stretch
of the Thar desert in the north western part of
Rajasthan.
The Rajasthan Canal Project was first
conceived on 29th October, 1948 to rejuvenate the
great desert and make it smile into lush fields and
luxuriant orchards. Bikaner state forwarded the
report on ‘Water Requirement of Bikaner’
prepared by Shri Kanwar Sen, the Chief Engineer
(irrigation) in Bikaner State. The report pointed
out although the soil is sandy and undulating, it is
capable of yielding good produce, but due to
scanty rainfall and lack of means of artificial
irrigation, its productiveness is greatly
handicapped. Chief Engineer Shri Kanwar Sen is
known as 'Father of IGNP'.
76
After considering the Report, the dream came
to reality in 1951-53 when the Harike Head works
were constructed and Rajasthan Canal Project was
taken up by the Central Water and Power
Commission in 1951. The detailed project report
of the canal was approved by the Planning
Commission. That time Home Minister of
country Mr. Goving Ballabh Pant placed the
foundation stone of this project in 1958.
Stage I : This stage comprising contruction
of 204 km. long feeder canal, 189 km. long main
canal and 3454 km. long distributaries.
The canal originates from the Harike dam
situated on the confluence of rivers Sutlej and
Beas near Firozpur and ends near Masitwali in
Hanumangarh. This called Rajasthan feeder.
The next 445km long main canal goes from
Masitwali to Ganganagar and further to Bikaner
and 1458 RD Mohangarh, Jaisalmer.
Therefore, the first stage has been providing
irrigation facilities to its full target i.e. 5.53 lakh
hectares. A culturable command area of 525 lakh
hectares (irrigatio potential 5.78 lakh hectares) is
 Rajasthan Geography
mostly completed. Irrigatio potential of 5.66 lakh
hectares was created by March, 1986 and the
creation of rest irrigation potential has been
completed by March, 1991.
 Stage II : This stage estimates to provide
flow into 7.0 lakh hectares to culturable command
area upto Gadra Raod in Barmer districts and lift
irrigation in block to 3.12 lakh hectare culturable
command area under 7 lift schemes upto 60 m.
lift, with reservation of 1800 cusecs of water for
drinking water supply and industrial usages. The
main canal in its entire length of 256 km. in stage
II from
Chhatargarh to Mohangarh has been completed
and water released upto Tail near Mohangarh in
Jaisalmer district on 1st January, 1987 by
assuming a total length of 649 kms.
The main canal is divided in 9 branches:
1. Ravatsar Branch: only left branch,
extends in Hanumangarh
2. Suratgarh Branch: Ganganagar
3. Anupgarh branch: Ganganagar
4. Pugal Branch: Bikaner
5. Dator Branch: Bikaner
6. Birsalpur Branch: Bikaner
7. Charanwala Branch: Bikaner, Jaisalmer
8. Shahid Birbal Branch: Jaisalmer
9. Sagarmal Gopa Branch: Jaisalmer
8.5 Ground water
As the left side of the region of canal is at higher
plane and to tranposrt the water 7 lift canal has
been built.
8.4 Some more facts about Indira Gandhi
Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP)
 Its main objective is to provide drinking
water to western Rajasthan. Keeping in
view the availability of water, it has been
decided by the state government to
complete canal construction work in the
irrigated area on 16.17 lakh hectare (5.46
lakh hectare in first phase and 10.71 lakh
hectare in second phase) since year 2005.
77
 In the project, it has been decided to install
sprinkler irrigation system in the second
phase lift schemes for efficient and
maximum use of water. For this, in the
year 2007-08, a pilot project has been
started in 27,449 hectares. In which all the
work done by the department has been
completed. Irrigation has been started by
fountain method in 25,721 hectare
irrigated area by March 2019.
 Two projects for renovation and
modernization of canal systems in IGNP-II
were started with the funding of
NABARD. The cost of modernization and
renovation of Bikaner division’s project
Datour, Nanchana, Awai, Sankadia ‘Main
canal-direct minors’ is ` 121.100 crore
and the cost of project of under Jaisalmer
zone “Renovation and modernization of
Shaheed Birbal Shakha is ` 58.42 crore.
 In the year 2019-20, 461.58 crores have
been sanctioned under the state planning
head. Out of which ` 2.80 crore for the
Kanvarsen lift scheme and ` 258.78 crore
for the operation of the second phase
canals of Bikaner, Jaisalmer division, `
258.78 crore for the new essential works
and their maintenance and Rs. 200 crore
for the pressure irrigation work in the
second phase lift schemes (100 crore
central Including assistance) is allocated.
 The Department of Ground Water in the
state mainly conducts the following
activities -
 Under the survey and research program,
construction of tube wells and piezometers
structure and exploration, evaluation and
development of water resources.
 Construction of tube wells and hand
pumps for drinking water and other
purposes.
 To deepen the wells by blasting the wells
to give personal benefits under the
personal benefit schemes of the
Government.
 Rajasthan Geography
 The National Hydrology Project has been
approved by the World Bank and the
Central Government to forecast the yield
of crop production using seasonal yield
data and to provide information on
groundwater conditions.
8.6 Watershed development
 The state has only 1.16 percent of the
available water from total sources.
 It has been decided by the state
government to start “Rajiv Gandhi
Water Harvesting Scheme” in the
context of maximum collection,
conservation and proper utilization of
available rainwater in the state. Under this
scheme, effective convergence of financial
resources available in various central and
state schemes operated in the state,
coordination of various line departments,
water conservation by providing budget
separately by corporate world, religious
trusts and social organizations, NGOs and
Public Cooperation and State Government
and the activities of waterlogged structures
are being implemented effectively.
 In the first phase of the Rajiv Gandhi
Water Harvesting Scheme, works have
With the completion of Lathi Series water
has started flowing and is being used for
cultivation. From Mohangarh point, a new branch
is being taken out, which is 90 kms. in length and
has been named as a Leelva Branch,.
8.7Gang canal Irrigation Projects
 This was the first canal irrigation project
of Rajasthan, its construction stone was
78
been started in 4000 villages in 33 districts
of the state and its duration has been fixed
for 2 years.
 The ratio of Central and State has been
fixed at 60:40, including in the Pradhan
Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(Watershed Component).
1. Chaudhary Kumbharam lift canal
(Norba-Sahba lift canal): goes to
Hanumangarh, Churu, Bikaner, Jhunjhunu
2. Kanvarsen lift canal ( Bikaner-
Lunkaransar lift canal): Bikaner, Longest
lift canal (151km)
3. Pannalal-Barupal lift canal (Gajner lift
canal): Bikaner, Nagaur
4. Vir Tejaji lift canal (Bhairudan Chhalani
Bangarsar lift canal): Jodhpur and Bikaner
5. Dr. Karan Singh lift canal (Kolayat lift
canal): Jodhpur and Bikaner
6. Guru Jambheshwar lift canal (Falodi lift
canal): Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer
7. Jai Narayan Vyas lift canal (Pokran):
Jaisalmer, Jodhpur.
laid by Maharaja of Bikaner Shree
Gangasingh Ji.
 In 1897 Maharaja signed an agreement
with British Govt to construct 152 km long
two canals.
 It starts from Husainiwala near Firojpur,
Punjab from Satluj River.
8.8Major Irrigation Projects
 Rajasthan Geography
The project started for irrigation are
climatically viable, economically sound and
culturally balanced and may be divided into two
parts : (i) Multipurpose projects and (ii) Irrigation
projects
(a) Chambal Project
It is a joint project of M.P. & Rajasthan to
control the food in Chambal and utilize It’s
water for irrigation power generation and
drinking purpose. The 1953-54 was the year
of commencement of the project. In the first
state, Gandhi Sagar dam, Kota Barrage and its
canals were completed in 1960. In the second
phase, Rana Pratap Sagar dam was contructed
and in the third stage, Jhalwar Sagar dam and
Kota dam were built. the project provides
irrigation facilities to about 10 lakh hectares of
land in the districts of Kota, Baran & Bundi
district of Rajasthan and adjoining districts of
M.P. Gandhi Sagar Dam. It’s location is 16
km. away from Bhanpur (M.P.) downstream
near Chaurasigarh.
This is the biggest water reservoir and
was constructed in 1959 with two power
houses generating 23-23 megawatts.
Rana Pratap Sagar Dam :- It was
constructed 33 kms. down stream on the
Chulia fall.
Jawahar Sagar Dam :- It was erected in
the south of Kota city 16 km away a pick-up
dam which receivers water from Gandhi Sagar
and Rana Pratap Sagar dams.
Except Kota Barrage, all the other dams
have canals and distributires along with their
own power houses. As a result, irrigational
facilities in the districts of Kota, Baran and
Bundi have increased tremendously. The
project provides irrigation facilities to 4.5
lakhs hectares approximately of land and
generates power 193 megawatts.
Bhakra Canal Project. The Bhakra
reservoir is situated on Sutlej and therefore the
systems is dependent upon the discharge of
Sutlej river. Supply in Bhakra Canal is
79
regulated under the Bhakra Nangal
Agriculture Agreement 1959, according to it
the share of Rajasthan is 15.22%. As per
agreement the stage has got 227.32 MW
electricity and 2.3 lakh hectares of irrigation
capacity.
Nohar, Bhadra and Hanumangarh tehsils
of Hanumangarh district and Suratgarh tehsil
of Ganganagar district get irrigation facility
through Bhakra Canal Project system.
Nearly 1600 kms. of canals have been
constructed which have helped the farmers to
cultivate wheat, grame, cotton, rice sugarcane,
sugar-beet and mustard etc.
(b) Beas Project
This is a multipurpose project for
Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh&
Punjab. Pong Dam was built on the river Beas
in the first phase. This dam is capable to
irrigate 21 Lakh hectares of the land in all the
three state and maintain the water supply in
Indira Gandhi Canal Project (IGNP) in winter.
The first unit is comprised of a dam at Pandoh
in Himachal Pradesh, two tunnels ten kms
long open hydal channel from Bagga to
Sundernagar. Recently, one power plant at
Dehar generating 990 mega watts of energy
has also been added to this unit, in which the
share of Rajasthan is 20%. This unit is to
provide irrigational facilities to all the three
associated states and will be managed by Beas
Control Board. The unit is not to help the state
of Rajasthan directly but wil supply water to
Indra Gandhi canal regularly and maintain a
desired level.
(c) Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, owned
jointely by the govt. of Rajasthan 45% and
Gujarat55% was started in 1971.
The main dam stands on river Mahi near
Banswara. The first unit is meant entirely for
irrigation, while the second one belongs
entirely to Rajasthan and it receives power and
irrigational water. With the construction of the
Sardar Sarover project on river Narmada
Gujarat will release an agreed quantity of
 Rajasthan Geography
water from Kadana dam (Gujarat). This is to
minimise the loss of water and tribals are to
benefitted to a large extent.
(d) Jawai Project
The Project started in 1946 on Jawai river
in Pali district near Erinpura railway Station.
The scheme irrigates 33 villages of Pali
district need of Sirohi villages also This dam
provides drinking water to Jodhpur, Sumerpur
and Pali cities.
(e) Morel Dam :-
This dam stands on river Morel near
Lalsot town in Dausa district and generally
irrigates a total area of 8.6 thousands hectares
of land. Bankli Dam : The dam is built on the
Sukri river and it is located in Jalore district.
The total irrigation capacity of the project is
9.0 lakh hectares of land in Jalore and Pali
districts.
(f) Jakham Dam :-
This dam has been constructed on river Jakham is
Pratapgarh district. The main purpose of this
dam is to provide irrigational facilities to the
villages of Udaipur and Pratapgarh tribal
regions. This dam generates 9 megawatts of
electricity and irrigates and area of 23,505
hectares.
(g) Parwati Project :-
The Parwati dam was built on Parwati river Angaie
in Dholpur district in 1959. The total
catchment area of project is 795 km.
(h) Meja Dam : -
It is situated near Mandalgarh in Bhilwara district
on Kothari river and was built in 1972.
(i) Khari Dam :-
The dam is erected on Khari river in 1957. The
dam provides irrigation facility to 38000
hectares of land of 74 villages.
(j) Narmada Projects
Narmda project is another major project
which receives water for Sardar Sarover
Narmada Project. 76 villages of Jalore and
Barmer district are benefitted. It is a joint
project of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhy
80
Pradesh & Rajasthan. Partnership of Rajasthan
is 50 M.A.F. Silu Village of Jalore is the
entrance point of this canal.
(k) Orain Irrigation Scheme :-
A dam was built on Orain river enar
Bhopalpura village with 3800 lakhs hectare
filling capacity. this provides the irrigation
facilities of Chittorgarh & Bundi districts for
the cultivation of sugarcane, cotton &
oilseeds.
(l) Panchana Dam :-
The dam has been constructed at
Gambhiri village where five rivulates
confluence. It is an earthen dam and benefits
Gangapur city, Hindon, Nadoti, Toda Bheem
of Karauli district and some parts of
Sawaimadhopur district also.
(m)Gambhiri Project :-
The Dam was built on the Gambhiri river
in Nimbahera Tehsil in 1956. It provides
irrigation facility to 50.5 lakh hectares of land
in the tehsils Nimbahera (Chittorgarh).
(n) Sidhmukh & Nohar Irrigation Project :-
Rajasthan has a share of 8.6 MAF of
water from surplus Ravi- Beas water through
an agreement signed between Punjab, Haryana
& Rajasthan. For utilizing the share of
Rajasthan Sidhmukh and Nohar Project is
designed to provide irrigation in CCA of 1.12
lakh hectares of western desert area in Nohar
an Bhadra Tehsil of Hanumangarh district.
With this project Rajasthan would be able to
usee 0.47 MAF water of Rajasthan’s share in
Ravi-Beas rivers. The work on Sidhmukh and
Nohar feeder has been completed.
(o) Som Kamla Amba Irrigation Project :-
This Project has been constructed on the
river Som near village Kmala Amba, 7 kms.
from Aspur tehsil in Dungarpur and was
completed during the 9th five year plan period.
This project is beneficial for Udaipur and
Dungarpur districts.
(p) Bisalpur Project :-
 Rajasthan Geography
It was taken up in 1986-87 purely as a
drinking water scheme for Ajmer, Beawar &
enroute towns. Medium sized Irrigatation
Projects besides all these major dams and
projects, there are a few more medium sized
projects which provide irrigational facilities.
these dam are Bheem Sagar (Jhalawar),
Chaapi (Jhalawar, Harischandra Sagar
(Jhalawar), Vilara (Baran), Sawan Bhadon
(Kota), Parwan Lift Project (Kota), Som
Kagdar (Udaipur), Gudh (Bundi) and Dameti.
(q) Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP):-
 The largest state of India i.e. 'Rajasthan'
with geographical area of 3.42 Lakh Km2.
It spreads over in between latitudes 23º30'
N to 30º11' N latitudes, 69º29' E to 78º17'
E longitudes. Rajasthan covers about
10.4% geographical area, 5.5%
Population, 19% live-stock and 14%
cultivable land of the country.
 On the contrary it just holds 1.16% of the
country's surface water and 1.72% of
ground water resources.
 In Rajasthan on the one side water is
surplus in Chambal basin and on the other
side many districts are stirring for drinking
water need of habitation & live stock.
 So to harvest the surplus availability of
Chambal water with the help of feeder
channels, linking channels for water scarce
region of Proposed 13 districts of
Rajasthan. The estimated cost of the ERCP
is around Rs 40,000 Crore & will be
completed in 3 phases.
 It will solve the problem of water scarcity
for drinking and industrial water need. It
will also provide irrigation water for 2.8
lakh hectares of land through 26 different
large and meolium projects.
13 districts which will be covered or receive
benefit through ERCP are Jhalawar, Baran,
Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Ajmer, Tonk,
Jaipur, Karauli, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa and
Dholpur.
(r) Other projects:
81
 Parvan Major Irrigation project: in
Khanpur, Jhalawar on Parvan River.
 Gardada irrigation project: Bundi
 Chakan Irrigation Project: Bundi
 Takali roject: Ramganj mandi, Kota
 Gagrin Irrigation project: Jhalawar
 Battisa Irrigation project: Sirohi
 Bandi-Sendra Irrigation Project: Jalore
 Sukli Irrigation project: Sirohi
Drinking water grid: large scale futuristic
project aimed at providing perinneal availability
of drinking water by interlinking of various rivers.
Regional water grids will be formed, two
projects has been approved
1. To connect Mahi Bajaj Sagar to
Jaisamand lake by ‘Mahi high level
canal to jaisamand Drinking water
project‟.
2. Surajpura water treatment plant (WTP)
will be developed by additional main
pipeline to Balavala.
Gurgaon canalIrrigation project: to empower
the bharatpur feeder canal.
Benthali Irrigation Project: Baran
Mukhyamantri Jal Swawlamban Yojna:
Started from Chechi Talab Gardankhedi, jhalawar.
The programme focuses towards participation
from the village locals, NGOs, non-resident
villagers, religious communities, and corporate
houses through their CSR initiatives in cash, kind
and labour for water harvesting in Rajasthan's
rural areas. Ms. Raje has also announced of
donating her six-month salary to the campaign
First phase: from 27 Jan 2016 to 30 June
2016 in 3529 villages.
Second phase: 9 Dec 2016 from Jhalrapatan
and Baran
Third phase: started on 9th December 2017 in
desert districts and 20th January 2018 in non-
desert districts.
8.9 Major State and Central Level Project in
Rajasthan
 Rajasthan Geography
(a) Rajasthan Water Sector Livelihood
Improvement Project (R.W.S.L.I.P.)-
 For rehabilitation and renovation of 137
irrigation projects in 27 districts,
Rajasthan Water Sector Livelihood
Improvement Project has been approved to
receive loan assistance from Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
The total irrigated area under this project
is 4.70 lakh hectares.
 85% of the total cost of the project was
funded by JICA and 15% by the state. The
duration of this project will be 8 years and
estimated cost is `2348.87 crore.
 The proposed 137 irrigation projects,
includes Bhakhra Canal System, Gurgaon
Canal System, medium & minor irrigation
project of 27 district (eg- Ajmer,
Jhunjhunu, Alwar, Sikar, Karauli, Tonk,
Sawaimadhopur, Dhaulpur, Bharatpur,
Baran, Jhalawar, Bundi, Kota, Udaipur,
Pratapgarh, Chittorgarh, Banswara,
Dungarpur, Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Pali,
Sirohi, Jalore, Dausa, Jaipur,
Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar).
 This project will be completed in three
phases. 34 sub-projects will be
rehabilitated under the first phase. Work
orders of 31 sub-projects have been issued.
Tenders have been invited for
rehabilitation of the remaining 3 sub-
projects.
(b) Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring
Project in Desert Area (RWSRPD)
 The project has been funded by the New
Development Bank for restructuring the
first phase system of IGNP. It will benefit
Shriganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu,
Nagaur, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and
Barmer districts. The total cost of this
project is 3291.63 crores and the duration
is 5 years.
Its main features are-
1. Repair of Indira Gandhi Main Canal R.D.
0-620 (189 Km.).
82
2. Rehabilitation of distribution system of
IGMN in the first phase (1,705 Km.).
3. Reconstruction of 22,851 hectares of
waterlogged area.
4. Capacity building of Water Users
Association.
5. Command area development activities
including micro irrigation, agricultural
diversification etc.
(c) National Hydrology Project: -
 This project is funded by the Ministry of
Water Resources, River Development and
Ganga Conservation Departmnet,
Government of India (World Bank
Project).
 The total project cost is 128 crores (100
percent grant from the Government of
India) and the duration is 8 years (2016-17
to 2023-24).
 This project will help in the availability of
real time weather and water related data
for water resources management in the
state.
 This will help in the development of a real
weather critical system for flood, drought,
management, better water use efficiency
and water resources integrated
management.
 This will help the public in the availability
and dissemination of water related
information and weather forecasts through
the public domain of the Water
Resources Information System
(W.R.I.S.).
 Orders have been issued for setting up of
SCODA system (Supervisory Control and
Data Exhibition) at Bisalpur Dam and
setting up of Hydronet stations at various
places in the states.
 Under this project, other major projects
covering Mahi Dam, Jawai Dam, Guda
Dam, Bhakra Canal System, Gang Canal
and Narmada Canal System are being set
up.
(d) Atal Bhujal (Ground Water) Scheme
 Rajasthan Geography
 The Atal Bhujal Yojana was launched
from April 1, 2020 to prevent falling
groundwater levels and better groundwater
management in seven states of the country
- Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.
 Implemented with financial support (50:
50) from the Government of India and the
World Bank, the duration of the scheme is
from 2020-21 to 2024-25.
 The estimated cost of this scheme is `
6000 crores. Out of which the total budget
(5 years) for the state of Rajasthan is `
1189.65 crores approved.
 Under this scheme, 1144 gram panchayats
of 17 districts of the state have been
identified.
(e) Rajasthan State Ware Housing Corporation
(RSWC)
 Its main task is to build godowns and
storehouses in the state for storage of
agricultural products, chemical fertilizers,
seeds, fertilizers, agricultural implements
and other specified items of farmers,
cooperatives, traders, government and
other institutions.
 The corporation is operating 93
warehouses in 31 districts of the state with
a total average storage capacity of 16.20
lakh metric tons. (Which includes the
Corporation’s self-built capacity of 11.31
lakh metric tonns.) The average storage
capacity during the year 2020-21 till
December, 2020 has been 15.46 lakh
metric tons which is 95.43 per cent of the
total average utilization of the total storage
capacity.
 The corporation is providing 70 percent
rebate in storage charges to SC/ST
farmers, 60 percent to other farmers and
10 percent to cooperative societies, which
is the highest compared to the storage
corporations of the Center and other states.
 During the year 2020-21, 1800 metric tons
of storage capacity was created by the
83
corporation and 4.52 lakh metric tons of
storage capacity is under construction till
December 2020.
8.10Traditional water management in
Rajasthan
Rajasthan has always been water deficient
state due to lack of much water sources and less
than average rain, especially in western rajasthan
region. In the state where the 5.5% of the
population lives and water availability is only 1%,
water management has been crucial since ancient
times. These practices of ancient times have
proven themselves successful in sustaining the
civilization over time in this barren land.
1. Ponds: Rainwater is stored in local ponds
to be used in draught months. Most of the
ponds have wells near them and are
managed by the community. The ponds
and waterbody reared as for religious
purposes has seen security and protection.
These act as major factor to recharge
ground water and maintain water
availability in nearby wells and Baoris.
District wise position of Ponds in
rajasthan:
i. Sawai Madhopur: Sukhsagar,
Kalasagar, Jangali Talab
ii. Pali: Hemawas, Dantiwada,
Muthana
iii. Bhilwara: Sareri, Khari, Meja
iv. Udaipur: Bagolia
v. Chittorgarh: Padmini, Vankiya,
Muralia. Senapani
vi. Bundi: Kirti Mori, Barda, Hindoli
vii. Bharatpur: parvati, Baretha
viii. Jaisalmer: Gadhsisar
ix. Dungarpur: Edward Sagar
x. Pratapgarh: Raipur, Gandher,
Kherot, Ghotarsi, Dhalmu,
Achalpur, Jajli, Achlawada,
Sankhthali, Tezsagar.
2. Nadi:
 It is a type of small pond (3-12 meters
deep) which stores rainwater.
 In 1520 Rao Jodha ji constructed first
Nadi; these days each village in
 Rajasthan Geography
84

western rajasthan has one nadi,
especially in Jodhpur.
3. Baori
4. Tanka
 Used to store water in dry region, as
the ground water being saline the
rainwater is used to store in the Tanka.
 It is an underground pond, covered
from above, it was made in the shape
of a saucer.
5. Khadin:
 A technique used to store water and
make desert soil cultivable.
 This technique is still used in modern
day Iran
 It was like an underground canal and step
tanks where the water moves to next tank
if the previous tank gets filled, the crops
are sown on the basis of last water
availability in the tank.
 These are made generally along side a
dam so when the Khadin gets filled the
excess water gets out.
6. Toba
 This is similar to nadi but deeper than it.
 The land with low seepage is chosen for
its construction.
7. Jhalra:
 Water body that gets water from overflow
and seepage from ponds and lakes at
higher place.
 Its water is mainly used for bathing and
religious ritual purposes and not for
drinking.
8. Kui/Beri
 Small well which is around 10-12 meters
deep, are dug near ponds and nadis, and
are covered with wooden cover.

Important Question
 The Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve will be spread in which four districts of the state?
(1) Kota, Bundi, Baran, Tonk
(2) Kota, Bundi, chittorgarh, Jhalawar
(3) Kota, Baran, Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur
(4) Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar (2)
 In which of the following projects for the first time, sprinkler irrigation system has been
made compulsory in Rajasthan?
(1) Parwan Project
(2) Dholpur Lift Project
(3) Narmada Canal Project
(4) Takli Project (3)
 By which source maximum irrigation is done in Rajasthan?
(1) Canals (2) Tank
(3) Tubewells and wells (4) Others (3)
 In which of the following project of Rajasthan, first time sprinkler irrigation system has been
made compulsory?
(1) Gang Canal Project (2) Indira Gandhi Nahar Project
(3) Parwan Irrigation Project (4)Narmada Canal Project (4)
 Som-Kamla-Amba Irrigation Project is situated in the district of-
(1) Dungarpur (2) Udaipur
(3) Kota (4) Banswara (1)
 In which year Pradhanamantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana was implemented in Rajasthan?
(1) 2015-16 (2) 2010-11
 Rajasthan Geography
85

(3) 2001-02 (4) 2005-06 (1)

 In which of the following district of Rajasthan the “Anas Dam” project will be constructed?
(1) Tonk (2) Banswara
(3) Dungarpur (4) Bhilwara (2)
 Identify the correct order-
(1) Bisalpur Dam – Banas River
(2) Meja Dam – Khari River
(3) Sidhmukh canal – Yamuna River
(4) Pong Dam – Chambal River (1)
 The joint multi-purpose river valley project of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan is-

(1) Bhakra Nangal (2) Chambal

(3) Beas (4) Mahi (2)
 The famous „Batadu Well‟ is situated in which of the following districts of Rajasthan?
(1) Barmer (2) Jaipur
(3) Bharatpur (4) Dausa (1)
 „Gararda Vrihad Peyjal Pariyojna‟ is related to which of the following district of Rajasthan?
(1) Bundi (2) Baran
(3) Kota (4) Jhalawar (1)
 Integrated Watershed Management Programme has been renamed to___
(1) Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(2) Mukhyamantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(3) Rajasthan Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(4) Rajya Krishi Sinchai Yojana (1)
 Pair of districts benefitting from Choudhary Kumbha Ram Canal is-
(1) Barmer- Jaislamer
(2) Bikaner- Jodhpur
(3) Bhilwara- Tonk
(4) Hanumangarh- Jhunjhunu (4)
 Which river does not get benefit from Jawai Project?
(1) Barmer (2) Sirohi
(3) Udaipur (4) Rajsamand (1)
 Oldest and developed canal system of world situated in India is?
(1) Gang Nahar
(2) Indira Gandhi Nahar Project
(3) Sikari Nahar
(4) Krishna Godavari Nahar System (2)
 In which district Parwan Project is located?
(1) Kota (2) Bundi
(3) Jhalawar (4) Baran (4)
 Som- Kamla–Amba Irrigation Project is situated in-
(1) Dungarpur district (2) Banswara district
(3) Udaipur district (4) Chittorgarh district (1)
 Gang Canal; oldest canal of Rajasthan, was constructed by Ganga Singh in the year?
(1) 1930 (2) 1927
(3) 1944 (4) 1932 (2)
 Gang Nahar(Canal) has been taken out from the river?
 Rajasthan Geography
86

(1) Ganga (2) Satluj

(3) Beas (4) Ravi (2)
 Traditional water storage system developed by Paliwal Brahmins in Jaisalmer is-
(1) Step wells (2) Khadin
(3) Kund (4) Ukeri (2)
 Origin place of Indira Gandhi Canal, construction work of which started in the year 1958 is?
(1) Bhakhra Dam on Sutlej River
(2) Rihand Valley Project on Rihand River
(3) Hirakund Project on Mahanadi
(4) Harike Barrage on Sutlej- Beas Rivers (4)
 Which region of Rajasthan is being supplied water for irrigation and drinking from Indira
Gandhi Nahar Project?
(1) Eastern region (2) Western region
(3) Southern region (4) Northern region (2)
Very short answer type questions (15 words)
1. Takhali Dam Project
2. Total irrigated area in Rajasthan
3. Bhakhra Nagal Project
4. Khari Dam
5. Jakham Project

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. Mansi Vakal Project.
2. Indira Gandhi Canal Project.
3. Narmada Canal Project.
4. State the contribution of Chambal project to energy development in Rajasthan.
5. 8 lift canals of Indira Gandhi Canal.

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Evaluate the importance of Indira Gandhi Canal for Rajasthan.
2. Mention the efforts made by the Government of Rajasthan to overcome the problem of drinking
water in big cities.
3. State the main features of Bisalpur scheme.
4. Discuss the main means of irrigation in Rajasthan. Mention their contribution to the agricultural
development of the state.
5. Evaluate the efforts being made by the state government to solve the drinking water problem of big
cities. To what extent was the government successful in its objectives?
6. Throw light on ERCP of Rajasthan.
7. What are multipurpose projects? Discuss the Chambal Valley Project.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER - 9
Major Industries of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Types of Industries
 Large Scale Industries
 Small Scale Industries
 Important Institutions of Rajasthan
 Corporate Social Responsibility (C.S.R)
9.1 Introduction
Industrial policy of any state or nation is a
guide for its future industrial development.
Basically, it is a process which determines the
future course of industrial growth based on the
rules and principles formulated growth based on
the rules and principles formulated by the
administration and authority. At the time of
independence there were 11 large and medium
scale industries in the state. (7 Cotton Textile
Mills, 2 Sugar + 2 Cement Factories). Prior to
independence, due to limited technical know-how
lack of transport facilities and the introvert policy
of the rulers of this area, the sources could not be
utilized for the development of modern industries.
The small princely, though rich in potential
resources, were not in a position to undertake
large scale industrial development of their
respective State. Many big industrialists of India
hail from this state but none could develop
industries within the State. The main reasons may
be said to be the lack of congenial atmosphere in
the princely states and the lack of facilities for any
industrial development. Upto 1949, most of the
industrial goods were imported from other states
in India. The industrial raw-materials found
within the state were exported to other states for
processing.
The Programme of industrial
surveys could not be conducted even in the first
five years plan period. During the second plan
period great emphasis was laid on it. The
Directorate of Economics and Industrial Survey
conducted detailed investigation in the districts of
Ajmer, Sirohi, Bundi, Jhalawar, Banswara and
87
Dungarpur. Similarly, the Directorate of Small
Industries Service Institute conducted industrial
survey of Pali, Nagaur, Ganganagar, and Churu
district. Effective steps could not be taken for
industrial as well as socio-economic development
before the beginning of the second plan period.
(a) Industrial scenario
  The regional contribution of the industry
sector to the state‟s gross state value addition
(G.S.V.A) is 24.80 per cent at the current
prices in 2020-21.The contribution of
manufacturing and mining sectors in G.S.V.A
at current prices is 9.31 percent and 4.15
percent respectively in 2020-21. Export
Promotion Council and Export Promotion
Industrial Park (E.P.I.P.) have been
developed to increase exports from the state.
(b) Manufacturing sector in Rajasthan
  The gross value addition (GVA) of the
manufacturing sector in Rajasthan is around `
83,766 crore in 2020-21 which contributes
9.31 percent to the state‟s total GSVA. This
sector is estimated to decline by 8.01 percent
in 2020-21 compared to 2019-20 at constant
(2011-12).
(c) Index of Industrial Production
Industrial production index series (base
year 2011-12) is based on three broad groups
manufacturing, mining and power. The
manufacturing sector has played a significant
role in the growth of the general index as the
sector has shown steady progress from 2016-
17 to 2018-19 and a decrease in year 2019-20
to 2020-21.
 Rajasthan Geography
(d) Micro, small and medium enterprises
(M.S.M.E.)
Various policy measures have been
implemented for the promotion and
cooperation of M.S.M.E enterprises in the
state, some of which are given as follows:
(e) Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Udyog Aadhaar Memorandum (U.A.M.) :-
Udyog Aadhaar Memorandum
Notification Act, 2015 of Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises was implemented in the
state of Rajasthan. Online registration has
started from 18 September 2015. Any
M.S.M.E Memorandum can be filed on the
U.A.M portal of the Government of India.
 During the financial year 2020-21 total
29,185 industrial units have been online
registered at U.A.M. portal till June 30, 2020.
 The „Udyam registration portal‟ has
been started by the government of India from
July 1, 2020 in the place of U.A.M.
9.2 Rajasthan Micro, Small and Medium
(Facilitation of Establishment and Operation)
Act 2019
 The M.S.M.E Ordinance was promulgated by
the State Government on March 4, 2019 to
facilitate the establishment of M.S.M.E
industries which notified Rajasthan M.S.M.E
Act on 17 July 2019. The Act provides for the
establishment of new micro, small and
medium enterprises on the RajUdyog Mitra
Portal.
During the financial year 2020-21, a total
of 4608 „Declaration of intent‟ were received
and acknowledge certificate have been issued
instantaneously to them till (December, 2020).
9.3 Initiatines by State Government for export
(a) Rajasthan Export Promotion Council
(November 8, 2019) and Rajasthan Export
Promotion Coordination Council (October
25, 2019) were formed to encourage export in the
state.
(b) The top five products export from the states
includes Engineering goods, textiles, handicraft,
gems and jewellery and metals. The account of
88
all these products is more than 50 percent in total
exports of the state.
(c) Training Program on Export Promotion,
Process and Documentation:
 This scheme was implemented during the 12th
Five Year Plan. Its implementation period has
been extended till 31 March 2023. Under the
scheme, a 2-day training program is organized
for entrepreneurs who want to start their
export business. During the financial year
2020-21, this program has been implemented
in 7 districts viz- Ajmer, Jhunjhunu, Jalore,
Dhaulpur, Baran, Pratapgarh and Tonk.
9.4 Simplification of procedures for setting up
an enterprise (Ease of Doing Business)
  For this, the state is following and
implementing the annual business
improvement action plans of the Department
of Industry and Internal Trade, Government of
India. The brief status of Business
Reform Action Plan from the year 2015 is as
follows -
(a) The Business Reform Action Plan
(B.R.A.P.) 2015 (285 Reform Points) ranked
sixth with 61.04 percent implementation of
state reform points and Rajasthan ranked in
the top 7 states as aspiring leader status.
(b) Business Reform Action Plan (B.R.A.P.)
2016 (340 reform points) Rajasthan ranked
eighth with 96.43 percent (national average
48.93) implementation of reform points and
declared one of the leading states/ Leeds
States of India
(c) Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP) 2017
(372 Reform Points) - The state has achieved
ninth rank in the country with a combined
score card of 95.70 percent of Reform
Evidences and 372 points of feedback and has
been ranked among India‟s top achievers
(d) In 2019, the Business Reform Action Plan
(B.R.A.P) (80 reform points) : Rajasthan has
ranked 8th in reform points execution in
India.There are 36 District Industries Centers
and 8 Sub Centers working under the
Department of Industries.
 Rajasthan Geography
9.5 Types of Industries
We find four types of industries in
the State such as:
1. Agro-based industries: Cotton Textile,
Sugar, Oil and Vegetable oil etc. Mainly
fall in this category. This also includes
processed food, dal and drinks.
2. Forest-based industries: These industries
are allied to agriculture industries.
Furniture, Herbs, Tendu leaves, Mahua,
Khas, Bamboo, Gum, Har, Behera, Aonla,
Kattha, Bark of trees can be termed as
forest-based industries which are amply
developed in the state.
3. Livestock based Industries: Nearly 23%
of the cattle wealth of India is available in
the State of Rajasthan. Dairy farming,
fisheries, poultry, wool, tannery etc. are
included in this type.
4. Mineral based industries: Rajasthan state
ranks second with respect to number of
minerals available in the state. Marble,
Salt, Metal Toys And Decorative, Cycles,
Scooters, Transport, Equipment, Agro-
Machines, Tools, Fertilizers, Cement,
Ornaments, Utensils etc.
9.6 Major Large Scale Industries
Through Rajasthan is not so industrially
development as other States of the Indian
union, it has been taking vigorous steps to
establish a firm industrial base by supplying
cheap power, water, irrigation facilities,
establishment of industrial estates, and by
providing financial and technical guidance.
Rajasthan Finance Corporation, Rajasthan
Mineral Development Corporation and Small
Scale Industries are helping the industries with
finance, raw material and technical guidance.
The result is that the major industries are
picking up in this state.
Following are the main industries of
Rajasthan.
(a) Cotton Textile Industry
This industry is one of the oldest forms of
manufacturing and even to day it ranks among
the most important industries in the world. In
89
Rajasthan also, it occupies and important
place in terms of number of people employed,
gross value of output and share in the export
trade.
At the time of merger of the princely
states, Rajasthan had only seven textile
industries located at Beawar, Kishangarh,
Bhilwara and Sriganganagar. The First Cotton
Textile mail was established in 1889 at
Beawar in the private sector.
Today, there are the following main
important mills in Rajasthan.
1. The Krishna Mills Ltd. Beawar (1889)
established by Seth Damodar Das Vyas
2. Edward Mills Ltd. Beawar (1906)
3. ShreeMahalaxmi Mills Ltd. (1935
4. Mewar Textiles Mills, Bhilwara (1938)
5. Maharaja Ummed SinghMills Ltd. (1942)
6. Sadul Textile Mills, Ganganagar (1946)
7. Kota Textile Mills (working since 1956 as
a subsidiary industry of Shri Niwas Cotton
Mills, Bombay)
8. Rajasthan Spinning & Weaving Mills Ltd.
Bhilwara (1960)
9. Aditya Mills Kishangarh (1960)
10. Podar Mills, Jaipur (A unit of Poddar
Mills Ltd. Bombay)
11. Udaipur Cotton Mills (1961 working as a
unit of Swadeshi Cotton Mills, Kanpur)
12. Rajasthan Textile mills, Bhawani Mandi
(1968)
13. Banswara Fabrics, Banswara
14. Bhilwara Synthetics, Bhilwara
15. Modern Synthetics, Alwar
16. Rajasthan Spinning & Weaving Mills,
Kharigram (Bhilwara)
17. Rajasthan Cooperative Spinning Mills,
Gulabpura
18. Vijay Cotton Mills, Bijainagar
19. Sudershan Textiles, Kota
20. Modern Threads, Raila (Bhilwara)
21. Derby Textiles, Jodhpur
 Rajasthan Geography
22. Rajasthan Bhilwara Mills Ltd., Bhilwara
23. Ganganagar Cooperative Spinning Mills
Ltd., Ganganagar
24. Jaipur Spinning & Weaving Mills Ltd.,
Jaipur
25. Gangapur Cooperative Spinning Mills
Ltd., Gangapur
26. Sri Goyal Industry, Kota
27. Rajasthan Polysters Ltd. Bhiwari (Alwar)
28. Modern Polytex, Abu-Road (Sirohi)
(b) Sugar Industry
Sugarcane is weight loosing material. On
an average about 9 to 12% of the finished
product in the form of sugar, is available from
the total weight of the cane. In Rajasthan, the
averages are 9.7 percent in the Ganganagar
and 9.8 percent in the Bhopal Sagar Mills. The
concentration is so great that only Bharatpur
and Udaipur account for nearly one third of
the state production while the districts of
Ganganagar shares about 17 percent. The
eastern districts and the district of Ganganagar
account for about 89 percent of the average
and also produce 88 percent of the cane.
Thus, the sugar industry in the state is
localized in the districts of Ganganagar and
Bhopalsagar (Udaipur).
(i) Shri Keshoraipatan Cooperative Sugar
Mills Ltd.:- Is located at Keshoraipatan in
Bundi and belongs to cooperative sector.
Though, the Mill started functioning in
1965 yet it could earn profit only after
1988-89 but again it went in to loss in
1989-90 and still running in loss.
(ii) Sriganganagar Sugar Mills Ltd.:- Is run
as a public enterprise wherein the
Government owns 97% of its share while
3% share belongs to private sector. Since
the region produces sugar cane as well as
white sugarbeet, sugar is prepared from
both the contents. The other speciality is
that the mill has a distillery where rectified
spirit and wine are produced. It also owns
a high-tech glass factory at Dholpur where
glass-wares, bottles, jars are manufactured.
90
(iii) The Mewar Sugar Mills, Bhopalsagar:-
Is situated near Chittorgarh and is being
run in private sector. It owns it existence
since 1932 and since then it is carrying on
its production. Sugarcane is grown in this
area and it is used in making sugar and
khand-sari.
(c) Cement Industry
The manufacture of cement is of recent
development in India. The increasing home
market due to increased activity in building
construction and new used of concrete have
led to considerable expansion. Before
Independence, Lakheri was a popular place
which is still famous for its quality cement. At
present there are the following cement
industries functioning in the Rajasthan:
 A.C.C. Ltd. Lakheri, Bundi (1951)
 Sawai Madhopur Cement industry, Sawai
Madhopur (1953)
 Birla Cement Works, Chittorgarh
 Chittorgarh Cement Works Chittorgarh
 Manglam Cement, Modak (Kota)
 Shree Cement, Nimbahera (1982)
 Straw Products, Banas (Sirohi)
 Shri Ram Cement, Sri Ram Nagar, Kota
 Hindustan Cement, Udaipur.
Some important mini plants are
situated at Neem-Ka-Thana (Sikar),
Behror (Alwar), Sirohi, Ras (Pali), Abu
Road, Banswara, Kotputli and Hindaun.
(d) Salt Industry
Among different large scale industries in
Rajasthan, the salt industry has an important
place. Rajasthan produces about 10% of the
total salt produced in India. All the salt works
in the state are inland. The saltproducing areas
are Sambhar, Didwana, Pachpadra, Phalodi
and Kutchaman City, Besides these, Pokran,
Jabdinagar (Nawan Tehsil), are other places
where salt is also produced in sufficient
quantity.
i. Sambhar Lake Source:- This is the
single largest inland salt source in the
country which produces about 8.5
 Rajasthan Geography
percent of the total salt produced in the
country.
ii. Sambhar Salts Ltd. (Govt. of India
Undertaking):- This under taking is an
associate of Hindustan Salts Ltd.
Sambhar Lake brine contains chloride,
sulphate, carbonate and Bicarbonate of
sodium. Out of these constituents, only
sodium chloride is recovered by
Sambhar Salts Ltd. It is obtained from
brine by refrigeration. It is a great source
of salt not only for Rajasthan but for the
whole country. It produces about 45% of
the salt produced in Rajasthan.
iii. Government of Rajasthan
Undertaking:- Pachpadra and
Deedwana are other places where
Government of Rajasthan produces and
controls the sales of salt.
a. Pachpadra Salt Source: - The
pachpadra Salt Works are located about
128 km. south west of Jodhpur. The salt
source consists of a depression with an
area of about 83 Sq. Km. Government of
Rajasthan Salts works, Pachpadra is a
state undertaking and produces all types
of salts for human consumption.
iv. Deedwana Salt Source:- This
producing salt area is situated 50 km.
north west of Sambhar lake and covers
an area of about 50 Sq. Km. The
Deedwana salt producing area has great
potentialities for salt manufacturing in
the state.
(e) Glass Industry
Glass manufacturing is also of recent
origin in India. Glass is essentially fused sand.
Glass sand must be high in silica and low in
iron-oxide and alumina if clear glass is to be
made, and if the sand particles are small,
uniform and angular, much better fusion
results. At present there are only two glass
factory located at Dholpur. There were about
six units in 1951 at Bharatpur, Bikaner,
Jodhpur, Kota, Udaipur and Jaipur but these
have been closed mainly due to non-
availability of skilled workers.
91
(f) Woollen Industry
Rajasthan produces about 50% of India's
wool and thus state occupies a prominent
place in the country. Sheep and Wool Industry
of Rajasthan but is also a great national
treasure.
In Rajasthan, the following large
scale units of woolen industry are functioning.
1. State Woollen Mills, Bikaner:Here
wollen thread is produced. It is being
run in public sector. This unit has
about 1250 spindles. Bikaner wool is
not only cheaper but also of good
quality.
2. Jodhpur Woollen Factory: This is
located at Jodhpur. It has about 720
spindles to produce woolen thread, 10
handlooms to prepare carpets and 10
looms for manufacturing blankets.
3. Foreign Import-Export Institute, Kota:
It has a combing plant which has an
annual capacity of production of wool
of 35 lakh kilograms.
4. Worsted Spinning Mills, Churu: This
has been established near Churu
railway station of Rajasthan Small
scale Industry Corporation. It has
about 400 spindles.
5. Worsted Spinning Mills, Ladnu: This
has been established by Rajasthan
Small scale Industry Corporation at
Ladnu town in Churu district.
(g) Chemical Industry
Chemical industries are one of the most
vital and essential components for any state's
or nation's economy. Production of chemical
is essential for the development of various
products. Sulpheric acid is most important
because it is used in fertilizers, synthetic
fibres, paints, plastics, dye stuffs etc. beside
leather taming and oil refining.
The following some chemical industries are in
Rajasthan:
i. Rajasthan State Chemical works,
Deedwana.
ii. Sri Ram Chemical Industries, Kota
iii. Udaipur Phosphates and Fertilizers.
 Rajasthan Geography
iv. Modi Alkalies and Chemicals, Alwar.
v. Florespar Benefaction Plant in
Dungarpur.
(h) Engineering Industry
After the merger of the princely states, the
great stress was given to develop the
industries related to engineering during the
five year plans. Though the first start was
made by establishing Jaipur Metal and
Electrical, in 1943 but now at present
following engineering factories are in
existence in the State.
1. Capstan Meters Company: This
company produces meters for water and
oil measurements at Jaipur and Pali. It was
started with the collaboration of the
famous English firm Guest-shrines. It
produces 30 thousand water meters every
year.
2. Jaipur Metals, Jaipur: It manufactures
non-ferrous alloys and electrical meters.
On an average 2 lakh electric meters are
produced every year.
3. Instrumentation Ltd. Kota:This factory
produces electric and electro-magnetic
appliances.
4. Man Industrial Corporation Jaipur: It
produces steel bars, rollers, window and
door sashes (frames).
5. Cables Industry Kota & Pipallian:
Cables, PVC and Rubber insulated wires.
6. CIMMCO Wagon Factory, Bharatpur:
Railway Wagons.
7. National Engineering Compay, Jaipur:
Ball-bearing and roller bearing factory, a
leading one not only in India but also in
Asia.
8. Rajasthan Electronics Corporation,
Jaipur: TV
9. Florespar Benefaction Plant,
Dungarpur: Government of Rajasthan
has established agricultural tools
workshops at Nagaur, Digod, Sirohi,
Chittorgarh and Sojat. J.K has also
established a TV factory at Kota. Some
other important industries found in
Rajasthan are as under.
92
a. Synthetic Silk Factory, Kota,
Gulabpura, Jaipur and Banswara
b. Fertilizer Factory- Kota, Udaipur
c. Typre Industry- Kota, Kankroli
d. Match Box Factory – Kota, Udaipur,
Fatehgarh
e. Soap Store Factory- Dausa, Bhilwara,
Udaipur
f. Games Articles- Hanumangarh
g. Alloy Steel- Jaipur, Udaipur
h. Broad Gauge Line Wagon- Bharatpur
i. Measurement Weights- Kota
j. Repair of Engines and Goods Wagon-
Loco and Carriage Workshop, Ajmer
k. Sulpheric Acid Plant- Alwar
Some other Major Factories of Rajasthan
1. Hindustan Machine Tools, Ajmer
2. JK Synthetics, Kota
3. Shree Ram Rayen, Kota
4. Jaipur Synthetics Ltd., Jaipur
5. Awanti Scooters, Alwar
6. Oriental Power Cables, Kota
7. Leyland Truck Industry. Alwar
8. Jamatia Paper Mills, Bhilwara
9. Pratap Copper, Jaipur
10. Modi Alkalies & Chemicals, Bhilwara
11. Rajasthan Telephone Industries, Bhiwari
12. Hindustan Zinc Ltd., Udaipur
13. Hindustan Copper Ltd., Khetri
14. Loco and Carriage Workshop, Ajmer
15. CIMMCO Wagon Factory, Bharatpur
16. Sulphuric Acid Plant, Alwar
17. Instruments Ltd., Kota
Indian Government's Industrial Enterprises :
1. The Hindustan Zinc Limited, Debari
(Udaipur)
2. Hindustan Copper Ltd, Khetri (Jhunjhunu)
3. Hindustan Machine Tools Corporation,
Ajmer
4. Instrumentation Ltd, Kota
5. Sambhar Salts Ltd, Sambhar
6. Modern Bakeries India Ltd. Vishwakarma
Industrial
7. Area, Jaipur
8. Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Ltd.,
Kanakpura(Jaipur)
 Rajasthan Geography
Rajasthan Government Industrial Enterprises
1. The Ganganagar Sugar Mills Ltd.,
Sriganganagar
2. Rajasthan State chemical Works.,
Deedwana
3. Govt. Salt Source Deedwand & Pachpadra
4. State Tenneries Ltd., Tonk
5. Worsted Spinning Mills, Churu & Ladnu
6. Flourspar Benefication Plant, Mando Ki
Pal, Dungarpur
7. Railway Wagon Factory(Cimmco),
Bharatpur .
8. Hi-tech Precision Glass Factory,Dholpur
9. Aravalli Automibiles Ltd., Alwar
Cooperative Undertakings
1. Keshoraipatan Sugar Mills, Keshoraipatan
(Bundi)
2. Rajasthan Cooperative Spinning Mills,
Gulabpura
3. (Bhilwara)
4. Animal Feed Factory, Jaipur
5. Rice Mills Barar, Udaipur, Bundi,
Banswara, Kota, Hanumangarh
6. Cold Storages - Jaipur, Alwar
7. Pesticides- Jaipur
(i) Industrial Development Projects:-
The projectsare financed by the Rajasthan
Financial Corporation, Scheduled
Banks.Rajasthan Industrial Investment and
Development Corporation is playing a major role
in the promotion industries in the State. It has
developed a number of industrial estates, chief
among them being Vishwakarma Sudershanpura
and Malviya Industrial Estate of Jaipur, Matsya
Industrial Estate, Alwar, Bhiwari Industrial Estate
has emerged as an important electronics industry
complex. The Development of small industries is
being looked after by Rajasthan State Small
Industries Corporation (RAJSICO). District
Industries Centres have contributed much towards
the growth of Industries in the State.
9.7 Bottlenecks in Industrial
Development in Rajasthan
93
i. Lack of Transportational Facilities - Now
meter guage rail lines are being converted
into broad guage. Indira Gandhi Canal
areas also need rail roads.
ii. Shortage of power and that too at higher
rates.
iii. Unsatisfactory industrial relations.
iv. Shortage of financial funds and
insufficient available capital.
v. Non-availability of technical and trained
staff & Labourers.
vi. Lack of training facilities.
vii. Lack of effective policies and insufficient
its implementation.
viii. Shortages of funds for giving subsidiary
for the development of industrial
backward areas.)
9.8 Some other Industrial Centres
(a) Pali:
Pali is equally noted for its textile
industry. Maharaja Ummed Mills Ltd. is one
of the largest textile factory of the state.
Besides textiles, it has got a number of oil
mills, agro-based units and a lens factory also.
(b) Bikaner:
It is famous for its own woollen products,
namkeen, papad, dairy farming and milk
distribution. Bikaneri Rasgullas and
Namkeens have created their own demand and
even these items are exported.
(c) Bhilwara:
Bhilwara too stands on the main line and
is located in that belt where there is no dearth
of raw material like-metal, cotton, mica,
soapstone, metals etc. All this has helped
Bhilwara to grow into a big industrial town.
Copper is another metal which is also
available in Singhana, Kho-dariba or Khetri.
The same is true of iron ore which has been
found in Indragarh-Bhilwara belt. Lead and
zinc are also available in Agooncha arca of
Bhilwara. All these development speak of a
good industrial growth around Bhilwara,
which has developed its district identity as an
industrial town.
(d) Khetri:
 Rajasthan Geography
Khetri is also known as copper-town
which is situated in the Jhunjhunu district of
the state and possesses large deposits of
copper of good quality. The Khetri mines are
spread all over the belt from Singhana to
Raghunathpur. It also gets raw copper from
another mines located at Kho-Dariba near
Alwar.
The Hindustan Copper Ltd. - A Govt. of
India Undertaking established long ago caters
for the need of the country.
(e) Sri Ganganagar:
It has cotton textile, sugar, rice, husking
and oil mills and animal food units. Though the
region is primarily agro-based, even than it has
ample potentialities of industrial growth. The
Ganganagar Sugar Mills owned by the Govt. of
Rajasthan produces sugar from sugar-cane and
sugar-beet and has its own distilliaries. Oil, rice
and some food processing are equally doing nice.
(f) Beawar:
Beawar has the privilege to have the first
textile mill in the then state of Rajputana. It was
established in 1889 in the private sector. It led
other entrepreneurs to follow. As a result Edward
Mills Ltd, Shri Mahalaxmi Mills Limited were
founded by 1925. The town is a pioneer town
which has set an example for Kishangarh,
Bhilwara, Alwar and Sriganganagar, where textile
mills have taken deep roots.
(g) Makrana:
Makrana marble is famous all over the
world which is transparent and of very good
quality. Even during the past days, Makrana
marble was sent to distant places, and the famous
Taj Mahal of Agra and the Victoria Memorial of
Calcutta both used marble brought from Makrana.
This town has developed very faster during the
last 2 to 3 decades. Nearly 50,000 tons of marble
is mined annually and the industry provides
employment to all types of labour. This stone has
various uses from building to statues, toys,artistic
goods,decorative etc. Jaipur is amajor centre,
which makes use of this stone in carving statues,
idols and other artistic items.
94
(h) Debari:
Debari township is of very recent growth
which adds colour to Udaipur city as it is lucky to
have a zinc smelters plant, known as the
Hindustan Zinc Ltd. It gets zinc from Zawar
mines. It is an undertaking of the Govt. of India.
(i) Deedwana:
Deedwana is situated in the salt belt of the
state and this salt belt covers roughly an area of
1910 sq. acres. It has the privilege to have
Rajasthan State Chemical Works, Deedwana
which produces sodium sulphide 2 id Rajasthan
State Chemical Sodium Sulphate Works. There is
one other unit of the State Govt. also known as
Govt. of Rajasthan Salt Works, Deedwana.
9.9 Classification of Small Scale Industries
(a) Agro-based Small Scale Industries:- Agro-
based units are generally small scale units which
produce mainly consumable articles. Some
important are as under :
(i) Vanaspati/ edible oil industries: These
units are agro-based and are chiefly
located at those places where oilseeds are
regularly available. Jaipur, Sriganganagar,
Kota, Bundi, Ajmer, Bharatpur, Alwar are
all main centres of oilseeds. As a result,
this industry has developed in all these
towns and cities. Jaipur produces
„Maharaja' 'Amer' 'Keshari' brands of
vegetable oils. Alwar
Khairthal,Dausa,Niwai, Bharatpur have
edible oil factories which have earned
popularity. “Rohitash' brand is produced in
Durgapura.
Chittorgarh and Bhilwara have also come
up as very good centres of this products.
Some areas near Pali and Sumerpur have
also developed their oil industries.
(ii) Dal Mills Spices grinding units: pickle
making, paped, mangodi, namkeens are all
small scale units which have a good
business and are found mostly in all
districts/cèntres & towns.
 Rajasthan Geography
(iii) Cotton textile Industry: Besides bigger
textile mills, small scale units have also
come up which manufacture yarn, niwar,
handloom cloth, durries etc, Handloom
sector is equally a highly developed sector
where sarees, tapestry, suit lengths are
manufactured nicely. Sarees of Kota,
Sikar, Alwar, Jaipur are famous all over
the nation.
(b) Livestock-based Small Scale
Industries:
This category is equally an important and an
allied occupation with agriculture
(i) Leather industry: The number of livestock
in the state is considerably higher and
Rajasthan is rich in this respect as it has
developed its own tanning units. After
cleansing these hides and skins, the tanned
material is sent to Agra, Kanpur, Madras etc.
Manufacturing of shoes chappals, belts, bags
and other utility consumables for farmers too
deserve mention.Jaipur, Jodhpur and
Bheenmal's shoes have their own speciality
and are liked by foreign customers also.
(ii) Woollen textiles: The number of sheep in the
state exceeds more than one crore and with
the establishment of breeding centres,
crossbreeding has started to provide better
type of wool. Bikaner, Jhunjhunu, Churu,
Fatehpur-Shekhawati, Ajmer and Chittorgarh
have come up as good centres of
manufacturing woollen goods.
(iii) Bone-grinding units: The number of bone
grinding units is equally high because of
various uses of grinded bones. These
factories of small scale units are located in
Jaipur, Jodhpur, Palana, Kota and Ghosunda
(iv) Ivory work units: Artistic pieces of ivory &
decoratives of Jaipur, Jodhpur and Pali are
not only consumed domestically but are also
exported. Manufacturing of bangles is equally
profitable in the state.These bangles are made
of elephant bones. Tusk is also used in
superior items and is very costly
95
(c) Mineral-based Small Scale Industries:
Rajasthan ranks second with respect to
mineral exploration after Bihar. Zinc, silver,
cadmium, manganese etc. are among metallic and
asbestos, barytes, china clay, emerald, garnet,
gypsum, dolomite, marble, ochres, soapstone,
fuller's earth etc. fall under non-metallic category.
Marble Industry of Rajasthan specially of
Makrana is famous all over the world. Alwar,
Udaipur are other centres of production, where
factories have been. established on small scale
basis and are doing very well.Utensils are made in
Jaipur Pali, Jodhpur, Bharatpur and Kishangarh
with the help of brass and copper. Silver and gold
utensils are made in Jaipur bý well trained
artisans.
Iron rods and other material used in buildings
units are also located in different places viz.
Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kota, Sawaimadhopur,
Falna. Nagaur. "Gadia luhars'do manufacture
various items.
9.10 Khadi& Village Industries
Khadi industry has carved it own place
among the cottage and village industries of the
state. Cottage and rural industries are traditional
industries which provide living to its
members.Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur,
Govindgarh-Malikpur (Jaipur), Chomu (Jaipur) ,
Bharatpur are main centres where cotton and
woollen clothing are manufactured. Rezi, khes,
bardi, blankets, kurta, pyjama, jacket, sarees,
furnishings, mats, dhoties etc are a few other
items which are popular in every home.
Khadi and Village Industries: The Khadi and
Village Industries Board was set up in rural
areas for providing employment to
handicraftsmen / artisans of the unorganized
sector to support artisans in the production of
high quality goods, to train artisans and to
inculcate the spirit of using indigenous
products. About 2 lakh mask have been
distributed free of cost to the public by the
Khadi and Village industrial board in adverse
circumstances of Covid-19.
 Rajasthan Geography
9.11Rajasthan investment promotion scheme
2019
This scheme is made effected from
December 17, 2019 to promote steady,
sustainable and balance industrial
development in the state. Under this scheme
for the new investment in the manufacture and
service sector industries provisions have made
to provide concession upto 100 percent
reimbursement of SGST for 7 years and
exception upto 100 percent in electricity tax,
stamp duty and Mandi duty.
9.12 Corporate social responsibility (C.S.R)
Rajasthan
According to Section-135 of the
Companies Act, 2013, companies whose annual
total assets are ` 500 crores or more or turnover
over ` 1000 crores or more or net profit during a
financial year is ` 5 crores or more, then there is a
provision to spend 2 per cent of the average of net
profit in their last three years on activities
described in Schedule VII under CSR.
As on December, 31, 2020 a total of 122
corporate, 21 Government departments, 260
implementing agencies and 47 service providers
have registered themselves on CSR portal. The
third “Rajasthan C.S.R Summit 2019” was held
on 4 June 2019 in Jaipur. 9 corporate and 8
implementing agencies were awarded “Rajasthan
CSR Awards 2019”.
9.13 Some important institution& Yojanas of
Rajasthan
(a) Bureau of investment promotion (B.I.P)
  It is the investment promotion agency of
the Government of Rajasthan, which
facilitates the establishment of investment
proposals in the state.B.I.P. is the Nodal
agency for the State empowered committee
(SEC) headed by the Chief secretary for
investment above `10 crore.BIP organized
following events to attract investors in the
state and making image of the state as an ideal
investment destination.
 Jaipur and virtual retail supply chain
expo.
96
 Webinar on Domestic manufacturing
energy sector.
 Webinar on Developing film cities in
Rajasthan Tremendous opportunities for
film making and tourism promotion.
Note:- One Stop Shop System :
 One stop shop established in B.I.P. to
strength the Single window clearance system
and to provide all the
approval/permission/clearance in one place in
a time bound manner.
 Under this 'A board of investment' has
beenformed in the chairmanship of Chief
Minister.
(b)Rajasthan State Industrial Development
and Investment Corporation ( RIICO)
RIICO is the apex body to accelerate the
industrial development of the state. It helps in
developing industrial infrastructure and
providing financial assistance to attract
investment in the state.
(i) Basic development- During the financial
year 2020-21 (till December 2020), 118.82
acres of land was developed by RIICO and
833 plots were allotted.
(ii) Financial assistance :-RIICO offers a variety
of concessions and incentives for the
development of small, medium and large scale
industrial units for the industrial development
of the state.
   It also provides technical and
managerial support / services to entrepreneurs.
   One of the main activities of
RIICO is to provide term loans to various
projects set up in the state.
(iii) Centrally sponsored scheme:-
 ASIDE Schemes: ASIDE (State) schemes
are being run for development of basic
facilities for export promotion with the
help of Central Government. Out of the 31
approved projects, 30 projects have been
completed and 1 project has been
abandoned due to the closure of the
 Rajasthan Geography
ASIDE scheme by the Government of
India.
 Small Development Centers: Small
Development Centers have been
established to provide integrated
infrastructure in rural and underdeveloped
areas for the development of small scale
industries. At present, 35 projects have
been sanctioned out of which 17 projects
have been completed.
(iv) Special parks developed by RIICO :-

 Agro Food Parks: 04 Agro Food Packs
have been developed by RIICO at a cost of
` 49.65 crores in Boranada (Jodhpur),
Kota, Alwar and Sriganganagar
respectively. RIICO has prepared a plan to
create “Agriculture and Food Processing
Zone” on about 33 hectares of land in the
industrial area of Tinwari, Jodhpur.
 Japanese Parks: Japanese area has been
established by RIICO in Neemrana area of
Alwar. Currently, 45 units are functioning
in this park and 7 units are under
construction. An investment of ` 5,886
crore has been made by these units
providing direct or indirect employment to
about 16,557 persons.
 Another Japanese region has been
established on about 534 acres of land in
the Ghiloth Industrial Area of Alwar
district.
(c) Rajasthan Small Industries Corporation
Limited (RAJSICO):-
 It was established in June 1961 with a
view to provide assistance to small industrial units
and handicrafts and to facilitate proper marketing
of the goods produced by them. The
Corporation is providing basic export services to
the exporters / importers of Rajasthan through the
dry port (inland container depot) which is located
in Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bhilwara and Bhiwadi.
Currently only import / export facilities
are being provided through Inland Container
Depot (I.C.D) Jodhpur and Jaipur.Import and
97
export facilities by air are being provided through
the Air Cargo Complex at Sanganer Airport,
Jaipur.To promote Rajasthan‟s small scale
industrial units, their products such as Barbed
Wire Desert Cooler, RCC Pipe, Tent, Tripal,
Steel, Furniture, Polythene Bags, Angle Iron Post
etc. are supplied to various departments of
Rajasthan Government by the Corporation‟s
marketing arm. About 50 industrial units are
being provided such facilities during the year
2020-21. In addition, the Steel Authority of India
Limited purchases raw materials such as iron,
steel and coal and distributes it to 50 small
industrial units in the state.
(d) Rajasthan Finance Corporation (R.F.C) :-
 It was established in the year 1955 under the
State Financial Corporation Act 1951. The
main objective of its establishment is to
provide financial assistance up to ` 20 crore
for the establishment, expansion and
renovation of new industries in the state.
 Following loan schemes are being
implemented by the corporation: -
1- General Project Loan Scheme
2- Planning for Service Area.
3- Scheme for Commercial Real Estate
Sector (C.R.E)
4- Special category / individuals viz- SC / ST
/ Specially abled persons / Scheme for
women entrepreneurs.
5- Single Window Scheme (For Small and
SSI Units up to 200 Lakhs)
6- Scheme for Qualified Professionals.
7- Financing against assets scheme
8- Assets Financing Scheme
9. Switch over loan scheme
10. Simple Plan
11. Plan for natural disasters.
12. Project for financing solar energy projects.
13. Top-up loan scheme for current borrowers
of medium and small scale industries
14. Loan scheme for industrial, hotel and
hospital plots allotted in the industrial area
by RICO.
15. Youth Entrepreneurship Promotion
Scheme (Y.U.PY)
 Rajasthan Geography
16. Special loan scheme for marble processing
units with import license.
Good borrowers loan schemes: -
 Short Term Loan Scheme (S.T.L.)
 Working Capital Term Loan Scheme.
 Working Capital Term Loan Scheme for
special work (W.C.T.L.)
 Working capital term loan scheme for non
assisted units.
 Gold card Scheme.
 Platinum Card Loan Scheme.
 Loan Scheme for units promoted by the Good
Borrower Scheme.
 Flexi Loan Scheme.
(e) Yuva Udyamita Protsahan Yojana
(Y.U.P.Y.) –
 The scheme was launched by Rajasthan
Finance Corporation in the year 2013-14 with
an aim to ensure the participation of youth in
the industrialization of the state.
 In this scheme, the state government has set a
target of providing financial assistance to
1000 units.
 Under this scheme, the maximum age for
young entrepreneurs has been fixed at 45
years.
98
(f) Delhi -Mumbai -Industrial Corridor
department-Approx 1483 km long Western
Dedicated Front Corridor is being constructed
between Dadri (UP) and Jawaharlal Nehru
Port, Mumbai. About 39 percent of it passes
through Rajasthan.
Phase 1
(i) Khushkheda-Bhiwadi-Neemrana
Investment Region (K.B.N.I.R) - An area of
about 165 sq km, it includes 42 villages of
Alwar district.
(ii) Jodhpur-Pali-Marwar Industrial Area
(J.P.M.I.A) - It is being developed in an area
of about 154 sq km covering 9 villages in
Pali district.
Rajasthan Special Investment Regions Act,
2016
 Special legislation was notified on April 26,
2016 across the state and in D.M.I.C area
under the name of “Rajasthan Special
Investment Region Act 2016”.
 A state-level „Rajasthan Special Investment
Regions Board‟ has been formed for the
promotion and monitoring of the development
of Rajasthan Special Investment Regions.
 Rajasthan Geography
99

Important Question
 Where is Shriram Fertilizer and Chemicals Industry located in Rajasthan?
(1) Bundi (2) Bhiwadi
(3) Jaipur (4) Kota (4)
 The function(s) of Rajasthan Minority Finance and Development Corporation
includes/include.
(1) To provide educational and business loan at concessional interest rates to minority unemployed
youth for self employment.
(2) To provide educational and business loan at concessional interest rates to minority unemployed
women for self employment.
(3) Both (1) and (2)
(4) To provide housing loan at concessional interest rates to minority families. (3)
 Which one of the following is not a correct match?
(Livestock) (Breed)
(1) Cement - Modak
(2) Fertilizer - Gadepan
(3) Glass - Leelwani
(4) Copper - Khetri (3)

 Which is the main factor of localization of cement industry in Rajasthan?
(1) Market
(2) Availability of raw material
(3) Availability of power resources
(4) Skilled labour (2)
 Birla Cement works is located at-
(1) Chittorgarh (2) Kota
(3) Bundi (4) Nimbahera (1)

 Which among the following are important mineral based industries in Rajasthan?
(A) Zinc Smelting Industry
(B) Cement Industry
(C) Electronic Industry
(D) Marble Industry
Codes:
(1) (A) and (B) (2) (A), (C) and (D)
(3) (A), (B) and (D) (4) (A), (B), (C) and (D) (3)
 Proposed oil refinery at Pachpadra, Barmer is a joint venture of-
(1) ONGCL and Government of India
(2) OIL and Government of Rajasthan
(3) HPCL and Government of India
(4) HPCL and Government of Rajasthan (4)
 Which is the base year of Rajasthan‟s general Wholesale Price index?
(1) 1999-2000 (2) 2005-2006
(3) 2010-2011 (4) 2011-2012 (1)
 Which four Agro Food Parks are developed by RIICO?
(1) Boranada, Kota, Alwar, Shri Ganganagar
 Rajasthan Geography
100

(2) Barmer, Kota, Alwar, Bikaner

(3) Jodhpur, Kota, Badmer, Shri Ganganagar
(4) Bikaner, Bornada, Alwar, Badmer (1)
 Where three units of „Rajasthan State Chemical Works‟ are located?
(1) Lunkaransar (2) Deedwana
(3) Sambhar Lake (4) Phalodi (2)
 Which of the following is not correctly matched?
(1) Petroleum – Bhagya Shakti (Barmer)
(2) Coal – Palana (Bikaner)
(3) Petroleum – Ghotaru (Jaisalmer)
(4) Coal – Barsingsar (Barmer) (4)
 How many Industrial Areas have been set up by RIICO since its inception to 31 st March
2017?
(1) 340 (2) 370
(3) 400 (4) 430 (1)
Very Short Answer Type Questions (15 words)
1. Names and functions of four Central Public Sector Undertakings established in Rajasthan.
2. Rajasthan Finance Corporation.
3. Finance Commission.
4. NABARD
5. Names of four SEZ areas in Rajasthan.
Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)
1. What are the joint sector projects of RIICO?
2. What is the difference between Public Sector Undertakings and Public Limited Companies?
3. Explain the difference between Rajasthan Finance Department and Rajasthan Finance Corporation of
Rajasthan.
4. Give a brief distribution of the activities of Rajasthan State Industrial and Investment Corporation.
5. District Rural Development Agency.
6. Rajasthan Finance Corporation and RIICO.
Essay Questions - (100 words)
1. What are the main problems of public sector in Rajasthan? Discuss.
2. Discuss the role of RIICO in the development of Rajasthan.
3. State the role of Rajasthan Finance Corporation in the industrial development of Rajasthan.
4. Discuss the role of 'State Finance Corporation' and 'Rajasthan State Industrial Development and
Investment Corporation Ltd in the industrial development of the state.
 Rajasthan Geography
101

CHAPTER -10
Minerals of Rajasthan
(Metallic and Non-Metallic)
Important Points :
 Position of Rajasthan in India with Respect to Minerals
 North-Eastern Field & South-Eastern Field
 Metallic Minerals
 Non-Metallic Minerals
 Fertilizer Minerals
 Chemical Minerals

10.1 Introduction State has a monopoly in production of zinc, lead,

Rajasthan possesses a veritable range of
mineral deposits and hence it is a museum of
mineral resources in India. After Jharkhand &
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan occupies 3rd place in
the country with regard to availability of minerals.
The State is the sole producer of garnet
(Gem), Jasper, Selenite and wollestonite. The
silver and cadmium, marble, precious and semi-
precious stones. The state is also one of the most
important producers of dimensional and
decorative stone like Marble, Kota stone and Sand
stone in the country and has potential for granite.
Other leading minerals are tungston, gypsum,
soap-stone, rock phosphate, asbestos, clay calcite,
felspar, ochres and building stones.

In general, the position of Rajasthan with
respect to mineral wealth in India can be
grouped into as follows :—
1. Minerals in Which the state has monopoly:-
Zinc, lead, marble, Silver, emrald, diamond
cadmium.
2. Mineral whose major production come from
Rajasthan:- Gypsum, rock-phosphate
asbestos, silica, tungston, copper, building-
stone, soap-stone, claym, calcite, felspar,
ochres.
3. Minerals in which the State has a good
reserves:- Mica, lime-stone, barytes, flurite,
graphite, pyrophyllite, bentonite etc.
4. Minerals whose production is neglligible:-
Barytes, China clay, vermiculite.
5. Minerals in which the State is deficient:- Iron
ore, manganese, cromium, petroleum.
 Rajasthan Geography
10.2 Iron Ore
Although Rajasthan is not rich in this mineral
yet the available deposit is of high quality
(Hematite and Magnetite). The ore mostly in the
form of Hematite is found in small deposited
where mining isuneconomical. Some magnetite is
also found at scattered places. The Iron-ore
occurrence in the state are located in north-eastern
and south-eastern part of the state.
A. North-Eastern Fields :—
(i) Morija-Banol Area : This area is also
known as Morija-Banol deposits. There ore
occurs about 8 to 10 km east of Chomu-
Samod railway station in Amber tehsil of
Jaipur district. Morija has ten metre thick belt
of hematite extends for a distance of over one
km and the ore has 68% iron contents. In this
area, iron ore occurs as hematite bands and
lenses which uncomfortably rest over the
Aravalli and Pre-Aravalli gneiss and Schist’s.
(ii) Nimla Raisalo Area : The deposits of iron
ore of this area in and around Neemla village
about 24 km north of Dausa railway station.
102
(iii) Dabla Singhana Neem – Neem Ka Thana :-
The hematite ore deposits found in
association with quartzite are located about
10-13 km. west of Dabla railway station in
Khetri tehsil of Jhunjhunu districts.
B. South-Eastern Field :—
The deposits of iron-ore of this region occur
in scattered form in a concentric curve south east
of the Aravallis range. A line drawn from Bundi
to Banswara pass Bhilwara, Kankroli, west of
Udaipur City and Dungarpur largely determines
the location of mining areas in this region.
(i) Nathra-Ka-Pal :- The iron-ore deposits are
located about 61 km. south east of Udaipur
City.
(ii) Thur-Hunder Deposits :- These iron-ore
deposits are located 20 km. north west of
Udaipur station. The ore is hematite having
58% iron-contents. The reserves are about 50
thousand tones.
(iii) Other Areas :- Remember that at present the
exploitation of iron-ore is only being done
from Morija Banol deposits and the rest of
the iron-ore areas have not so far been
exploited.
 Rajasthan Geography
103

Mineral Wealth of Rajasthan Classification

Metallic Non-Metallic Building Materials

Ferrous Non-ferrous (Building stones, limestone,

marble, bantonite, fuller’s, earth
bricks earth and ordinary clay)
(Iron & (Silver, copper or
Manganese) lead concentrates,
Zinc-concentrates)

Electronic Precious High heat Chemical Fertilizers Others

& Atomic Stones sustaining minerals minerals
Minerals heat resisting Calcite
and Clayer Sclenite
minerals. Ochre
Salt Slate
Mica Uranium Limestone toumaline
Barytes Pyroplilite
Asbestos Flourite
Emarald felspar Rock Woltramite
gamet Crude Phosphate Jasper
Quartz
Fire-clay Gypsum
Dolmite Pyrites
China clay
silica
Magnesite
Wollesonite
Vermiculite
Bhilwara district (Auguncha-Gulabpura area) is at
10.3 Zinc and Lead second place follwed by Sawai Madhopur, Alwar
(Guru Kisoridas), Banswara (Wardalia) and Sirohi
The state is first in the reserve and production
Districts.
of zinc in India, having 40 million tonnes of its
reserves. Lead is used in the manufacture of The distribution of zinc and lead
ornaments as well as it is also used in the concentrates confined to three areas :—
production of alloys whereas zinc is used in the 1. South-Eastern Region
batteries coins and electrical instruments. These 2. North Eastern Region, and
two metals are found mixed together and are 3. Central Region.
separated thorough refining process. Udaipur
district has maximum concentration having 1. South Eastern Region :- The most important
principal mines located at Jawar (40 km. South Zawar mines are situated about 40 km. south-
East from Udaipur city). Rajpura Debari etc. east of Udaipur City, close to Zawar village.
There are ample evidences of this fact that the
 Rajasthan Geography
smelting industry related to these minerals
flourished here in ancient times. The present
mines are located at Machia, Balaria and
Zawar mala which covers an area of about 24
sq. km. around the Mochia Magra hills. Other
places in this region are Rikhabdeo and
Debari in Udaipur district, Ghughra and
Mando in Dungarpur district and Wardalia in
Banswara district and in Sirohi district. A
zinc smelter plant namely. The Hindustan
Zinc Ltd. a Central Government Undertaking
exploits the ore and makes its concentrate at
Zawar. This undertaking is also producing
super phosphate of high quality.
2. North-Eastern Region:- In this region, there
are two areas namely-Chauth-Ka-Barwada
(Sawai Madhopur) and Gurha Kishori Das
(Alwar district. The proper recovery from
these mines would certainly increase its
production which is now negligible.
3. Central Region :- This region has achieved a
great fame since 1984 when these ores were
discovered in Rampura Aguncha area in
Mandalgarh tehsil Bhilwara district. Here
explotation of these ores started in 1986. The
ores of these mines is sent for processing to
Chanderia of Chittorgarh where a smelter
plant has been established in 1991.
10.4Copper
The State is at third place in its deposits after
Bihar and Andhra Pradesh in the Country. Copper
is found in the mines in the term of copper, iron,
sulphide which is usually found disseminated in
the schists and phyllites. The ore contains traces
of gold and cadmium also which are recovered as
by products. So far as the production of copper,
Rajasthan occupies the second place in India.
Bihar is the largest producer of this mineral in the
country, where Mosabani mines give the highest
production.
Copper is mined from the following area
now in Rajasthan :—
(i) Khetri-Singhana Belt :- These copper mines
are located about 23 km. from Maonda
railway station. This is long mountainous belt
104
extending to over 80 kms in the north-east
south-west direction.
(ii) Kho-Dariba :- These underground mines
exist in Rajgarh tehsil about 50 km. south-
west of Alwar city. Mineral occurs in
phyllites and quartzite rock. Some ore is also
mined from the hillocks, south of Dariba
village. The reserves have been estimated to
be 2 lakh tones. The ore of Kho-Dariba has
about 2 to 2.5% of copper contents in it and is
therefore of better quality. About 200 tones of
one is mined here every day and sent by
trucks to Khetri.
(iii) Delwara Kerovli :- These mines are located
in Sirohi district. Copper ore has been found
in a large number of villages in this area.
Khetri has the copper smelting and
purification plant which started functioning in
1976. The Khetri Copper Complex in run by
Hindustan Copper Ltd. a Government of
India undertaking. This plant has the capacity
of producing 36,000 tons of pure copper per
year. Sulphur which is an associated element
with copper in the ore used here to make
Sulphuric acid.
Besides, Phosphate Fertilizer as a by-product
is also produced by the plant. A large
quantity of Fluorine gas is also produced in
the beneficiation process which is used to
make hydrogen silicate flouride.
(iv) Residuals of most ancient copper era
civilization of India have been found at Neem
Ka Thana region (Ganeshwar civilization)
of Sikar District. Copper reserves were also
found in Jhadol Salumber of Udaipur
District.
10.5Tungsten
Rajasthan is the only producer of tungsten in
India. Tungsten is used to make iron alloys. It is
used in electric bulbs and the alloys of steel which
are used to make sawing machines, diamond-
cutting machines. Tungsten alloy is called
wolframite in which about 1.0 to 1.3% of tungsten
is found. The only source of this mineral is in.
Degana (Nagaur District). The two hills of this
 Rajasthan Geography
mineral in Degana are producing tungsten for the
last one century and so the quality and quantity of
ore is fast depleting.
10.6 Atomic Minerals
(a) Beryllium
It is a silicate of beryllium and aluminum
which occurs in hexagonal crystal shape. It is
found in various shades light green, yellow, white
or pale. The state is very rich in this atomic
mineral, having maximum share in its production
and deposits. The occurrence of this mineral is
confined mostly in granites, pegmatites (igneous
rock) and metamorphic rocks. It is generally
found upto the depth of 15 to 18 meters. In
Rajasthan, the beryl ore contains about 12-14 per
cent of beryllium oxide content which is very high
and is considered to be of good quality.
The state has several beryl producing areas
but Rajsamand district has highest concentration.
The other important districts are Jaipur, Bhilwara,
Dungarpur, Sikar, Tonk and Alwar.
(i) Rajsamand district :- The beryl
producing area lies in the north of the district just
south of amet. The mineral exists with the
pegmaatic deposits, mostly in association with
mica.
(ii) Ajmer districts :- It is present in the
western foothills of the Aravallis. Occurrences of
importance are located at Bander Sindri and
Gujarwara.
(b) Uranium
Uranium is silvery-gray metallic radioactive
chemical element. Uraninite is a uranium oxide
mineral and the most important ore of uranium.
"Pitchblende" is an archaic name that was used
for uraninite. It is only naturally formed in
supernova explosions. India has no significant
reserves of Uranium. Recently India has
discovered large uranium deposits at Rohil in
Rajasthan's Sikar District, Kho-Dariba in Alwar,
Ajmer, Dungarpur, Banswara. The deposit is
estimated at 10,000 tones, is spread across 22
hectares of land in the Royal Village of Khandela
in Sikar. All needs are met through imports. Some
quality reserves were recently discovered in parts
105
of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana between
Seshachalam forest and Sresailam (Southern edge
of Anghra to Southern edge of Telangana).
(c) Thorium
Thorium metal is silvery and tarnishes black
when exposed to air. It is weekly radioactive, all
its known isotopes are unstable. It is found in Pali
district of Rajasthan.
10.7 Manganese
It is ferrous metal which is mixed with iron to
make steel. this mineral is also used in making
fertilizers, chemical pigments, batteries,
explosives, paints and varnishes. Rajasthan is
poor in manganese deposits and the production is
almost negligible. It is known to exist in
Banswara district in the form of pyrolusite,
brownite, and silomilen. Talwara, Leelawani,
sivania, Kalakhunt, Naradia, Segwa are some of
the centres where manganese is found in
Banswara district.
10.8 Non Metallic Minerals
A large variety of such minerals are mined in
the State. Some important one are gives
below.
(a) Gypsum :—
Gypsum is an anhydrile of calcium sulphate
and the ore is called Selenite. Deposits of gypsum
are found over large areas of the state, chiefly in
the regions where the river beds of the old rivers,
the palaeochannels exist. So the main areas are
located in its northern and western part. Gypsum
producing areas of the state can be grouped under
four areas:
(i) Nagaur District :- Nagaur district is very
rich and has maximum share in its reserves
(95%) and production (85%). this district
alone has about 30 crore tons of known
deposits, which exist 60-125 metres below
the surface.
(ii) Bikaner-Ganganagar District :- All these
fields are located in the northern part of the
state. The known deposits are about 19 crore
tons. Jamsar is the major centre of
 Rajasthan Geography
production. The other known areas of
gypsum in Bikaner district are Siyasar,
Harkasar, Pugal, Lunkaransar.
(iii) Churu District : The main producing centres
are located at about 104 km north east of
Taranager.
(iv) Jaisalmer-Jodhpur-Barmer Districts :-
Large deposits of gypsum are known to exist
in all these three districts.
(b) Mica :—
Mica forms major constitution of the
pegmatites. It is one of those minerals which does
not required treatment in smelter, but is readily
put to various uses. Mica is used in three principal
forms natural sheet splitting and ground mica.
Sheet mica is used chiefly for electrical insulation
in various electrical and electronic equipments. It
is also used for lining the boilers. Mica mixed
glass is used in aeroplane and motor-car glasses. It
could also be used in paints, mica-based
aluminum.
(i) North Eastern Mica Belt (Tonk and Jaipur
districts) and
(ii) The South-western Mica belt (Bhilwara and
Rajsamand) Apart from these, there are other
scattered mining areas in Dungarpur, Bundi,
and Sikar.
(c) Felspar :—
Felspar , agroup of alkali alumina silicate
minerals the common types of which are
microcline, orthoclase and albite occur in
Pegmatites. Commerical felsper rock is a mixture
of potash spar and soda spar. It is used in glass,
pottery and enamel industries. Rajasthan is the
chief producer of felspar in country, accounting
for almost 75% of the total. the mineral is found
in association with mica bearing pegmatites. The
main occurrences are in Dungarwara, Dadiya,
Gujarwara in Jaipur district, Bander Sindri in
Ajmer district, Chaondiya, Pratapgarh, Dingor,
Phaulad, Bara in Pali district.
(d) Asbestos :—
106
It is the main insulating mineral and is used
for making asbestos cement, roofing sheets, pipes
and other products for heat insulation.
Rajasthan accounts for about 65% of the
country’s production.
(e) Silica Sand :—
It is an important raw-material of the glass
industry, but to be useful it must not contain
ferruginous impurities, but to be useful it must not
contain ferruginous impurities. Rajasthan has
been one of the leading producers of silica sand in
the country and 88% of the state’s production is
reported from Jaipur and Bundi districts. It is
mostly found in Jhar (Jaipur district), Kundi (Kota
district), Mudh (Bikaner district), Alanpur (Sawai
Madhopur district) and Barodia (Bundi district).
(f) Quartz :—
It is being used mainly in ceramic industry
and also in optical and electronic industries.
Quartz is the most abundant and widely
distributed mineral and occurs as a main
constituent of pegmatites. It is produced in Ajmer,
Sirohi, Alwar and Sikar districts. More than 40
percent of the quartz production come from Ajmer
district followed by 20% from Sirohi district and
the remaining from Jodhpur, Pali and Alwar
districts.
(g) Magnesite :—
Magnesite is valued for its refractory
properties and is also an important source of
magnesium metal. It is extensively used for the
manufacture of bricks and to minor extent in glass
industry.It is found in Ajmer District.
(h) Vermiculite :—
A Small production of vermiculite is obtained
from a mine in the Ajmer district. It is chemically
inert, fire proof, non conductor of electricity and
is very light and a good insulator against heat and
sound
(i) Wollastonite :—
This mineral is one of the latest to enter in the
field of industrial minerals but its industrial
applications are fast growing. The single largest
use to wollastonite is inthe ceramic industry. It
 Rajasthan Geography
also finds use as filter in paint and paper products
and in metallurgy as welding rod coating. There
are good prospects of wollastonite finding use in
the chemical industry.It is found in Sirohi,
Dungarpur District of Rajasthan.
(j) China Clay :—
China clay used estensively for pottery
making and electrical insulator, is found in
Sawaimadhopur, Sikar, Alwar, Nagaur and Jalore
districts. Some of these are used buy the pottery
making units. For an effective utilization of these
clays for making fine pottery proper washing is
essential.
(k) Fire Clay :—
It is type of secondary clay which can stand
temperature above 15000C. They are utilized in
the manufacture of fire bricks, blocks, crucibles
etc. In Rajasthan, such clay are found in the
Bikaner district.
(l) Emerald :—
Rajasthan is the only state producing this
highly valued gem stone. Localities from where
emerald is reported are situated in Ajmer and
Udaipur districts.
(m) Garnet :—
Most of Inda’s garnet is produced in
Rajasthan. Gernet is an important industrial
mineral of Rajasthan. It is of two types. The
precious and semi-precious variety is used for
making ornaments like necklaces. The other
variety is called abrasive garnet, which is used in
hard rubber, plastic industries, finishing of leather
goods, disc and paper making industries.
Grounded garnet is used in making point
sparkplugs, optical lenses etc.
There are 24 garnet mining leases in the state,
mostly in Tonk, Bhilwara and Ajmer districts.
Sarwar (Ajmer Dist.), Rajmahal, Ganwri,
Kushalpura, Janakpura (Tonk Dist.), Kamalpura,
Dadia and Baliakheda (Bhilwara Dist) are the
main producing centres.
10.9 Fertilizer Minerals
107
In this group, with its abudant gypsum
resources and production, Rajasthan was the most
important State in the Union and now with the
discovery of huge phosphate rock deposited near
Udaipur, the position of Rajasthan has been
further strengthened. It also has vast resources of
pyrite at Saladipura.
(a) Phosphate Rock :—
A major break through in the mineral
exploration field has been the discovery of huge
phosphate rock deposits near Udaipur (Jhamar-
Kotra region).
(b) Pyrites :—
Sulphuric acid is an essential raw material in
the fertilizer industry. In the absence of sulphur
deposits the only alternative indigenous source of
sulphur is pyrites of which there are extensive
deposits at Saladipura in Sikar district. Intensive
exploration in Saladipura has provide reserves of
the order of 115 million tonnes averaging about
20% sulphur. Setting up of a big fertilizer
complex utilizing the phosphate rock deposits
near Udaipur and the pyrites of Saladipura has
been agreed to in principle by the Government of
India.
10.10 Chemical Minerals
The important minerals of this group
produced in the state.
(a) Limestone :—
Rajasthan is fortunate to have deposits of
limestone suitable for cement manufacture.
Vindhyan, Ajabgarh, Raialo and Aravalli, all
these geological formation have contributed
quality limestone occurring in various parts of the
state. The cement industries have been established
at those places where A grade limestone is
available locally cement plants are located at
Sawai Madhopur, Lakheri (Bundi), Chanderia
(Chittorgarh), Nimbahera (Chittorgarh), Daroli
(Udaipur), Modak (Jhalawar), Beawar (Ajmer),
Patan (Sikar) and Kiravali (Sirohi). there are
about 24 mini-cement plants in the area lying
between Kota and Chittoregarh because this area
has rich resources of lime stone.
 Rajasthan Geography
The Steel-grade limestone is found in
Jaisalmer district. It is estimated that about 80
crore tons of this finest quality is availabe here in
the mines of Kanoi, Kanoi ki Dhani and Mere
Dungar.
Steel-grade limestone has also been found in
Udaipur, Nagaur and Jhalawar districts. Two new
cement factories of Gotan (Nagaur) are also
functioning today to manufacture white cement
and using the best limestone of this region.
(b) Barytes :—
Barytes are barium sulphate. Baryte is valued
for its chemical inertness and high specific
gravity. It is used in preparing muds required
during oil well drilling. Other uses are in paint
and lithopone industry and as a sources material
for barium chemicals. It is used as a filter in paper
and rubber manufacture.
Almost 98% come from Alwar district, where
18 leases operate.
(c) Fuller’s Earth :—
Fuller’s earth or Multani Mitti is a natural
clay, of non swelling type, characterized by its
marked ability to absorb grease and remove
coloring matter from oils and other liquids.
Rajasthan has extensive deposits of fuller’s earth
in Bikaner and Barmer districts. Important
localities are Palana, Mudh; Kesardesar both in
Bikaner district. Palana deposits are th most
extensive.
10.11 Marble, Granite and Other Building
Stones
Marble quarries of Makrana are of historical
importance having provided building stone for the
Taj Mahal. The world famous Makrana marble
comes from Nagaur district of Rajasthan and is
ranked as the best marble produced in India.
Marble is a metamorphic rock which is formed
from calcium carbonate (limestone) after
undergoing pressure and temperature increase in
between the other rocks of late many new areas
have come to light and have augmented the
Makrana production. Important ocurrences are
108
located in Nagaur, Pali, Sirohi, Bundi, Udaipur
and Jaipur districts.
(i) Makrana deposits :-Markerana is a word of
quality marbkle. Many mosques, temples,
monuments of built of this quility marble
quarried from this small town of Makrana.
Makrana marble contains about 98 % calcium
carbonate.
(ii) Southern deposits : - In the southern
districts of the State, marble is mined at Devi
Mata and Babar Mal centres in Udaipur
district which are located about 24 km south-
east of Udaipur city. Rajnagar in Udaipur
district is also a famous marble producing
centre. All these quarries of Udaipur district
produce pink colour marbles used mostly for
building purposes. Bhatana quarry in Sirohi
distrit is located about 32 km west of Abu
road railway station at Bhatana village.
Some marble with all seven colours of the
sperctrum has been found in Khandra village
on the Pali-Abu highway.
(iii) Jaisalmer deposits :- Jaisalmer marble is
slightly different. It is a yellow shell
limestone of the Jurassic age containing
fossils. The presence of these fossils present
unique patterns after polishing. It is a good
ornamental stone and is used for toys and
decorative pieces.
(a) Calcite :—
Calcite is chemically calcium carbonate and
occurs as rhombohedral crystals. In pulverized
form, it is used as a filler in paper and textile
industries. A considerable quantity is used in
ceramic industry also (as a glaze) and in making
paint, distemper, and insecticides. important
calcite localities are Moanda, Raipur, Jhamas,
Balupur all in Sikar district. Sikar district is the
major producer.
(b) Uranium :—
Rajasthan is the second major producer (after
Bihar) of this atomic mineral in India. It is mainly
concentrated in Ajmer, Dungarpur and Banswar
districts.
 Rajasthan Geography
(c) Common Salt :—
Rajasthan is famous for the production of
common salt (sodium chloride) from the lakes of
Sambhar, Lunkaransar and Pachpadra. In these
salt lakes, the percentage of common salt is about
90-98% while other chemicals like sodium
sulphate carbonate are also found. The Hindustan
Salts Ltd. manufactures the iodized and non-
iodized common salt at Sambhar lake. About 10
lakh tons of salt is manufactured every year.
(d) Fuels :—
Rajasthan, though rich in metallic and non
metallic mineral deposits is deficient in fuel
resources.
(e) Oil & Natural Gas :—
Some reserves of oil and natural gas is found
at Ghotaru, Bharti, Tiba, Ramgarh, Deva,
Dhuvali, Sandewal and Longewal in Jaisalmer
districts by O.N.G.C.
(f) Coal :—
Rajasthan is very much deficient in coal
reserves. There is only some quantity of lignite
coal found mainly in Bikaner district (palana,
Khari, Channeri, Mundh), Jodhpur (Ganga
Sarovar) Nagaur (Merta-Road), Barmer (Kapurdi)
districts have also small deposits of its.
The discovery of lignite in the Merta Road
area of Nagaur and Kapurdi area of Barmer has
given hope to meet partially the power deficiency
of the State.
10.12 Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals
Limited (R.S.M.M.L)
 For the purpose of scientifically exploring /
quarrying the available minerals in the state of
Rajasthan, a company was established on 30
October 1974 under the provisions of the
Companies Act, 1956, under the name of
Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Limited.
 The major activities of the company have been
divided into four parts which is called
Strategic business unit and profit center
which is situated as follows:
109
1. Rock phosphate – Jhamarkotra, Udaipur.
2. Gypsum – Bikaner.
3. Limestone – Jodhpur
4. Lignite – Jaipur
Social activities-
 R.S.M.M.L has spent a total of ` 107.40
lakhs on C.S.R activities during the
financial year 2020-21 (till December,
2020).
 For the benefit of the villagers, the
company is providing regular medical
camps in the villages around the mining
area, installation of computers and
providing books in schools.
10.13 Crude oil and natural gas
 Production of crude oil from Barmer
started from 29 August 2009 and
currently around 1,15,000 barrels of crude
oil is produced daily.
 Petroleum producing area in the state is
spread over of about 1,50,000 sq. Km.
(14 district) under 4 petroliferous basins.
1. Barmer – Sachore basin
2. Jaisalmer basin
3. Bikaner Nagaur basin
4. Vindhyan basin
(a) Exploitation, Production & development
activites of Crude oil & natural gas –
During the financial year 2020-21 (upto
December, 2020) revenue of ` 1210.46 crore
has been accrued.
 13 petroleum mining leases have been
approved by the state government for
exploitation of mineral oil and natural
gas. Exploration in 14 Petroleum
Exploration License (PEL) blocks is in
progress.
 In the 38 areas discovered in the Barmer-
Sanchore Basin, hydrocarbons reserves
estimated at 234 million barrels of oil
equivalent.
 About 30,981 barrels of heavy oil have
been exploited from the Vaghevala
(Jaisalmer) field, currently 130 to 140
 Rajasthan Geography
barrels of heavy oil is being produced per
day.
 Under the open acreage licensing policy
IV of Hydrocarbon Exploration and
Licensing Policy (HELP) for oil and gas
exploration, petroleum and natural gas
ministry, 2 new blocks in Bikaner-
Nagaur basin were allocated on 2
January, 2020 whose Petroleum
Exploration License (PEL) has been
issued on July 13, 2020 by the state
government.
 Natural gas production started by M/s
Focus Energy from 8 July 2010 and 2-3
lakh cubic meters per day is being
produced to supply (110 MW and 160
MW) to Ramgarh Power Plant.
(b) Rajasthan Refinery Project -
 On January 16, 2018, the work of the
Rajasthan Refinery Co-Petrochemical
Complex Project with an annual capacity
of 9 million tonnes was inaugurated at
Pachpadra, Barmer.
 A joint venture project of HPCL and the
Government of Rajasthan involving a
refinery petrochemical complex.
 Project Cost ` 43,129 Crore
 Debt Equity Ratio 2: 1
 Share - HPCL 74%, State Government
26%
 Products manufactured B.S - VI
• Crude mix- 1.5 to 2.5 M.M.T.P.A crude
oil originating from Rajasthan will be used
without any cost escalation and Arabian
crude oil will be used for the remaining
capacity.
 Progress of Refinery Project -
Expenditure of `5,367 crores by
December 2020, 26.68 Km out of 27.46
Km boundary walls completed.
(c) Production and Revenue accrued from
Petroleum SectorLabour
 Under the Building and Other Construction
Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996, an amount
of ` 232.09 crore cess has been collected.
110
 In view of the high number of pending cases
of Building and Other Construction Workers
Welfare (B.O.C.W) schemes, a control room
has been set up at the headquarters on 12 April
2019.
10.14 Welfare schemes being run for the
construction workers by workers welfare
board
 Construction Workers Education and
Skill Development Scheme.
 Construction Workers Accessible
Housing Scheme.
 Construction Worker Life and Future
Safety Plan.
 Maternity Support Scheme.
 Shubashakti Yojana.
 Assistance scheme in case of normal or
accidental death or injury to construction
workers.
 Assistance scheme for the beneficiaries
suffering from silicosis.
• Construction Worker Tools / Toolkit
Scheme.
(a) Rajasthan Unemployment Allowance
Scheme (Mukhya Mantra Yuva Sambal
Yojana) :
 This scheme was launched on February 1,
2019, under this scheme an
unemployment allowance worth of `
3500 for educated female, transgender
and specially abled person and ` 3000 for
educate male is being distributed per
month for maximum 2 years or till to got
employed whichever is earlier to.
(b) Establishment of Model career centers
(M.C.C.)
 Employment exchanges are being
transformed in the model career center by
the government of India. Currently 3
model career centers have been started in
Bikaner, Bharatpur and Kota and under
process in remaining districts.
Raj Kaushal portal was inaugurated on June
5th, 2020 to provide employment opportunities
 Rajasthan Geography
111

to the migrant labours during COVID-19 and(c) Rajasthan Skill and Livelihood Development
to bring the available man power and Corporation - ( R.S. L.D.C.)
employment at a single platform. The data of  Rajasthan Mission and Livelihood
9.59 lakh employers and 52.64 lakh man (R.M.O.L) established with the objective
power are available on this portal. of formulating appropriate and innovative
Centrally sponsored schemes implemented by strategies to promote and facilitate the
RSLDC. livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable
i. Deendayal Upadhyay Gramin Kaushal people of the state; A skill training system
Yojana – (DDU-GKY) was established in the state involving
ii. Pradhanmantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana more than 649 participating agencies to
(PNKVY) execute the training program.
iii. Skill Execution and Knowledge  RSLDC is implementing the following
Awareness for Livelihood Promotion schemes-projects for the development of
(SANKALP) skills and entrepreneurship -
Innovative approach to achieve the vision of ‘Skill 1. Employment linked Skill Training
Rajasthan” Programme (E.L.S.T.P.)
i. Recruit-Train-Deploy 2. Regular skill training program (R.S.T.P.)
ii. Direct Empanelment process 3. Mukhyamantri Yuva Kaushal Yojana
(M.M.Y.K.Y.)

Important Question
 As per production in year 2016-17 which are the major metallic minerals in Rajasthan?
(A) Lead and Zinc (B) Copper ore
(C) Iron ore (D) Bauxite
(1) A, B, C and D (2) A, C and D
(3) A, B and D (4) A, B and C (4)
 ‘Lalsot’, ‘Ravsola’ and ‘Bamani’ places are related to which mineral?
(1) Manganese (2) Tungsten
(3) Copper (4) Iron – ore (4)
 Rajasthan is almost a sole producer of which of the following minerals?
(A) Lead and zinc ores (B) Copper ores
(C) Wollastonite (D) Salenite
Codes:
(1) (A) and (C) (2) (A), (B) and (D)
(3) (A), (B) and (C) (4) (A), (C) and (D) (4)
 Which of the following matches is incorrect?
(Mineral) (Major Mines)
(1) Lead-Zinc - Rajpura-Dariba
(2) Iron-Ore - Dabla region
(3) Copper - Leelwani
(4) Rock Phosphate - Jhamar Kotda (3)
 Match the following: (RPSC, Ist Gr.-2019, Music)
(Mineral) (Deposits)
A. Copper i. Morija deposits
B. Iron Ore ii. Gararia to Ratimauri
C. Lead and Zink iii. Madhan-Kudhan deposits
D. Manganese iv. Zawar deposits
Codes:
 Rajasthan Geography
112

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1) i ii iii iv
(2) ii iv i iii
(3) iv ii iii i
(4) i ii iv iii (2)


 Mark the correct match-
(1) Khetri – Singhana – Copper
(2) Rajpura – Dariba – Gold
(3) Jhamar – Kotra – Iron ore
(4) Dabala – Singhana – Baryte (1)
 ‘Nathra ki Pal’ mine is located in district of:
(1) Ajmer (2) Udaipur
(3) Sirohi (4) Barmer (2)
 Rajasthan is the sole producer of ___ in the country.
(1) gold, silver and granite
(2) tungsten
(3) Jasper, lead and zinc and wollastonite
(4) None of these (3)
 Tungsten is produced in which of the following mining areas?
(1) Degana (2) Gujarwada
(3) Bandar sindri (4) Devda (1)
 Marketing of Handicrafts of Rajasthan is done with which name by RAJSICO?
(1) Rajdarbar (2) Rajasthali
(3) Rajdarpan (4) Maharaja (2)
 Minerals found in Rajasthan like Gypsum, Rock Phosphate and Pyrites are used for manufacturing
of-
(1) Chemical fertilizers (2) Cement
(3) Medicines (4) Sugar (1)
 Which one of the following minerals is used for production of fertilizers?
(1) Multani Mitti (2) Soap Stone
(3) Gypsum (4) Dolomite (3)
 Important lignite resources of Rajasthan are situated at?
(1) Palana, Agucha and Merta
(2) Palana, Kapurdi and Sonu
(3) Kapurdi, Merta and Sonu
(4) Kapurdi, Merta and Palana (4)
 In which district of Rajasthan highest quantity of ‘Feldspar’ is produced?
(1) Pali (2) Ajmer
(3) Jaipur (4) Sikar (2)
 ‘Goth Manglod’ area of Rajasthan is related to mineral?
(1) Manganese (2) Gypsum
(3) Rock Phosphate (4) Tungsten (2)
 Which one of the following is not an iron ore mining area?
(1) Nimala (2) Talwada
(3) Morija (4) Dabla (2)
 Around 90% of Asbestos of India is produced in Rajasthan; districts in which it is produced are?
(1) Bhilwara, Nagaur, Sirohi, Jaipur
(2) Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara, Ajmer
(3) Tonk, Bhilwara, Nagaur, Banswara
(4) Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Sirohi and Tonk (2)
 Rajasthan Geography
113

 Which one of the following precisous stones is found abundantly in Rajasthan?

(1) Blue Sapphire Gem Stone
(2) Ruby Gem Stone
(3) Aqua Marine (Firoza)
(4) Agate Gem Stone (Sulameni Stone) (4)
 Which one of the following is not exported from Rajasthan?
(1) Gems and Jewellery (2) Cement
(3) Marble (4) Cereals (4)
 Jawar mines are situated in district?
(1) Udaipur (2) Sawai Madhopur
(3) Chittorgarh (4) Rajsamand (1)
 Which of the mineral is obtained from Agucha Gulabpura area of Bhilwara district?
(1) Zinc (2) Mica
(3) Copper (4) Calcite (1)
 Chanderiya Lead Zinc Smelter is located in district?
(1) Udaipur (2) Chittorgarh
(3) Bhilwara (4) Ajmer (2)
 Where does large reserves of copper are found in Rajasthan?
(1) Didwana area (2) Bikaner area
(3) Udaipur area (4) Khetri area (4)

Very short answer type questions (15 words)

1. Write the names of the main non-metallic minerals of Rajasthan.
2. Lignite Fertilizer
3. Asbestos in Rajasthan
4. Longewala
5. Barsingsar
6. Why the following places are famous- Agucha, Jhamarkotda, Ghotaru, Degana

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. What do you understand by 'Poonam Kshetra' in Rajasthan?
2. What is the objective of Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana?
3. Briefly explain the types and distribution of building stones in Rajasthan.
4. Write about the distribution and industrial use of lignite coal in Rajasthan.
5. Salt production center in the state.
6. Mineral wealth of the state.
7. Metallic mineral of Rajasthan.
8- Write a note on the following mineral wealth-
i. Tungsten
ii. Manganese
iii. zinc
iv. copper
v. Failspar
9. Status of mineral oil exploitation in Rajasthan.

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Review the deposit area and present production status of lead, zinc and copper minerals in Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
114

CHAPTER -11
Power Resources of Rajasthan
Conventional and Non-Conventional
Important Points :
 Distribution of Coal
 Oil and Natural Gas
 Gas Power Plants of Rajasthan
 Hydroelectric Power Plants in Rajasthan
 Solar Power Generation

11.1 Introduction
Power resources of Rajasthan play a key factor in the modern agricultural, industrial and economic
development. These resources are the major source of industrial power and fuel, transportation power
and fuel, transportation power, agricultural power, valuable by products (from coal) and petroleum and
domestic fuel. Coal, petroleum
and natural gas are also used as Power Resources : Classification
an industrial raw material like
coal in iron and steel, brick,
synthetic petro and fertilizer,
petroleum in petro-chemical Conventional Non-conventional
industries (synthetic rubber, (New and Renewable)
synthetic fibres), fertilizer and
natural gas in fertilizer Commercial Non-commercial
production.
Hydro-electric power
which is cheap and Cow Dung Fuel Work
inexhaustible source have
helped in decentralizing
industries in remote areas and Fund Flow 1. Solar Power
development of metallurgical Resources Resources
2. Wind
and electro-chemical 3. Bio-gas
industries. The non- 4. Bio-mass
conventional new and 5. Improved and
renewable power sources have Fossil Fuel Fussionable fuel efficient
Element 6. Urban and
characteristics of low Agricultural
production cost and are easy to waste
use without generating 7. Electro-vane
pollution. Coal Petroleum Natural gas 8. Micro-hydel
System
Atomic Power 9. Tidal
10. Geo-thermal
 Rajasthan Geography
11.2 Spatial Distribution
Spatial distribution of major power resources
of Rajasthan. Their detail description is given
below :
(a) Coal :—
Rajasthan is very much poor in coal deposits.
Only lignite coal of tertiary era having high
sulphur content with low carbon per cent (32 -
55%) is mainly found in Bikaner district, Unlike
anthracite and bituminous coals, lignite is not
suitable for coke. It cannot also be used
economically for generating thermal power. In
Bikaner district the most dominant mine is located
at Palana, 23 km South West from Bikaner city
with estimated reserves of 21 million tonnes.
Other mines in the district are located at Kheri
Channeri, Mund, Kaisardaisa etc. Jodhpur (Ganga
Sarover) and jaisalmer district have also some
reserves. Recently, new reserves of lignite is
found at Merta Road (3 crores tonnes) in Nagaur
district and Kapurdi, (6 crores tonnes) in Barmer
district.
Rajasthan and Neyvelli lignite corporation for
setting up lignite based house at Barsingsar near
Biakner.
(i) Kapurdi (Barmer) : - Recent surveys
indicate that this area has about 32 million
tons of good lignite reserves.
(ii) Merta (Nagaur):- These lignite deposits
have been discovered in the last decade
(iii) Gurha (Bikaner) :- Here lignite deposits are
94 metre deep and exist in seams of 5 metre
thickness.
Thermal Power plants in Rajasthan
 Suratgarh Super Thermal Power plant –
1500 MW
 Kota Super Thermal Power Plant - 1240
MW
 Chhabra Thermal Power Plant – 1000 MW
 Kalisindh Thermal Power Plant – 600 MW
 Giral Lignite Power plant – 250 MW
 Barsingar Thermal Power Station
 JSW Barmer Power Station
 Kawai Thermal Power Station
 VS Lignite Power Plant
115
(b) Oila Ans Natural Gas
 Desert area of the state has a good
potentiality of both oil and natural gas as
surveyed by ONGC and OIL (Oil India
Limited).
 Jaisalmer is the most important district. Here,
the principal oil wells are located at Ramgarh,
Ghotaru, Sadewal, Manihari- Tiba, Deva,
Longewal, Jhunde etc.
 The other potential districts are Jodhpur,
Biakner and Ganganagar.
 Kamli Tal, located near Manihari Tiba, North
West of Jaisalmer city is the dominant
natural gas region of the state founded by
ONGC.
 Some Natural gas deposits have been
discovered near ghotaru, Ramgarh and
Tannot, All of which are near the Indo-Pak
border.
 The Natural gas found in these areas has
more of helium, hydrogen, hydrocarbons and
methane and that can be used making LPG
liquid petroleum gas also.
(c) Gas power plants of Rajasthan
 Dholpur Combines cycle power station –
330 MW
 Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Station –
430 MW
 Two projects based on Bombay high are
established in Sawai Madhopur and
Banswara, each with capacity 400 MW
each.
 Anta Power station: 413 MW
(d) Electricity
 Hydro-electricity is a good alternative source
of power with characteristics of cheapness,
cleanliness, pollution free and help in
decentralizing industries in remote areas.
Hydro electicity power plants in Rajasthan
 Ranapratap Sagar Dam -172 MW
 Jawahar Sagar Dam -99 MW
 Rajasthan Geography
 Gandhi Sagar Dam: 119 MW
 Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam – 140 MW
 Bhakra-Nangal: Rajasthan gets 168.5 MW
 Vyas Project: Produce 640 MW Rajasthan
gets 408 MW
 Narmada Vally Project: Rajasthan will get
100 MW
 Electricity is the main source of power in
Rajasthan today.
Earlier, Rajasthan State Electricity Board
(RSEB) was the prime Agency for generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity in the
state. Now with effect from 19th July, 2000, the
RSEB has been restructured into five companies
to strengthen the existing infrastructure and to
provide good quality of supply to the consumers.
These companies are as follows :—
1. Rajasthan Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.
(RVUNL): Generation
2. Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.:
Transmission
2. Jaipur Vidyut Vitran NIgam Ltd.:
Distribution
116
3. Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd.:
Distribution
4. Jodhpur Vidyut Vitran NIgam Ltd.:
Distribution
The main sources of power supply to the
State are Kota and Suratgarh Thermal Power
Plants, Dholpur Gas thermal Project, Mahi Hydel
Project, wind farms, Biomass, captive Power
Plant, Bhakra, beas, Chambal and Satpura
projects, Besides, Rajasthan Atomic power plant,
Singrauli, Rihand, Anta, Auraiya, Narora, Dadri
gas, Unchahar Thermal and Tankpur, Salal and
Chamera Uri Projects in Central sector are also
sharing power with the State.
The Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory
Commission (RERC) is responsible for regulating
electricity sector in Rajasthan. Among other
things RERC is responsible to regulate electricity
purchase and procurement process of distribution
licensees including the price at which electricity
shall be procured from the generating companies
and from other sourcecs through agreements for
purchase of power for distribution and supply
within the state.
 Rajasthan Geography
The installed capacity of electricity in the state
by December 2020 - 21836 MW (660 MW
increase during the year 2020-21)
 Wind Power Capacity at 120 meter hub
height in the State – 1,27,750 MW (Capacity
installed by December 2020 - 4734 MW)
 Solar power capacity in the state - 142 G.W.
(2178 MW installed by December, 2020)
 The high voltage broadcasting network in the
state has increased to 41,718 circuit km- by
March 2020.
Availability and use of energy in the state:
 As of March 2012, the availability of energy
in the state was 5,005.38 crore units which has
increased to 8,069 crore units by March 2020.
 Total energy availability has increased by
45.88 percent from the year 2012-13 to 2019-
20. Similarly, consumption of total net energy
has also increased by 49.83 percent.
 Implementation of smart transmission network
and asset management system.
To develop broadcasting systems and power
generation projects with private sector
participation-
(a) Distribution system -
1. Consumer : The number of consumer was
166.92 lakh by March, 2020 in the state,
which has increased to 171.82 lakh (till
December, 2020) by an increase of 2.92
percent.
2. Rural Electrification: - To achieve the aim of
cent percent electrification of villages of state
43,199 villages and 1.14 lakh Dhanis has been
electrified by December, 2020.
3. Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana:
The objective of the implementation of this
scheme is to strengthen the power distribution
network in the rural areas of the state and
provide electricity facility to the domestic
consumers residing in the rural populated
areas.
4. Saubhagya Scheme: To provide electricity to
all interested families in urban and rural areas
of the country, the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj
117
Bijli Har Ghar Yojana ‘Saubhagya Yojana’
was launched on 11 October 2017.
Chief Minister Power Reform Campaign :-
 This scheme was started with the objectives of
providing reliable, quality and hassle-free
electricity to rural and agricultural consumers
respectively. The scheme has been started in
September 2016 with the objective of
increasing consumer services and bringing the
level of technical and commercial losses to 15
percent.
5. Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana ( UDAY )-
A scheme launched by the Government of
India to improve the operational and financial
efficiency of the state‘s power distribution
companies.
6. Integrated power distribution system:- 185
towns of the state have been included under
this scheme for strengthening the power
system in urban areas and reducing power
wastage. Apart from this, one town of Jaipur
Discom and 03 towns of Jodhpur Discom have
been included under the religious and tourism
category.
7. Unnat Jyoti Affordable LED for all
(UJALA):- In an effort to spread the message
of energy efficiency in the country, the
Government of Rajasthan is promoting the use
of energy efficient devices such as LED bulbs,
tube lights and fans with the help of Energy
Efficiency Services Limited, Government of
India. About 1,02,182 energy efficient fans,
163.92 lakh LEDs and 3.10 lakh tubelights (20
W) have been distributed under this scheme.
8. Agricultural connections: - As of December,
2020, total 30,711 agricultural connections
have been issued to farmers.
9. Implementation of PM Kusum Yojana: -
The Government of India has approved
‘Kusum Yojana’ for setting up solar pumps
and grid connected solar power plants for
farmers.
Guidelines for the following components have
been issued by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Government of India.
 Rajasthan Geography
 Kusum Component-A: The target of 325
MW was given by the Central
Government in the first year. Applications
have been sought by the Renewable
Energy Corporation from February 15,
2020 from interested farmers for setting up
solar power generation plants of 0.5 MW
to 2 MW on barren / unusable land.
 Kusum Component-B: A target of 25000
has been given by the Central Government
to provide solar pumpsets to off grid
agricultural pumpset applicants.
 Kusum Component C - A target of
12,500 has been set by the Center
Government to solarize agricultural pump
sets with a capacity of up to 7.5 HP.
11.3 Renewable energy
 Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation
Limited is a nodal agency of the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy, Government of
India, for generation of energy from non-
conventional energy sources in the state. In
order to promote energy conservation and
energy efficiency in the state, the state
designated agency of the Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (B.E.E.).
1. Solar Power Generation: - Rajasthan is rich
in maximum solar day (more than 325 days in
a year) due to maximum solar radiation
intensity of about 6-7 KWh / sqm / day and
very low average rainfall in a year. According
to the assessment of Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Government of India,
Rajasthan has the capacity to get 142 GW of
solar power from solar sources. The state
government has released the investor friendly
Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy, 2019.
To achieve the aim of cent percent rural
electrification as of December, 2020 a total of
43,199 villages and 1.14 lakh Dhanis have
been electrified.
2. Development of Solar Parks and Mega
Solar Power Projects: - The following 3 joint
venture companies have been formed to set up
solar parks.
118
i. M/s Solar Energy Company of Rajasthan
Limited. (Suraj)
ii. M/s Adani Renewable Energy Park
Rajasthan Limited.
iii. M/s Essel Solar Energy Company of
Rajasthan Limited.
 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India has approved 6 solar
parks with a total capacity of 5,410 MW under
the development of Solar Park and Mega Solar
Project Scheme-
i. Construction of Bhadla Solar Park Phase
II (680 MW) by Rajasthan Solar Park
Development Company Limited (a
subsidiary company of Rajasthan
Renewable Energy Corporation).
ii. Construction of Bhadla Solar Park Phase
III (1000 MW) by Joint Venture Company
M / s Solar Energy Company of Rajasthan
Limited. 800 MW solar power
components have been installed in this
park.
iii. Construction of Bhadla Solar Park Phase
IV (500 MW) by Joint Venture Company
M / s Adhani Renewable Energy Park
Rajasthan Limited in which solar power
plants of 500 MW capacity have been
installed.
iv. Construction of Faludi Pokaran Solar
Park (750 MW) by Joint Venture
Company M / s Essel Solar Energy
Company of Rajasthan Limited.
v. Construction of Fatehgarh Phase-1B
Solar Park (1,500 MW) by Joint Venture
Company M / s Adhani Renewable Energy
Park Rajasthan Limited.
vi. Construction of Nokh Solar Park (925
MW) by Rajasthan Solar Park
Development Company Limited.
3. Solar Rooftop Power Project-
 3 schemes have been implemented by the
State of Rajasthan, giving the benefit of
30% Central Financial Assistance / Grant
payable by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Government of India,
during the last 5-6 years.
 Rajasthan Geography
 As of December 2019, about 37 MW
power plants with grants under the grant
scheme and 169 MW rooftop plants have
been set up without grants.
 At present, on August 20, 2019, Rajasthan
Renewable Energy Corporation Limited
has 40 percent (1 KW-3 KW) and 20
percent (3 KW-10 KW) of 45 MW
capacity for which the Central Financial
Assistance as per the guidelines of the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
on behalf of Rajasthan Discom has started
Roof Top Solar Power Generation Scheme
2019-20.
 A tender was invited by the Energy
Services Company for setting up rooftop
solar power plant at all state buildings in
Rajasthan for a total capacity of 50 MW
under which 2 firms have been allocated at
a fixed rate of 4.15 per KWh for 25 years.
4. Solar Power Electrification in Rural Areas:
- Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation
has taken up the Off Grid Solar Photovoltaic
(S.P.V) Home Lighting System program for
electrification of unelectrified villages of
Rajasthan. A total of 50,142 home lighting
systems have been established under this
program, for the financial year (2016-17 to
2018-19).
5. S.P.V Water Pumping Program: - S.P.V
Water Pump Program is being implemented in
Rajasthan by Rajasthan Horticulture
Development Society (R.H.D.S.) with
technical support of Rajasthan Renewable
Energy Corporation. As of March, 2019,
40,251 S.P.V. Pumps have been installed.
Wind energy program (Wind energy ) -
 According to a study done by the National
Institute of Wind Energy under the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy, Government of
India, the wind power capacity in the state is
about 1,27,750 MW at a height of 120 meters.
Till December 2020, a total of 4337.65 MW
capacity wind power plants have been
installed.
119
6. Biomass energy - The main sources of
biomass in Rajasthan are mustard husk, rice
bran and juli flora.
 As of December 2020, 13 biomass power
plants of 120.45 MW capacity have been
installed in the state. 3 power plants of
18.8 MW capacity are under execution.
7. Energy Conservation Program: Since
2009, Rajasthan Renewable Energy
Corporation organizes ‗Rajasthan Energy
Conservation Award‘ ceremony on Energy
Conservation Day on 14 December every
year to identify the efforts made towards
energy conservation. 11 award ceremonies
have been held so far.
Jalipa-Kapurdi Thermal Power Project :-
Lignite based generating station with eight units
each of 135 MW Capacity has been installed by
private developer in Jalipa-Kapurdi of Barmer
district. All eight units have been commissioned
and commercial generation of energy has been
started.
11.4 Renewable Energy (RREC)
Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation
Ltd. (RRECL) is the Nodal Agency for generation
of Energy from non-conventional energy sources
in the State and is also the state designated agency
for promoting energy efficiency and energy
conservation. The Government of Rajasthan had
launched the ―Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy-
2014‖ on 08.10.2014 and has also made
amendments in the Wind Policy in March, 2014
for better development of wind power generation
in the State. Recently, Rajasthan has overtaken
Gujarat to become highest Solar Energy capacity
installed among Indian states.
(a) Solar Power Generation :- Rajasthan is
blessed with Maximum Solar Radiation Intensity
of about 6-7kWh/ Sq.m/day and maximum sunny
days (more than 325 days in a year) with a very
low average rainfall. State government has issued
an investor friendly Rajasthan Solar Energy
Policy, 2014 setting up an ambitious target of 25
GW solar capacity additions in the State. Solar
Power plants of 1,264.35 MW have been
 Rajasthan Geography
120

commissioned in the State upto December, 2015
which is highest in the country.
Solar parks in Rajasthan
 Bhadla Solar Park – 2255 MW
(proposed)
 Phalodi-Pokran Solar Park
 Fatehgarh Solar Park
 Nokh Solar Park
(b) Solar Roof Top Power Generation Scheme
:- Power Plants to promote Solar Roof Top Power
Generation in the State with Central Financial
Assistance (CFA) support from Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy in the State. MNRE, GoI
sanctioned 6 MW PV capacity project to
Rajasthan. The implementation of this project at
other than individuals (Institutions/ Hotels/
Resorts/ Government Organisations/ Hospitals/
Nursing Homes/ Commercial Organisations/
Industrial Organisations etc.) is in process and
likely to be completed soon.
(c) Wind Power Programme (Wind Energy) :-
The wind energy potential in the state is estimated
to be about 18,770 MW. Three Demonstration
Wind Farm projects sanctioned by Ministry of
New Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of
India with total capacity of 6.35 MW have been
installed at Jaisalmer (2.0 MW), Phalodi(2.10
MW) and Devgarh (2.25 MW). A total of
3,866.345 MW wind power capacity has been
installed upto December, 2015.
(d) Biomass Energy :- The main source for
biomass energy in the State of Rajasthan is
mustard husk and Julie Flora surplus biomass
such as mustard husk, rice husk and other agro
wastes as well as Julie Flora, has been conducted
in all the districts of the State during the year
2014-15 to determine the generic tariff by the
Regulator. Till December, 2015 eleven Biomass
Power Generation Plants of 114.30 MW capacity
have been established in the State.
(e) Nuclear energy: Rajasthan Atomic Power
Station: 1180 MW; India‘s Second and
Rajasthan‘s first nuclear power plant started in
1972. It was established with the help of Canada.
It has heavy water reactor which uses Natural
Uranium as fuel.

Important Question
 Which of the following sites of Rajasthan have been selected as ‘SOLAR CITY’ by the
ministry of New and Renewable energy?
(1) Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer
(2) Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner
(3) Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur
(4) Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer (4)
 As per the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the rank of Rajasthan in Grid connected
solar power up to 2017 is-
(1) First (2) Second
(3) Third (4) Fourth (2)
 Which of the following thermal power projects has the highest installed power capacity?
(1) Suratgarh (2) Chhabra
(3) Kalisindh (4) Kota (1)
 Rajasthan Government has established the first Skill University in the state, Where was it
established?
(1) Ajmer (2) Sikar
(3) Kota (4) Jaipur (4)
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 Rajasthan Geography
121

 Which of the following is not considered as oil field of Rajasthan?

(1) Aishwarya (2) Mangla
(3) Ganga (4) Saraswati (3)
 Solar Observatory in Rajasthan is located at-
(1) Jaipur (2) Udaipur
(3) Kota (4) Ajmer (2)
 When did Rajasthan launch ‘Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy’?
(1) 8th October, 2013 (2) 8th October, 2014
(3) 8th October, 2015 (4) 8th October, 2016 (2)
 What is the percentage of total inhabited villages electrified in Rajasthan?
(1) 90 (2) 98
(3) 100 (4) 92 (3)
 Which is the State Nodal Agency of Ministry of New Renewal Energy, Govt. of India for
generation of energy from non-conventional sources in Rajasthan?
(1) Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Ltd.
(2) Rajasthan State Electricity Board
(3) Rajasthan Renewal Energy Foundation
(4) Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Ltd. (1)
 What is the main source of energy in Rajasthan?
(1) Wind Energy (2) Atomic Energy
(3) Hydro Electricity (4) Thermal Power (4)
 Which of the following power Projects of Rajasthan is under state’s shared ownership?
(1) Mahi Project (2) Suratgarh Project
(3) Chhabra Project (4) Satpura Project (4)
 According to the recommendations of Fifth State Finance Commission of Rajasthan ___ per
cent of total State’s net own tax revenue has to be released to rural and urban local bodies.
(1) 7.182 (2) 8.182
(3) 10 (4) 12 (1)
 Which of the following is first Super Thermal Power Plant of Rajasthan?
(1) Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Plant
(2) Kota Thermal Power Plant
(3) Chhabra Thermal Power Plant
(4) Dholpur Gas Thermal Power Plant (1)
 In which hydro electricity project, the Government of Rajasthan has entered in the
partnership with neighboring States?
(1) Bhakra Nangal Project
(2) Chambal Project
(3) Beas Project
(4) All of the given options (4)
 What is the main function of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.?
(1) Development of power projects under state sector.
(2) Operation and maintenance of state power stations.
(3) Both (1) and (2)
(4) Neither (1) nor (2) (3)


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 Rajasthan Geography
122

 Match the following:

List I (Thermal Power List II
House) (Place)
A. Kalisindh (i) Baran
B. Giral (ii) Shriganganagar
C. Kawai (iii) Jhalawar
D. Suratgarh (iv) Barmer

Options:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) iii iv ii i
(2) iii iv i ii
(3) iv iii i ii
(4) iv iii i ii (2)
 At which place/s the establishment of super critical thermal power house is proposed?
(1) Suratgarh (2) Chabbra
(3) Banswara (4) All of the above (4)

Very Short Answer Type Questions (15 words)

1. Nathpa Jhakri
2. Solar Energy
3. Ant
4. What is Solar Enter Prize Zone Mammy? Where is it in Rajasthan?
Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)
1. 'Rajasthan has huge potential for solar energy.' Explain.
2. Write a note on renewable energy and its role in the economic development of Rajasthan.
3. Thermal power.
4. Means of energy production and receipt in Rajasthan.
5. Where is electricity generation happening in Rajasthan?
6. What is Atomic Power? How is it different from thermal energy?
7. Explain biogas as a good source of energy in rural areas in Rajasthan.
8. Solar Energy Program in Rajasthan
9. Identify some major non-conventional energy sources and explain their potential.
10. Non-conventional sources of energy.

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. What are the non-conventional sources of energy? Describe any two non-conventional energy sources
with special reference to Rajasthan.
2. Critically discuss alternative energy sources.
3. Discuss the distribution and administration of electricity in Rajasthan.
4. Discuss the renewable and alternative sources of energy.
5. Describe the major sources of energy production in Rajasthan.
6. Discuss the role of hydropower, solar energy and bio-energy in solving the energy crisis in Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
123

CHAPTER -12
Bio-Diversity and its Conservation
Important Points :
 National Parks
 Wildlife Sanctuaries
 Tiger Reserves
 Wetlands in Rajasthan
 CAMPA

(b) Ex-situ conservation: Conserving

12.1 Introduction
Biodiversity found on Earth today consists of
many millions of distinct biological species, the
product of four billion years of evolution.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, it
includes all organisms, species, and populations;
the genetic variation among these; and their
complex assemblages of communities and
ecosystems. 'Bio-Diversity' word was first used by
Edward O Wilson who was an American scientist.
Biodiversity is defined as ‘the variability among
living organisms from all sources, including
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems
and the ecological complexes of which they are a
part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems’. - United
Nations Earth Summit (1992)
12.2 Modes of Conservation of Bio-Diversity
(a) In-situ conservation: Conserving the
animals and plants in their natural habitats is
known as in-situ conservation. The
established natural habitats are:
• National parks
• Sanctuaries
• Biosphere reserves and Reserved forests
• Protected forests
biodiversity outside the areas where they
naturally occur is known as exsitu
conservation.
• Here, animals are reared or plants are
cultivated like zoological parks or botanical
gardens. Reintroduction of an animal or plant
into the habitat from where it has become
extinct is another form of ex situ
conservation.
• For example, the Gangetic gharial has been
reintroduced in the rivers of Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan where it had
become extinct.
• Seed banks, botanical, horticultural and
recreational gardens are important centres for
ex-situ conservation.
12.3 THE RED DATA BOOK
It is a loose-leaf volume of information
that provides the status of different types of
species. This volume is continually updated and
is issued by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) located in
Morges, Switzerland. “Red” of course is
symbolic of danger that the species both plants
and animals presently experience throughout the
globe. The Red Data Book was first issued in
1966 by the IUCN’s Special Survival
Commission as a guide for formulation,
 Rajasthan Geography
preservation and management of species listed.
In this Book, information for endangered
mammals and birds are more extensive than for
other groups of animals and plants, coverage is
also given to less prominent organisms facing
extinction. The pink pages in this publication
include the critically endangered species. As the
status of the species changes, new pages are sent
to the subscribers. Green pages are used for those
species that were formerly endangered, but have
now recovered to a point where they are no longer
threatened.
12.4 IUCN CLASSIFICATION OF
CONSERVATION PRIORITY
(a) Extinct (EX):- A taxon is Extinct when there
is no reasonable doubt that the last individual
has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when
exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected
habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal,
seasonal, annual), throughout its historic
range have failed to record an individual.
(b) Extinct in the Wild (EW):- A taxon is
presumed Extinct in the wild when
exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected
habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal,
seasonal, annual), throughout its historic
range have failed to record an individual.
(c) Critically Endangered (CR):- A taxon is
Critically Endangered when the best available
evidence indicates that it meets any of the
criteria for Critically Endangered, criteria is
• Reduction in population (> 90% over the
last 10 years),
• Number less than 50 mature individual
• It is therefore considered to be facing an
extremely high risk of extinction in the
wild.
(d) Endangered (EN):- A taxon is Endangered
when the best available evidence indicates
124
that it meets any of the criteria for
Endangered, criteria is
• Reduction in population size (70% over
the last 10 years),
• Population size estimated to number
fewer than 250 mature individuals,
• Quantitative analysis showing the
probability of extinction in wild in at
least 20% within 20 years and
• It is therefore considered to be facing a
very high risk of extinction in the wild.
(e) Vulnerable (VU):- A taxon is Vulnerable
when the best available evidence indicates
that it meets any of the criteria for Vulnerable
i.e. criteria
• Reduction in population (> 50% over the
last 10 years)
• Population size estimated to number
fewer than 10,000 mature individuals,
• Probability of extinction in wild is at
least 10% within 100 years, and
• It is therefore considered to be facing a
high risk of extinction in the wild.
(f) Near Threatened (NT):- A taxon is Near
Threatened when it has been evaluated
against the criteria but does not qualify for
Critically Endangered, Endangered or
Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for
or is likely to qualify for a threatened
category in the near future.
(g) Least Concern (LC):- A taxon is Least
Concern when it has been evaluated against
the criteria and does not qualify for Critically
Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near
Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa
are included in this category.
 Rajasthan Geography
(h)Data Deficient (DD):- A taxon is Data
Deficient when there is inadequate
information to make a direct, or indirect,
assessment of its risk of extinction based on
its distribution and/or population status. A
taxon in this category may be well studied,
and its biology well known, but appropriate
data on abundance and/or distribution are
lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a
category of threat. Listing of taxa in this
category indicates that more information is
required and acknowledges the possibility
that future research will show that threatened
classification is appropriate.
(i) Not Evaluated (NE):- A taxon is Not
Evaluated when it is has not yet been
evaluated against the criteria
12.5 Ecological Zones of Rajasthan
Rajasthan is divided into four ecological zones
a. Aravali Ecosystem- Aravali Mountain
Range, extending from south-west to north-
east in the middle of Rajasthan is not only a
specific physical feature but is also rich and
specific in terms of bio-diversity. Dhonk,
Salar, Mango, Mahua, Bamboo trees are
found here.
In central and north -eastern Aravali region
(viz. Sawai Madhopur, Ajmer, Alwar, Sikar)
deciduous trees as well as tiger, leopard are
found .
Kumbhalgarh, Jaisamand, Mount Abu,
Sariska and Kaila Devi Sanctuary has been
established here for wild life conservation.
Ranthambhore National Park is also located
here.
b. Hadoti Plateau and Ravine Region-
Mukundara Hills and Bundi Hills are situated
on one side while on the other side Chambal
river flows. Aquatic diversity is found in the
Chambal river region. Mukundara Hills
region has declared as National Park recently.
Crocodile, Ghariyal, Dolphin, Turtles,
125
various types of fish and crabs are found in
the Chambal region.
c. Eastern Plains Eco-System- This region is
situated in the eastern part of Aravali Range
and it is also a part of Ganga-Yamuna Plains.
Keoladev National Park is situated in this
region. 370 types of birds and 130 types of
plants are found here. This park has been
declared as UNESCO's 'Word Heritage
Site' for its rich bio-diversity.
d. Desert Eco-System- Less rainfall, high
temperature and dryness are characteristic
feature of Desert Eco-System. Entire western
and northern part of Rajasthan is part of
desert ecosystem. It includes arid or semi-
arid desert region.Thorny trees and bushes,
grass and organisms are found here which
can survive in less water. Xerophytes are also
found here.22 types of mammals are found
here in the desert, out of which Indian
Gazelle (Chinkara), Deer, Black deer,
Desert Fox, Fox, Desert Cat, Wolf, Rabbit
and Mangroves (Nevla) are important.120
types of species of birds, out of which Great
Indian Bustard is important as it is
endangered species new days are found
here.Besides Great Indian Bustard, Peacock,
Grey Francolin (Titar), Sparrow, Demoiselle
Cranes (Kuranja) are also found here.20
types of species of reptiles are also found
here out of which Peevana snake, Patagoh
and Chandangoh are important snake species.
National Desert Park (Jaisalmer - Barmer)
and Tal Chhapar Sanctuary have been
established here for biodiversity
conservation.Note : Indian Gazzelle and
Camel are our state animals and great Indian
Bustard is our state bird.
12.6 Wild Life Conservation in
Rajasthan
Rajasthan comprises of about 2000 plants
species, 87 species of mammals, 114 species of
fish, 500 species of birds & about 81 species of
 Rajasthan Geography
126

reptiles. Rajasthan has been divided into 16 wild hunting zones, 7 deer parks and 5 zoological /
life zones. Presently 3 national parks, 3 project biological parks are established and are being
tiger sites, 26 wildlife sanctuaries, 33 prohibited operated for wildlife conservation.

Tiger Projects in Rajasthan

S.N. Project Tiger Description

1 Ranthambore-(Sawai It is the first tiger project of Rajasthan. It was established in 1973-74

Madhopur, Karauli (first phase). It includes region of National Park. (Sawai Madhopur)
and Kailadevi Sanctuary.
It is expanded in total 929.03 Sq. kms area.

2 Sariska(Alwar, Jaipur) It is the 2nd tiger project of Rajasthan. It was established in the year
1978-79. It includes area of Sariska Sanctuary (Alwar) and Jamwa
Ramgarh Sanctuary (Jaipur). It covers total area of 457.57 sq. kms.

3 Mukundra Hills It is the 3rd tiger project of Rajasthan. It was established on 11th
(Kota, Bundi, Chittor April, 2013. It includes regions of Mukundra. Hills National Park,
and Jhalawar) Darrah Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary, Bhainsroadgarh
(Chittor) Sanctuary and Ramgarh Vishdhari Sanctuary. It is stretched
in 759 sq.kms area.

National Tiger Conservation Project was
started on 1st April, 1973 after Stockholm
Convention which was organised on 5th June,
1972.There are total 50 tiger projects in India
which emphasize the setting up of tiger reserves
to help in maintaining the population of tigers.The
total number of wild tigers has increased to 3,890
SN. National Park
in 2016 according WWF (World Wide life Fund)
and Global Tiger Forum.
12.7 National Parks of Rajasthan
There are total three national parks in
Rajasthan out of 103 national parks of
India.Difference between national park and
wildlife sanctuary.
Wildlife Sanctuary

1 Financed by Central Government These are financed by State Government

2 There is no human activity in this area There is limited human a activity isallowed

3 Higher status Lower status

 Rajasthan Geography
127

National Parks in Rajasthan

S.N National Park Establishment Remarks

Ranthambhore National
Park, situated in the dry
forest area of tiger safari,
Ranthambhore
Established in It is also called ' the Land of Tiger'. Project
1955 in Sawai tiger started here in the year 1973-74 with the
Madhopur help of World Wild Life Fund Fateh Singh
(decelared as Rathore was DFO when project tiger started
National Park in here. It is the largest national park of
1980) Rajasthan. It covers about 282.03 sq. km.
area. Eco Development Project started here
with the help of warld Bank in year 1996-97.
Ranthambhore Fort, Three eyed Ganesh
Temple, dome shaped pavitions of 32 pillars
(Chhatri of 32 pillars) and Jogi Palace are
situated here.

Keoladeo National Park Established in Salim used his personal influence for the Park
1956 (Bharatpur) in 1981) establishment of this sanctuary. He is
(Ghana Bird Sanctuary
Bharatpur), Ghana means (declared as called the 'Birdman' of India. In his memory
th
National ,9
'dense'
November is celebrated as National Bird Day
on his birthday. It was declared World
Natural Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985
A.D.
Its area is 28.73 sq. kms. Life line of
Keoladeo is 'Ajan Dam' which supplies
water here. It is also called 'Heaven of
Birds'. Migratory birds such as Siberian
Crane comes here in winter. Mostly Kadamb
trees are found here. Keoladeo Shankar
Temple is situated here.

Mukundra Hills National 1955 (declared as It is 'Third Project Tiger' of Rajasthan.

Park Kota, National Darrah Sanctuary is in Kota and Jhalawar.
Park on Mukundra Hills National Park is in Kota and
Chittorgarh 9th Chittorgarh. Gagroni or Hiraman Parrot is
January, 2012) found here. Its area is 199.55 sq. kms. Abli
Mini Palace is also situatedhere
 Rajasthan Geography
128

Wildlife Sancturies in Rajasthan

There are 26 wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan
S.No Name of Year of Area(sq. District Remarks
Sanctuary Estab kms.)
lishment
Year
1 National Desert 1981 3162 Jaisalmer  Rajasthan's largest sanctuary.
Park and Barmer
 NH 15 passes through it.
 Great Indian Bustard (Godavan) is
found here. It is called Hunkana
. It is called malmordi
in Hadoti region.
 Jodhpur zoo consists of artificial
breeding system of Godawan.
 Gondawan is also found in (Baran) and
Sonkhaliyan (Barmer)
 Bombay Natural History Society
(BNHS) is working for protection of
Gondawan.
 Salim Ali, Arshad Rahman, Bharat
Singh Kundanpur and
Harshvardhan Sankhala has worked for
protection of Gondawan. Dr. Salim Ali
is 'the Birdman of India'.
 Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary is
situated in Rajasthan, Gujarat and
Maharashtra.
 Gondawan eats tarameera (Jamba) and
sewan grass.
 Operation Gondawan task force was
constitutedby Rajasthan Govt. is
working for protection of Gondawan.
 Akalwood Fossil Park is situated in
south of Ramgarh, Jaisalmer in Akal
Village.
2 Talchhapar 1971 7.19 Churu  Famous for Talchhapar Lake and Black
Deer.
 Mothiya grass is found here (Nut
Grass)
 Demoiselle Care (Kurania) also
migrates herefrom Central Asia. It also
migrates to Khinchanvillage in
Jodhpur.
3 Sariska 1955 492.29 Alwar  2nd Tiger Project of Rajasthan started
here in 1978.
 Wild Bear and Green Parrots are found here.
 Rajasthan Geography
129

 Peacock Valley is famous here.

4 Sariska 'A' 2012 3.01 Alwar
 Newest and smallest sanctuary of
Rajasthan.
5 Nahargarh 1980 52.40 Jaipur
 Rajasthan's third Biological Park
started here in 2016.
 1st - Sajjangarh, Udaipur
 2nd - Machiya Safari, Jodhpur.
 3rd – Nahargarh
 4th - Abheda, Kota
 5th - Bichhwal, Bikaner
6 Jamwa Ramgarh 1982 300 Jaipur
 It consists of resident and migratory
birds.
 Jarakh is specially found here.
7 Kaila Devi 1983 676.82 Karauli
 Mainly Dhonkda (Anagogus Pendula)
is found here
8 Ramgarh 1982 307.40 Bundi
Vishdhari  It is called breeding home of tigers.

 Tigers sometimes visit here.

 Several species of poisonous snakes are
found here.
9 Jawahar Sagar 1975 182.11 Kota  It is an aquatic sanctuary.
 crocodiles and ghariyals are found
here.
  Rajasthan's aquatic animals -
Crocodile, Ghariyal, ortoise and
Gangatic Dolphin are found here.
10 Bhainsroadgarh 1983 201.40 Chittorgarh  It is an aquatic sanctuary.
 It is situated at the junction of Chambal
and Bamani river.
  Aquatic animals are found here as it
comes in the submerged area of
Ranapratap Sagar Dam.
11 Darrah 1955 Kota and  Gagroni Parrot, Wolf, Sloth Bear,
Jhalawar
Chinkara and Leopord are found here.
  It was a royal game hunting spot of
Maharaja of Kota
12 Shergarh 1983 81.67 Baran  Parwan River passes through it.
 It is also called shelter of snakes.
  Grassland - Batade is found
here.
13 Bassi 1988 138.69 Chittorgarh  NH-76 passes through it.
14 Sitamata 1979 422.94 Pratapgarh  It is the motherland of cheetals.
Chittorgarh
 Rajasthan Geography
130

 It is famous for flying squirrels.

 Dry deciduous forest with bamboos
and teak
 Four horned Antelope is also found
here.
  Maximum bio-diversity is found here
15 Sajjangarh 1987 5.19 Udaipur  It is situated on a hill called Bansdara.
16 Jaisamand 1955 52.34 Udaipur  It is famous for panthers.
 It is situated near Jaisamand Lake.
17 Fulwari ki Nal 1983 511.41 Udaipur  Mansi and Vakal rivers passed through
it. Wild Cock is found here (after
Mount Abu).
18 Kumbhalgarh 1971 61.0.5 Rajsamand  It is breeding zone for wolf.
Pali and
 Trees of sandalwood are found here in
Udaipur
Rajasthan.
 Kumbhalgarh Fort and Ranakpur Jain
Temple are found here.
  Four Horned Antelope is also found
here.
19 TatgarhRawali 1983 475.24 Ajmer,  Tatgarh Fort is situated here.
Paliand
 It is a proposed national park. 
Rajsamand

Zoo in Rajasthan
S.N. Name of Zoo Year Remark
1. Jaipur 1876 It is situated in Ramniwas Bagh, breeding
place of Ghariyals
2. Udaipur 1878 -
3. Bikaner 1922 Presently closed
4. Jodhpur 1936 Breeding place of Gondawan
5. Kota 1954 Presently closed

Deer Parks of Rajasthan

S.N. Deer Park Place
1. Panchkund Pushkar (Ajmer)
2. Chittorgarh Chittorgarh
3. Sanjay Park Shahpura (Jaipur)
4. Ashok Vihar C-scheme (Jaipur city)
5. Machiya Kaylana Hills (Jodhpur)
Safari Park
6. Amrita Devi Khejdali (Jodhpur)
7. Sajjangarh Udaipur
 Rajasthan Geography
131

Prohibited Hunting Area of Rajasthan

S.N. Place District
1. Doli Jodhpur
2. Feetkashni Jodhpur
3. Satheen Jodhpur
4. Kherjali Jodhpur
5. Gagwana Ajmer
6. Mukam Bikaner
7. Deshnok Bikaner
8. Bajju Bikaner
9. Jodiya Alwar
10. Mahala Jaipur
11. Dhori Manna Barmer
12. Rotu Nagaur
13. Kawal Ji Swai Madhopur
14. Ujala Jaisalmer
15. Ranipura Tonk
16. Kanaksagar Bundi
17. Sanwatsar-Kotsar Bikaner
18. Gudha-Vishoniyan Jodhpur
19. Dechu Jodhpur
20. Jambheswar Ji Jodhpur
21. Sankhaliya Ajmer
22. Tilora Ajmer
23. Diyatra Bikaner
24. Johabeed Bikaner
25. Bardod Alwar
26. Sainthal Sagar Dausa
27. Bagdada Udaipur
28. Jaroda Nagaur
29. Jawai Dam Pali
30. Sorsen Baran
31. Ramdevara Jaisalmer
32. Menal Chittor
33. Sanchore

Conservation Reserves of Rajasthan

Protected Regions
S.N. Conservation Reserve Animal District Establishment Area
1. Bisalpur Black Buck, Tonk 2008 48.31
Wolf
2. Johar Beed Chinkara, Black Bikaner 2008 56.47
Buck
3. Sundha Mata Bear, Panther Jalore, 2008 117.49
 Rajasthan Geography
132

Sirohi
4. Gudha Vishoniyan Chinkara, Black Jodhpur 2011 2.31
Buck
5. Shakambhari Sambhar, Wild Sikar and 2012 1.31
(Biggest) Cat Jhunjhunu
6. Gogelav Chinkara, Black Nagaur 2012 3.58
Buck and Rabbit
7. Rotu (Smallest) Chinkara and Nagaur 2012 0.73
Black Buck
8. Ummedganj Pakshi Migratory birds Kota 2012 2.72
Vihar
9. Jhunjhunu Rabbit, Jhunjhunu 2013 10.47
Migratory birds
10. Jawai Dam Panther and Pali 2013 19.79
Crocodile
11. Bansiyal-Khetri Panther Jhunjhunu 2019 70.18
(Newest)

S.N. Name Region Major Trees

1. Arid Tropical Western Rajasthan and Khejdi, Rohida, Neem,

Thorny Vegetation Shekhawati Region Jal Kair and Babool

2. Semi-Arid Tropical Dhok Forests Eastern Rajasthan Dhonk, Salar and Mango

3. Mixed Deciduous Forest South and South- Sal, Dhak, Bamboo,

eastern Rajasthan Jamun

4. Dry Teak Vegetation Udaipur and Kota Zone Teak, Jamun

5. Sub-tropical Evergreen Vegetation Mount Abu (Sirohi) Jamun, Gular, Bamboo,

(a) Sacred goves are known under various names in
12.8 Sacred trees of Rajasthan
Rajasthan has about 25,000 species of
Sacred Trees and other sanctified eco-systems
varying in size between 0.1 hectare to 500 hectare
out of these, nearly 5,370 sq. km. are Orans lie in
the Thar desert. Some big Orans are Bhadriyaji in
Jaisalmer district that covers about 15000 hectare
area & Kundlas's Oran in Barmer district that
covers about 7500 hectare.
Siras, Mango
Rajasthan:-
Banis of Mewar, Kenkri of Ajmer, Oran of
Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner. Shamlat Deh
and Devbani of Alwar, Baag in South-Eastern
region.
(b) Sacred Trees/Ggroves or Orans provide
shade, fuel wood, fodder and even food and
livelihood for humans and animals.
 Rajasthan Geography
(c) The Orans of the Bishnois in Jodhpur are
famous for the protection accorded to the
Blackbuck and the Khejri trees, which are
sacred to the Bishnois.
12.9 Wetland in Rajasthan
The Ramsar Convention on wetlands of
international importance is an international treaty
for the conservation and sustainable use of
wetlands.
It is also known as the Convention on
Wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in
Iran, where the convention was signed in 1971
A.D. The convention entered into force in India
on 1 February 1928. India Currently has 42 sites
designated as wetlands of Internationa importance
(Ramsar Sites), with a surface area of 1,056,871
hectare. Central government published Wetlands
(Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017
provide for the constituion of Rajasthan State
Wetland Authority (10.04.2018)
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with
water either permanently or seasonally such that it
is a district eco-system. It is a transitional body
between a dry land and a lake.
Rajasthan has two Ramsar Sites.
1. Keoladeo - included in 1981.
2. Sambhar Lake - included in 1990.
Mansagar Lake (Jalmahal) is proposed to be
included in the Ramsar Wetland list in the year
2016.
12.10 Environmental Department
 The Environment Department also sees the
matters related to ecology and biodiversity in
collaboration with Rajasthan State
Biodiversity Board and other related
department and district administration.
The following schemes / programs are being
implemented by the Environment Department-
Environmental Education Awareness Program
-
 Through the District Environmental
Committees World Earth Day (April 22),
World Environment Protection Day (June 5)
and World Ozone Layer Protection Day
133
(September 16) are celebrated by organizing
rallies, quiz, essay competitions etc.
 Communication and extension (publicity)
Rajasthan State Bio Diversity Board
 Under the provision of the Biological
Diversity Act 2002 notified by the
Government of India, the Rajasthan State
Biodiversity Board has been formed.
Rajasthan State has notified the Rajasthan
Biological Diversity Rule, 2010 under
Section-63 (1) of Biological Diversity Act
2002.
Rajiv Gandhi Environment Protection
Award
 This award has been awarded in all three
categories organizational category, Individual
category and Nagarpalika for the excellent
work in the field of conservation and protect
of the environment. (Provided on
Environment Day.)
Rajasthan krishak loan waiver scheme 2019
 Under this scheme, according to the loan
waiver portal 20.58 lakh farmers have benefited
by relief from the short-term agricultural loan of
Rs. 7737.29 crore till December 2020.
12.11Rajasthan Government Action
plan on Climate Change
India released its National Action Plan on
Climate to change in 2008. In 2010 Rajasthan
released Rajasthan State Environment Policy
(SEP) and formulated a Climate Change
Agenda for Rajasthan (CCAR). Later, the
Rajasthan Environment Mission was
constituted to bring into focus the high priority
issues emerging from the SEP & CCAR.
Seven key Areas which get affected by change
in climate in Rajasthan are:-
1. Water Resources 2. Agriculture and
Animal Husbandry 3. Forestry and Bio-
diversity 4. Human Health 5. Enhanced
Energy Efficiency & Solar Energy 6.
Urban Governance and Sustainable
Habitats 7. Strategic Knowledge for
Climate Change
 Rajasthan Geography
134

12.12 CAMPA - Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority

It was founded in the year 2010 in Rajasthan. Chairperson of it was; Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
Objective of CAMPA fund is to provide an appropriate institutional mechanism at state level to ensure
utilization in efficient and transparent manner of amounts realised in lieu of forest land used for non-
forest purpose which would mitigate impact of diversion of such forest land.

Important Question
 Which is the incorrect pair?
(Protected Areas) (Districts)
(1) Ramgarh-Vishdhari - Bundi
(2) Kesarbagh - Dholpur
(3) Bassi - Jaipur
(4) Sawai Mansingh - Sawai Madhopur (3)
 Sajjangarh Biological Park is located in which district of Rajasthan?
(1) Jaipur (2) Udaipur
(3) Ajmer (4) Jodhpur (2)
 Which is not a correct match?(RPSC, RAS Pre.-2018)
(District) (mascot)
(1) Bhilwara - Peacock
(2) Churu - Black Buck
(3) Sawai Madhopur - Lion
(4) Jaisalmer - Bustard (3)
 Match the following and select the correctcode:
List – I List – II
A. Tal Chhaper Sanctuary i. Crocodile
B. National Chambal Sanctuary ii. Siberian Crane
C. Sariska Wild-life Sanctuary iii. Black-buck
D. Kevladev National Park iv. Tiger
Codes:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) iii i iv ii
(2) iii ii iv i
(3) iii iv I ii
(4) iii iv ii i (1)
 The Rajasthan Forestry and Biodiversity Project (2011-2019) is not related to which of the
following?
(1) Afforestation
(2) Livelihood promotion
(3) Biodiversity conservation
(4) Irrigation development (4)
 Where is ‘Wood Fossil Park’ situated?
(1) Desert National Park
(2) Keoladev National Park
(3) Mukundra National Park
(4) Sariska National park (1)
 Rajasthan Geography
135

 Seetamata Sanctuary in Rajasthan is famous for-

(1) Black Deer (2) Flying Squirrel
(3) Crane (4) Lion (2)
 ‘Ghana Bird Vihar’ is considered heaven of birds. What is main attraction of it?
(1) Kuranja (2) Godavan
(3) Siberian Crane (4) Cuckoo (3)
 Which of the following National Parks/ Sanctuaries is considered World Heritage Site?

(1) Ranthambhore National Park, Sawai Madhopur

(2) Keoladeo National Park, Ghana (Bharatpur)
(3) National Desert Park, Jaisalmer
(4) Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, Churu (2)
 Match the following?
List-I (Wild life List-II
Conservation Area) (District)
(1) Jodbeed 1. Jhunjhunu
(2) Guda Vishoniyan 2. Nagaur
(3) Gogelao 3. Jodhpur
(4) Beed 4. Bikaner
Match:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) 1 2 3 4
(2) 1 3 4 2
(3) 4 3 2 1
(4) 4 3 1 2 (1)
Very short answer type questions (15 words)
1. Godavan
2. Name the two places in the state where National Parks have been established?
3. National Desert Park

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. National Desert Park
2. Ranthambore Sanctuary
3. What is a national park and where is it in Rajasthan?
4. Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan
5. Comment on five wildlife sanctuaries of the state.
6. Gajner
7. Talchapar Sanctuary
8. Deek Parks of Rajasthan

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Write a note on wildlife and forest conservation.
2. Ramsar Sites in Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER -13
Population and Tribes of Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Population Growth
 Population Density
 Sex Ratio
 Major Tribe
13.1 Introduction
Rajasthan has a population of about 6.85
Crores lakh persons spread out in an area of 3.42
lakhs sq.km. This State covers 10.41 percent of
the country's total area and supports 5.67 percent
of the total population. In the year 1872 first
Census of India was taken up by Lord Mayo. It
was an experimental census. Later, regular census
was done in the year 1881 by Lord Ripon. Highest
population growth in India was recorded in the
year 1971. 1981 was the year of highest
population growth rate (32.97%) in Rajasthan.
The State comprises of 33 districts having
widely varied topographic, biotic, aboitic, climatic
and cultural features. Aravalli ranges form a
dividing line between arid to semi-arid west and
the comparatively more wetter east. Climatically,
the arid part is more variable and uncertain. West,
Aravalli caters a large tract of sandy desert
spreading over low tabular lands, plains and hard
rocky out crops. It is a regime of wind
action,drifting sand dunes and sand storms. Water
is scarce, consequently rainfall occurrence and
underground water are the dominating influencing
force in the operation of agricultural activities,
cultural mosaic and population oncentration. The
area also suffers with frequent droughts and
famines.
The eastern segment is mostly tabular to plain
ground surface through which flow the important
perennial river courses of the state like Banas,
Berach, Gambhiri, Chambal, Gambhir etc. The
area is quite vibrant in biotic life having richer
surface water potential.Rainfall is also good,
136
consequently, the area has been a point of
attraction to population settlements since the
ancient past.
13.2 Vital Facts of the Census - 2011
Rajasthan's total population is 6,86,21,012
which is about 5.67 of the total population of the
country. Out the total State population 515.40
lakhs is rural and 170.80 lakhs is urban. There
were as many 44672 inhabited villages and 297
urban centres in Rajasthan. The census listed as
many as 6937472 occupied residential houses in
the State. The total growth rate during the
decennium 1991-2001 was 28.4% compared to
only 21.54% at all India level.Rajasthan
population is 6,85,48,437 (approx 6.85 crore) as
per latest data of Census 2011 which is 5.66% of
total population of the country.
Population density of Rajasthan is 200
persons per sq km. Jaipur is district with highest
population density (595 persons per sq. km.) and
Jaisalmer is the district with least population
density (17 persons per sq. km.) Jaipur (66.26
lacs) is the district with highest population and
Jaisalmer (6.69 lacs) is the district with least
population. Rajasthan population was 5,65,07,88
in 2001. In the decade from 2001 to 2011,
increment in population is 1.20 crore and
population growth rate during this decade is
21.30% (Rural 19%, Urban 29%)
 Rural population is 5,15,00,352 (75.1%) and
Urban population is 1,70,48,085 (24.9%) of
total population of Rajasthan. (Rural male
 Rajasthan Geography
population is 74.9%, Urban male population is
25.1%.
 Rural Female Population is 75.3%, Urban
female population is 24.7%.
 Rajasthan's four districts with highest
population : Jaipur (66.26 lacs), Jodhpur,
Alwar, Nagaur.
 Rajasthan's four districts with least population
: Jaisalmer (6.69 lacs), Pratapgarh (8.68
lacs), Sirohi, Bundi.
 Sex Ratio in Rajasthan is 928. It means there
are 928 females on 1000 males.
 Dungarpur is the district with highest sex ratio
(994) and Dholpur is the district with least sex
ratio (846).
 Literacy rate in Rajasthan is 66.1% . Male
literacy rate is 79.2%, while female literacy
rate is 52.1%.
 Kota is most literate district in the state with
literacy rate as 76.60% Kota is also first in
female literacy (76.60%). Jalore is the district
with least literacy rate as 54.9%.
13.3 Population Density
Population density is the numbers of persons
living per sq. km. area. The overall population
density in Rajasthan State is 201persons per sq.
km, which is less than that of India (382/km.)
Nonetheless it is too high for an arid State of
Rajasthan, where rainfall is meagre, gften
unpredictable and the culturable land is limited.
The lowest density of less than 95 persons per sq.
kilometre has been recorded in the district of
Bikaner (78), Barmer (92) and Jaisalmer (17)
while the last district shows the lowest density of
17 persons per sq. kilometre.
There are nineteen districts which have higher
density than the average density of population of
the State as a whole. These districts are Jaipur
(598), Dausa (476), Bharatpur (503), Alwar (438),
Jhunjhunu (361), Dholpur (390), Sikar (346),
Dungarpur (369), Banswara (399), Ajmer (305),
Sawai madhopur (297), Udaipur (242), Kota
(374),Jhalawar (227),Bhilwara (201), Rajsamand
(302),Karauli (264), Sirohi (202) and Pratapgarh
(211).
137
Factors Affecting Density of Population
(a) Topography:- The larger aggregations of
population are found in the level tracts with
better water supply either by rain or by
irrigation. In such areas along with adequate
water supply, fertility of the soil and food
production are the main factors. Eastern part
of Rajasthan comprises of few areas of dense
population while in West of the Aravallis,
except the district of Sirohi, Pali, Sikar and
Jhunjhunu the whole of this area lies in the
Western Sandy Plains which includes the arid
and semi-arid areas, In a large part of this
area, extreme arid conditions prevail,
temperature is very high during the greater
part of the year, irrigation facilities are almost
absent (except the area served by Rajasthan
Canal) and the land is covered by vast
stretches of sands which has resulted in a very
low density of population.
(b) Rainfall:- There is a relationship between the
density of a population and the rainfall. It is
generaly stated i that rainfall along with the
fertility of the soil and the surface terrain
combine to control the density of population.
In Rajasthan, the density increase from west to
east and southwest to northeast.
(c) Settlements:-Western Rajasthan includes the
whole of the arid plain of Marwar and part of
Jaisalmer, Barmer and Bikaner. The whole of
this region is deficient in raintall, climatic
conditions are inhospitable, the surface
topography is marked by wind blown sand
ridges and the drainage is characteristically
internal. In spite of these, man has succeeded
in settling down even in these remoter parts of
the State. Many settlements like Nokha, Bap,
Bikampur, Girasar Sihar and many others
have grown up in this region.
(d) Means of Transport and Communication:-
The availability of better means of
transporting communication is found in
eastern part of Rajasthan. The means of
transport and communication provides easy
movement of goods and people and thus
encourage trade.
 Rajasthan Geography
138

13.5 Some Important Tables of Census 2011

Table-1
Literacy Rate of Rajasthan :
(1951 - 2011)
Census Total Male Female
Year Literacy Literacy
Literacy
1951 8.50% 13.88% 2.66%
1961 18.12% 28.08% 7.01%
1971 22.57% 33.87% 10.06%
1991 38.55% 54.99% 20.44%
2001 60.41% 75.70% 49.85%
2011 66.1% 79.2% 52.1%
Table-2

Rajasthan Religion Based data : Census - 2011

S. Religion District with Highest District with Least
No. Population Population
1. Hindu ( 88.49%) Dausa (96.81%) Ganganagar (72.98%)
2. Muslim (9.07%) Jaisalmer (25.10%) Dungarpur (2.06%)
3. Sikh (1.27%) Sri Ganganagar (24.11%) and Jalore, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur,
Sikar (0.01%) Pratapgarh
4. Jain (0.91%) Udaipur (2.56%) Jhunjhunu (0.03%)
5. Christian (0.14%) Banswara (1.24%) Dausa (0.03%)
6. Buddhists (0.02%) Alwar (0.12%) and Pratapgarh Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu,
(0%) Karauli, Nagaur
7. Other (0.01%) - -
8. Religion not told - -
(0.10%) by people
 Districts with leaset population Density in
Note:-
 Districts with highest population in Ascending order are:
Jaisalmer < Bikaner< Barmer < Churu <
Descending order are:
Jodhpur
Jaipur > Jodhpur > Alwar > Nagaur >
 Districts with highest Sex Ratio in Descending
Udaipur
 Districts with leaset population in Ascending order are:
Dungarpur > Rajsamand > Pali > Pratapgarh >
order are:
Banswara
Jaisalmer< Pratapgarh < Sirohi < Bundi <
 Districts with leaset Sex Ratio in Ascending
Rajsamand
 Districts with highest population Density in order are:
Descending order are: Dhaulpur < Jaisalmer < Karauli < Bharatpur <
Sri Ganganagar
Jaipur > Bharatpur > Dausa > Alwar >
Dhaulpur
 Rajasthan Geography
139

13.6 Tribes of Rajasthan Chittorgarh, Rajsamand districts, Abu-

The Southern part of state is home to several Pindwara region of Sirohi district and southern
tribes found in Rajasthan. Many Tribes are found part of Bhilwara district are included under tribal
in Rajasthan which are settled in different in hilly parts of Rajasthan. Meena is the tribe with highest
and forest tracts of this state. These tribes subsist population in Rajasthan. After Meena tribe,
on their own primitive economy and strictly Bheel, Garasiya, Sahariya tribes are placed in
adhere to there social and cultural traditions even terms of population.Bheel is the most ancient
today. tribe of Rajasthan. Government of
According toArticle 342 of Indian India has declared 'Sahariya' tribe as primitive
Constitution, The President of India notifies tribe and included them in 'Primitive Tribal
Scheduled Tribes in India. As per Ministry of Group'. 'Sahariya' is the only tribe which is
Tribal Affairs, the criterion includes: included in this group.
(i) Indication of "primitive" traits, Tribals of Rajasthan
(ii) Distinctive culture,
S.No. Tribe S.No. Tribe
(iii) Geographical isolation,
1. Bheel 2. Bheel Meena
(iv) "Shyness of connecting" with the
community at large and 3. Damor 4. Dhanka,Tadvi
5. Garasiya 6. Kathodi
(v) "Backwardness".
7. Kokna 8. Kolidhor
The share of ST population is 13.48% 9. Meena 10. Nayak
(92,38,534) to the total population of Rajasthan as 11. Pateliya 12. Sahariya
per Census - 2011. The highest tribal population is Source:- Report of Tribal Department 2016-
found inUdaipur district (15.25 lakhs) and the 2017 Rajasthan Government.
least population is in Bikaner district (7,779). 13.7 Bheel
Districts in Rajasthan with highest population of
 Colonel Tod has called this caste as
Sheduled Tribes are Udaipur (15.25lakhs),
Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh and Jaipur 'Vanputra'. It is the second major tribe of
respectively. District in Rajasthan with least Rajasthan. Economically, these people are
population of Sheduled Tribes are Bikaner, farmers, socially they follow patriarchal
Nagaur, Churu, Ganganagar and Hanumangarh structure and are traditionally good archers.
respectively. Highest ratio (in percentage) of  Residence: Udaipur (maximum), Banswara,
Sheduled Tribe's population with the population Dungarpur, Bhilwara, Sirohi, Chittorgarh,
of district is in Banswara (38%), while least ratio Pratapgarh are majorly inhabited by bhil tribe.
is in Nagaur.  Origin: Anthropologists consider them to be
Rajasthan holds 6th position in terms of descendants of the Munda caste because
population of Sheduled Tribes in India after Mundari words are more commonly used in
Madhya Pradesh(MP), Maharashtra, Orissa, their language. Prof. Guha believes them to be
Jharkhand and Gujarat. Rajasthan ranks 13th in from the proto-Australoid species. The origin
terms of ratio of Sheduled Tribes population to of Bhils is mentioned in ancient texts like
total population in India. Mahabharata, Puranas and Ramayana. Hence,
Sex ratio of Sheduled Tribes in Rajasthan they are 'primitive inhabitants' of the country.
is 944 (978 in India). The literal meaning of „Bhil‟ is „a person who
Population of tribes in Rajasthan is centered shoots an arrow‟.
around southern part of Rajasthan (about 57%).  Bhils are referred to as „Nishads‟ in
Banswara, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Mahabharata.
 Rajasthan Geography
 According to Census 2011, Banswara is
majorly inhabited by Bhil Population. The
total population of Bhil tribe in Rajasthan is
41 lakh which is 44.38% of total tribal
population.
(a) Clothing
 Khoyatu: The langotiya Bhils wear a
'loincloth' (Langot) at their waist which is
called as 'Khoyatu'.
 Kachhavu: Bhil women wear a Skirt
(Ghaghara) which reaches to their knees. It
is called 'Kachhavu' and is usually red and
black in color.
 Phaalu: Bhil people wear a cloth called
Angocha when they are at home. It is
called Phaalu Bhil men and women are
very fond of tattooing their bodies.
 Thepada: The tight dhoti worn by Bhil
men is called Thepada.
 Potya: White colored safa used by the
Bhils to cover their heads.
 Sinduri: Red colored Saree worn by Bhil
Women.
 Piriya: Yellow colored Lehanga.
 Parijani: Thick bangles made of Brass
metal which is worn in the legs.
(b) Religious System
 Totem: Clan Deity of Bhil Tribe.
 Beneshwar: A place at the confluence of
Som-Mahi-Jakham rivers (Dungarpur)
wherein a Fair i organized on Maagh
Poornima.
 Bhil tribe recognizes themselves with the
“Undariya Sect”.
 Ghotiya Amba Fair: Banswara.
 Hathi-Vendo Custom: Getting married to
Auspicious Trees.
(c) Habitation and Homes
 Paal: Large village of Bhil community is
called a Paal. Many huts that are
140
constructed together make Paal. The chief
of a paal is called 'Paalvi'.
 Koo: The houses of the Bhils are called
Koo.
 Falaan: Small village or Mohalla of Bhils
is called Falaan.
 Gameti: The Chief of village (Paal) of
Bhils is called Gameti (village head).
Gameti can be considered as their ruler in
a way as he only resolves their social,
economic, personal conflicts.
 Food: Maize bread, Onion rice (Kando ka
bhaat), non-vegetarian, Mahua liquor and
palm juice.
(d) Social System
 Tadvi or Vansao: The villages of the
Bhils often belong to one particular branch
of the same bhil family tree. The head of
these is called Tadvi or Vansao.
 Daapa: Marriages in Bhils is based on
price of the Bride. In this, the value of the
girl has to be paid to the father of the girl.
This value of the Bride is called Daapa.
 The practice of Naatra Vivah, Devar
Vivah, Polygamy, Batta, ghar-Jamai etc.
are prevalent in Bhils.
 A Bhil is sure of the oath he takes. They
never lie after drinking saffron water from
Kesariya Nath (Rishabhdev).
 „Fairey-Fairey‟ is the war-cry of the Bhils.
 Chheda Phadna: The practice of divorce
amongst bhils in the panchayat is called
Chheda Phadna.
 Bolava: If a wanderer/traveller while
travelling through Bhil areas makes a Bhil
or Bheelani as his guide by paying some
remuneration, then he has no need to be
afraid of any kind of loot. This guide is
called 'Bolava'.
 Pakharia: If a Bhil kills a soldier's horse,
it is called as Pakhariya.
 Rajasthan Geography
 Chimata or Vaalara: Cereals, pulses,
vegetables are sown during the rainy
season in the land obtained by burning
forests around the hill slopes. This type of
farming is called chimata. (A kind of
Shifting (Jhooming) Agriculture)
 In the Dajiya Plains; Rice, maize, chilli,
sorghum, millet, wheat, gram, papaya,
brinjal, yam etc. are sown in the ground by
cutting forests. This type of farming is
called „Dajiya‟.
 Gotras of Bhils is called 'Atak'.
 Each Bhil clan has its own deity which is
called 'Totem'.
 Hathimana dance is performed to
commemorate Bhil wedding, in which the
Bhil man sits on his knees and dances with
a sword.
 Dances: Gawri (Rae), Dwichki, Yuddh,
Gair, Ghumra etc.
13.8 Garasiya
 Garasiya people mainly reside in Abu road
and Pindwara Tehsils of Sirohi District
and Udaipur and Pali.
 Origin: This tribe is descendant of the
„Chauhan Dynasty‟. Colonel Todd
believes that the origin of Garasiya tribe is
from the word „Gawas‟ meaning Servant.
(a) Social Life
 Habitat: Abu road-Pindwara (Sirohi), Bali
(Pali), Gogunda and Kotra (Udaipur).
 Bhakhar area of Abu road is the primary
place of origin of Garasiya tribe.
 It is the third largest tribe of Rajasthan.
 3.5% of total tribes.
 1. Maur Bandhiya: Marriage under this
way is very similar to Brahm Vivaah
prevalent in Hindus. In this, marriage
rituals like Phere, Chanvari, and Maur
Bandhan etc. are performed.
141
 2. Pahravana Vivaah: This marriage
consists of pheras but in a nominal way.
 3. Tanana Vivah: In this marriage,
neither the engagement ceremony nor the
rituals of Chanvari and Pheras etc. are
completed. The Groom gives the bride
price to the bride‟s side as a wedding gift.
 There is also prevalence of migration and
Atta-Satta marriages (Exchange Marriage)
in this tribe.
 Gameti Garasia: If any Bhil man marries
a Garasiya woman, he is called 'Gameti
Garasiya'.
 Bhil Garasia: If a Garasia Man marries a
Bhil woman, such a family is called 'Bhil
Garasiya'.
 Faalia: The smallest unit of a Garasiya
village is called Faalia. Faalia is the
locality (Mohalla) of the people belonging
to the same gotra.
 Sahlot: The Chief of village of Garasia
tribe is called Sahlot.
 Gher: Garasiya houses.
 Garasiya tribe is divided into 3 categories
as per the social structure:
1. Moti Niyat: The upper classes who call
themselves Babor Haiya.
2. Nenki Niyat: Middle Class (Maderia).
3. Nichli Niyat: Lower category.
 Love Marriage is very prevalent among
the Garasiya Tribe.
 Anaala Bhor-Bhoo practice: The custom
of cutting the placenta of a newborn baby.
 Kondhia or Maek: Funeral Feast.
 Ghenti: Hand grinder for grinding flour.
 Hurrey: A memorial built in memory of
the deceased.
 Haelru: Cooperative Society.
 Sohri: Chambers for Cereals storage.
 Major Dances: Loor, Ghoomar, Walar,
Kood, Mandal, Gaur, Jawara Dance,
Moriya Dance.
 Rajasthan Geography
(b) Religious Life
 Nakki Lake of Mount Abu is their holy
place.
 The largest fair of Garasiyas is called
Mankharo Mela.
 Other fairs: Koteshwar Fair (Ambaji),
Chetar Vichitra Fair (Dilwara), Gangaur
Fair (Sivaya Village).
13.9 Sahariya
 Around 97% population of this tribe reside
in „Kishanganj‟ and „Shahbad‟ tehsils of
Baran district.
 According to Census 2011, the population
of Sahariya Tribe was 1.14 lakh. Out of
that, 1.08 lakh people from these tribes
reside in Baran.
13.10 Damor
 It is the only „Primitive Tribal Group‟ of
Rajasthan.
(a) Main Characteristics
 Sahrol: Villages of Sahariya Tribe.
 Taapri: Houses of Sahariya people that
made up of stones, bamboos, woods and
grass.
 Bhaderi: Store houses for keeping Flour.
 Gopna/Korua/Topa: Small huts made
atop trees.
 Panchayat: Three Tier System:
1. Panchtai. 2. Ekdariya. 3. Chaurasiya.
 Kotwal: Chief in Sahariya Tribe.
 Kodiya Devi: Clan Goddess of Sahariya
Tribe.
 Major fairs: 1. Kapildhara Fair
13.11 Kanjar
(Sitabadi): Also known as Kumbh Mela of
Sahariya Tribe.
 Tattoos are prohibited in Sahariya Tribe.
 Dance: Shikari.
 Sahrana: The ghettos of Sahariya tribe
are called as „Sahrana‟. A circular
umbrella shaped structure is built in the
middle of Saharana which is called as
142
Hathai or Bangla. It is the community
owned property of Sahariya Tribe.
 The practice of keeping multiple wives is
prevalent amongst them.
 Dhari Sanskar: In Sahariya society, the
bones and ashes of the deceased are
collected on the third day of death and
covered and are placed in a clean
courtyard in the night and is seen on the
next day. It is believed that the deceased
is reborn in the same form whose foot
marks are visible in the ash. After seeing
the footmarks, the ashes submerged into
Banganga or Kapildhara rivers located in
Sitabadi. This tradition is called 'Dhari
Sanskar' in Sahariya community.
 Area: Dungarpur, Banswara and Udaipur.
 Maximum Concentration: Seemalwada
Panchayat Samiti (Dungarpur).
 Population: 91,500.
 Originally, they are residents of Gujarat
and use Gujarati language alongside local
language.
 They live in a single family and polygamy
is prevalent in them.
 Mukhi: Head of Panchayat.
 Chaadiya: Event organized on the
occasion of Holi.
 Major Fairs: 1. Chaila Bawji:
Panchmahal (Gujarat) 2. Gyaras ki
Rewari: Dungarpur.
 Kanjars are a nomadic caste known for
their criminal instincts. The name Kanjar
is a corrupted form of the Sanskrit word
'Kananchaar' or 'Kanak Chaar' which
means 'wandering in the jungle'.
 Resident Area: Kota, Baran, Bundi,
Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Alwar, Udaipur,
Ajmer.
 Rajasthan Geography
 They come under Scheduled Caste
category.
 Population - 53,818.
 Joganiya Mata- Kuldevi of Kanjar caste.
 Khosni: A garment worn by women at the
waist.
 Major Dances: Chakri Dance and Dhakad
Dance.
 The head in Kanjar families is called as
'Patel' and he is the supreme doer of the
family.
 To know the truth about any matter, the
person concerned has to swear by drinking
from the cup of „Hakam Raja ka Pyala‟.
This oath is considered as supreme by the
people of this caste.
 Kanjar people seek blessings of the God
before committing a crime which they call
'Paanti Mangna'.
13.12 Saansi
 This population mainly resides in
Bharatpur District and lead a Nomadic
Life.
 Population: 86,524.
 They are included in the Scheduled Caste
Category.
 Kukdi ki Rasm: The newly married
woman has to undergo a test to prove
purity of her character.
 The origin of Saansi tribe is believed to be
from a person named Saansmal.
 The Saansi tribe is sub-divided into two
finer divisions: „Mala‟ and „Beeja‟
13.13 Kathoudi
 Area: Udaipur, Dungarpur, Baran,
Jhalawar.
 Major Settlements: Kotda, Jhadol and
Sarada Panchayat Samiti of Udaipur
district.
 Population: 4833.
143
 They are native to Maharashtra and
because they are indulged in making
Kattha (a pigment used in Betel Leaf),
they are called Kathoudi.
 Kholara: A house made of weeds and
Grass.
 They do not use milk as a part of their
Beverages.
 Nayak: Head of society.
 Fadka: Women wear saris in Marathi
style which is called as Fadka.
 Main Dances: Mawaliya dance and Holi
dance.
 Major instruments: Tarani, Pavri,
Khokhra, Tapra, Thalisar.
 Important Deities: Dungardev, Gaam
Dev, Bhaari Mata, Kanyari Mata.
13.14Institutions Involved in Tribal
Development in Rajasthan
(i) Rajasthan Tribal Area Development Co-
operative Federation (Rajas-Federation)
Rajas Federation was established on 27th
March, 1976.
 Its objective is to provide daily consumption
products a reasonable price. To arrange a
system so that reasonable price is given to
tribal people for agriculture and forest
products.
(ii) Rajasthan Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes Finance and
Development Corporation Limited:
(Anuja corporation).
 It was founded on 28th February, 1981 with
the name 'Scheduled Caste Developement
Corporation' Present name was given on
24th September, 1993.
 Its objective is to implement various schemes
for economic development of scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes.
 To make target groups of SC and ST to make
them self reliant by providing them with
economic resources.
(iii) Manikya Lal Verma Tribal Research and
Training Institute Udaipur :
 Rajasthan Geography
 This institute was established on 2nd January,
1964.
 Its objective is overall development of tribal
people by research, training and consultation
services in the field of tribal development
(iv) Rajasthan Vanvasi Kalyan Parishad :
 The main objective of Rajasthan Vanvasi
Kalyan Parishad is spreading awareness
among tribal people about developmental
programmes and helping them in every
possible way.
 A campaign "Vanvasi ko gale Lagao "was
launched by this institute (Lets hug the tribal
people)
(v) Scheduled Tribes Advisory Council : or
Anusuchit Janjanti Paramarshdatri
Parishad.
 It was established on 27th August, 2010 to
review the schemes implemented for
scheduled tribes by Tribal Development
Department and to advice for new schemes
for development and welfare of tribes.
13.15 Important Traditions of Tribes
(i) Jhagra Rashi: This is the compensation
amount which is given by new husband to
ex-husband of a married woman.
(ii) Halma: It is also called Heeda or Handa.
(ii) Dapa Tradition: Price of bride is given to
father of bride by groom's side.
(iv) Motana: When there is death of tribalman in
suspicious circumstances or by accident, then
a fixed price is recovered from the accused.
This fixed price is called "Motana" which is
decided by Panchayat. Dead body is removed
from the place of occurence after payment of
"Motana".
(v) Cheda Fadna or a divorce : It is a process
in Bhil or Meena community, in which wife
is abandoned and husband cuts a part of saree
and gives it to wife. This process is called
Cheda Fadna.
(vi) Hamelo: It is an entertaining fair organised
by Manikya Lal Verma Tribal Research
and Training Institute, Udaipur. In this
fair, capacities of tribal people are enhanced
and they connect to mainstream of the
144
society. It is organised for protecting folk
culture of tribes.
(vii) Bharandi : Picture of folk deity of Bheel
tribe is painted on the wall as a folk painting.
Folk deity of Bheel tribe is "Bharandi".
This painting is called "Bheet Bharandi".
(viii) Natara Tradition: It is an agreement which
is done by a married or widow woman for
living with another man. It is a tradition
prevalent in tribal communities in which they
help each other by collective co-operation
and complete the work.
(ix) Lokai: Feast organised at the time of death in
tribal community is called Lokai, which is
also called 'Kandiya'.
(x) War/vaar: This is a system prevalent in
tribal society in which tribal community
gather at one place at the time of
threat/adversity/danger and help each other.
Note: Dhanaka is also a backward scheduted
tribe of the state.
13.16 Various schemes for Development
of Tribal Area
(i) Tribal Development Programme :
 It was started in India in the year 1973-
1974, while it was started in Rajasthan in
the year 1975-76.
 It is also called Tribal Area Development
Programme (TDP).
 TSP (Tribal Sub Plan area) :- Area
where ST population is more than 50% in
Panchayat Samiti or block.
 It is being run in 23 panchayat blocks of 5
districts namely Sirohi, Udaipur,
Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratapgarh,
Dungarpur and Banswara are completely
covered.
 It is 100% central government funded
scheme.
 Its objective is overall development of
these people.
(a) Basic Infrastructure Facilities :
 Road (rural)
 Electricity (rural)
 Drinking water (rural)
 Micro irrigation
 Rajasthan Geography
(b) Social Facilities
 Education
 Medical Facilites
 Co-operation activities
 Permanent assets are to be created by
development of basic infrastructure
facilities and social facilities so that social
and economic position of tribals can be
improved.
 It is monitored by Tribal Region
Development Department. Its headquarter
is in Udaipur since 1978.
(ii) Sahariya Development Programme :
 It was launched in the year 1977-78 in
Rajasthan.
 It is being run in Shahbad and Kishanganj
Panchayat blocks of Baran district.
 It is fully funded by central government.
(iii) Modified Area Development Approach
(MADA):
 It was launched in the year 1978-79. Some
more related terms to it are as given
below:
(a.) Scheduled Area :
This area is same as covered in Tribal Area
Development Programme. It is called Tribal
Area Development Approach (TADA).
 Scheduled area has been constituted by
including 5034 villages of 23 panchayat
blocks of 5 districts which are situated in
the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. It is
region with high tribal density. As per
Census- 2011, total population of this area
is 57.24 lakhs, out of which 41.88 lacs is
tribal population which is 73.17% of total
population of this region of five districts
.The details are as given below :
(i) Complete area of Banswara and
Dungarpur districts
(ii) Complete area of seven panchayat
blocks of Udaipur district, 123 villages
(population including towns) of Girwa
panchayat block, 52 villages
transferred from Kotra panchayat
block to Gogunda panchayat block,
Arnod, Pratapgarh district and Abu
145
Road panchayat block of Sirohi
district.
(b) Modified Area Development Approach
(MADA):
This programme has been launched in 44
MADA small divisions in 18 districts. 3586
villages are included in it. As per Census-
2011, total population of this region is 32.95
lakhs, out of which tribal population is 18.30
lakhs which is 55.55% of total population of
this area.
 This area has been selected besides
scheduled area for benefitting tribal area.
District is considered as a unit in it.
Conditions for being a MADA small
division are as below :
1. Total population of MADA small
division should be more than 10,000.
2. Tribal population residing in it should be
more than 50% of the total population.
3. Villages should be connected with each
other.
4. Villages situated at borders should have
S.T. population more than 50%.
(c) MADA Cluster Programme :
 Conditions for an area to be MADA
cluster are as given below:
1. Total population of cluster should be 5000
or more.
2. Tribal population should be more than
50% of total population.
 Development programmes are being
implemented in this area through MADA
clusters. 11 clusters are approved in 8
district of Rajasthan. 159 villages are
included in it. As per Census- 2011,
population of MADA cluster area is 1.21
lakhs, out of which 0.67 lakhs is tribal
population which is 55.84% of total
population of cluster.
(d) Bhikhri (scattered) Janjati Vikas
Karyakaram :
 This programme is fully funded by the
state government.
 Villages of 31 districts which are not
covered under Scheduled Area (TADA),
 Rajasthan Geography
MADA small division, MADA clusters
and Sahariya Development Programme are
included under this.
(e) Sahariya - Kathodi Vishesh Sahayata
Kshetra (Region) :
 This programme started in the year 2004-
05.
 23 panchayat blocks of five district
(Scheduled Area) + 2 panchayat blocks of
Sahariya region are covered under this.
 25 kg grains per family per month is given
free to the families of Sahariya-Kathodi
with 'o' food stamp.
 This programme has now been merged in
Mukhyamantri Food Security Scheme on
15th June 2010, which was launched from
Tonk.
Note : Detail of population of Sahariya Primitive
Tribe is taken from survey report (2002) of
Manikya Lal Verma Primitive Tribe
Research and Training Institute.
13.17 Latest information and important facts
about tribes in Rajasthan
 The executive power of state area
extended under schedule five of Indian
constitution for administration and control
of scheduled tribes and scheduled areas.
Tribal Area Development Department was
formed in 1975 in Rajasthan for holistic
development of tribal community based on
the powers given to state by the
constitution.
(a) Scheduled Area :
 As per Part- C of Fifth Schedule of Indian
Constitution, Scheduled Area is the area,
which is notified as Scheduled Area by
Important Question
 What was the goal of Male Literacy Rate for the Twelfth Five Year Plan of Rajasthan?
(1) 91.89% (2) 85.89%
(3) 99.89% (4) 89.89% (1)
 As per the Census 2011 which districts of Rajasthan are showing child (0-6 years) sex – ratio
below 850 females per 1000 males?
(1) Karauli and Ganganagar
(2) Karauli and Sikar
146
President of India. Few areas of 10 states
has been declared as Scheduled Area.
 In the notification dated 12.02.1981 of
Indian government, areas specified in
Rajasthan state has been delared as
Scheduled Area.
 Scheduled Tribe: 'Scheduled Tribe'
word has been defined in Article 366 (25)
of constitution as such tribes or tribal
communities or parts of or groups within
such tribes or tribal cummunities as are
deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled
Tribes for the purposes of this constituion.
13.18 Detailed list of Scheduled Tribes as per
Rajasthan Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe (Amendment) Act
1976.
S.N. Scheduled Tribes (S.T.)
1. Bhila, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungari
Bhil, Dungari Garasiya, Mewasi Bhil,
Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagaila,
Bhilala, Pawara, Vasava, Vasave.
2. Bhil Meena
3. Damor, Damaria
4. Dhanka, Tadvi, Valvi, Tetariye
5. Garasiya (except Rajput Garasiya)
6. Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor
Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari.
7. Kokna, Kokni, Kookna
8. Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
9. Meena
10. Nayakada, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayake,
Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana
Nayaka
11. Pateliya
12. Saharia, Sahariya, Sahariya
 Rajasthan Geography
147

(3) Jhunjhunu and Karauli

(4) Jhunjhunu and Sikar (4)
 As per Census 2011, what is the literacy rate of rural and urban areas in Rajasthan?
(Rural) (Urban)
(1) 67.3% - 76.2%
(2) 71.7% - 78.5%
(3) 61.4% - 79.7%
(4) 64.8% - 72.5% (3)
 Which among the following districts of Rajasthan has experienced the highest decadal
population growth rate during the year 2001-2011?
(1) Jaisalmer (2) Alwar
(3) Jalore (4) Barmer (4)
 According to 2011 Census, which is/are of the following correct regarding population of
Rajasthan?
(A) Child Sex-Ratio – 888
(B) Percentage of female literacy – 52.1
(C) Percentage of scheduled tribe population – 16.9
(D) Percentage of Urban population – 25.1
Select the correct answer using code given below:
Code:
(1) (A) and (B) are correct.
(2) (C) and (D) are correct.
(3) (A), (B) and (C) are correct.
(4) (B), and (C) and (D) are correct. (1)
 In which of the following districts of Rajasthan sex-ratio decreased during census 2001 and
2011?
(1) Rajasthan and Churu (2) Ajmer and Dholpur
(3) Ajmer and Jhalawar (4) Dholpur and Jhalawar (1)
 Statement (S) : The distribution of population in Rajasthan is uneven.
Reason (R) : The State has varied climate and relief features.
(1) Both (S) and (R)
(2) (S) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(3) (S) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
(4) Both (S) and (R) are incorrect. (1)
 Which among the following has the highest density of population as per 2011 census?
„ (1) Lakshadweep
(2) Pondicherry
(3) Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(4) Daman and Diu (2)
 What is the percentage of urban population in India and Rajasthan respectively as per census
2011?
(1) 24.87% and 31.15%
(2) 34.15% and 24.87%
(3) 21.87% and 34.15%
(4) 31.15% and 24.87% (4)
 As per 2011 census, which districts of Rajasthan are having lowest percentage of Scheduled
Tribe population in their total population?
 Rajasthan Geography
148

(1) Sikar and Dholpur

(2) Jhunjhunu and Churu
(3) Bikaner and Nagaur
(4) Ganganagar and Hanumangarh (3)
 Which districts of Rajasthan are having highest percentage to rural and urban population in
their total population in 2011?
(Rural) (Urban)
(1) Barmer - Ajmer
(2) Sirohi - Jodhpur
(3) Pratapgarh - Jaipur
(4) Dungarpur - Kota (4)
 The correct sequence of districts according to percentage of Schedule Tribe population (2011)
in descending order is: (Protection Officer-2018, P-I)
(1) Dungarpur, Banswara, Udaipur, Pratapgarh
(2) Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Udaipur
(3) Banswara, Pratapgarh, Udaipur, Dungarpur
(4) Dungarpur, Udaipur, Pratapgarh, Banswara (2)
 Which districts of Rajasthan have more than 50 percent urban population in 2011?
(1) Ajmer and Udaipur
(2) Jodhpur and Ajmer
(3) Kota and Jaipur
(4) Jaipur and Bikaner (3)
 The decadal change of rural population in 2001 – 2011 in Rajasthan is-
(1) 19.0 (2) 18.8
(3) 21.3 (4) 19.1 (1)
 Rural sex ration of Rajasthan as per the Census 2011 is-
(1) 933 (2) 914
(3) 927 (4) 953 (4)
 Infant mortality rate (IMR) per 1000 live birth in 2016 in Rajasthan is-
(1) 41 (2) 34
(3) 36 (4) 44 (1)
 What is the limit of population for a city to be considered as Nagar nigam in Rajasthan?
(1) more than 1 lakh (2) More than 3 lakh
(3) More than 5 lakh (4) More than 4 lakh (3)
 How many districts of Rajasthan are covered by Tribal Area Development (TAD)
programme?
(1) 8 (2) 10
(3) 6 (4) 5 (1)
 From the following which is not a component of “Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna – National
Urban Livelihood Mission” as implemented in Rajasthan?
(1) Capacity Building and Training
(2) Self – Employment Programme
(3) Social Mobilization and Institutional Development
(4) Improved Policy Framework (4)
 For Mitigating Poverty in Western Rajasthan. The government of Rajasthan implemented
MPOWER with support of- (RPSC, Astt. Statistical Officr-2018)
(1) International Fund for Agriculture Development & Sir Ratan Tata Trust
 Rajasthan Geography
149

(2) International Bank for Reconstruction & Development & Ambani Trust
(3) World Trade Organization & Gopichand Hinduja Trust
(4) International Monetary funds & Lakshmi Mittal Trust (1)
 Under the Bhamashah Pashu Bima Yojana, what is the percent subsidy on premium of cattle
insurance for SC/ST/BPL livestock breeders?
(1) 50% (2) 60%
(3) 70% (4) 80% (3)
 In which year „Desert Development Programme‟ was launched?(RPSC, Astt. Statistical
Officr-2018)
(1) 1977-78 (2) 1983-84
(3) 1991-92 (4) 1980-81 (1)
 With which tribe, the Bija and Mala sub-castes are related?
(1) Sansi (2) Bhil
(2) Damor (4) Garasia (1)
 With which tribe of Rajasthan socio-co-operative institution „Helroo‟ is associated?

(1) Saharia (2) Kanjar

(3) Bhil Meena (4) Garasia (4)
 How many districts are included in „Mewat Area Development Programme‟?
(1) Three (2) Four
(3) Two (4) Five (3)
 Which of the following districts are covered under Mewat Area Development Programme?
(1) Alwar and Tonk (2) Jhalawar and Pali
(3) Alwar and Bharatpur(4) Alwar and Dholpur (3)

Very short answer type questions (15 words)

1. Saraswati
2. Operation Black Board
3. Sasi tribe
4. Meena Tribe
5. Damor Tribe
Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)
1. Bhil tribe
2. Describe the social organization of the Garasiya tribe.
3. Describe the major problems of the tribes of Rajasthan.
4. Literacy in the State

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. The efforts of the Rajasthan government have been unsuccessful in eradicating illiteracy.
2. Discuss the progress made in distance education in Rajasthan. To what extent will it be able to serve
the higher education interests of the state?
3. Mention the social organization, religious rites of Meena tribe.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER -14
Tourism in Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Major Tourist Destination
 Heritage Circuit
 Balaji Tourism Circuit
 Eco-Tourism
14.1 Introduction
Tourism is the acitivites of people
travelling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for leisure, business or other
purposes. Tourism may be considered as an
organized, purposeful and definite lust to wander
on the part of man. Thus, human mobility and
tourism have close ties since time immemorial.
Mobility in various forms, in forms of period,
purpose and place has greatly affected the
evolution of human culture from the automatic
and hazardous nomadic to the present day
organized, purposeful and comfortable travels.
Rajasthan is famous in the world for its attraction
of tourism such as Palace on Wheels, heritage
hotels, camel-ride, colourful festivals and fairs,
mountainous tourist spots, handloom, wildlife
sanctuariesand national parks.Tourism widens our
horizons, promotes understanding, simulates
travel and fosters friendship.About one third
foreign tourists who cometo visit India come to
Rajasthan.
14.2 Ecological Aspects of Tourism
Ecology plays an important role in shaping
and re-shaping tourism indusry in India. Rajasthan
is the legendary land of valour and chivalty, of
beauty and romance, of bustling bazars and
cavalcades of colour. There are palace that are
ultimate in luxury, plastered with gold and silver,
the cities that capture you with charm and colour,
the temples, as old as the eighth century which are
poems composed in stone, and rareild life in its
natural habitat and migratory birds from as far as
150
Siberia. All these attract the tourists to visit
Rajasthan.
Rajasthan is situated in between 23°3' N to
32°12' N latitutdes and 69°30' E to 78°17'E
longitudes and is the largest state in India.
Rajasthan is a vast, varied and interesting state
among all where we can observed features like
plateaus, plains and deserts. The physiography of
the state is however dominated by the
Aravallis.which according to Heron are the oldest
folded mountains on the surface of the earth and
run from south west to north east in the state.
Thus, Aravalli constitute the backbone of the
region and a pivot on which the whole tourist
industry of the area revolves.
14.3 Major Tourism Hotspots and Circuits of
Rajasthan
1. Ajmer
(a)Adhai-Din-Ka-Jhopra :-
Originally called 'Adhai Din Ka Jhopra',
the building was a Sanskrit college (built by
Vigraharaj IV), but it was later converted into a
mosque by Sultan Muhammad Ghori's general
Aibak. This specimen of Hindu and Islamic
architecture was further embellished by Sultan
Iltutmish. There is a reasion behind getting this
name that it took only two and a half days to
convert this building from temple to mosque.
Hence it got name as 'Adhai din ka Jhopra'.
Another opinion is that during the Maratha period
Punjabshah Baba's two-and-a-half-day Urs was
also held here, hence the name 'Adhai Din Ka
Jhopra'.
(b) Khwaja Sahib's Dargah:-
 Rajasthan Geography
In Ajmer, most domestic and foreign
tourists come to the dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin
Chishti to make a vow and offer chadar on the
completion of the vow. Khwaja Saheb is
famousrenowned personality among people of all
religions. The dargah has three main doors. The
main gate, the 'Nizam Darwaza', was built by the
Nawab of Hyderabad. The 'Shah Jahan Darwaza'
was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and
'Buland Darwaza' was built by Sultan Mahmud
Lalji. The most surprising thing is that only
vegetarian food is cooked here and distributed as
Prasad.
(c) Anasagar Lake:-
It is an artificial lake which was built by
Arnaraj Chauhan, son of Raja Ajaypal Chauhan.
He was called by the name of 'Anna ji' and after
him the name of Ana Sagar Lake was named.
Adjacent to this was Daulat Bagh, built by the
Mughal emperor Jahangir and Five Barahdariyas,
built by Emperor Shah Jahan. The Baradaris, built
in beautiful white marble, are surrounded by lush
green trees. Tourists come here for relaxation and
mental peace.
(d) Mayo College:-
It used to be a boarding school for the
children of Indian royalty. Mayo College was
established in 1875 AD by Richard Bourke during
the British times. The architecture of this building
is an incomparable example of Indo-Saracenic
(Indian and Arabic) style. This building made of
marble is very attractive.
(e) Sonji Ki Nasiya:-
This Jain temple, built in the 19th century,
is one of the finest temples of India. Its main hall
has been named as Swarnanagari. Its entrance is
made of red stone and marble walls are made
inside, on which images and pictures of Jain
Tirthankaras are made of wood figures and pure
gold sheets.
(f) Brahma Temple:-
The only Brahma temple in the whole
world is located in Pushkar. Constructed of
marble, studded with silver coins, the temple with
a red head and an image of a swan (Vahan of
151
Brahma) is housed in the sanctum sanctorum. In
this temple, the marble idol of the Sun God is
standing like a watchman. The specialty of this
idol is that the idol of the Sun God is seen wearing
shoes.
(g)Savitri Temple:-
Behind the Brahma temple, on a high hill
is the Savitri temple, the first wife of Brahma.
Climbing up provides beautiful panoramic view
of the lake, temple and sand dunes. Now ropeway
facility is available at Savitri temple.
(h) Pushkar Sarovar:-
Pushkar Sarovar, popularly known as
'Tirthraj', is called the king of all pilgrimage
places. There is a belief that the pilgrimage is
considered complete after taking a dip in this lake.
About 9-10 meters deep in a semi-circular form,
this lake is surrounded by more than 500 temples
and 52 ghats.
2. Alwar
(a)Sariska Tiger Reserve:-
Sariska was given the status of a sanctuary
on November 1, 1955, after which it was given
the status of Tiger Reserve in 1978-79. Its forest
area is 273 sq. km. Apart from the tiger, various
other species of animals and birds like nilgai, fox,
wild boar, ergosh, leopard, chital, sambar,
monkey are found here. Birds include jungle
babbler, bulbul, quill, kestrad serpent, eagle, red
spurfowl, sandgrouse, woodpecker etc.
(b) Bhangarh:-
Bhangarh is situated at a distance of 50
km. from Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary. Madhav
Singh, the son of Maharaja Bhagwandas of Amer,
established Bhangarh as his first city. Now
Bhangarh is a abandoned village in Alwar.
Bhangarh has the distinction of being the most
mysterious place in India. Even today, the remains
of a seven-storey palace, well-maintained market,
shops and Someshwar Mahadev temple, Ganesh
temple, pond are seen in the ruins of this fort.
(c) Musi MahaRaniKi Chhatri:-
Built in the memory of Maharaja
Bakhtawar Singh's queen Musi Rani, its
 Rajasthan Geography
architecture is a mixture of Indian and Islamic
styles. This chhatri made of white marble has 12
huge pillars and 27 other pillars. Images of Lord
Shri Krishna, Shri Ramchandra ji, Lakshmi ji and
Sitamata are painted in its inner part. This
masterpiece of architecture is surrounded by the
Aravalli hills,City Palace, Sagar Lake and temple.
Illustrations related to the life of Maharaja
Bakhtawar Singh are also present at here.
(d) Bhartrihari Temple:-
Bhartrihari, the folk deity of Alwar, was a
king. The last years of his life were spent here.
Maharaja Jai Singh redesigned the temple of
Bhartrihari in 1924 AD. Here the main fair is held
on the Ashtami of Bhadrapada, in which a large
number of devotees come to worship Baba
Bhartrihari. Hanuman Mandir, Shiva Mandir and
Shri Ram Mandir are also located nearby.
(e) Silisedh Lake:-
At the western end of the Aravallis, amidst
the mountains lies the famous Silisedh Lake.
While going from Alwar to Sariska, this lake is at
a distance of 15 km. It was built by Maharaja
Vinay Singh in 1845 AD as Silisedh Dam. This
lake was made by stopping a branch of the local
river 'Ruparel'. On the banks of this lake, amidst
the lush green valleys, there is a pearl shining,
Silisedh Lake Palace, which is operated as a
heritage hotel by the Rajasthan Tourism
Development Corporation. Boating and bird
watching facilities are also available for tourists in
Silisedh Lake. In winter, different species of birds
and floating bats and crocodiles in the water
attract tourists.
3. Banswara (City of the Golden Islands)
(a) Mahi Dam
This is the largest dam of the division on
Mahi river at a distance of 18 km from Banswara,
which has 16 gates and the total length of the dam
is 3-10 km. There is immense potential for water
sports here.
(b) Tripura Sundari:-
There is an ancient temple of Mother
Tripura Sundari situated in Umrai village near
Talwara village at a distance of 19 km on
152
Banswara - Dungarpur road. Due to the presence
of a Shivling in the northern part of the temple
from the time of Emperor Kanishka, it is said that
this place is revered since the time of Kanishka.
Local people call it as 'Taratai Mata, Tripura
Mahalakshmi'. Near the temple there is a Shilale
of Vikram Samvat 1540.
(c) Mangarh Dham:-
Mangarh Dham, popularly known as
Jallianwala Bagh of Rajasthan, is situated on the
hill of Rajasthan Gujarat border near Anandpuri at
a distance of 85 km from Banswara. This place is
considered to be the work place of the great saint
Govind Guru, who is considered to be the
forerunner of the freedom movement in the tribal
area. According to historical belief, 1500
nationalist tribals, who were demanding
independence against the British rule, were
brutally murdered by the British by firing bullets
on the hill of Mangarh under the leadership of
Govind Guru at this place. Every year a fair is
organized at Mangarh Dham on Margashirsha
Purnima, in which thousands of devotees come
from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Presently it is being developed as National
Martyrs Memorial.
(d) Abdullah Pir:-
This is a popular tomb of Bohra Muslim
saint Abdul Rasool. Located in the southern part
of the city, this dargah is known as Abdullah Pir.
Every year a large number of people especially
from the Bohra community come to attend the Urs
of the Dargah.
4. Baran
(a) Sitabari:-
This temple is dedicated to Sita Mata and
Lakshmana, is 45 km away from Baran and it is
believed that Lava and Kush, both sons of Lord
Rama and Sita, were born here. It also has many
Kunds like Valmiki Kund, Sita Kund, Lakshman
Kund, Surya Kund etc. The famous 'Sitabari Mela'
is also organized here. It is also famous as a picnic
spot.
(b) Shergarh Fort:-
Shergarh Fort is one of the most popular
tourist attractions situated on the banks of Parwan
River at a distance of about 65 km from Baran.
 Rajasthan Geography
This monument was of strategic importance to the
rulers. Shergarh got its name after its capture by
Sher Shah Suri. Its original name was
Koshavardhan.
(c) Ramgarh Bhanddevra Temple:-
This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva at a
distance of 40 km from the city and is believed to
be an ancient temple of 10th century. Its
architectural style is similar to the 'Khajuraho'
style. It is also known as 'mini 'Khajuraho' of
Rajasthan. Situated on the banks of a small pond,
this temple is unique from other temples. Here
prasad, sweets and dry fruits are offered to one
deity and meat and liquor are offered in the
service of the other deity.
5. Barmer
(a) Kiradu Temple:-
This temple is about 35 km away from the
city. The architectural style is inspired from
Solanki architectural style and the fine stone
carvings make these temples unique. These
temples are dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is worth
mentioning that here some idols are lying in the
same place, some here and there in the sand
dunes. There are five temples here, in which the
'Someshwar Mahadev Temple' is of the highest
quality.
(b) Shri Nakoda Ji Jain Temple:-
This magnificent Jain temple has
withstood many attacks. Alamshah attacked this
temple in the 13th century and plundered it. But
fortunately could not take the idol of God. The
statue was brought back and reinstalled in the
temple in the 15th century. By the way, this
temple, built in the third century, was renovated
many times. The biggest temple here is of
Parshvanath.
(c) Rani Bhatiyani Mandir:-
Rani Bhatiyani, popularly known as 'Bhua
Sa', is a Hindu goddess who is revered in western
Rajasthan and Sindh, Pakistan. Located in Jasol
village of Barmer, the temple of Rani Bhatiani is
revered mainly by the people of Dholi caste. This
queen was a princess of Jogidas village of
Jaisalmer and was a Bhati Rajput.
153
6. Bharatpur
(a) Keoladeo Ghana National Park:-
Away from dense trees, ponds and noise,
this place is like a paradise for birds. It was also
declared a protected bird sanctuary in 1971 AD
and 'World Heritage' in 1985 AD. Thousands of
exotic rare birds come here every year to winter,
build their nests, breed and return to their country
at the onset of summer. About 230 species of
birds can be seen here. The Ghana Bird Sanctuary
was built in the middle of the 18th century as a
small reservoir to the south-east of Bharatpur.
Today it has the distinction of being the world's
most spectacular and attractive bird sanctuary. In
this, different species of birds like Indian Crane,
Siberian Crane, Water Chicken, Chinese Hen,
Heron, Painted Stork, Carmarant, Knob-billed
Duck, White Spoon Bill, Sand Piper etc. visit
here.
(b) Lohagarh Fort:-
Impressive as the name suggests, this fort
has withstood several British attacks and was
eventually captured by British military officer
Arthur Wellsley. The beautiful monuments inside
the fort are Kothi Palace, Mahal Palace, Moti
Mahal and Kishori Mahal. Jawahar Burj and
Fateh Burj were built by Raja Surajmal after his
victory over the Mughals and the British.
(c) Bandha Baretha:-
This is the old wildlife sanctuary of the
rulers of Bharatpur, where only the royal family
used to come for hunting. At present it is under
the forest department. Maharaja Jaswant Singh
started the construction of the dam here in 1866
AD and it was completed by Maharaja Ram Singh
in 1897 AD. The royal palace near this dam was
built by Maharaja Kishan Singh, which is now the
private property of the Bharatpur royal family.
Apart from four-footed animals, more than 200
species of birds roam in Bandha Baretha.
(d) Ganga Mandir
This popular temple of Bharatpur is a
beautiful blend of Rajput, Mughal and Dravidian
architectural styles. This temple was started by
Maharaja Balwant Singh in 1845 AD, its
construction work lasted for 90 years. His
successor Raja Brijendra Singh had installed the
idol of Goddess Ganga in this temple. It is
 Rajasthan Geography
believed that for its construction, all the
employees and rich people of the state donated
one month's salary. The main attraction here is the
idols of Lord Krishna, Laxminarayan and Shiva
Parvati. A large number of people come here on
the occasion of Ganga Saptami and Ganga
Dussehra.
7.Bhilwara
(a) Menal WaterFalls
Menal waterfall is situated on National
Highway 27 on Kota Road, 80 km from Bhilwara,
attracts thousands of tourists for its ethereal,
scenic splendor. Menal waterfall, surrounded by
forests all around, attracts tourists from far flung
areas and also foreign tourists. Its stream, falling
150 feet deep, makes a very loud sound and the
sight of the spectators does not move from there.
There is a very beautiful, splendid temple of Shiva
in Menal.
(b) Mandalgarh
It is situated 54 km from Bhilwara, this
place has historical importance - as it has been the
witness of many wars during the medieval period.
Mughal emperor Akbar had camped at this place
during the famous Haldi Ghati war. The fort is
about half a mile long, stands firm on the top of
the hill with ramparts and ridge protection. The
fort is believed to have been built by a chief of
Balanot Rajputs. The fort has two temples, one
dedicated to Lord Shiva and the other dedicated to
Lord Krishna.
(c) Shahpura
Shahpura town is 55 km from Bhilwara. It
is a pilgrimage center established in 1804 for the
followers of the Ram Snehi sect. Pilgrims from all
over the country come to visit this temple
throughout the year. Here the annual fair known
as Phool Dol Mela for five days is held in Falgun
Shukla (March - April). In the northern part of
Shahpura there is a huge palace complex, which is
adorned by chhajjas, minarets and chhatris. From
its upper part one can get a beautiful view of lake
and the city. Famous freedom fighters Kesari
Singh, Zorawar Singh and Pratap Singh Barath
belonged to Shahpura. Trimurti Smarak, Barahth
ji ki Haveli, (now converted into a state museum)
and Pivniya Talab are other important attractions
154
here. Shahpura is also known for the traditional
Phad painting.
8. Bundi (city of pools and stepwells)
(a) Taragarh Fort
Built in 1345 AD in Rajput style, this fort
is one of the most attractive palace in Bundi. This
fort and palace are built on a high hill and are
unfortunately in a dilapidated condition amidst
wild bushes. Its beauty can be estimated from its
temple, pillars, chhatris with top pavilions, curved
roof and their beauty adorned in the form of
elephant and lotus.
(b) Chaurasi(84) Khambo Ki Chhatri
It wasbuilt by Maharaja Anirudh Singh of
Bundi in the memory of one of his beloved
servants, it rests on pillars. It is an impressive and
beautiful structure, which is very much liked by
the tourists because of its artistic carvings
depicting deer, elephants and nymphs.
(c) Chitra Mahal, Bundi
The "Chitra Mahal" of Bundi was once a
palace full of splendid gardens, with various
artistic fountains and many ponds, which used to
have different species andexotic fishes. This
palace is named 'Chitra Mahal' because all its
walls and ceilings are decorated with very
beautiful and attractive paintings. In the olden
days, during the eighteenth century, the city of
Bundi was the home of artists making miniature
paintings and the kings also promoted miniature
paintings a lot. There is also another 'Chitrashala'
in the Chitra Mahal which was built by the orders
of Maharaja Umaid Singh. Since this chitrashala
is in the very interior of the palace, the paintings
made here have not been harmed by the sunlight
and the humidity of the weather so far and the
brightness and color given to the paintings by the
artists are present in their original form.
(d) Rani Ji Ki Bawdi
"Queen's Stepwell - (Rani ji ki Bawdi)"
was built in AD 1699 by Nathavati, the younger
queen of Rao Raja Anirudh Singh, the ruler of
Bundi. The main gate of this stepwell is beautiful.
The archway of the multi-storey stepwell has
exquisitely carved inscriptions of Gajraj, in which
his trunk is turned inward, giving the impression
 Rajasthan Geography
as if the elephant is drinking water from the
stepwell.
9. Chittorgarh
(a) Chittorgarh Fort
The fort of Sisodia Rajputs is situated on
the banks of river Gambhiri and Bedach. There is
a difference of opinion on the historical date of
construction of this fort. According to the legend,
its construction was started in the mythological
era by Bhima, a Pandava hero of the epic
Mahabharata. There are many magnificent
monuments in the fort, some of which are getting
dilapidated by the time.
(b) Victory pillar
It was built in 1440 AD by Maharana
Kumbha to celebrate his victory by defeating the
Muslim ruler of Malwa. It was built in 8 years. A
wonderful specimen of craftsmanship, 'Vijay
Stambh' is a 9-storey pillar made of red sandstone
and white marble. The idols of Hindu deities have
been decorated in it. It has a narrow staircase
leading to the top and from the top of the
balconies one can get a panoramic view of the
whole city.
(c)Kirti Stambh
This huge pillar is dedicated to Jain
Tirthankara and great educationist Adinath ji. It
was built by a wealthy Jain merchant Bagherwal
and his son Punya Singh, in the 13th century. It is
built in Hindu architectural style 24-5 meters
high, older than Vijay Stambha. Hundreds of
small sculptures of Jain Tirthankaras have been
sculpted on this 6-storey pillar and in the upper
floors.
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(d)Bhainsrodgarh Fort
This magnificently attractive fort, situated
on top of a 200 ft high flat hill, is surrounded by
the Chambal and Brahmani rivers. Overwhelmed
by the beauty of this fort, the British historian
James Tod said that he would choose
'Bhainsrodgarh' if he was offered a jagir (estate) in
Rajasthan. Due to lack of accurate information,
nothing can be said clearly about the construction
of this fort. After being under several dynasties, it
is believed that Alauddin Khilji also attacked this
fort and destroyed all the old temples and
buildings here. Presently this fort is being
operated by the royal family as a luxurious
heritage hotel. Surrounded by rivers on three sides
and situated between the Aravalli mountain range
and dense forests, the beauty of this fort attracts a
lot of domestic and foreign tourists.
10. Dausa
(a)Chand Baori - Abhaneri
Founded by Raja Chandra, the Chand
Baori of Abhaneri on the Jaipur-Agra road is the
main attraction of Dausa district. Its real name
was 'Abha Nagari', but in the language of
common parlance it became Abhaneri. Every year
in September-October 'Abhaneri Mahotsav' is
organized by the tourism department here. It lasts
for two days and various song and dance
programs are performed by Rajasthani dance and
folk artists for the entertainment of the tourists.
(b)Harshad Mata Temple - Abhaneri
Located in the Chand Baori complex, 33
km from Dausa, this temple is dedicated to
Harshad Mata. Harshad Mata means goddess of
happiness. It is believed that the goddess always
appears to be cheerful and bestows blessings on
the benefactors to be happy.
11. Dholpur
(a)Van Vihar Sanctuary
This sanctuary was built in an area of 24
square kilometers for the entertainment of the
rulers of Dholpur. This sanctuary is the center of
attraction for tourists and especially nature lovers,
along with fauna like sambar, chital, nilgai, wild
boar, bear, hyena and leopard found here, is a
storehouse of different flora.
 Rajasthan Geography
(b) Machkund:-
This ancient and sacred site was named
after King Muchukunda, the 24th ruler of the
Suryavanshiya kingdom. About 4 km from the
city, the site served as the royal workplace of
King Muchukunda, before Lord Rama, until the
19th generation. According to ancient religious
literature, King Muchukunda was once in a deep
sleep, when the demon Kalayman suddenly
picked him up. But with a divine blessing, the
demon was burnt to ashes. For this reason it is
considered an ancient holy pilgrimage site.
(c) Talab-e-Shahi:-
In 1617 AD, this beautiful lake, known as
Talab-e-Shahi, was built as a hunting ground for
Prince Shah Jahan. At a distance of 27 km from
Dholpur and 5 km from Bari, it is one of the
beautiful lakes. Many types of migratory birds
come here during the winter season to make their
nests like pitel, red-carted pooch, bat, pigeon etc.
11. Dungarpur
(a) Beneshwar Temple:-
After taking a dip in the Som and Mahi
rivers, the Devotees come here with a sense of
dedication to worship Lord Shiva at the
Beneshwar temple. The most revered Shivling of
this region is situated in the Beneshwar temple.
Situated on the banks of the Som and Mahi rivers,
this five feet high self-styled Shivling is divided
into five parts from the top. The Vishnu temple,
located near the Beneshwar temple, was built in
1799 AD by Janakkunvari, the daughter of Mavji,
a highly revered saint and an incarnation of Lord
Vishnu. The temple is said to be built on the spot
where Mavji spent his time praying to the Lord.
Two disciples of Mavji 'Aje and Vaje' built the
Lakshmi Narayan temple. Apart from these
temples, there is also a temple of Lord Brahma.
Magh Shukla Purnima (February) Here, a huge
fair is held at the confluence of the Som and Mahi
rivers, where people and tribals from far away
villages and cities come to take holy bath and
worship in the temple.
(b) Galiakot:-
Galiakot Dargah is the holy place of
Dawoodi Bohra community. There is a village
called Galiakot, situated on the banks of Mahi
river at a distance of 58 kms from Dungarpur.
156
This place is known for the tomb of Syed
Faruddin. He was a famous saint who was buried
in the village itself after his death. This mazar is
made of white marble and the teachings given by
him are engraved on the walls with gilded water.
(c) Gaib Sagar Lake
Due to the natural environment of this lake
and away from the hustle and bustle of city, it is
home to a large number of birds. The delightful
lake Gaib Sagar is a major attraction of
Dungarpur with the temple group of Shrinath ji on
its banks. This temple complex includes many
exquisitely carved temples and the Vijay
Rajarajeshwara Temple.
12. Hanumangarh
(a) Kalibanga:-
The Harappan civilization was flourishing
here 4500 years ago on the banks of the Saraswati
river. Kalibanga, an important place for
archeology lovers, is famous for the discovery of
the remains of the Harappan civilization. These
relics belong to the Harappan and pre-Harappan
eras of 2500 years BC. Excavations at Kalibanga
have yielded Harappan seals, human skeletons,
unknown scripts, copper bangles, pearls, coins,
terracotta and oyster toys. There is also an
Archaeological Museum established in 1983,
which was built during 1960-1961 to house the
excavated remains at the Harappan site. There are
three galleries in the museum in which one gallery
is dedicated to the artefacts of the pre-Harappan
period and the remaining two to the Harappan
period.
(b) Bhatner Fort:-
In ancient times Bhatner was known as
Bhattali Nagar, and is also known as the northern
border guard. Bhatner Fort or Hanumangarh,
considered one of the oldest forts in India, is
situated on the banks of the Ghaggar River. The
importance of the fort can be gauged from the fact
that it has been mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari.
The fort was built about 17 hundred years ago by
Bhupat, son of Raja Bhati of Jaisalmer. Many
courageous rulers including Timur and Prithviraj
Chauhan tried to capture the fort, for centuries no
one was able to conquer this fort. Finally, in the
year 1805 AD, Raja Surat Singh of Bikaner
defeated the Bhati kings and captured the fort.
 Rajasthan Geography
13. Jaipur (Pink City)
(a) Hawa Mahal:-
This palace, which looks like the crown of
Lord Krishna from outside, is unique. Built by
Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh in the year 1799,
this palace is five storeyed and its design was
prepared by the architect Lalchand Usta. Hawa
Mahal is the epitome of the Pink City, is a blend
of sandstone Rajasthani architecture and Mughal
style. Its walls are only one and a half feet wide
and there are 953 very beautiful and attractive
small and small waterfalls of many sizes. The
original purpose of making it was that the fairs
and processions to be held in the city could be
given by the queens sitting inside this palace.
Hawa Mahal remains air-conditioned due to these
springs even in the summer season.
(b) Amer Mahal:-
Amber, the old capital of the Kachwahas,
at a distance of 11 km from Jaipur, is a major
tourist spot known for its fort and architecture.
Included in the UNESCO World Heritage List,
the Amer Palace, formerly the capital of the
Kachhwaha Rajputs, is situated on a high hill. It is
a beautiful blend of Hindu and Mughal style. The
palace of Amer was built in 1592 by Raja
Mansingh I to fight and defend against enemies.
The interior of the Amer palace, made of red
sandstone and marble, and the work of carving,
inlay of precious stones, enamel work, mosaic
work, large mirrors placed everywhere, add to its
grandeur.
(c) Jantar Mantar:-
This observatory in Jaipur is the largest of
the five spherical observatories built by Maharaja
Sawai Jai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur. It is
called Jantar Mantar. It has been included in the
World Heritage List by UNESCO. Complex
instruments made in it, measure time, observe the
motion and orbits of the Sun and give detailed
information about celestial bodies.
(d) Jaigarh Fort:-
In 1725, this fort was built by Maharaja Jai
Singh II for the protection of Amber. The world's
largest cannon 'Jaiban', as also situated here. The
cannon was fired once. Its length is 31 feet 3
inches and weight is 50 tons. Its 8 meter long
barrel was filled with 100 kg gun powder.
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(e) Nahargarh Fort:-
In the dark night, under the shadow of the
stars, a panoramic, phenomenal, amazing and
mesmerizing view of the city of Jaipur from
Nahargarh Fort will not be found anywhere else in
the whole world. Looking at the city lights, it
seems that the stars have come down to the
ground. This fort was built in 1734 during the
reign of Maharaja Jai Singh, who appears to be
the watchman of the city. The Madhavendra
Bhawan built in this fort was used as the residence
of the Maharaja during the summer period.
Comfortable living room for the queens A cluster
of king's chambers, decorated with stately doors,
girls and frescoes, Nahargarh is a place of
splendour with nostalgia of the past. More
recently, a sculpture art gallery has also been built
in the palace.
(f) Albert Hall (Central Museum):-
Its foundation stone was laid in 1876 by
the Prince of Wales. It was named after the Albert
Museum in London. It was designed by Sir
Swinton Jacob and built on the basis of Indo-
Saracenic architectural style. The phenomenal and
enchanting building of Albert Hall amidst Ram
Niwas Bagh, attracts tourists in every season. It
has a large collection of miniature paintings from
Jaipur School of Art, Kota, Bundi, Kishangarh
and Udaipur styles.
(g) Galta Ji:-
Galta ji is an ancient pilgrimage place of
Jaipur. This is the taposthali of Saint Galav.
Bathing in the pool located at Galta ji has
religious significance. Pilgrims come here for
holy bath. The place has temple pavilions and
sacred pools. Due to presence of Monkeys it is
also known as monkey temple by the local people.
The beautiful view of greenery and jumping
monkeys add to the pleasant atmosphere of the
area. On the top of the hill there is a small temple
dedicated to the Sun God, called Surya Mandir.
Built by Diwan Kriparam, this temple is revered
by the people of the city.
(h) Isarlat (Sargasuli):-
In the heart of the city, the 60 feet high
grand tower Isralat is also called the heaven
piercing tower or Sargasuli. Raja Ishwari Singh
built this tower in 1749 AD in memory of a
 Rajasthan Geography
glorious victory. Situated near Tripolia Gate, in
this tower, stairs have been made to go up to the
top, which gives a panoramic view of Jaipur from
above.
(i) Govind Dev Ji Temple:-
Sawai Jai Singh had brought the attractive statue
of Shri Govind Dev Ji to Jaipur from Vrindavan,
which was installed here with full respect in the
Shri Govind Dev Ji temple located in the city's
Parkote. Govind Devji, revered by the royal
family and local people, has proper arrangements
for darshan through seven tableaux.
14. Jaisalmer (City of Forts and Havelis)
(a) Jaisalmer Fort:-
This fort is a World Heritage Site. This
fort, situated on the Trikuta mountain of the Thar
desert, has given many historical battles. When
sunlight falls on this fort, it shines like gold, being
made of yellow sandstone. That is why it is called
'Sonar Fort' or 'Golden Fort'.
(b) Desert National Park:-
This park is the most important habitat of
various wildlife of the Thar Desert. Various
species of animals like black deer, chinkara and
desert fox, all roam in the park. Endangered: The
Great Indian Bustard, one of the world's largest
flying birds – can also be seen here. This national
park is 40 km away from Jaisalmer.
(c) Patwon Ki Haveli:-
There are five havelis inside this haveli
which were built by Guman Chand Patwa for his
five sons, in 1805 AD. It took 50 years to build it.
The largest and most beautifully carved haveli in
Jaisalmer, this five-storey structure stands proudly
in a narrow lane. Although the haveli has now lost
that splendid glory, some paintings and glass
work can still be seen on the inner walls.
(d) Tanot Mata Temple:-
Bhati Rajput King Tanurao (Tannu ji)
established the idol in Vikram Samvat No. 828 by
building a temple of Tannot Mata. Here people
from all the surrounding villages and especially,
BSF jawans offer prayers here with full devotion.
Tanot Mata Temple is about 120 km from
Jaisalmer. Tannot Mata is believed to be the
reincarnation of Goddess Hinglaj.
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(e) Ramdevra Temple:-
Ramdevra Mandir is the holy place of
Runicha Baba Ramdev and Ramsa Pir. He is
worshiped by people of all religions. Ramdev ji is
a folk deity of Rajasthan. His image looks like a
king, riding on a horse. He is considered asa
symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity. Anyway, there is
a reputation of five pirs in the people of
Rajasthan, one of them Ramsa Pir has a special
place. Ramdevra temple is situated on Jodhpur
Jaisalmer road at a distance of 12 km from
Pokaran. Most of the people believe that this
temple is dedicated to Lord Rama, but it is
actually dedicated to the famous saint Baba
Ramdev. This temple is believed to be the last
resting place of Baba Ramdev. People of all
religions come here to visit. Between August and
September, a big popular fair known as
'Ramdevra Mela' is organized here. A large
number of Bhattafs come here and sing devotional
songs throughout the night.
(f) Bada Bagh:-
It is a huge garden, which holds the
memories of Bhati kings. Bada Bagh, also known
as 'Barbagh', is located 6 kilometers north of
Jaisalmer. This garden houses the royal chhatri of
the former Maharajas of Jaisalmer State. The
location of the park is such that from where the
tourists also get a wonderful view of the sunset.
Jaisalmer's Maharaja Jai Singh II (1688-1743)
built a dam here, due to which a large part of
Jaisalmer became green. After his death, in 1743
AD, his son Lunkaran built his father's chhatri
here. After that, after the death of other kings,
their chhatri were also made here.
15. Jalore (City of Granite)
(a) Jalore Fort:-
The most majestic ruler here has been
Kanhaddev Songra, who blew his teeth several
times to the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khilji.
Khailji made many bets to take revenge on
Kanhaddev, but in the end he was convinced of
the bravery of Kanhaddev and his son
Veeramdev. The main attraction of the city is the
Jalore Fort. It is an impressive icon of architecture
and is believed to have been constructed between
the 8th and 10th centuries. The fort is situated at a
height of about 336 meters atop a hill and offers a
 Rajasthan Geography
beautiful view of the city below. The main
features of the fort are its high walls and bastions.
(b) Sundha Mata Temple:-
Situated atop the Sundha Parvat in the
Aravalli range, is the Sundha Mata Temple. This
temple is built at an altitude of 1220 meters above
sea level and is considered very sacred by
devotees from all over India. There is an idol of
Chamunda Devi here. The pillars made of white
marble in the temple are reminiscent of the
Dilwara Temple of Mount Abu. There are also
some inscriptions of historical importance in this
temple. Recently a ropeway has also started at
Sundha Mata Temple.
(c) Malikshah's Ki Dargah:-
Alauddin Lalji built this mosque in honor of
Malik Shah, Sultan of Baghdad, during his rule in
Jalore. This mosque is famous for its unique
architecture. Its architecture is greatly influenced
by the buildings built in Gujarat.
16. Jhalawar
(a) Gagron's Fort:-
When the ruler 'Achaldas Khinchi' was
defeated by the ruler of Malwa, Hoshang Shah,
the Rajput women here committed Jauhar to
protect themselves from enemies. This fort
included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list,
Gagron Fort, a symbol of hill and water fort, is the
pride of Rajasthan. An annual fair is organized in
the month of Muharram at the tomb of 'Sufi Saint
Mittleshah' outside the fort. The Gagron Fort was
built by Bijaldev in the 12th century. Tourists
come here to see the confluence of three rivers
(Ahu, Kalisindh and Parwan).
(b) Bhavani Theater:-
It was built in 1921 AD. This theater is a
silent witness to many memorable plays and
cultural programs. It is believed that there are only
eight such theaters in the whole world. Foreign
tourists are very interested in seeing it. This
theater is an excellent example of architecture in
the theater and art world. It has a unique feature of
the way for horses and chariots to appear on the
platform, made by an underground passage.
(c) Sun Temple:-
Jhalawar's twin city is Jhalrapatan, which
is also known as 'City of Bells' i.e. city of bells.
Due to the presence of many temples here, the
159
sound of temple bells is heard in the morning and
evening. The 17 feet high Sun Temple dedicated
to Lord Shiva, built in the 10th century, is one of
the most beautiful temples in Jhalrapatan. The
head of this temple is carved similar to the Konark
Sun Temple in Orissa, popularly known as
Padmanabha or the Sun Temple. Tourists are
stunned to see the life-size sculptures here.
(d) Buddhist Caves and Stupas:-
The most famous in Jhalawar are the
ancient Buddhist caves of Kolvi village. The most
impressive of the caves. Huge statue of Buddha
and engraved stupa structure. Located at a
distance of about 90 km from Jhalawar, these are
considered to be the best living specimens of
Indian art. Tourists can also visit the caves near
Vinayaka and Hatiyagaur villages.
17. Shekhawati (Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Churu)
(a)Tal Chhapar Sanctuary:-
Cubs of deer fascinate the tourists visit this
place. This Blackbuck Sanctuary is in Chhapar
village, which is 210 km from Jaipur in Sujangarh
Tehsil of Churu. This sanctuary of black deer is
covered with open plains, large trees and vines.
Along with deer, desert fox, wild cat can also be
seen here. For bird lovers too, here you can see
eagles, ibises, cranes, cranes, skylarks, pigeons,
etc. found in South Europe and Central Asia.
(b) Mandawa:-
In ancient times, Mandawa was a main
center of the ancient trade route between the
Middle East and China. Goods were exchanged
from here. Here Thakur Nawal Singh ruled over
Nawalgarh and Mandawa. Built a fort in
Mandawa and built a city around the fort. Many
big traders came and settled here, who laid the
foundation of unique, wonderful, strange havelis
and made this city a tourist attraction. The
frescoes, glass work and attractive arched gates of
this fort are adorned with the paintings of Lord
Krishna.
(C) Khetri Mahal:-
Jhujhunu'sKhetri Mahal is one of the finest
examples of art and architectural structure. It is
also known as Hawa Mahal of Jhunjhunu. This
palace was built in 1770 AD. The surprising fact
is that there are no windows or gates in the Khetri
 Rajasthan Geography
Mahal, yet it is known as Hawa Mahal. The
uniqueness of the Khetri Mahal is due to the
construction of systematically designed buildings
for the uninterrupted flow of air. Almost all the
rooms of the palace have well-maintained pillars
and arches connected to each other, which give
the fort a magnificent rich look.
(d) Shraddhanath ji's Ashram
(Lakshmangarh):-
Established by Shri Shraddhanathji, a saint
of the disciple tradition of Amritnath Ji Maharaj,
this ashram is located near the railway station of
Laxmangarh (Sikar). In this ashram, a glimpse of
the spiritual life of Shraddhanath ji is given to the
devotees. This ashram is a major center of the
Nath sect.
(e) Hazrat Qamruddin Shah's Dargah:-
The Dargah of Qamruddin Shah, at the
foot of the Nehra mountain, to the west of the
Khetri Mahal, is a well-maintained complex, with
a mosque and a madrasa (ancient murals can still
be seen here), in the center of which is the ornate
dargah of the Sufi saint Qamruddin Shah. .
(f) Nawalgarh:-
Situated between Jhunjhunu and Sikar,
Nawalgarh is famous for its beautiful havelis.
Many films have also been shot here, including
some Indian and some foreign films. The
attractive fort here was built by Thakur Naval
Singh and the Roop Niwas situated near it is
decorated with gardens and fountains.
(g) Laxmangarh Fort:-
This fort in Laxmangarh city is a specimen
of glorious architecture. This is a unique example
of architecture in the whole world, which was
made here by conserving the pieces of Biri rocks.
Climbing on its top, one can get a panoramic view
of Laxmangarh which is situated below.
(h) Fatehpur:-
The city of Fatehpur was established in
1508 AD by Kayamkhani Nawab Fateh
Mohammad. He got the fort of Fatehpur built in
1516 AD. The city was once also known as the
capital of Sikar. Today Fatehpur is known as the
popular cultural capital of Shekhawati. There are
many places of interest here, among which
Dwarkadhish Temple, Singhania Haveli, Nadine
160
Le Prince Cultural Center and Fatehchand ki
Haveli are notable.
18. Jodhpur
(a) Mehrangarh Fort:-
Today this fort is praised all over the world. Its
prosperity, strength and protection is
incomparable. On the skyline of Jodhpur is the
impregnable Mehrangarh Fort on a 125 meters
high straight hill. This historical fort is one of the
most popular forts in India. It has lived forever in
history and legends. The Mehrangarh Fort still
bears testimony to the cannon attack carried out
by the Jaipur forces at its second gate. The fort is
known for its exquisite arched waterfalls, carved
plaques, ornate gates and painted walls of Moti
Mahal, Phool Mahal and Sheesh Mahal.
(b) Jaswant Thada:-
The imposing white marble monument, built in
the late 19th century, is dedicated to Jaswant
Singh II. It was built by his successor Sardar
Singh. It can also be called 'Taj Mahal of
Rajasthan'.
(c) Mandore-
The ancient name of this place was
Mandavpur. It used to be the capital of the state of
Marwar in the ancient times. Mandore, the ancient
capital of Marwar, is located to the north of
Jodhpur. This area has its own historical
importance. There are monuments and chhatri of
the former rulers of Jodhpur. It is based on the
structure of Hindu temples rather than the
traditional chhatris made of Rajasthan
architecture.
(d) Kayalana Lake:-
Kaylana, an artificial lake on the Jaisalmer
road, is a beautiful picnic spot. The beauty of this
lake, which looks like a canvas picture, is
unforgettable. Boating facilities are also available
for voyage in the lake through R-T-D-C.
(e) Machia Safari Park:-
Machia Safari Park is located about 1
kilometer from Kaylana Lake on the Jaisalmer
road. It is a bird sanctuary. Many animals like
deer, desert foxes, giant lizards, nilgai, rabbits,
wild cats, langurs, monkeys are found here. The
park is also famous for its sunset view.
(f) Balsamand Lake:-
 Rajasthan Geography
Balsamand Lake is situated on Jodhpur
Mandore Road at a distance of about 5 kms from
Jodhpur. It was constructed in 1159 AD for a
water source of Mandore. It is surrounded by lush
green gardens. Animals and birds like fox and
peacock are also found here. The lake is now a
popular picnic spot for tourists and locals.
19. Karauli
(a) Kaila Devi Temple:-
About 25 km on the outskirts of Karauli is
the famous temple of Kaila Devi, which is built
on the banks of Kalisindh river amidst the hills of
Trikuta. This temple is considered to be one of the
nine Shatif Peeths of the goddess and it was
established in 1100 AD, it is believed. According
to the Hindi calendar, a huge fair is organized
every year in the Kaila Devi temple in the month
of Chaitra (March-April). There is also a temple
of Hanuman ji, which the people here call by the
name 'Languria'.
(b) Shri Mahavir Ji Mandir:-
Built in the nineteenth century, the unique
architectural structure is the temple of Shri
Mahavir Ji, which is a Jain pilgrimage center.
Every year from the 13th day of Chaitra Shukla
Paksha to the first day of Krishna Paksha of
Vaishal (March-April), a fair is organized, which
is attended by thousands of Jain devotees.
(c) Mehandipur Balaji Temple:-
In Mehandipur, a village in Karauli, the
temple of Balaji, that is, Hanuman ji, is
recognized far and wide. According to the belief,
insane and sick people are brought here and most
of them get well with the blessings of Balaji.
161
20. Kota
(a) Kota Barrage:-
The Kota Barrage is one of the most
important water harvesting sites built on the
Chambal River in the state of Rajasthan. Tourists
are eager to see the beautiful view of the stream
due to the fast flow through its large gates in the
rainy season. Near the barrage, Lord Shiva's
'Kansua Mandir' is a place of interest, where a rare
Chaumuli Shivling is installed.
(b) Mukundara Darra Sanctuary:-
At a distance of about 50 km from Kota,
on the Rawatbhata road up to Darra village via
Seljhar and Kolipura Girdhapura and 50 km from
Kota on Jhalawar road from Darra village to
Kolipura Seljhar, this tiger reserve can be sighted.
This sanctuary is a dense forest area. Panthers,
bears, deer, wild boars, foxes, jackals and a large
number of native and migratory birds can be seen
here.
(c) Jagmandir Mahal:-
The Maharani of Kota Maharao
Durjanshal Singh and Braj Kanwar, the princess
of Udaipur, built this artificial reservoir, Kishore
Sagar and Jagmandir between 1743-45 AD.
Kishore Sagar is located in the heart of Kota city.
Power motor boats, jet skis and children's laser
film and sound shows are organized here in the
evening for tourists. This place is for the head of
Kota, among other water sports, facilities like
water swinging ball, banana boat etc. are
available. In addition there is a tourist place.
(d) Abheda Mahal:-
Abheda Mahal was built in the 18th
century. Here the palace was built at a distance of
8 km from Kota in view of the royal resting place,
in which an artificial water reservoir was built by
Princess Dhirdeh, so that more and more wildlife
and birds could be attracted towards it. During the
reign of Maharao Ummed Singh II, various
species of crocodiles were reared in this reservoir
and the pond of Abheda was famous for this
reason.
 Rajasthan Geography
21. Nagaur
(a) Ladnun:-
Sarees made in Ladnun are considered the
finest among cotton sarees across India and are
loved for their bright color and soft fabric.
Ladnun, considered an important center of
Jainism and a spiritual center of non-violence and
compassion, was settled in the 10th century. It has
a rich history of its own. A symbol of Jainism,
spirituality and purification, Jain Vishwa Bharati
University is also a famous center of education.
World famous saint Acharya Shri Tulsi belonged
to Ladnun.
(b) Bade Pir Sahib Dargah:-
Being a well-known holy place, the
Dargah of Bade Pir Saheb in Nagaur was also
opened as a museum on 17 April 2008. The most
famous and popular ornamental object to be seen
in the dargah is the 'Quran Sharif' inscribed here,
written in golden ink by Hazrat Syed Saifuddin
Abdul Jilani. Along with this, his stick and turban
are also visible. Here visitors can see old Indian
coins dating back to 1805, as well as American
coins with the image of Abraham Lincoln.
(c) Jhorda - Nagaur:-
Jhorda is a small village located in Nagaur tehsil,
which is quite famous for being the birth place of
famous Sufi saint 'Baba Hariram'. Every year on
the occasion of Chaturthi and Panchami (January-
February) of Hindi month Bhadrapada, about one
or two lakh devotees visit Jhorda. People from all
over Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh come here in the big annual fair held
every year in the village. Apart from having Baba
Hari Ram temple in this village, there are many
memorable and visible things related to the life of
these saints.
22. Pali
(a) Ranakpur Jain Temple:-
This magnificent temple surrounded by
valleys, amidst natural beauty, is a major
pilgrimage center for the Jain community. Shining
and sculpted like diamonds, this temple is
supernatural, wonderful and unique. Built in the
15th century after a Jain merchant believed to
have divine vision, the Ranakpur Jain Temple is
162
dedicated to Adinath, the ruler of the state, Rana
Kumbha, who encouraged the construction of
these temples. It is worth mentioning that this is a
complex of many temples and not just one temple.
(b) Jawai Dam:-
Built on a tributary (Jawai) of the Luni River, the
Jawai Dam was built by Maharaja Umaid Singh
of Jodhpur. It is considered to be the largest dam
in western Rajasthan. Apart from being a primary
source of water for the city of Jodhpur and the
surrounding villages, the Jawai Dam is a heaven
for migratory birds, leopards and crocodiles in
winter.
23. Bikaner
(a) Deshnok- Karni Mata Temple:-
This temple, which has made its mark for rats all
over the world, is in the village of Deshnok, 30
km- from Bikaner. It is famous among tourists as
the 'Temple of Rats'. The idol of Karni Mata is
installed in the sanctum. The gate of Karni Mata
Temple is a beautiful structure made of white
marble. Tourists from far and wide come to see
this temple. The new bride and groom come here
to seek the blessings of the mother.
(b) Rajasthan State Archives:-
There is a gathering of academicians and
researchers here. The ancient administrative
records preserved here, which also date back to
the Mughal period, including Arabic, Persian
decrees, marks and handwritten texts, are
preserved and preserved in this archive. Records
of works done and orders issued during the reign
of almost all the princely states of Rajasthan can
also be found here. This archive of Bikaner is
very extraordinary and important.
(c) Junagadh Fort:-
No enemy could ever win this fort. Built in
1588 by the most respected subedar of Emperor
Akbar, Raja Rai Singh, this fort has been a center
of attraction for tourists. The magnificent palaces,
courtyards, balconies, canopy-shaped pavilions
and windows built in red sandstone and marble
show its amazing art.
(d) Lalgarh Palace Museum:-
Maharaja Ganga Singh had built this grand
palace in 1902 AD, in the memory of his late
father Maharaja Lal Singh. Its architectural design
 Rajasthan Geography
was conceptualized by an English architect, Sir
Swinton Jacob. The palace is built entirely of red
sandstone and was embodied by a mixture of
Rajputana, Islamic and European architecture.
Presently this palace has been converted into a
heritage hotel. Some part is used as the residence
of the royal family of Bikaner. Sri Sardul Museum
is located in a part of this palace.
(e) Kolayat:-
An important pilgrimage place of the
Hindus, where devotees from far and wide visit
the temple every year. Kolayat is a holy lake,
which is about 50 km from Bikaner. The history
here tells the story of Kapil Muni, the founder of
Samkhya Yoga, who was so enthralled by the
peaceful atmosphere of this place that he
interrupted his journey to the north west and did
penance here to get relief from the cycle of
samsara. The temples, ghats and holy lakes
located here invite the indulgences.
(f) Katariasar:-
On Jaipur Road, the village has a rich rural
and cultural life. Tourists come here in large
numbers and get mesmerized by seeing 'Jasnath
ji's fire dance' on the sand banks. Here one can see
herds of desert fox, rabbit, chinkara, peacock,
partridge, quail and chakor. At a distance of 45
km from Bikaner.
(g) National Camel Research Center:-
The only center of its kind in Asia, where
camel's scavenging, research and breeding related
work is done on them. This center is built on more
than 2000 acres of land, 8 km from the city and is
operated by the Government of India.
24. Rajsamand
(a) Kumbhalgarh Fort:-
Kumbhalgarh is the second most important fort
after Chittorgarh in the Mewar region amidst
forests, at a distance of about 84 km- north from
Udaipur, the birthplace of the strong, strong and
famous warrior Rana Pratap of Mewar. Built in
the 15th century by Rana Kumbha, this fort is
situated in the lap of the Aravalli hills. This fort
has played a major role in protecting Mewar from
enemies and keeping it safe. When Banvir had
captured Chittor fort after killing Vikramaditya,
Maharana Udai Singh of Mewar had found refuge
in this fort during his childhood. Being the
163
birthplace of Maharana Pratap, people's feelings
are attached to this fort. The fort of Kumbhalgarh
offers a very beautiful bird's eye view. The walls
of the fort are so strong and so wide that eight
horsemen can simultaneously walk on it and are
spread over an area of about 36 km. The fort was
renovated by Maharana Fateh Singh in the 19th
century.
(b) Rajsamand Lake:-
During World War I, Rajsamand Lake was
used by Imperial Airways as a seaplane base for
about six years. Rajsamand Lake is considered to
be one of the oldest relief works in Rajasthan and
about forty lakh rupees were spent for this work at
that time. The circumference of this lake is 22.5
square km-, depth is thirty feet and the catchment
area (pond) is in the radius of about 524 sq.km.
Despite being spread in such a long and wide
circumference, it is believed that this lake swells
during the time of severe and widespread drought,
such as due to drought in the year 2000, it forms
the dry surface of a vast valley and is filled with
cracks.
(c) Haldi Ghati:-
This place is famous for the war between
Maharana Pratap and Akbar. This is 40 km away
from Udaipur. The soil of this valley is yellow
like turmeric, hence its name. Haldighati is
situated in the Aravalli hills. The mausoleum of
his favorite horse Chetak is also located in
Haldighati showing the pride and valor of
Maharana Pratap in the war in 1576.
25. Sawai madhopur
(a) Ranthambore Fort:-
This fort is within the Ranthambore
National Park area. There is a natural slope of
mountains on three sides of the fort, which makes
it strong and invincible. It is believed that it was
built by the Chauhan king Ranthamban Dev. Rana
Sanga, who was injured in the Nawa war, was
also brought to this fort for treatment. This
remarkable fort of Ranthambore was built by the
Chauhan rulers in the tenth - eleventh century.
Being an ideal strategic location, it was well
suited to hold the enemy in line. Muslim invader
Alauddin Khilji laid siege to this fort. Then this
fort became a witness to the historical event of
Jauhar of the women of the royal family. The
 Rajasthan Geography
specialty of the fort is visible in the temples,
reservoirs, huge gates and strong ramparts here.
26. Sirohi
(a) Guru Shikhar:-
The highest peak of the Aravalli hills is
Guru Shikhar Peak. A visit to Guru Shikhar is
unique for spiritual reasons as well as to have a
panoramic view of Mount Abu from Guru Shikhar
at 1722 meters above sea level, to admire the sixth
nature. Before the ascent to Guru Shikhar, the
temple of Lord Dattatreya is visible, for which the
Lord, Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh are believed to
have given a son as Dattatreya to the sage Atre
and his wife Anusuiya. It is a pilgrimage site for
the Vaishnava community.
(b) Dilwara Jain Temple:-
This simple looking temple from outside,
on reaching inside, amazes the tourists with the
unique architecture and the splendid stone
carvings done in it. The fine workmanship of the
artists is visible in its interior decoration. This
temple was built in the 12th-13th century and
tourists are amazed to see the workmanship done
on its roofs, arches and pillars. The undefined
beauty of the temples of Dilwara and the serene
environment full of greenery around the temple is
amazing.
(c) Nakki Lake:-
The Nakki Lake situated in the center of
Mount Abu is the first man-made lake in India. A
visit to Mount Abu is not considered complete
without visiting this lake which is about 80 feet
deep and 1/4 mile wide. It is said that lake was
created by the gods with their nails, hence the
name Nakki (Na or Nan) lake. Some part of the
ashes of the late Mahatma Gandhi was immersed
near this lake in 1948, after which Gandhi Ghat
was built. For nature lovers and photographers,
the clear blue water of the lake, lush green valleys
and natural landscape all around, romantic,
fanciful and wonderful, are dreamy and satiating
and make one to visit this fascinating place.
27. Tonk
(a) Bisalpur (Dam):-
Recognized as the lifeline for Jaipur, the
capital of the state of Rajasthan, the Bisalpur Dam
164
is a gravity dam built on the Banas River. It is
near Deoli town of Tonk district of Rajasthan. The
construction of this dam was completed in the
year 1999 and since then this dam has become a
very important source for supplying water to
many areas of the state.
(b) Sunhari Kothi:-
The main attraction of Tonk is the 19th
century Sunehri Kothi or Golden Mansion, near
Bada Kuan on Nazar Bagh Road. The building
looks simple in its exterior, but the royal look of
the multicolored gold hues of its interior lives up
to its name. The scintillating glass rooms of the
Sheesh Mahal or Sunehri Kothi, the exquisite
specimens of the Meenakari work along with the
marvelous glass and floral ornamentation
mesmerise. Sunhari Kothi has been declared as an
Important Historical Monument by the
Government of Rajasthan on 7th March, 1996.
(c) Diggi Kalyan Ji Temple:-
One of the oldest revered Hindu temples
dating back to 5600 years ago is Shri Diggi
Kalyan Ji Temple. Shri Kalyan ji is believed to be
an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. People from all
over the country come here for the satisfaction of
their sorrows and the blessings of the deity.
Testifying to the craftsmanship of ancient times,
this temple is situated at a distance of about 60 km
from Tonk. The grand spire of the temple is based
on 16 pillars.
28. Sri Ganganagar
(a) Buddha Johad Gurdwara:-
This Gurudwara was built in 1954 AD under the
guidance of Baba Fateh Singh. A fair is held here
on the Amavasya of every month.
(b) Hindumalkot border:-
The Hindumalkot border located in
Ganganagar separates India and Pakistan. Named
in honor of Diwan Hindumal of Bikaner and
located near the border, it is one of the tourist
attractions. The border is situated at a distance of
25 km from Sri Ganganagar and is open for
tourists daily between 10-00 am to 5-30 pm.
29. Udaipur (City of Lakes)
(a) Lake Pichola:-
The beauty of Lake Pichola shines like
gold when the sun shines in the evening. The lake
 Rajasthan Geography
is named 'Pichhola' because of the village of
Picholi. Jagnivas and Jagmandir Island are
situated in this lake. On the eastern side of the
lake is the City Palace. Boat ride in the lake after
sunset, the breathtaking view of the lake and the
City Palace attracts tourists.
(b) Fateh Sagar Lake:-
Located in the north of Pichola, bordered
by mountains and forest wealth, this lake is an
artificial lake connected to Lake Pichola by a
canal. Along with the beautiful Nehru Garden in
the middle of the lake, there is also the Udaipur
Solar Observatory on an island. It was earlier
called 'Connaught Dam' as it was inaugurated by
Duduk of Connaught.
(b) Saheliyon Ki Bari:-
Saheliyon Ki Bari is a popular tourist
destination in Udaipur, built by Maharana
Sangram Singh II as a garden for women. Along
with a small museum, it has many attractions like
marble elephants, fountains, pavilions and lotus
ponds.
(c) Bhartiya Lok Kala Mandal:-
Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal is a cultural
institution in Udaipur dedicated to the culture,
festivals, folk arts and folklore of Rajasthan,
Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Apart from
promoting folk culture, it is also a museum which
exhibits folk artefacts on various forms of
Rajasthani culture.
(d) Nagda:-
Containing part of the sixth century,
Nagda is situated at a distance of 22 km from
Udaipur. Nestled in the lap of the Aravalli hills,
Nagda is famous for the intricately carved
'Sahasrabahu Temple' which is popularly known
as the 'Saas Bahu Mandir'. The architecture of this
temple, built in the ninth - tenth century, is
incomparable and its archway has been made
wonderful.
14.4State sites selected by the Union Ministry
of Tourism for Heritage Circuit
In the year 2017, the Union Ministry of
Tourism has approved the heritage circuit related
to tourism of Rajasthan. Apart from Nahargarh in
Jaipur, nine other historical forts and other tourist
places of the state have been included in this
165
circuit. The sites selected for the Heritage Circuit
are as follows-
Location District Site District
 Nahargarh Fort - Jaipur
 Kumbhalgarh Fort - Rajsamand
 Ranthambore and Khandar Fort - Sawai
Madhopur
 Bala Fort - Alwar
 Gagron Fort - Jhalawar
 Bhatner Fort - Hanumangarh
 Chittorgarh Fort - Chittorgarh
 Jaisalmer Fort - Jaisalmer
 Jalore Fort - Jalore
 Pratap Gaurav Center - Udaipur
 Bagh-e-Nilofar and Old Cantonment -
Dholpur
 Meera Bai Memorial - Merta
 Gogamedhi - Hanumangarh
New Tourism Slogan- Recently, Rajasthan
Tourism Slogan has been changed to "Padharo
Mhare Desh" by the Tourism Department. Dhola
Maru monogram was made for the first time for
tourism development in the state in 1978 and in
1993 the slogan 'Padharo Mhare Desh' was
launched. 'Padharo Mhare Des' is the opening part
of the very popular folk song "Kesariya Balam
Aao Ni, Padharo Mhare Des" of Mand. This folk
song was recognized internationally by the
famous Mand folk singer of Bikaner Rajasthan
and Maru Kokila Allahjilai Bai.
14.5 Balaji Tourist Circuit
After Krishna Circuit in Rajasthan, a
proposal for Balaji Tourist Circuit has been
prepared in religious terms. In this circuit, the
temples of Ghat's and Bandha's Balaji-Jaipur,
Pandupol of Alwar, Salasar of Churu and
Mehandipur Balaji of Dausa are included.
14.6 Krishna Circuit-
Shrinath ji (Nathdwara), Govind Devji
(Jaipur), Kanak Vrindavan (Jaipur), Charan
Mandir (Jaipur), Galtaji (Jaipur) and Khatushyam
ji (Sikar) are included in the state under Krishna
Circuit in Swadesh Darshan Yojana. has been
done. The Krishna Circuit scheme was approved
on 20 February 2016.
 Rajasthan Geography
14.7 Mega Desert Tourism Circuit
The Department of Tourism has sent a
detailed project report (QW) of Rs 50 crore of
Mega Desert Tourism Circuit scheme to the
Union Ministry of Tourism. The tourism
department has identified Pura monuments and
tourist places in five districts- Bikaner, Jaisalmer,
Jodhpur, Pali and Sirohi for this scheme.
14.8 Three new circuits to be built
'Handicraft Circuit', 'Birding Circuit' and
'Spiritual Circuit' will be developed in the state.
Tourists will be given darshan of rural life in
handicraft circuit, Keoladeo National Park in
birding circuit, tour in Sambhar Lake and Chhapar
and famous temples in 'Spiritual Circuit'.
14.9 New Archaeological Circuit-
The state government has made Ajmer and
Bharatpur as archeological circuit also. By
combining these, there are now 7 such circuits in
the state- (1) Ajmer Circuit (2) Jaipur Circuit (3)
Jodhpur Circuit (4) Bikaner Circuit (5) Kota
Circuit (6) Udaipur Circuit (7) Bharatpur Circuit.
 The following three new circuits are
being developed for tourism
development-
1. The first circuit is of the National Capital
Region, which includes Alwar, Bairath,
Bharatpur and Dholpur, which will be
along the Golden Triangle of Delhi-Jaipur-
Agra.
2. Second Hadoti circuit, in which Kota,
Bundi and Jhalawar have been included.
3. Third pilgrimage circuit, which includes
Ajmer, Pushkar, Nathdwara and
Mahavirji.
For the first time in the state, Mewar-
Vagad religious circuit (Udaipur, Banswara and
Dungarpur) will be developed to attract tourists
towards tribal and religious areas.
In order to promote religious tourism on the
border of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, the
Government of India has formed 'Braj Bhoomi
Religion Circuit'. It includes the temples of
Mathura, Vrindavan, Barsana, Kaila Devi Lake,
Alwar and Bharatpur.
166
14.10 Buddha Circuit-
The state government is going to develop a
new tourism circuit 'Buddha Circuit' in the state to
attract tourists from various Buddhist countries of
South Asia including China, Japan, Sri Lanka.
Under this circuit, work will be done to beautify
the historical Buddhist sites built between the 3rd
century BC to the 8th century in Jaipur and
Jhalawar districts.
14.11 Major Tourist Circuits of Rajasthan
Mainly the tourism department has divided
Rajasthan into 10 tourist circuits. These 10
circuits are-
 Dhundhar Circuit Jaipur, Amer, Samod,
Abhaneri.
 Alwar Circuit Alwar, Silisedh, Sariska.
 Bharatpur Circuit Bharatpur, Deeg, Dholpur.
 Ranthambore Circuit Ranthambore, Sawai
Madhopur, Tonk.
 Marwar Circuit Nagaur, Merta, Pushkar,
Ajmer.
 Hadoti Circuit Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar.
 Shekhawati Circuit Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Churu.
 Maru Circuit Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer,
Jodhpur.
 Mount Abu Circuit Mount Abu, Ranakpur,
Jalore.
 Mewar Circuit Udaipur, Nathdwara,
Kumbhalgarh, Chittorgarh.
14.12 Eco-tourism
While ensuring active participation of the
local community in the eco-tourism potential
areas, the following places have been considered
particularly favorable from the point of view of
eco-tourism in the state-
 Jodhpur District - Machia Safari Park,
Chinchan, Gudha Vishnoiyan.
 Jaisalmer - Sam Ke Dhore, National Desert
Park.
 Nagaur District - Bhanwal Mata.
 Sirohi District - Chhapa Beri, Mount Abu.
 Pali District - Nana Beda, Jawai Dam.
 Jalore District - Sundha Mata.
 Barmer - Kiradu Temple.
 Rajsamand - Kumbhalgarh Wildlife
Sanctuary.
 Rajasthan Geography
 Sawai Madhopur - Ranthambore National
Park.
Eco-tourism policy- On February 4, 2010, the
cabinet approved the eco-tourism policy of the
state.
Industry status to tourism- Rajasthan became the
first state in the country to grant industry status to
tourism in the year 1989 on the recommendations
of the Mohammad Yunus Committee.
Tourism has been given the status of mass
industry in the year 2004-05 and Sh. The
Spimitons World Page Thapamikasal Magbpem
Chibibal has been announced.
Hotel Reservation Policy-2016 has been released
in May 2016.
14.13 Organizations striving for tourism
development-
 Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation
Ltd- (TZB) - It was established on 1st April,
1979 with the objective of promoting tourism
in the state of Rajasthan and providing
accommodation, food, transport etc. facilities
to the tourists.
 Rajasthan State Hotel Corporation Limited- It
is a state government undertaking established
in 1965 in Jaipur for the purpose of
establishing and maintaining the hotel to
provide accommodation and food facilities to
the tourists in the state.
 Rajasthan Institute of Tourism and Travel
Management (TPZG) - It was established on
29 October 1996 in Jaipur to develop human
resources for tourism related activities in the
state and to provide latest information related
to tourism. It is an autonomous institution.
14.14 Various schemes being run for tourism
development
Under the creation of better environment
for tourists, home-like environment for them away
from home, etc., various tourism schemes of the
state are as follows-
(a) Tourist Assistance Force
Tourist Assistance Force Scheme was
started in the state from 1st August, 2000 for the
protection and assistance of tourists keeping in
view the incidents of tampering, cheating, looting
167
and harassment by anti-social elements. The
services of ex-servicemen are taken in the Tourist
Assistance Force. Presently, Tourist Support
Forces are working with promptness in Jaipur,
Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Udaipur, Pushkar (Ajmer),
Mount Abu, Sawai Madhopur, Bikaner, Bharatpur
and Chittorgarh.
(b) Adopt-a-monument plan:-
Adopt-a-monument scheme was started in
Rajasthan to preserve and restore cultural heritage
through public participation. Under the scheme,
conservation, restoration and proper management
of the valuable cultural heritage present in the
form of protected monuments is done to make it
the center of attraction of the people. Under this
scheme, the master plan of Jantar Mantar and
Hawa Mahal of Jaipur has been prepared by the
Department of Art and Culture. Similarly, the
master plan of Hawa Mahal has also been
prepared. 30 monuments to be adopted under this
scheme have been identified by the Department of
Art and Culture.
There are 225 protected monuments in
Rajasthan. Adequate amount of money and
manpower is also necessary for proper protection
of all these monuments. Keeping this in view,
'Adopt-a-Monument' is an important initiative in
the direction of conservation of monuments
through private-public partnership.
(c) Apna dham apna work plan:-
The 'Apna Dham Apna Kaam' scheme was
started by the state government for the
development of temples and pilgrimage sites.
Under this scheme, efforts are being implemented
to give effective impetus to the development of
religious tourist places in collaboration with the
private sector.
(d) Mewar Complex:-
An ambitious tourism plan has been
started related to the development of places
related to Maharana Pratap's valor and valor,
Gogunda, Chavand and Diver etc.
(e) Heritage Hotel:-
Heritage hotels have special importance in
terms of promoting heritage tourism. The concept
of heritage hotels was introduced with a view to
convert old palaces, havelis, forts, fortifications
and residences built before 1950 into housing
 Rajasthan Geography
units, as these traditional structures reflect the
ambience and lifestyle of the bygone era. It also
has an objective that the forts, palaces, havelis,
landmarks etc. associated with our heritage are
not damaged due to breakdown, but they can
become financially viable assets providing
additional room capacity for tourists.
Under the heritage hotels, there are three
categories by the tourism department. Under the
first heritage category, hotels of residences,
havelis, lodges, forts, forts, palaces built before
1950 are included. Such a hotel should have at
least five rooms i.e. 10 beds. Under the second
heritage classic category, hotels of residences,
havelis, hunting lodges, forts, forts, palaces built
before 1935 come. Such a hotel should have at
least 15 rooms i.e. 30 beds. Under the third
heritage grand category, hotels of residences such
as havelis, hunting houses, forts, forts, palaces are
included before 1920.
It is also worth mentioning here that the
country's first heritage hotel was built in
Rajasthan itself and that is Ajit Bhawan, Udaipur.
Under the heritage hotels, while tourists get to
experience the traditional hospitality and culture
of the state, the protection of forts, palaces,
havelis of archaeological and historical
importance has also been made possible by the
private sector. 90 percent of the country's 'Brand
Heritage' goes to Rajasthan.
(f) Palace on Wheels:-
The 'Palace on Wheels' i.e. royal train is
being operated in Rajasthan since 1982. Its special
thing is that traveling in the form of a palace on
wheels is nothing less than an adventure. Under
the aegis of the Indian Railways and Rajasthan
Tourism Development Corporation Limited, the
air-conditioned train is known to be one of the 10
major trains in the world.
(g) Heritage on Wheels:-
On the lines of Palace on Wheels, R-T-D-
C in collaboration with Indian Railways is
running another royal train in Rajasthan in
Bikaner-Shekhawati area since 2006. Under this
rail, started with the aim of getting acquainted
with the heritage of Rajasthan, tourists are made
aware about the historical places of the state, art
and culture of Rajasthan etc. Heritage on Wheels
168
leaves Jaipur on the second day, Bikaner, on the
third day reaches Jaipur again on the fourth day
by visiting the famous Talchapar Wildlife
Sanctuary and the artistic havelis of Shekhawati.
(h) Royal Rajasthan on Wheels:-
On the lines of Palace on Wheels and
Heritage on Wheels, another luxury train has been
run in the state from December 2008 in Royal
Rajasthan on Wheels Rajasthan. In this,
arrangements have been made like a five star
hotel for the convenience of the tourists.
14.15 Institute of Tourism Development
Authority:-
Multi-level efforts are being made for
tourism promotion and development in Rajasthan.
For the development of religious tourism in the
state, along with the tourism department, the
Devasthan department is also working under its
schemes, so along with the tourism department for
heritage protection and development, "Rajasthan
Heritage Conservation and Promotion Authority"
has been established from the path. has been
added. The major institutions related to tourism
development in the state are as follows-
14.16 Rajiv Gandhi Tourism Development
Mission
On July 5, 2001, Rajiv Gandhi Tourism
Development Mission was established in the state
under the chairmanship of Chief Minister Ashok
Gehlot. It has been constituted with the objective
of implementing the policy decisions and action
plans of the tourism sector in a time bound
manner.
Rajasthan Foundation:- Rajasthan Foundation was
established in the state on March 30, 2001 to
encourage migrant Rajasthanis to invest in
tourism, industry, education and medicine etc. by
connecting them with their motherland.
14.17 Rajasthan Heritage Conservation and
Promotion Authority
Significant efforts have been made in a
short span of time by the authority constituted
under the chairmanship of Omkar Singh Lawat,
taking up the task of sustainable and time bound
conservation and development of the state's
heritage.
 Rajasthan Geography
169

14.18 Fairs-festivals and cultural programs of  Summer Festival - Mount Abu

tourism department
The organizing of fairs and festivals here,
symbolizing the vibrant cultural heritage of
Rajasthan, is part of the rich cultural tradition of
the state. The enthusiasm of domestic and foreign
tourists is created in these fairs. Some of the
major fairs are as follows-
 Camel Festival - Bikaner
 Braj Festival - Bharatpur
 Nagaur Cattle Fair - Nagaur
 Alwar Utsav - Alwar
 Maru Fair - Jaisalmer
 Elephant Festival - Jaipur
 Autumn Festival - Mount Abu
 Jodhpur Foundation Ceremony - Jodhpur
 Teej Mela - Jaipur
 Mewar Festival - Udaipur
 Vijayadashami festival - Jaipur
 Miraan Festival - Chittorgarh
 Dussehra Festival - Kota
 Chandrabhaga Fair - Jhalawar
 Bundi Festival - Bundi
 Summer Festival - Jaipur
 Janmashtami Festival - Deeg
 Hadoti Adventure & Sports Fair - Bundi-
Kota

Important Question
 Which places are most visited by tourists in Rajasthan?
(a) Natural Site (b) Wildlife Conservation Site
(c) Historical site (d) Cultural site (c)
 In which year tourism was given the status of industry on the recommendations of the
Mohammad Yunus Committee?
(a) 1979 (b) 1985
(c) 1989 (d) 1994 (c)
 Which dance of Rajasthan has been included in the representative list of Intangible Cultural
Heritage of UNESCO?
(a) Kalbelia (b) Ghoomar
(c) non (d) Gawri (a)
 Where is the 'Kalbelia School of Dance' established?
(a) Jodhpur (b) Bhilwara
(c) Pushkar (d) Jaipur (d)
 Which are the districts included in the 'Marutrikon' tourist circuit in Rajasthan?
(a) Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Barmer
(b) Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jhunjhunu
(c) Barmer, Jodhpur, Jalore, Bikaner
(d) Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer only (d)

Very short answer type questions (15 words)
1. RITIMAN
2. Eco-Tourism (Ecological Tourism)
3. Jantar Mantar
Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)
1. Tourist Circuit in Rajasthan.
2. Institutions striving for the development of
tourism in Rajasthan.
3. Keoladeo Ghana National Park.
Essay Questions - (100 words)
1. Discuss tourism in Rajasthan.
2. Discuss the New Archaeological Circuit of
Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER -15
Livestock in Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Rearing of Domestic
 Animals For Different Purposes
 Cow Breeds in Rajasthan
 Buffalo Breeds in Rajasthan
 Sheep Breeds in Rajasthan
 Goat Breeds in Rajasthan
 Camel Breeds in Rajasthan
15.1 Introduction
Livestock is one of the important resource
in rural Rajasthan in general and in the districts
of Great Indian desert in Rajasthan in
Particular.Livestock industry is responsible for
the 9-10% state income which comes in various
forms like ghee, hides, bones, wool, meat,
mutton, milk etc.
The people of State rear various types of
domestic animals for different purposes & such
as:—
(a) To get milk and its productions
(b) To have hides, skins, and leather.
(c) To make the use of animals as beasts of
burden.
(d) To have flesh.
(e) To get wool and hair.
(f) To obtain cow-dung and dung of other
animals to be used as organic fertilizer.
(g) To get bones to be used in various fertilizers
and sugar mills.
(h) Proverty reduction: by the integrated rural
development program, each household in a
village will be given a milch animal to
increase their livelihood.
(i) To generate employment: Some families in
western dry regions are cattle herders for
generations and have large number of cattles
in their herds.
(j) Dairy Develeopment
170
(k) In India the contribution of Rajasthan to
sheep meet is 30%, and in wool it is 40%.
(l) In milk production rajasthan’s contribution
is 10%.
 In fact, the Aravalli mountain range is the
dividing line for the distribution of animal in
Rajasthan.
 To the west of it, sheep, goats, camels, and
donkeys dominated the scene white cattle,
buffaloes, horses and ponies and pigs etc. are
abundantly found to the east of arvallis.
 Western part of our Rajasthan State is
comparatively dry, rainless, hot and water
scarcity due to which the animals which can
either survive on small quantity of water like
sheep and goats or prolong their life cycle
for a longer period without water like camels
and donkeys.
Not only this, the fodder available in this desert
conditioned area is also of xerophytic plants like
Khejri, Babul, Jhari etc. and dwarf quality of
grass known as Sewan. Moreover, the vast lands
as perched meadows are available to the west
diagonally stretched Aravalli range.
Therefore, the livestock wealth is enormously
found to be west of Aravallis.
 Small and marginal farmers in india earn
upto 35% of their total income from
Livestock
 The growth rate of this sector has always
been high around 4-6%
 Rajasthan Geography
 First livestock census was undertaken in the
state in 1951.
 The population of livestock dwindled in
1997-2003 draught
 The 20th Livestock census has been started in
16 July, 2017.
15.2 Cattle
1. Nagauri
 They have thin but strong leg.
 This cow gives less milk.
 All India fame for fine breed and it is
 Found in the districts of Nagaur, eastern
parts of Jodhpur and Nokha tehsil of
Bikaner.
 Its oxen are famous for field playing.
 Its origion is in Suhalak region of
Nagaur.
2. Kankraj
 Found in Jalore, Pali and Parts of Barmer
district.
 5-10 litre milk per day
 The males are also good at pulling heavy
weights, hence this breed is also known
as Bi-projected breed.
3. Haryana breed
 Found in ganganagar, Hanumangarh,
Churu, Bikaner and Sikar districts.
 Well built and sturdy.
 It gives 5-8 Ltr. Milk per day.
4. Tharparker
 Found in Barmer, Sanchor tehsil of
Jalore district, eastern Jaisalmer and
western Jodhpur.
 Origin region is Malani in Barmer
 Famous for high quantity milk, also
known as Malani breed
5. Rathi breed
 It is a hybrid of Lal Sindhi and Sahiwal
breed.
 Found over a tract extending from north-
eastern Jaisalmer to western and south
western Ganganagar district in the north.
 It is also known as Kamdhenu of
Rajasthan.
 Cows are famous for high milk
production but the bulls are not much
useful
6. Gir
 Its origin is in Gir forest of Gujarat.
 It is found in Ajmer, Chittorgarh, Bundi
and Kota.
Nagauri bullocks are considered to be the best
draught animals in our country and thus used for
cultivation in whole of northern India. Parbastar
fair, Pushkar fair, Goga fair and Bikaner fair are
the collecting and cows too. Haryana Mewat,
Rath and Kankraj are dual purpose breeds.
Tharparkar, Rath and Gir and good milk
breedsand Malvi and Nagauri are amongst the
best draught cattle in India. The cows for various
types may give milk from 5 to 12 litres/ day
which is too less as compared to the devloped
countries of the west where these averages are
40 to 60 litres/day. Rajasthan holds 5th rank in
India with respect to number of cows. In
Rajasthan least number of cows are found in
Dholpur. On 23rd March, 1995 Government of
Rajasthan constituted 'Rajasthan State Gauseva
Commission'. For breeding high quality bulls
government of Rajasthan also established
'Vrishabh Palan Centres' at Nagaur, Ajmer
(Ramsar) and Bharatpur).
Cattle Breed Centers: - Five centers have been
opened to improve the indigenous breeds of
cattle:
1. Nagaur - For Nagauri cattle
2. Kishangarh (Ajmer district) - For Gir cows
3. Anoopgarh (Ganganagar district) - For Rathi
cows
4. Sanchore (Jalore district) - For Kankrej
cows
5. Cohtan (Barmer district) – Fior Thrarparkar
cows
Dairy Development: - Rajasthan produces
10 percent milk of the total milk of the country.
The highest quantity of milk is produced in
Jaipur, Gangangar, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Alwar,
Bikaner, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Bhilwara, Ajmer
and Kota. In order to have maximum milk, ghee,
butter etc. There are dairies in the State
The following are the important dairies :—
(i) Dalmia Dairy, Bharatpur :- It is one of the
biggest dairies of Rajasthan. Besides the
supply of milk, it produces ghee, dry
powder milk and butter.
 Rajasthan Geography
(ii) Saras Dairy, Jaipur :- It produces ghee,
butter, cheese and supplies milk too. It’s per
day collection of milk is more than one lakh
liter.
(iii) Ajmer Dairy :- It is cooperative dairy and
was established in 1972.
(iv) Bikaner Urmal Dairy :- It’s collection
capacity of milk is one lakh litre / day. Its
milk is supplied to Delhi. It was established
in 1973.
(v) Bhilwara Dairy :- It was established by
Govt. of India. About 20 thousand litre milk
is supplied to Delhi per day
(vi) Raniwara Dairy :- It is in Sirohi district
besides the milk supply, it produces ghee,
cheese and dry powder.
Powder milk Centers :- Powder milk is
now manufactured in the Dairy Plants at Jaipur,
Ajmer and Alwar. Efforts are going onto
establish such plants at Bikaner and Bhilwara,
each having a capacity of 30 metric tons.
Operation Flood III programme aims to develop
the cattle wealth of the state in regard to milk
production, development of co-operative dairies
and milk collection centers.
15.3 Buffaloes
The Sub-humid parts of Rajasthan are most
suitable for rearing the buffaloes because fodder
and forage which they require is easily available
in these areas. In Rajasthan least number of
buffaloes are found in Jaisalmer and highest
number of bufrfaloes are found in Jaipur, Alwar,
Nagaur and Bharatpur. Rajasthan holds 2 nd rank
in India with respect to number of buffaloes.
Buffalo is a water and wetness loving
animal. It is therefore, abundantly found in semi-
arid and semi-humid parts of the State.
Only two types of Buffaloes are found in the
State.
1. Murrah:- Murrah is only one recognized
bread of buffaloes in the state which is the best
of its kind in India in respect of its milk yields
and fat percentage. It is found mostly in the
eastern districts of Rajasthan, mainly in the
districts of Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Jaipur,
Ganganagar, Hanumangarh. Bharatpur and
Dholpur with good rainfall and in the canal
irrigated areas. This breed is of dark black,
shining color with arc-shaped long horms.
2. Haryanvi :- This breed of buffaloes is an
inferior and is found mostly in the border district
of Haryana and Rajasthan.
3. Zafrabadi:- It is found in the region of
south west rajasthan in vicinity of Gujarat. Their
origin place is in Kathiawar.
15.4 Sheep
 Sheep survive mostly on xerophytic plants as
well as on minimum water supply.
 Therefore, 43% of the total number of sheep
of Rajasthan are rared in the arid districts of
Jodhpur, bikaner, Nagaur, Barmer, Jaisalmer
and Pali.
 Sheep is a dynamic, purposeful, multi-
dimensional pet animal which is not only
raised for wool but for mutton fat, manure,
milk, hides, bones and recreation too.
 About 50% of the total wool production of
our country is produced in Rajasthan State.
 In Rajasthan least number of sheeep are
found in Banswara and highest number of
sheep are found in Pali, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer,
Barmer.
 More than 60% of sheep of Rajasthan are
found to the west of 50 cm. rainfall line.
Types of Sheep :—
1. Chokhla :- This breed is reared mostly in
Shekhawati region, hence, it is also known by
Shekhawati variety of sheep. It is mostly found
in the districts of Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu.
Chokhla Sheep have dark brown or blacks spots
on the forehead and are well-built.
2. Magra :- This breed is also best one and
is mostly in Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Pali and Nagaur
districts. Each sheep produces 5 kg. of wool per
year but the wool is of high grade, the wool
staples are 10-12 cm. long. The sheep are well-
built. The state has nearly 5 lakh sheep of this
breed.
3. Nali :- This variety is found in Bikaner,
Hanumangarh and Ganganagar districts. The
mouth of this breed is of light brown color and
ears are long. Each sheep produces 3 to 4 kg. in
weight and have wool threads 12 to 14 cm. long.
There are about 3.9 lakh sheep of this breed in
Rajasthan. Wool of this variety is very fine and
 Rajasthan Geography
mostly used in making fine woolen cloths. It is
exported not only to the woolen mills in India
but also to the other countries.
4. Marwari :- This variety is found mostly
in arid and semi-arid districts of Jaisalmer,
Jodhpur, Barmer, Pali, Sikar, Jhunjhunu and
Churu.It has a widespread range of dispersal and
therefore, is also reared in Jaipur and Dausa
districts. The Sheep have black face and long
ears. They are well-built, weighting each 50 kg.
and capable to resist the diseases and to drought.
The state has nearly 60 lakhs sheep of this breed.
The wool is of medium grade with staples 8-10
cm. long and each sheep produce 1 to 2 kg. of
wool per year The wool is a medium grade
having staples of 10-12 cm. long and each sheep
produce 1 to 2 kg. of wool per year.
5. Pugal :- It is a native breed of Pugal
region or Bikaner and hence its name. It is found
in Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Nagaur, and Jodhpur
districts. This breed has a well-built body and is
of white colour. The annual production of wool
per sheep is about 2 kg. but the wool is of
medium grade. The state has nearly 3 lakhs
sheep of this breed. The wool is mostly used to
make blankets and coarse cloth.
6. Jaisalmeri :- This variety is mostly found
in Jaisalmer and hence its name. It is also found
in Jodhpur and Barmer districts. The sheep
produce the finest quality of wool which is long
stapled 10-15 cm. long. Each sheep produces 3
to 3.5 kg. of wool per year. This breed is highly
resistant to droughts. It can survive without
water for weeks. The Sheep are black or brown
faced with long ears anda well built body.
Approximately, 7 lakhs in number record this
variety.
7. Bagari :- It is mostly found in the
districts of Alwar, Dholpur and Bharatpur. These
sheep have black faces and short ears. They
produce short stapled wool which is mostly used
to make rugs. Their number in Rajasthan is
about 5 Lakhs.
8. Malpuri :- It is found mostly in Tonk,
Jaipur, Dausa and Sawai Madhopur districts.
The sheep are of light-brown or white or white
colour having short ears and a medium weight of
30-35 kg. The annual production of wool of
medium grade having short stapes of 7-10 cm.
About 20 lakhs sheep of this variety exist in the
state its wool is generally used for carpet making
and blankets.
9. Sonari :- This Variety is found moslty in
the southern districts of Rajasthan viz. Udaipur
Rajsamand, Dungarpur, bhilwara, Chittorgarh,
Banswara and Sirohi. The sheep have brown
faces, very long ears and a long tail. Sheep are
well-built and heavy in weight, each weighing
55 to 60 kg. They produce 1.5 kg. wool per
annum per sheep. The wool is generally used in
making coarse cloth and rugs. To improve the
quality and bread of sheep, the State and Central
government in collaboration with other
governments have Ambikanagar, Bikaner and
Shahpura. Moreover eight research centers-
Bikaner, Mandore, Pokaran, Jodhpur,
Kodamdeshar, Hanumangarh, Malpura and
Chittorgarh have also been established to
improve the breed of sheep in Rajasthan.
Similiarly, the state have been divided into four,
wool improvement zones.
(i) Jaipur :- Jobner, Malpura, Newai, Dausa,
Jaipur, Ajitgarh, Nawalgarh, Jhunjhunu,
Sikar, Sawaimadhopur.
(ii) Bikaner :- Bhadra, Mahajan, Suratgarh,
Hanumangarh, Sujangarh, Dungargarh,
Nokha, Kolayat, Bikaner & Rajgarh
(iii) Jodhpur (North) :- Jaisalmer, Ramgarh,
Devasar, Lathi, Pokaran, Mohangarh,
Phalodi, Osian, shiv and bhad.
(iv) Jodhpur (South) :- Barmer, Balotra, Jalore,
Bali, Pali, Bilara, Jodhpur, Parabastar,
Merta, Nagaur.
15.5 Goats
Goats are found in largest number and
widespread throughout the entire state. Mostly
Goats are reared in the dry desert part of
Rajasthan where they survive on xerophytic
plants like Kher, Babul, Khejara, Rohida, Aak,
Lagariya, Bushes, shrubs, grasses and other
plants. The following types of goats are
generally found in Rajasthan. In Rajasthan least
number of goats are found in Kota and Dholpur
districts while highest number of goats are found
in Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer and Nagaur
districts.
 Rajasthan Geography
1. Jamnapuri : This type is known as milk
breed and therefore is reared for milk
production. Each goat on an average gives milk
upto 3 litres per day. Their colour is generally
white or brown. They have very long ears, small
horns and very long and wooly hairs. They are
well-built and often used to carry small loads of
fodder and wool. This variety is found mostly in
Barmer, Sirohi, Jodhpur and other western
district of the state
2. Barbari :- This variety is also good milk-
yielding because each goat gives 1.5 litre/per
day. Their colour is white or deep brown but
hairs are short. Alwari and Sirohi are the two
other good milk yielding varieties of goats as
their name represents are reared in Alwar and
Sirohi respectively. Jharwali, Lohi and sindhi all
the three are good varieties of goats reared for
meat production. They are well-built and have
good flesh. They give milk not more than one
litre a day.
Goat Development Farms at Ramsar Ajmer
was established in 1982-83. Since then , it has
been functioning to fulfil it aim :-
(i) By improving the indigenous varieties for
meat and milk production.
(ii) By improving the indigenous varieties for
meat and milk production
(iii) By demonstrating of fodder utilization suit
able for various breeds of goats.
(iv) By recording of milk yields from the
various breeds of goats and making efforts
for their improvement.
(v) By providing medical facilities for
preventation of total diseases among the
goats.
15.6 Camel
Camel is the Multi functional animal of
Rajasthan which is used not only for cultivation,
irrigation and transport but also for voyage,
national security, water fetching, water
transporting, recreation and most of other jobs.
Rajasthan has monopoly for the best breeds of
the camels, the most important of which are the
bikaneri and the Jaisalmeri. In Rajasthan least
number of camels are found in Jhalawar and
Dholpur while highest number of camel are
found in Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Churu and
Hanumangarh. Central Camel Research Institute
is located at Johad Beed (Bikaner).
Ushtra Prajnan Protsahan Yojana was
introduced in Rajasthan on 2nd October, 2016 for
promoting camel breeding and increasing the
number of camels in Rajasthan.
The following breeds of camel are found in
Rajasthan :—
1. Bikaneri :- This breed is famous as they run
very fast. they are mostly confined to
Bikaner, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and
Churu districts. It is said to be originated in
Bikaner region and hence they are named
Bikaneri.
2. Jodhpuri :- This breed is found mostly in
Jodhpur and Nagaur districts.
3. Nachna :- This breed belongs to fast runner
types of canels. They are found mainly
around the Nachna village of the Jaisalmer
district.
4. Jaisalmeri :- These type of camels are
found generally in Jaisalmer, Barmer and
Jodhpur districts.
5. Kutchi :- Camels of this breed are mainly
found in Barmer and Jalore districts.
6. Jalori : - Such type of camels are seen in
Jalore and Sirohi districts.
7. Mewari :- This breed is generally used for
load carrying. They are found in Udaipur,
Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh and Ajmer districts.
8. Gomat :- This breed is very famous so far
transport is concerned because Gomat camel
is ver fast runner one. They are found in
Jodhpur and Nagaur.
 Rajasthan Geography

Sheep are the most important in Jaisalmer, (c) According to 20th LC-2019:-
Churu, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Pali, while goats 1. Total Livestock Population of State: 568.01
gains importance in Barmer where they account lakh
for nearly one fourth of the regional total. In this 2. Poultry birds: 146.23 Lakh
region Marwari and Lohi breeds of goats are 3. The state has about 10.60% of the livestock of
notable for mutton whereas Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, the country
Marwari and Pungal breeds of sheep are best for
quality wool. Animals In Rajasthan Overall India
(Number) (Rajasthan
15.7 20th Livestock Census-2019 Share)
Published by the Department of Animal Goat 37% (1st 14%
Husbandry and Dairy under the Ministry of Place)
Fisheries, Animal husbandry and Dairy at the Cattle 23% (2nd 7.23%
national level every 5 years. (Cow) Place)
(a) History:- Buffalo 22% (3rd 12.47%
1. Livestock Census: Place)
Year Census Sheep 16% (4th 10.64%
1919-20 - 1st Place)
2019 - 20th (Recent)
(b) Rajasthan Ranking (with respect to other (d) Census in Detail:-Max/min Number of
states):- livestock found in Rajasthan
1. Number of Livestock:- 1. Maximum in Number
i. U.P ii. Rajasthan (2nd) i. Barmer ii. Jodhpur
iii. M.P iv. W.B 2. Minimum in Number:
2. Highest Wool Production:- Rajasthan (1st) i. Dholpur ii. Kota
(34.5%) Density of Livestocks in Rajasthan: 166
3. Milk Production:- 1. Maximum Density District
i. U.P ii. Rajasthan (2nd) 12.7% i. Dausa ii. Rajsamand
4. Highest Goat Population:- Rajasthan (1st) 2. Minimum Density District
5. Highest Camel Population:- Rajasthan (1st) i. Jaisalmer ii. Bikaner
6. Highest Donkey Population: - Rajasthan (1st) (e) Increase or Decrease in Number of
 Rajasthan Geography

Livestock in Rajasthan:-

S.No. Species 2012 2019 Increases or decrease

Nos. %
1. Cattle 13324462 13912457 587995 4.41
2. Buffalo 12976095 13693316 717221 5.53
3. Sheep 9079702 7903857 -1175845 -12.95
4. Goat 21665939 20840203 -825736 -3.81
5. Horse & 37776 33679 -4097 -10.85
Poines
6. Mules 3375 1339 -2036 -60.33
7. Donkeys 81468 23374 -58094 -71.31
8. Camels 325713 212739 -112974 -34.69
9. Pigs 237674 154808 -82866 -34.87
10. Yak 0 0 0 0.00
11. Mithun 0 0 0 0.00
Total 57732204 56775772 -956432 -1.66
12. Poultry 8024424 14622975 6598551 82.23
1. Maximum increment in number/percentage of improved birds are reared. It is also known
livestock as "Basket of Eggs".
i. Increased by (number): 7,17,221  Ajmer has the largest production of eggs
ii. Increased by (percentage): 5.53% and broilers in Rajasthan.
2. Cattle
i. Increased by (number): 5,87,995  Ajmer has the largest production of eggs
and broilers in Rajasthan.
ii. Increased by (percentage): 4.41%
2. Maximum Decrement in number/percentage  The State has Poultry Research Centers at
of livestock Ajmer, Jodhpur, Kota and Udaipur.
i. Mostly decrement trend seen in all livestock  The future of this activity is very much and
animals except bufallo and cattle. Government has also been providing
ii. Sheep (number):- Decreased by (number):- facilities at all levels to the people and
11,75,845 peasants to establish poultry farms.
3. Goat (number):- Decreased by (number):- State to create the market and employment
8,25,736 opportunities.
4. Donkey(%):-
(a) Milk chilling plants and milk products
i. Decreased by (percentage):- 71.31%
5. Mules(%) (b) Meat Products
i. Decreased by (percentage):- 60.33% (c) Bone Products
(d) Semi mechanized footwear
15.8 Poultry Farming (e) Carpet weaving
Although, Rajasthan is comparatively an (f) Sole-leather tannery
orthodox state but now the people have started to
(g) Woolen finishing and dyeing centers
supplement their diet by poultry products due to
process of urbanization, industrialization, fast (h) Woolen processing and combing unit
changing social values and social (i) Poultry and poig farming is still under
transformations as well as easy access of this developed in the state, for that technical
balanced diet items. know-how, cross breed chikens and money
 Ajmer is well known not only in country but should be provided to the marginal and
also-in the world because in Ajmer district, cooperative farmer.
 Rajasthan Geography
15.9 Major initiative taken by the animal
husbandry department during the year 2015-
16
 Foot and Mouth Disease control programme
is initiated in the state with assistance of
GoI (Government of India) with an aim to
control and contain Foot and Mouth
Disease. Under the programme 94.79 lakh
cattle and buffaloes have been vaccinated
upto December, 2015.
 On the pilot basis, Mobile veterinary clinic
in Deoli and Uniara tehsil of Tonk district
are providing veterinary services at farmer’s
door steps through toll free call center.
 Software has been launched for effective
monitoring of supply and demand of
surgical and consumables for veterinary
health services under free medicine scheme
for live stock.
 With an aim to conserve and propagate live
stock wealth during the year 2015-16, 5.18
lakh animal health and breeding cards have
been made available to live stock farmers.
 During the year 2015-16, 93 sub centers
have been upgarded to veterinary hospital,
302 New Veterinary sub centers and 26 new
tehsil mobile units have also been
established upto December, 2015.
 For prevention from chicken diseases and
for early diagnosis of them 4 laboratories
have been estabglished in Ajmer, Udaipur,
Kota nad Jodhpur districts of Rajsthan.
15.9 Gopalan Department
The aim of the Directorate of Gopalan is to
act rigorously for promotion, conservation and
development of the cattle population reared in
Gaushalas of the State by means of various
training programmes for imparting managerial
skills to Gaushala managers in the fields of
organic farming and fodder production,
marketing of cattle products, renewable energy
etc.
15.10 Dairy Development
The Dairy Development Programme in
Rajasthan is being implemented through
Cooperative Societies. Under this Programme
13,576 Primary Dairy Cooperative Societies
have been affiliated with 21 District Milk
Production cooperative Unions spread over in 33
districts of the State and a State level Apex.
15.11 Fisheries
Bedsides utilizing state water resources for
fisheries development, Fisheries sector is also
providing low cost food rich in protein and
employment to rural weaker sections. In
Rajasthan a good number of water bodies are
available covering about 4.23 lakh hectare water
spread area. In addition to it about 70 rivers and
canals exist in the State covering about 30,000
hectare along with about 80,000 hectare water
logged area and water resources of Rajasthan
stands on 11th Position in the country. As per the
study conducted by the Central Institute of
Fisheries Education, Mumbai (2010) the fish
production potential of Rajasthan is more than
80,000 metric tonnes annually while actual
production estimated in the year 2014-15 was
only 46,314 metric tonnes in the State.
Department of Fisheries was established in
Jaipur by seaparating it from department of
Animal Husbandry in the year 1982 by
Government of Rajasthan.
 Rajasthan Geography
The table reveals that fist production is
increasing steadily in the State. The Department
has started implementation of ambitious scheme
on ‘Livelihood model’, which is a ‘zero revenue’
model, for the upliftment of tribal fishermen in
three Reservoirs namely Jaisamand (Udaipur),
Mahi Bajaj Sagar (Banswara) and Kadana
Backwater (Dungarpur).
15.12 Co-operative
(a) Co-operative Credit structure : At
present, 29 Central cooperative Banks, 21 milk
Unions, 38 Upbhokta wholesale Bhandars, 36
Primary Land Development Banks, 6,617
Primary Agriculture Credit Co-operative
Societies and 271 Marketing and Fruit and
Vegetable Societies, a total of 35,101 co-
operative societies are registered in the State.
(b)Co-operative Marketing Structure :
There are Kraya Vikraya Samities at every
mandi yard in the State and at apex level,
RAJFED is functional. They strive to make
available high yielding variety of Seeds,
Fertilizers and Pesticides to the farmers at fair
prices and ensuring fair prices to the farmers for
their crops.
(c)Co-operative Consumer Structure :- In
order to protect consumers from the vagaries
black marketing and artificial scarcity of
commodities and also maintaining the public
distribution properly, co-operative institutions
have been functioning effectively to deliver the
consumer goods at a reasonable price. For this,
316 primary cooperative consumer bhandars, 37
cooperative wholsale bhandars and Rajasthan
Rajya Sahakari Upbhokta Sangh Ltd. CONFED
(Rajasthan Corporation Consumers Federation)
as apex institution are working in consumer
sector.
(d)Mini Uphaar Market :- 30 Mini Super
Markets have been opened in Udaipur zone after
selection of Primary Agriculture Credit Societies
(PACS)/ Large Area Multi Purpose Societies
(LAMPS) and 30 mini super markets have been
opened in other districts. The main objective of
these mini super markets is to provide necessary
consumer products to rural consumers at fair
prices.
(e)Marketing of Organic Product :-
CONFED and district wholesale consumer co-
operative stores have opened organic marketing
stores in Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur.
(f)Women Co-operative Societies :- For
the upliftment of women and bringing them into
the mainstream of development, particularly the
women of weaker sections, 4,857 women
cooperative societies have been constituted.
these are running business like PDS shops, Apni
Bachat, Masala, Papad, badi etc. and some are
engaged in stitching and handicraft works.
15.13 Livestock Products:
1. Milk Production: India is largest
producer of milk in the world followed
by USA and China.
 State Wise milk production
i. Uttar Pradesh (17%)
ii. Rajasthan (11.9%)
iii. Gujarat (7.9%)
iv. Madhya Pradesh (7.8%)
 State wise per capita milk availability
i. Punjab (1032gm)
ii. Hariyana (877gm)
iii. Rajasthan (704gm)
iv. Gujarat (545gm)
v. Himachal Pradesh (505gm)
 Highest milk producing district is Jaipur
followed by Sri Ganganagar and Alwar,
lowest production in Banswara.
2. Wool: Annual growth rate of wool in
rajasthan has been negative (-7.25)
 State wise production
i. Rajasthan (30.8%)
ii. Karnataka (18.8%)
iii. Jammu & Kashmir (15.8%)
 Jodhpur is the highest producing center
followed by Bikaner and Nagaur,
Jhalawar produces lowest.
3. Egg production: India is ranked at 3rd in
egg production after china and USA
 State wise production
i. Tamilnadu (19.4%)
ii. Andra Pradesh (18.89%)
iii. Telangana (13.5%)
iv. West Bengal (7.2%)
v. Maharashtra (6.4%)
 Rajasthan with its 1.7% contribution is
at 15th place.
 Per capita egg availability is 66 eggs per
person per year.
 Rajasthan Geography

4. Meet Production: In india about 46% of 4. Livestock health programme: Govt has
the meet is from poultry and 23% from institutionalized many hospitals for
buffalo. animals. The government further plans to
 State wise production provide 8 livestock health units in each
i. Uttar Pradesh (20.2%) division.
ii. West Bengal (9.8%) 5. Integrated Animal development
iii. Maharashtra (9.6%) programme: this was started in 8 th five
iv. Andra Pradesh (8.1%) year plan in Jaipur and Bikaner division,
15.14 Problems associated with Livestock but today it extends to 21 districts with
development 749 centres. The centres provide various
livestock services with state-of-the-art
1. Uncertainity of monsoon: reduces
techniques.
pastures to graze.
6. Rajasthan Dairy development
2. Lack of planning and coordination
Programme: To enact the milk policy
3. Livestock health : diseases, road
Rajasthan Co-operative Dairy Fedration
accidents; there is lack of any schemes
has been established on the model and
that cover such losses and protect
assistance of National Dairy
livestock
Development Board. The dairy
4. Lack of animal based industries
federation focuses on providing high
Government Initiatives quality milk and milk products, and
1. Gopalan Programme: started in 1990-91, providing fair prices to the producers.
targets educated village youth (Gopala) 7. Technology mission on dairy
and train them in cattel rearing. The aim development: GoI mission main aims of
of the programmes is to increase the use the mission are:
of foreign breeds by various methods like  Increase the productivity and
cross breeding and artificial insemination reduce input cost using modern
at various centers. Bad quality males are technology.
segregated. It also aims at practice of  Provide rural employment and
feeding the livestock and reduce increase livelihood.
dependence on free grazing.  Increase the facilitation of milk and
2. Sheep breeding Programme: to increase its derivatives.
the production of wool and meet and 8. India’s first cattle sanctuary in Bikaner.
improve the quality and quantity. Cross- 9. Bhamashah Livestock Insurance Scheme:
breeding in Nali, Chokla, Sonadi and started in 2016. The SCs and STs and
Malpura breeds. This programme uses BPLs will get upto 70% grant and upto
artificial methods to improve the breed. 50% to others.
3. Marketing arrangement: Govt from time 10. Establishment of ‘Pashu-Haat’:
to time organize livestock fairs to ensure Rajasthan govt has started the
right price for animal and facilitating competitive project to organize 7 pashu-
systematic markets for buyers and sellers haats in Ajmer, Tonk, Alwar,
by reducing mediators. The fairs are Chittorgarh, Banswara, Dhaulpur and
organized with the help of local agencies Jhalawar.
like Gram Panchayat and Municipal
organizations etc.
 Rajasthan Geography

Important Question
 Which is the incorrect pair?
(Livestock) (Breed)
(1) Sheep - Magra
(2) Buffalo - Ongole
(3) Goat - Sirohi
(4) Camel - Marwari (2)
 What is the share of Rajasthan in total livestock of the country as per the Livestock Census –
2012?
(1) 11.27% (2) 15.27%
(3) 10.27% (4) 20.27% (1)
 Which of the following is not a sheep breed in Rajasthan?
(1) Magra (2) Pugal
(3) Marwari (4) Malvi (4)
 Which one of the following is not a species of cows found in Rajasthan?
(1) Tharparkar (2) Kankrej
(3) Chokla (4) Rath (3)
 Which country provided financial assistance for ‘Goat Development and Fodder Production
Project’, located at Ramsar (Ajmer)?
(1) France (2) Sweden
(3) Denmark (4) Switzerland (4)
 Match the following and select the correct using codes given below:
(Animal) (Breed)
A. Camel i. Rathi
B. Sheep ii. Bikaneri
C. Goat iii. Magra
D. Cow iv. Jhakhrana
Codes:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1) i ii iii iv
(2) ii iii i iv
(3) ii iii iv i
(4) iv iii ii i (3)
 Where is the headquarters of Rajasthan Co-operative Dairy Federation Limited (RCDF)?
(1) Jaisalmer (2) Bikaner
(3) Jaipur (4) Ajmer (3)
 In Rajasthan ‘Pugal’ is breed of-
(1) Goat (2) Sheep
(3) Cow (4) Camel (2)
 In which of the following years Rajasthan State Dairy Development Corporation was
established?
(1) 1978 (2) 1985
(3) 1972 (4) 1975 (4)
 Which of the following is not a breed of cattle?
(1) Malvi (2) Rathi
(3) Kankrej (4) Bagri (4)
 Rajasthan Geography

 ‘Sonari’ and ‘Nali’ are the breeds of-

(1) Sheep (2) Goat
(3) Cattle (4) Camel (1)
 Which one of the following districts in Rajasthan stands first in terms of dairy milk
collection?
(1) Alwar (2) Bikaner
(3) Jaipur (4) Bharatpur (3)
 Which one of the following grass is best fodder for dairy cattle in Western Rajasthan?
(1) Seven (2) Dhaman
(3) Khus-Khus (4) Doob (1)
 As per the study conducted by the Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai (2010),
fish production potential of Rajasthan annually is:
(1) 50,000 metric tones
(2) More than 80,000 metric tones
(3) 20,000 metric tones
(4) 70,000 metric tones (2)
 Tharparkar breed is found in which region of Rajasthan?
(1) Western Arid region
(2) Shekhawati region
(3) Eastern region (4) South-East region (1)
 Name of Cooperative Bank of each district is?
(1) Regional Rural Banks
(2) Primary Co- operative Banks
(3) State Co- operative Banks
(4) Central Co- operative Banks (4)
 Sugar mill operated in Co- operative system is situated at?
(1) Udaipur (2) Sri ganganagar
(3) Bhupal Sagar (4) Keshroipatan (4)
 Structure of Co- operative Credit Societies is?
(1) One Tier (2) Two Tier
(3) Three Tier (4) Four Tier (3)
 Institution has been established for Co- operative Education and Management at?
(1) Udaipur (2) Bikaner
(3) Kota (4) Jaipur (4)
 ‘Rajasthan Tribal Area Development Co- operative Federation’ was established in the year.
(1) 1970 (2) 1976
(3) 1980 (4) 1984 (4)
 Scheme which provide all types of credit facilities at one place through Gram Seva Sahkari
Samiti is?
(1) Eklavya Yojana (2) Crafi Card Yojana
(3) MADA Yojana (4) Bhinmal Yojana (4)
 From which place and date did Rajputana Mahila Sahkari Bank of Rajasthan start working
in Rajasthan?
(1) Jaipur; 30th August, 1995
(2) Udaipur; 28th June, 1993
 Rajasthan Geography

(3) Kota; 1st April, 1990

(4) Jodhpur; 15th August, 2000 (1)
 Which is the apex institution of Kray- Vikray Sahkari Samiti?
(1) Rajasthan State Co- operative Bank
(2) Rajasthan State Co- operative Land Development Bank
(3) Rajasthan State Co- operative Housing Federation
(4) Rajasthan Rajya Sahkari Kray- Vikray Sangh (4)
 Districts where two Co- operative Cold Storage Plants are located are.
(1) Ajmer- Jodhpur (2) Jaipur- Alwar
(3) Kota- Bharatpur (4) Beawar- Bhilwara (2)

Very short answer type questions (15 words)

1. Nagori
2. Tharparkar
3. Gir
4. Chokla
5. Drain
6. Jaisalmeri
7. Malpuri
8. Sonadi
9. Shekhawati

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. Cow lineage in Rajasthan
2. Sanchauri
3. Exotic Cow Breeds in Rajasthan
4. Central Goat Research Institute
5. Dairy Development Program
6. Avika Kavach Scheme

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Describe the major breeds of sheep found in Rajasthan-
2. Mention the work being done by the Rajasthan government for the development of sheep rearing and
wool industry.
3. Describing the main problems of animal husbandry in Rajasthan, mention the efforts to solve the
problems of animals.
 Rajasthan Geography
CHAPTER - 16
Transportation in Rajasthan
Important Points :
 Airways
 Railways
 Roadways
16.1 Introduction
Movement of people and goods between
some fixed points ever the surface of earth
(Now-a-days in Space too- Thanks to Tesla and
Amazon) can be achieved through
transportation. The system of transport and
means of communication serve as an index to
the economic development and prosperity of
any area or state or region.
Geo-Economic and historical factors played
a vital role in Development of Transportation
pattern in Rajasthan. At present, Rajasthan state
is well served by road network as well as by
railways. But because of diversified and adverse
geographical conditions, there are several hilly
and arid regions which are not having adequate
transport facilities.
Transport network of Rajasthan can be
understood by three modes of transport
(a) Airways
(b) Railways and Roadways.
(a) Air Transport:-
Rajasthan is one of the most sought tourist
destination of the world. It becomes very
important to ensure connectivity of Rajasthan
through airways. Rajasthan being the largest
state of nation it becomes necessary to connect
famous tourist places through new air routes,
which will surely lead to overhaul development
of Airways. The places likes Ajmer, Jaisalmer,
Chittaurgarh, Bikaner, Sri-Ganganagar must be
connected to Air Service.
Airports in Rajasthan are categorized as:-
183
(i) Civil Airports:-
 Sanganer (Jaipur) Internatinal airport,
Rajasthan's first international airport.
 Maharana Pratap Airport, Dabok
(Udaipur)
 Kota Airport (Kota)
 Ratanada Airport (Jodhpur)
 Bikaner Airport (Bikaner)
 Jaisalmer Airport (Jaisalmer)
 Kishangarh Airport (Ajmer)
(ii) Strategic/Operated via Indian Air Force.
 Uttarlai (Barmer)
 Falodi (Jodhpur)
 Suratgarh (Sri Ganganagar)
 Nal (Bikaner)
 Ratanada (Jodhpur)
 Jaisalmer
As aviation is a union list subject, so it
comes/functions under Ministry of Civil
Aviation, Government of India. Directorate of
Civil Aviation Rajasthan Headquartered at
Jaipur was established on 01.04.2012.
Out of 20 Air strips of Rajasthan, 4
air strips are maintained under private
management.
DMIC is constructing airport/greenfield
airport at Kotkasim (Alwar).
(b) Railway transportation:-
 First train in was run from Agra fort to
Bandikui in 1874,
 Till 2015 the total length of railways in
Rajasthan was 5898 km, with density 17 km
railway per thousand sq km of area.
 Rajasthan Geography
184

 Currently there are one zone and five
clusters are in Rajasthan. The headquarter of
North Central railways was built in
Rajasthan with foir clusters i.e Jaipur,
Jodhpur, Ajmer, Bikaner. Kota cluster
comes under West-Central with headquarter
at Jabalpur.
 Rajasthan is in second rank after UP in
length of railways in the state.
 Indian rail research and testing centre:
Pachpadra, Barmer: to test high speed trains
under research.
 CIMCO wagon factory: Bharatpur (Central
India Machinary Manufacturing Company)
 Western railway regional training institute:
Udaipur
Fact about Railway:-
Presently in Rajasthan, there is one
railway zone and 5 railway division out of 17
railway and 68 railway division of India. On
14th June 2002 North-Western Railway Zone
was established in Rajasthan. It covers 4
railways division i.e. (a) Jaipur (b) Ajmer (c)
Bikaner (d) Jodhpur. The Railway length in
Rajasthan is 8.66% of all India route length of
68,442 Km. Out of the total railway linen
network of 5929 km. of Rajasthan 87017% is
broad gauge and 16.75% is meter gauge and
1.48% is narrow gauge.
 For the all around and multi-divisional
development of its staff, Railway
established Railway staff training
institute at Udaipur.
 Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC):- It is
a high capacity and high speed railway
Discription Phase 1A
(Mansoravar
to Chandpol)
 Elevated route (km) 9.2749
 Underground route (km) 0.440
 Total route (km)
9.718
 Elevated station 8 -
 Underground station
1 2
 Total
9 2
 Implementation method EPC
 Implementing agency DMRC
corridor that is exclusively meant for the
transportation of freight.
 DFC consists of 2 arms EDFC (Funded
by World Bank) and WDFC (Funded by
JICA)
 WDFC covers a distance of 579 km. in
Rajasthan.
 DMIC is also constructed under it.
It is being constructed by a joint venture of
DMIC and RIICO. It is headed by chief
secretary of Rajasthan. 6 Districts of
Rajasthan which come under its purview are
(Alwar, Sikar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Pali and
Sirohi)
 The total length of rail routes in the state was
5,929 km in March 2018, which by the end of
March 2019 has become 5937 km.
 The rail route in the state is 8.81 percent of
the total length (67,415 Km.) of the Indian
Railways.
Postal and Telecommunication Services: -
 Post office 10,307 as of March, 2020
 Number of telephone consumers 66.02
million as of March 2020
Jaipur Metro Rail Project:
 The compny Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation
was established in 2010
 The project will be constructed in 2 sections:
East-west corridor (Mansarovar-Chandpol)
and North-South corridor.
 In first phace a double elevated road from
Ajmer Bridge to Sodala.
 The first phase (1A) of metro was started in
2015.
Phase 1B Phase 2
(Chandpol to (Sitapura to Ambabadi)
Badi Chaupar)
- 13.808
2.348 9.936
2.349
23.771
13
7
20
EPC
DMRC
 Rajasthan Geography
(c) Roads:-
Roads provide the indigenous means of
communication. Rajasthan has a network for fair
weather and painted metalled gravelled road of
about 2,64,244.05 km. upto 2019. The road
density of the state is about 77.27 km/100km2 till
2019. Road transport is considered to be one of
the most cost effective and preferred mode of
transport, both for freight and passengers. Thus it
is vital for economic development and social
integration of Rajasthan. At the end of fiscal year
2019, the national highway length across the
Indian state of Rajasthan was around 10,340 km.
There are 48 National highways and 170 state
Highway with a total length of 15,517.5 km.
The development of metalled roads in state
was started during last quarter of the 19th century
with a direction from British administration.
 Shortest National Highway of Rajasthan- NH-
71 B (4.70 km.)
 Highest density of Roads- Rajsamand
 Minimum density of Roads - Jaisalmer
 District with highest number of National
Highway - Pali (7)
 National Highway passing through most
districts - NH 11(7 Districts)
16.2 Road and transport -
• Good roads reduce the operating cost of the
vehicle by 15 to 40 percent.
• Roads - In the year 1949, only 13,553 km
length of roads in the state increased to
2,69,028.05 km by March 2020. The density
of roads in the state is 78.61 km per 100 sq km
as of March 2020. Whereas at national level
the road density is 152.04 km per 100 sq km.
Road Length in the State as on 31.03.2020
1 National Highways 10618.09
2 State Highways 15621.25
3 Major District Roads 8779.95
4 Other District Roads 53791.52
5 Village Roads 180217.35
Total 269028.16
 Annual Plan 2020-21: A provision of `
6,277.18 crore was made for the road sector in
the budget outlay, against this changed budget
185
estimate, by December 2020, ` 2,324.85 crore
was spent.
 Under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana –III, 8663 Km. rural roads will be
upgraded by estimated coast of ` 4245 crore
by the March, 2025.
National Highway Authority of India (N.H.A.I)
:-
 29 works of 3598 km length approved out of
which 14 works have been completed.
 Under Bharatmala Yojana, 5 works of 1039
km length are in progress.
 Delhi-Vadodara Greenfield Expressway to
be developed 374 km in Rajasthan.
 Sangaria, Sanchore, Santalpur Greenfield
Express way 637 km to be developed in
Rajasthan.
Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation
(R.S.R.T.C.)
 It was established on October 01, 1964 under
the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950.
Innovations of RSRTC
 48 electric buses is being inducted to promote
e-vehicle.
 Starting cash back offer to increasing online
ticketing.
 Providing free traveling facility to teachers
awarded at State/National level from February
4, 2020.
 Under this by developing medicinal plants
nurseries Tulsi, Geloy, Ashwagandha etc.
plants will be provided from nurseries.
 Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants (FSTP) will
be set up in cities with lack of sewerage
facilities in next 2 years.
 An announcement has made to forgive cent
percent motor vehicle tax for 3 years on
operations of new buses in rural areas.
 Corporation has been awarded by National
P.S.U. Award in the Excellence in transport
category for excellent work during the
COVID-19 epidemic.
 Rajasthan Geography
186

 Apni Bus Care Day program (A.B.C.D.) has buses.

started by the corporation for maintenance of
Motor vehicle registration:
 By the year 2019-20, a total of 192.36 lakh motor vehicles were registered which reached 199.50
lakh by the end of December 2020, shows an increase of 3.71 percent.
Rajasthan Geography
187
 Rajasthan Geography
188

Important Question
 Which is the longest highway among all highways passing through Rajasthan?
(1) N.H. - 8 (2) N. H. - 11
(3) N. H. - 14 (4) N.H.- 15 (4)
 Jaipur Metro runs from?
(1) Pratap Nagar to Railway Station
(2) Mansarovar to Chandpole
(3) Mansarovar to Ajmeri Gate
(4) Chandpole to Sanganer (2)
 National Highway of Rajasthan which is confined in only one district?
(1) 11 A (2) 79 A
(3) 76 B (4) 3 A (2)
 Place where NH 79, 89 and 8 meet (As per old serial number)?
(1) Jaipur (2) Bhilwara
(3) Ajmer (4) Nagaur (3)
 Which of the following cities is not located at N.H.- 8?
(1) Jaipur (2) Ajmer
(3) Indore (4) Vadodara (3)
 Which National Highway does not passes through Rajasthan? – (As per old Serial Number)
(1) 8 (2) 14
(3) 15 (4) 23 (4)
 Which of the following National Highways passes through Punjab via Bikaner and Jaisalmer
districts of Rajasthan?
(1) N.H. - 8 (2) N. H. - 10
(3) N.H. - 11 (4) N.H. - 15 (4)
 National Highway 11 passes through?
(1) Agra- Dholpur- Mumbai
(2) Tonk- Sawai Madhopur
(3) Ajmer- Nagaur- Bikaner
(4) Agra- Bharatpur- Jaipur- Sikar- Bikaner (4)
 From which district of Rajasthan does National Highway 3 passes through?
(As per old serial number)
(1) Dholpur (2) Bharatpur
(3) Dausa (4) Sawai Madhopur (1)
 Longest Water Transport Tunnel of Rajasthan is?
(1) Manasi Vakal Tunnel
(2) Kaylana Ummed Sagar Tunnel
(3) Vijaysagar Vizara Dam Tunnel
(4) Gadisar Amar Sagar Tunnel (1)
 Narrow Gauge of Railwayline passes through which district of Rajasthan?
(1) Alwar (2) Dholpur
(3) Dungarpur (4) Udaipur (2)
 Name of the train travelling to Pakistan via Munabao is?
(1) Sada-E- Sarhad (2) Mitrata Express
(3) Thar Express (4) Samjhota Express (3)
 Which is the first station of Thar Express travelling from Pakistan to Rajasthan?
(1) Gadara Road (2) Munabao
 Rajasthan Geography
189

(3) Khajuwala (4) Balotra (2)

 First Rail Bus of Rajasthan started from?
(1) Gangapur City (2) Hanumangarh City
(3) Sojat City (4) Merta City (4)
 Which railway station in the southern part of Rajasthan will be connected to Railway Line
Starting from Dungarpur?
(1) Kota (2) Vadodara (Baroda)
(3) Ratlam (4) Indore (3)

Very short answer type questions (15 words)

1. WDFC (Western Dedicated Freight Corridor
2. Golden Quadrilateral

Short Answer Type Questions (50 words)

1. Rajasthan Road Development Project. Define
2. National Highway Authority of India.

Essay Questions - (100 words)

1. Explain the role of DMIC in the Economic Development of Rajasthan .
2. Mention the role of various institutions in Road and Highway Development in Rajasthan.