Capstone Envi

CRYSTAL CREEK: A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
A Capstone Project Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Chemical

Engineering and School of Engineering and Architecture
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course: CHE3131:

Environmental Science and Engineering for Chemical Engineering
Submitted by:
BUENAVENTURA, Kryzler Kaye M.
DANTES, Aerish Ann M.
EVALLE, Mary Noelle A.
TEJADA, Maria Denise L.
MAY 24, 2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Before anything else, we would like first to thank God for guiding us along the
way. For having faith thay we will this capstone. Thank you for the knowledge that you
have given us while doing this capstone. We would like to thank Engr Jonalyn Kimpay,
our instructor, for guiding us along the way, especially in the process of making this
capstone. Thank you for the knowledge that you shared with us, that we needed in
making this capstone possible. Thank you for the patience and understanding
especially when we do clarification and questioning about our capstone. Lastly, to our
parents, thank you for the support that you give us as we do this. Thank you for the
motivation that you gave that helped a lot in the time we make this in a short period of
time. It means a lot to us especially when we are having a hard time doing this
capstone.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
ABSTRACT v
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. DATA ANALYSIS 3
III. DESIGN OF TREATMENT FACILITY 9
IV. COMPUTATION AND INTERPRETATION 12
V. PROPOSAL ABSTRACT 17
VI. REFERENCES 19
ii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 Wastewater Sample Data According to the Water Quality Parameters
and its Acceptable Minimum Water Quality Standards 4
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Treatment Plant Process Flow Diagram 11
iv
WATER FROM VARIOUS DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND
AGRICULTURAL SOURCES ARE CONSIDERED WASTEWATER; TO ENSURE
PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, WASTEWATER IS
TREATED BEFORE BEING DISCHARGED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT OR
REUSED. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO DESIGN AN AFFORDABLE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FACILITY FOR THE RIVER THAT PRODUCES CLEAN WATER.
THE PROPOSED APPROACH CONSISTS OF THREE STAGES TARGETING
SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY: PRELIMINARY, PRIMARY, AND SECONDARY.
EACH STAGE ADDRESSES ISSUES LIKE AMMONIA, IRON, PHOSPHATES, PH,
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS, TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS, AND FECAL
COLIFORM. THE FACILITY INCLUDES PROCESSES SUCH AS SCREENING,
SEDIMENTATION, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, AND ADVANCED FILTRATION
TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS. FACTORS LIKE ENERGY, EFFICIENCY,
MAINTENANCE, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY ARE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS IS CRUCIAL TO ASSESS THE INVESTMENT REQUIRED
AND POTENTIAL RETURNS IN ACHIEVING THE CLEAN WATER PRODUCTION
WHILE ADDRESSING POLLUTION CONCERNS IN THE RIVER.
KEYWORDS: Wastewater, ammonia, iron, phosphate, ph, total suspended

solids, total dissolved solids, fecal coliform, screening, sedimentation,
biological treatment, financial analysis
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Document Code FM-SEA-018
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Saint Louis University Effectivity Feb 01, 2021
School of Engineering and Architecture Page Page 1 of 21
ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
Wastewater is water that has already been used and must be treated before
being discharged into another body of water so as not to further pollute the water
source (Wastewater, n.d.). Wastewater comes from various sources. Anything you
flush down a toilet or drain is wastewater. Stormwater and wastewater flow through
gutters along with various pollutants and eventually end up in sewage treatment
plants. Wastewater can also come from agricultural and industrial sources. Some
wastewaters are more difficult to treat than others. For example, industrial wastewater
can be difficult to treat, whereas domestic wastewater is relatively easy to treat
although the increasing amount of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in
domestic wastewater makes treatment of domestic wastewater increasingly difficult
(Wastewater Treatment, n.d.).
Asin-Gallano River is river located at Baguio City. It is one of the rivers where
wastewater from the residential, business establishment, industries, and domestic
products flow in this river. This river was classified as Class B by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources. It means that the water can be used for
recreational water which uses primary contact such as bathing and swimming.
With given data, the Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant proposes a water
facility particularly for the wastewater flowing through Asin-Gallano River. The
treatment plant aims to remove suspended solids before it discharges to the bodies of
water. Furthermore, the treatment plant wants to help to lessen the possible
contaminants to the people and spread pollution into bodies of water. With the
proposed treatment plant, it will help the people to lessen the intoxication that makes
the river polluted and high in chemicals and others. This treatment plant embodies
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economic benefits such reusing in different sections. The by-products such as
nutrients and biogas can be used in agriculture and energy production.
There are several levels of wastewater treatment; these are primary,
secondary, and tertiary levels of treatment. Most municipal wastewater treatment
facilities use primary and secondary levels of treatment, and some also use tertiary
treatments. In our proposed plan, the wastewater treatment plant will be undergoing
primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

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CHAPTER II - DATA ANALYSIS
Asin-Gallano River is a “Class B” river according to the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources in the Department Administrative Order 18.s2016
(DAO 2016-18). The Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant aims to evaluate and
assess the wastewater from the Asin-Gallano River and for that, a water quality
analysis is carried out to quantify the wastewater's chemical, physical and biological
characteristics. The temperature, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS),
conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), hardness, iron, phosphate, nitrate,
ammonia, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and fecal coliform are the factors to be
considered in the treatment process of the wastewater.
The effluent of the wastewater is coming from both point and nonpoint source.
Any contaminant that enters the environment from an easily recognizable and
constrained location is referred to as a point source of pollution by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Smokestacks, discharge pipelines, and
drainage ditches are a few examples. Factories, power plants, and municipal
wastewater treatment plants are common sources of point-source pollution. Nonpoint-
source pollution, on the other hand, is the opposite of point-source pollution, with
pollutants released in a wide area. In a logged-over forest tract, runoff can remove
sediment off the roads in rural regions. Additionally, it can flush chemicals and fertilizer
from agricultural areas as well as convey acid from defunct mines. All this pollution is
likely to wind up in streams, rivers, and lakes.
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Table 2.1 Wastewater Sample Data According to the Water Quality Parameters and
its Acceptable Minimum Water Quality Standards
PARAMETER DATA OBTAINED ACCEPTABLE WATER
FROM 1L SAMPLE QUALITY STANDARD
Temperature (°C) 25.5 26-30
pH 10.33 6.5-8.5
Turbidity (FAU) 13 5
Total Dissolved Solids 253 500
(mg/L)
Conductivity (μ·s) 162.60 1000
Hardness (mg/L as 88.5 50-150
CaCO3)
Total Suspended Solids 380 65
(mg/L)
Cl- (mg/L) 13.70 250
Fe2+ (mg/L) 4.54 1
PO43- (mg/L) 1.80 0.5

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NO3- (mg/L) 0.27 7
NH3 (mg/L) 0.78 0.05
BOD5 (mg/L) 3.14 5
Fecal coliform > 1800 100
(MPN/100mL)
Source: Point and Nonpoint
Table 2.1 shows the data obtained from the water sample that was taken from
the Asin-Gallano River alongside the Water Quality Standards by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), DENR Administrative Order No.2016-08, and No.2021-19.
A one (1) liter water sample is at 25.5 degrees Celsius and has a pH level of
10.33 which indicates a base and is beyond the accepted range. Extremes in pH can
make a river inhospitable to life and can increase the solubility of elements and
compounds, making toxic chemicals more mobile and increasing the risk of absorption
by aquatic life. To lower the pH of the base liquid, sulfuric acid is added. Sulfuric acid
is the most used and least expensive neutralization chemical. Typical concentrations
are 25 to 96 percent. It’s more potent than all acids, apart from phosphoric acid, and
is safer and easier to use than nitric or hydrochloric acid.
The obtained wastewater sample has a turbidity of 13 FAU, which is over the
acceptable range and is caused by suspended solids in the water, such as silts, clays,
industrial wastes, sewage, and plankton. For this matter, a coagulation tank and
flocculation tank are added in the treatment plant. Coagulation and flocculation remove
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a significant number of suspended particles, including inorganic precipitates, as well
as organic substances. Although the procedure eliminates particles and dissolved
materials, pathogens like viruses and bacteria may still be present in the water.
The total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water sample is 253 mg/L which means
it has a low concentration of mineral, salts, metals, cations, and anions that are
dissolved in water. The conductivity of water, on the other hand, is dependent on the
total dissolved solids, this is because there are salts dissolved in the water which can
transport electricity. From the data obtained, the wastewater sample has a low
conductivity of 162 μS that is an indicator of pristine or background conditions.
Dissolved solids can also produce hard water, which leaves deposits and films on
fixtures, and on the insides of hot water pipes and boilers. The water hardness of the
wastewater sample is 88.5 mg/L as CaCO3 and is considered to be moderately hard.
Since these three parameters are lower than the permissible limits and do not post
any harm, it still needs to be maintained and monitored.
Total suspended solids (TSS), on the other hand, is at 380 mg/L which means
the wastewater sample has a high concentration of TSS. Everything that is drifting or
floating in the water is considered a solid, including sediment, silt, and sand as well as
plankton and algae. The TSS content can also be influenced by organic particles from
decomposing materials. Small organic particles can separate during the
decomposition process that occurs as algae, plants, and animals deteriorate and enter
the water column as suspended solids. Suspended solids include even chemical
precipitates. When assessing water purity, total suspended particles are an important
consideration. Screening and grit chamber are added in the primary wastewater
treatment plant to remove the suspended solids. During the screening, objects
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including paper, textiles, metals, and plastics are removed. After screening, a grit
chamber is the next step procedure, it removes sand and other weighty inorganic
matters such as metals, fragments, and rags. At the start of the treatment process,
these items must be separated as they have the potential to harm process equipment
like pumps, valves, pipelines, and appendages, decreasing the efficiency of the
treatment procedure.
The chloride concentration on the wastewater sample is at 13.70 mg/L which
indicates that the amount of chloride in the water is low. However, the amount iron and
phosphates in the water sample was determined to be 4.54 and 1.80 mg/L,
respectively, which both exceeds the limits according to the DENR Administrative
Order 2016-08. Thus, these two parameters require suitable treatment, which is
aeration. Aeration is the process of adding air into wastewater to allow aerobic
biodegradation of organic matters. The secondary treatment technique used in
aeration is the activated sludge. The sewage is poured into an aeration tank at this
point, where it is combined with air and bacteria-filled sludge. The bacteria then break
down the organic waste into harmless byproducts while it is left to sit for a few hours.
The sludge, now activated with additional billions of bacteria and other tiny organisms,
can be used again by returning it to the aeration tank for mixing with air and new
sewage.
In terms of Nitrates, the wastewater sample has a value of 0.27 mg/L which is
within the permissible limits. While ammonia concentration of the wastewater sample
contains a high amount of 0.75 mg/L, which is beyond the range. Hence, the process
of nitrification is introduced to treat the amount of ammonia present in the wastewater.
Nitrification is a microbial process by which reduced nitrogen compounds (primarily

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ammonia) are sequentially oxidized to nitrite and nitrate.
The biological oxygen demand (BOD), from the 5-day BOD test was resulted
to have a 3.14 mg/L which is within the water quality standards according to DAO
2016-08 which means that less oxygen is being removed from the water. Maintaining
a low BOD ensures that water leaves the treatment plant clean and safe. For fecal
coliform, the obtained data is greater than 1800 mg/L which is way beyond the required
minimum water quality standards. This suggests that the treatment plant uses tertiary
treatment and includes chlorination in the process. Chlorination is a disinfection
method known to be particularly effective at removing viruses, protozoa, and bacteria
from the wastewater. Chlorine compounds destroy microbes by oxidizing their cellular
material. Chlorine enters the cell after oxidation and weakens the cell membrane. It
thus interferes with DNA function and cell respiration.

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CHAPTER III – DESIGN OF TREATMENT FACILITY
Wastewater treatment typically involves several stages to remove
contaminants and pollutants from wastewater before it is discharged back into the
environment. The preliminary, primary, and secondary clarifier are three stages of the
treatment process.
STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE
The preliminary stage of treatment process consists of screening and grit
chamber. Screening uses a fine screen to verify that no solid waste enters the
treatment. Due to the high concentration of fecal coliform, it will proceed to grit
removal. Grit chamber is a long, thin, or circular tank that is intended to slow the
velocity of sewage to remove solids like sand, ash, and clinkers, eggshells, bone chips,
and other inert inorganic elements. This two equipment are necessary in the
preliminary stage of the process to remove the suspended solids that have a potential
to harm process equipment like pumps, valves, pipelines, and appendages,
decreasing the efficiency of the treatment procedure.
A neutralization tank is used to adjust the pH of the wastewater to a neutral range
before entering the treatment process. This is important because high or low pH levels can
negatively impact the effectiveness of subsequent treatment processes. Coagulation and
flocculation are chemical treatment processes used to remove suspended solids and other
contaminants from wastewater. The coagulation process involves adding chemicals to the
wastewater to destabilize the contaminants, causing them to clump together. In the
flocculation process, additional chemicals are added to the wastewater to form larger flocs,
which can then be more easily removed from the water.
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The primary clarifier is the next stage, which involves the removal of suspended solids
from wastewater. Wastewater flows into a large tank, where it is allowed to sit undisturbed to
allow heavy particles and suspended solids to settle to the bottom. A scraper then removes
these solids, which are then typically sent to a sludge treatment facility for further processing.
An aeration tank is used in the secondary stage of wastewater treatment. The tank contains a
diffused aeration system, which provides oxygen to the bacteria in the wastewater to break
down organic matter. The bacteria consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide
and water.
The secondary clarifier is the final stage of the wastewater treatment process, and its
purpose is to remove dissolved and suspended biological material in wastewater. In this stage,
wastewater is mixed with bacteria and then aerated to encourage microbial growth. The
bacteria break down and consume the organic matter in the water, producing flocs, which are
larger clumps of matter that can easily settle. The flocs settle to the bottom of the tank, where
they are then removed by a scraper and sent for further processing.
The second clarifier's primary sludge will then be recycled to the aeration tank and the
first clarifier once more, up until the point where no more activated sludge-containing
microorganisms are left that can be used to eat contaminants. Before the water is released
into the water system, chlorination will be used to further treat the fecal coliform in the
wastewater, presuming that some of it has already been removed in the first and second
clarifiers.
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Figure 3.1 Treatment Plant Process Flow Diagram

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CHAPTER IV – COMPUTATION AND INTERPRETATION
SLUDGE COMPUTATIONS
Let X = Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
S = Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Influent
• TSS entering, XO = 380 mg/L
• BOD entering, SO = 3.14 mg/L
At Grit Chamber
➢ Assume TSS removal = 300 mg/L
Around Primary Clarifier (1o)
➢ Assume 80% solids removal
• TSS entering, X1o = 380 mg/L – 300 mg/L = 80 mg/L
• TSS removed, X1oREM = 80 mg/L (0.80) = 64 mg/L
➢ Assume 70% BOD removal
• BOD entering, S1o = 3.14 mg/L
• BOD removed, S1oREM = 3.14 mg/L (0.70) = 2.198 mg/L
Around Activated Sludge System (ASS)
➢ Assume 60% solids removal
• TSS entering, XASS = 80 mg/L (1-0.80) = 16 mg/L
• TSS removed, XASS REM = 16 mg/L (0.60) = 9.6 mg/L
➢ Assume 50% BOD removal
• BOD entering, SASS = 3.14 mg/L (1-0.70) = 0.942 mg/L
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• BOD removed, SASS REM = 0.942 mg/L (0.50) = 0.471 mg/L
Effluent
• TSS, XE = 16 mg/L (1-0.60) = 6.4 mg/L (< 65 mg/L standard; passed)
• BOD, SE = 0.942 mg/L (1-0.50) = 0.471 mg/L (< 5 mg/L standard; passed)
PLANT DESIGN DIMENSIONS
Influent Flow Rate
➢ Assume estimated population of 392,262
(Baguio City’s 2023 Population from World Population Review, 2023).
➢ Assume 18 GLD of wastewater produced per person in developing countries
(Eco-septic, 2020).
➢ Assume maximum flow rate to be 2.5 times greater than the average flow rate.
➢ Thus:
18 𝐺𝐿𝐷
• Average flow rate = (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛) (392,262 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒) = 7,060,716 𝐺𝐿𝐷
7,060,716 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚3
Average flow rate = ( ) (264.172 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
Average flow rate = 𝟐𝟔, 𝟕𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟗 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒉𝒓 𝒔
𝑚3
• Maximum flow rate = 2.5 (26,727.7229 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
Maximum flow rate = 𝟔𝟔, 𝟖𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟑 = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒉𝒓 𝒔
Primary and Secondary Clarifiers (Rectangular Tanks)
➢ Typical dimension data for rectangular settling tanks for primary treatment of
wastewater (from Table 5-21 of Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse):

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Depth = 4.3 m
Length = 24-40 m
Width = 4.9-9.8 m
Flight speed = 0.9 m/min
➢ Assume retention period of 2 hours
➢ Thus, two tanks each:
• Height of each tank, from data = 4.3 m

0.9 𝑚 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(( )( )(2 ℎ𝑟𝑠))
•
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟
Length of each tank = 𝑣 𝑥 𝑡 = = 𝟓𝟒 𝒎
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
2,784.1378 𝑚3
(( )(2 ℎ𝑟𝑠))
ℎ𝑟
• Volume of each tank = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑡 = = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝟑
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2,784.1378 𝑚3
• Area of each tank = = = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 54 𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 51.5581 𝑚2
• Width of each tank = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝒎
4.3 𝑚
Aeration Tank
➢ Traditional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants operate with MLSS
concentration ranging approximately from 1500 mg/L to 5000 mg/L (Organica
Biotech, 2021).
➢ The established food-to-microorganism ratio for a conventional wastewater
treatment plant is 0.25 to 0.5 pounds of BOD per day/pound of MLVSS under
aeration (Water and Wastewater Courses, 2023).
➢ According to Activated Sludge Design Considerations, aeration tank liquid
depths should be not less than 10 feet or more than 30 feet; horizontally
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mixed tanks shall have a depth of not less than 5.5 feet (Westchester County
Government, n.d.).
➢ Thus, assume:
Capacity of aeration tank = 70 000 m3/day
MLSS = 3250 mg/L
F/M ratio = 0.375
Depth = 4m
Width = 6 m
➢ BOD5 entering Activated Sludge System = 0.942 mg/L
➢ Thus:
𝑚3 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝐵𝑂𝐷 (70 000 )(0.942 )
•
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐿
Volume = = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝟑
𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆 𝑥 𝐹/𝑀 (3250 )(0.375)
𝐿
• Area = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 6 𝑚 𝑥 4𝑚 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝟐
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 54.1046 𝑚3
• Length = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟒𝒎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 24 𝑚2
INTERPRETATION
The data and parameters that have passed and failed are included in the table,
along with the data's very high values for pH, total dissolved solids, total suspended
solids, iron, phosphate, ammonia, and fecal coliform. A high pH level in a river can
have a variety of causes and effects. pH is a measure of a substance's acidity or
alkalinity, and in the case of rivers, it relates to the acidity or basicity of the water.
Rivers often have a pH range of 6.5 to 8.5, which is ideal for maintaining aquatic life.
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However, if the pH of a river rises beyond 8.5, it is classified as alkaline. The excessive
level of total solids makes the river's intended recreational uses visually disturbing. It
is a valuable indicator of sewage discharges, logging operations, agricultural runoff,
and other comparable activities. Signs of suspended particles include soil erosion,
urban runoff, septic systems, and dead or decaying plants and animals. The concept
that residential areas are a source of pollution is supported by the high fecal coliform
levels. Screening using a fine screen will be used to verify that no solid waste enters
the treatment. Due to the high concentration of fecal coliform, it will proceed to grit
removal. Because the total suspended solids are one hundred times higher than the
norm, and the turbidity is considerable, alum coagulation and flocculation are required
to guarantee that the particles settle and sediment at the first clarifier. The plant will
assure a volumetric flow rate of 1000 gal/day as the feed into the wastewater plant,
which will serve as the foundation for all computations for all dimensions, power
requirements, and other data required for the plant's construction. One of the
characteristics that failed was the hardness of the water, which will be treated by
adding acid and softening it with lime soda. Prior to the first clarifier, the acid and lime
soda will be added to help with coagulation. Due to the hundred-fold excess of total
suspended solids, it will be necessary to incorporate an aerobic tank, which will lead
to the second clarifier. The second clarifier's primary sludge will then be recycled to
the aeration tank and the first clarifier once more, up until the point where no more
activated sludge-containing microorganisms are left that can be used to eat
contaminants. Before the water is released into the water system, chlorination will be
used to further treat the fecal coliform in the wastewater, presuming that some of it
has already been removed in the first and second clarifiers.

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CHAPTER V – PROPOSAL ABSTRACT
The Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant operates to treat wastewater coming
from the Asin-Gallano River with the goal of removing contaminants to produce
effluent suitable for discharge to the surrounding environment and as a source of
drinking water in accordance to the water quality guidelines set by the Department of
Health (DOH). The plant incorporates several treatment processes including grit
removal, primary and secondary treatment, aeration as well as an activated sludge
system. It has the capacity to treat an average and maximum flow rate of 26,727.7229
m3 and 66,819.3073 m3 wastewater a day, respectively.
Considering the various assets, liabilities, capital, operating and maintenance
costs as well as several other expenditures involved in the treatment plant, the
succeeding income statement outlines the financial report analysis for a successful
plant construction and operation.
Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant

Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Income from service P 20,000,000

Less:
Operating and Maintenance Cost 4,000,000
Operator Fees 3,000,000
Engineering Fees 2,000,000
Utilities 3,500,000
Chemical Costs 1,000,000
Insurance Costs 700,000
Fuel Costs 500,000
Miscellaneous 300,000
Net Profit P 5,000,000
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Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant

Balance Sheet
December 31, 2023
Assets Liabilities and Capital

Cash P 2,000,000 Accounts Payable to Bank P 2,500,000
Land 3,000,000 Capital 15,000,000
Infrastructure 10,000,000 Add: Profit 5,000,000 20,000,000
Equipment 7,500,000 Total Liabilities and Capital P 22,500,000
Total Assets P 22,500,000
As can be seen from the aforementioned balance sheet, an estimated land cost
of Php 3,000,000.00 and infrastructure cost of Php 10,000,000.00 is needed for the
construction of the water treatment plant facility, as well as an equipment total cost of
Php 7,500,000.00 which includes all the various machinery, aeration tanks and
sedimentation tanks. A projected annual income of Php 200,000,000.00 can be
estimated from the service operation, which given the numerous operating and
maintenance costs yields a net annual profit of Php 5,000,000.00. This showcases the
economic justification of the construction and subsequent operation of the Crystal
Creek Water Treatment Plant to provide exceptional service and quality water to the
people.
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REFERENCES
Chemical for pH adjustment in wastewater treatment. (n.d.). Burt Process
Equipment. https://burtprocess.com/blog/chemicals-for-ph-adjustment/
Conductivity, Salinity & Total Dissolved Solids - Environmental Measurement
Systems. (2019, January 23). Environmental Measurement Systems.
https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-
quality/conductivity-salinity-tds/
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CRYSTAL CREEK: A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

A Capstone Project Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Chemical

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course: CHE3131:

MAY 24, 2023

LIST OF TABLES iii

II. DATA ANALYSIS 3

III. DESIGN OF TREATMENT FACILITY 9

IV. COMPUTATION AND INTERPRETATION 12

Figure 3.1 Treatment Plant Process Flow Diagram 11

KEYWORDS: Wastewater, ammonia, iron, phosphate, ph, total suspended

ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT

can be difficult to treat, whereas domestic wastewater is relatively easy to treat

although the increasing amount of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in

domestic wastewater makes treatment of domestic wastewater increasingly difficult

(Wastewater Treatment, n.d.).

wastewater from the residential, business establishment, industries, and domestic

ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT

economic benefits such reusing in different sections. The by-products such as

nutrients and biogas can be used in agriculture and energy production.

There are several levels of wastewater treatment; these are primary,

secondary, and tertiary levels of treatment. Most municipal wastewater treatment

primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT

CHAPTER II - DATA ANALYSIS

Asin-Gallano River is a “Class B” river according to the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources in the Department Administrative Order 18.s2016

characteristics. The temperature, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS),

conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), hardness, iron, phosphate, nitrate,

considered in the treatment process of the wastewater.

constrained location is referred to as a point source of pollution by the United States

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Smokestacks, discharge pipelines, and

wastewater treatment plants are common sources of point-source pollution. Nonpoint-

likely to wind up in streams, rivers, and lakes.

ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT

its Acceptable Minimum Water Quality Standards

PARAMETER DATA OBTAINED ACCEPTABLE WATER

FROM 1L SAMPLE QUALITY STANDARD

Temperature (°C) 25.5 26-30

Total Dissolved Solids 253 500

Conductivity (μ·s) 162.60 1000

Hardness (mg/L as 88.5 50-150

Total Suspended Solids 380 65

Cl- (mg/L) 13.70 250

Fe2+ (mg/L) 4.54 1

PO43- (mg/L) 1.80 0.5

ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT

NO3- (mg/L) 0.27 7

NH3 (mg/L) 0.78 0.05

BOD5 (mg/L) 3.14 5

Fecal coliform > 1800 100

Source: Point and Nonpoint

Protection Agency (EPA), DENR Administrative Order No.2016-08, and No.2021-19.

is safer and easier to use than nitric or hydrochloric acid.

ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT

a significant number of suspended particles, including inorganic precipitates, as well

as organic substances. Although the procedure eliminates particles and dissolved

conductivity of 162 μS that is an indicator of pristine or background conditions.

wastewater sample is 88.5 mg/L as CaCO3 and is considered to be moderately hard.

any harm, it still needs to be maintained and monitored.

decomposing materials. Small organic particles can separate during the

ChE 3131 CAPSTONE PROJECT

The chloride concentration on the wastewater sample is at 13.70 mg/L which

biodegradation of organic matters. The secondary treatment technique used in