PRACTICAL-NO.

49
AIM:-STUDY AND USE OF EXHAUST GAS ANALYZER. and ole meeo:
THEORY:- Gas analyzer is an instrument which is capable of analvzing the species of Chemical gases is present in
the sample. Not only it identifies the species but it also has capability to give measurement value of the quantity
which it displays either in numerical form or shows it graphically. Depending on the type of principle selected for
the gas analysis, it can be classified as follows:

A.Gas chromatograph

B. IR Gas analyzer

C. Thermal conductivity gas analyzer

D. Paramagnetic gas analyzer

TYPES OF GAS ANALYZER:

their different principle of
There are various types of gas analyzer with their different working principle. Also due to
operation they are capable of estimating different species of gas.
head of the
A. Gas chromatograph:- Gas chromatography involves a sample injected onto the
inert, gaseous
chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow Of
Which is absorbed onto the surface of
mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase
an inert solid.

FIG 19.1: Gas chromatograph

Sample
injector

Flow controller

+Waste

Column
Detector

Column oven
Carrier gas

A. Instrument componentst

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 Carrier gas:-The carrier gas must be chemically inert. Commnonly used gases include
Nitrogen, helium, argon, and
carbon dioxide. The choice of carrier gas is often dependent upon the type of detector which is
used. The carrier gas
sVstem also contains a molecular sieve to remove water and other
impurities.
Sample injection port:- For optimum column efficiency, the sample should not be too Large, and should be
introduced onto the column as a "plug" of vapor - slow injection of large samples causes band broadening and loss
of resolution. The most common Injection method is where a micro syringe is used to inject sample through a rubber
Septumn into a flash vaporizer port at the head of the column

Columns:-There are two general types of column, packed and capillary (also known as Open tubular). Packed
columns contain a finely divided, inert, solid support material (Commonly based on diatomaceous earth) coated with
liquid stationary phase. Most Packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an internal diameter of 2-4 mm.
Capillary columns have an internal diameter of a few tenths of a millimeter. They Can be one of two types; wal
coated open tubular (WCoT) or support-coated open Tubular (SCOT). Wall-coated columns consist of a capillary tube
whose walls are coated with liquid Stationary phase. In support-coated columns, the inner wall of the Capillary is
lined with a thin layer of support material such as diatomaceous earth, onto which the Stationary phase has been
adsorbed

Column temperature:- For precise work, column temperature must be controlled to Within tenths of a degree.
The optimum column temperature is dependent upon the boiling point of the sample. As a rule of thumb, a
temperature slightly above the average boiling point of the sample results in an elution time of 2 -30 minutes.
Minimum Temperatures give good resolution, but increase elution tímes. If a sample has a wide Boiling range, then
temperature programming can be useful. The column temperature is increased (either continuously or in steps) as
separation proceeds.

Detectors:-lower the detectors response. Mass flow dependent detectors usually destroy the sample, and the
signal is related to the rate at which solute molecules enter the There are many detectors which can be used in gas
chromatography. Different detectors will give different types of selectivity. Anon-selective detector responds to all
compounds except the carrier gas, a selective detector responds to a range of compounds with a common physical
or chemical property anda specific detector responds to a single chemical compound. Detectors can also be grouped
into concentration dependent detectors and mass flow dependent detectors. The signal from a concentratíon
dependent detector is related to the concentration of solute in the detector, and does not usually destroy the sample
Dilution of with make-up gas will detector.
The response of a mass flow dependent detector is unaffected by make-up gas. Have a look at this tabular
summary of common GC detectors:

B IR Gas analyzer:-An infrared gas analyzer measures trace gases by determining detector absorption of
Earth's atmosphere
an emitted infrared light source through a certain air sample. Trace gases found in the
get excited under specific wavelengths found in the Infrared range. The concept behind the technology can
be understood as testing howmuch of the light is absorbed by the air. Different molecules in the air absorb
different frequencies of light. Air with lots of a certain gas willabsorb more of acertain frequency, allowing
corresponding molecule.
uie sensor to report a high concentration of the

Gas THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

61 4400
ACETYLENE

71
IR Gas analyzer can be of two types
1. Non- dispersive IR - Analyzer

Front expanston chamber

Gas inlet Gas outlet
Infrared-ray
llght sOurce Rear expansion
chamber

Detector

Mass fiow
sensor
Motor Measuring cell
Chopper Preampliñer

Indication Signal processing

and calculation
block
Output

2. Dispersive IR- Analyzer

Distribution cell (interference filter) Mass flow

sensor
Motor Trimmer Reference cell

Detector
Rotary
sector

Infrared (single) Sample gas Sample gas outlet Interference

light source inlet compensationg
Sample cell detector

each gas has the ability to Conduct heat at

C. Thermal conductivity gas analyzer:-converted to an electrical utilized in the thermal
known as the thermal conductivity of the gas. This Property is
a specific rate. This is
Conductivity detector. Since the filaments are arranged in Wheatstone bridge, the
resistance change can be current
that is available as an output Signal.

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 SAMPLE GAS

Vour
R

REFERENCE GAS

conductivity.
Wheatstone Bridge of the thermal

TABLE-2:

Thermal conductivities of common gases

AMMONIA 5.135
ARGON 3.880
CARBON DIOXIDE 3.393
CARBON MONOXIDE 5.425
CHLORINE 1.829
ETHANE 4.303
ETHYLENE 4.020
HELIUM 33.60
39.60
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE 3.045
METHANE
7.200
10.87
NEON
5.550
NITRICOXIDE
5.680
NITROGEN
NITROUS OXIDE 3.515
5.700
OXYGEN
SULPHUR DIOXIDE 1.950

paramagnetic oxygen Analyzer.

type gas analyzer:-This analyzer is a dumbbell type coexisting gases,
D. Paramagnetic of oxygen gas is larger than
the magnetic susceptibility
on that such as
not have a heating part
Because this analyzer is based coexisting gases. The detector does
unaffected by principle of
stable measurement is ensured measuring the oxygen concentration in flammable gas. The
suited For measurement is
heater. Therefore, this analyzers magnetic property of oxygen molecules. Therefore,
measurement is dependent on the strong

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almost unaffected by other molecules weaker in magnetic propertythan oxygen. Some of its features are ds
follows:

1 Suited for measuring oxygen in flammable gas.

2 Small-sized and easy to handle.
3 Usable with awide range of power supplies.
4 output is linear.

Figure: Paramagnetic gas Analyzer

Suspension wire
Magnetic pole

2-consecutive ball
(Dumbbell) Feed back coil

Magnetic pole Reflecting mirror

Infrared ray source
Photo detector

RESULT:- WE PERFORM VARIOUS OPRATION BY GAS ANALYZER

O00D
2091

74
 Smte Hicteo
PRKCTCAt-20
AIMeSUSNAND U5t OFSMOKE-AAETER
THEORY The smokes of the engine exhaust fall under the category of visible emissions and are more irritating
and cause nuisance. Smoke is due to incomplete combustion., In Diesel engine smoke may be blue, white and black.
There are generaly two methods employed to measure smoke. They are comparison method and obscuration
method. An optical unit mounted inside ameasuring head and a separate electronic control unit works on the basis
of extinction detection. The collimated beam from light source is absorbed and scattered bythe particulate exhaust
emission. Aphotodiode determines the Light intensity of the attenuated beam and the corresponding opacity value
is transmitted to a remote display. Partial flow continuous gas samplingcombined with a heated and temperature
controlled smoke chamber compensate for change in pressure and test Conditions to give us the most accurate
reading possible. Diesel smoke particularly consists of aerosol,suspended in the exhaust steam in diesel engine. The
%opacity is the light source which is prevented to reach the light detector, which is expressed in %HSU (Hart ridge
smoke Unit). Also the smoke density is the function of the number of smoke particle per unit gas volume, the size
distribution of smoke particle, and the light absorbed and scattering property in any substance.

SMOKE METER PROCEDURE:

It shall consist of checking

use.
1) Suitability and label on the instrument for the intended
model, serial number, name and
2) ldentification of the instrument consisting of
and month of
address of the manufacturer, electrical power requirement, year
language.
manufacture and operating voltage range specified in English

3) Scale, resolution, display.

4) Peak hold facility.

5) Heating facility.
6) Calibration facility.

7) Printout specifications.

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8) Oil temperature sensor probe

9)Engine speed sensor clamp / attachment.

10) Documentation.

11)Checking of probe

SMOKE METER

Smoke measurement:The linearity of smoke measurement shall be checked at minimum 4 points (5 points to
include a full scale point, In case meter full scale corresponds to the total light(cut-off) including the zero point. This
willbe checked by three different neutral density filters of known value within + 0.05m-' in the specified range given
below, supplied by The smoke meter manufacturer or his representative along with Calibration Certificate from a
reputed organization. The neutral density filter shall have flat response (preferably within t2% tolerance in absolute
value) between the wavelength range 430 to 680 nm and the Response at spot frequency between 550 to 570 nm
as recommended by the manufacturer will be considered for linearity test. The test agency may decide to test the
accuracy of the filter prior to the test.

One filter having K<1m

One filter having Kbetween 1.5 and 2.5 m-'

One filter having K23 m

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Engine speed measurement:
The linearity of engine speed measurement shall be checked at minimum 4 points, which Shall include at least one
point, which is more than 80% of the required full scale range. The Linearity shall be checked using engine speed
measurement system with the accuracy of at Least + 3 rpm.

Oil temperature measurement:

The linearity of oil temperature measurement shall be checked at minimum 4 points, uniformly distributed over the
full-scale range. The linearity shall be checked using temperature measurement system, preferably oil bath, with the
accuracy of at least+0.5°C.

Drift: Both zero drift and span drift shall be checked for four hours with readings taken at Every half an hour interval.
Span drift shallbe tested using neutraldensity filter having light absorption coefficient in the range 1.5 to 2.5 m-!
Repeatability: Repeatability shal be checked five times with the neutral density filter having light absorption
coefficient in the range 1.5 to 2.5 m

Light Source: Check that with voltage variation specified in clause 1.18.1, the color temperature of the light source
is between 2800 to 3250 Kor verifies that a green light Emitting diode (LED) is used bychecking the spectral peak
between 550 and 570 nm.

Light Detector: check that the combined receiver and filter characteristics have a maximum Response in the
range 550to 570 nm, and less than 4% of that maximum response below 430 named above 680 nm, or verity that a
green LED Is used in conjunction with a photodiode; since the wavelength is set by the green light emitting diode
(LED). It is not necessary to check the Photodiode when used with a green light emitting diode (LED).

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 Physical Response Time: Smoke meter manufacturer or its representative shall provide Sufficient data and
sample calculations to verify the physical response time. Test agencies Will calculate the same at minimum and
maximum flow conditions based on this data.

Electrical Response Time: Smoke meter manufacturer or representative shall provide the sufficient supporting
documents to meet the specifications. Damping of the electrical Measuring circuit shall be checked by inserting the
neutral density filter having value Between to 2.5 m-!

Temperature: The smoke meter shallbe maintained at 278 Kand 323 Ktemperature. Span Reading with neutral
density filter having value between 1.5 to 2.5 m-' at both these Temperatures shall be within 0.1 m- from the
reading obtained at the room temperature of303 ± 2K

Vibration: The smoke meter shall be checked for the vibrations as per clause1.18.3Preferably with electrical power
'ON' condition. Aspan measurement with neutral density Filter having value between 1.5 to 2.5 m-,shall be taken
before and after the test and the Difference in the reading shall be within 0.1 m-'. In case the electrical power of the
Instrument is switched 'OFF the readings shall be taken after warming up and initial Calibration of the instrument.

RESULT:WE PERFORM VARIOUSTESTS BY SMOKE METER.

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