ME-2201 Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering

INTRODUCTION

M L Palash
PhD. & M. Eng. (KU, Japan), M. Sc. (DU, Bangladesh)

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

University of Dhaka
 Let’s know your course teacher first
Name: M. L. Palash Mujib Lenin Palash Mujib L. Palash
Degrees: ➢ Master of Science (MS) – Applied Physics, Electronics and Communication
Engineering, University of Dhaka (2006 –result published in 2010)
➢ Master of Engineering (MEng.) – Energy and Environmental Engineering,
Kyushu University, Japan (2017)
➢ Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) – Energy and Environmental Engineering, Kyushu
University, Japan (2020)
Area of expertise: ➢ Energy conversion and conservation
➢ Adsorption, material synthesis and characterization
➢ Green energy systems
Distinguish achievements: ➢ Works as research associate in 1) Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 2) Ritsumeiken Asia pacific University, Japan.
➢ Special training on Entrepreneurship at Hult Business School, UK.
➢ President award, Dean’s award, Young researcher awards winner
at Kyushu University Japan

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 Research fields and interests

To tackle the energy crisis and Industry Solar collector

environmental issues
Hot
water

Adsorption heat pump (AHP) systems being driven

by low-temperature industrial waste heat or solar Low-grade heat
heat offer as a promising alternative to
conventional system. Condenser Thermal
energy

Adsorption

Desorption
Electrical
energy
Expansion
Valve Mechanical
Compressor

Thermal
Evaporator Compressor

Adsorption heat pump (AHP)

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 Research Collaboration

SAHA
Advanced materials Laboratory Components, system & simulation

Algal Nutrients

Superfood

CO2

Fast algae cultivation Biofuel

Energy assessment and policy Algae, negative CO2 & biofuel

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 Current student activities on research
(0.3 L)
Uptake [g/g]
(Silica gel)
High uptake (0.6 L)
capacity (PIZOF-2)

Adsorbent
(2.0 L)
Solar heat is collected Cr-soc-MOF-1
and transferred to
Heat exchanger to Silica
desorb vapor High cycle stability
Zeolite
Condensation occur in
relatively cold plates MOF
Harvested water is stored
in a water reservoir 300

Regeneration Temp [˚C]

Low regeneration 200

MOF
temperature 100

Zeolite
Silica

801

841
0

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 Recent publications

Impact factor: 17.881 Impact factor: 13.273 Impact factor: 7.147 Impact factor: 7.053

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 My profile

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 Our Syllabus

Future courses
• EEE-3205 Material Science
• EEE-4233 Nanoelectronics
• EEE-4253 Power Plant
Engineering
• EEE-4271 Renewable
Energy Technology

Research

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 Expected knowledge

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 Concepts of Thermodynamics
➢ The most important concept in thermodynamics is “Temperature”.
➢ Temperature distinguishes thermodynamics from other
macroscopic branches of science such as geometrical optics,
mechanics, electricity and magnetism.
➢ Thermodynamics has a bearing on most branches of physics,
including elasticity, hydrodynamics, electrostatics and
electrodynamics.
➢ Temperature is important in all fields of natural science including
physics, geology, chemistry, atmospheric sciences, medicine and
biology as well as most aspects of daily life. (Source: Wikipedia)

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 First Law of Thermodynamics: Numerical Examples

Ex: 2.11 (Cengel): A fan that consumes 20 W of electric power when operating is claimed to
discharge air from a ventilated room at a rate of 0.25 kg/s at a discharge velocity of 8 m/s (Fig.
2–48). Determine if this claim is reasonable.

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Language of Thermodynamics: System, Boundary &
Surroundings
➢ The study of any special branch of natural
science starts with a separation of a
restricted region of space of a finite
portion of matter from its surroundings
by means of a closed surface called the
“Boundary”.
➢ The region of interest within the
“Boundary” is called the “System”.
➢ Anything outside the “System” that has a
direct bearing on the system is called the
“Surroundings”.
➢ Surrounding can be another system
➢ The boundary can be either “Physical” or
“Imaginary”.
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 An example of Thermodynamic System

Real system Schematic Phase diagram

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 An example of Thermodynamic System

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 An example of Thermodynamic System

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 Description of Systems

Once the system is identified, the next step is to describe it in terms

of quantities related to the behavior of the system or its interactions
with the surroundings or both.

Two views of approaches can be considered:

➢ Macroscopic Consider the variables or characteristics of

the system at approximately human scale or
larger

➢ Microscopic Consider the variables or characteristics of

the system at approximately molecular scale
or smaller

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 Macroscopic Point of view

❑ Mass, composition, volume, pressure & temperature refer to large

scale of aggregate properties of the system.
❑ These quantities are called macroscopic coordinates.

Properties of the macroscopic coordinates are:

➢ Involve no special assumptions on the structure of matter,

fields or radiation
➢ Only a few numbers of properties are required to describe
the system
➢ They are fundamental, and more or less directly by our
sensory perception
➢ They can be directly measured in general cases

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 Microscopic Point of view
❑ From the perspective of the microscopic, a system is considered to
consist of an enormous number of particles
❑ Each particle in the system is capable of existing in a set of states
with energies ε1, ε2, ....
❑ The interaction among particles involves collisions of forces
caused by fields
❑ The system of particles are considered to be embedded in a set of
similar systems or ensemble systems
❑ Statistical mechanics is applied to find the number of particles in
microscopic energy state
Properties of the microscopic coordinates are:
➢ Assumptions on the structure of matter, fields or are made
➢ Cannot be suggested by our sensory perception, needs mathematical models
➢ They cannot be directly measured, but calculated

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 Scope of Classical Thermodynamics
❑ In thermodynamics, the interior of the system is always the
interest.
❑ A macroscopic view is adopted emphasizing on the macroscopic
quantities affecting the internal state of the system.
❑ Such macroscopic quantities are called thermodynamic
coordinates.
❑ Thermodynamic coordinates are employed to determine the
internal energy of a system.
❑ Thus, the purpose of thermodynamics is to evaluate
thermodynamic coordinates and their relations consistent with
the fundamental laws.

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Language of Thermodynamics: Phase diagram

❑ The relationship between the

parameters of state can be
represented by the state surface in a
system of coordinates (T, p, v) along
whose axes the values of these
parameters are laid off.
❑ The projection of this
thermodynamic surface on the
coordinate planes (p-v, p-T) are
called phase diagrams of substances

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 Thermodynamics Contacts
❑ Direct bearings (interaction) on the
system or between the systems are
achieved via thermodynamic
contacts.
Types of interactions
➢ Mechanical interaction:
▪ Interaction by mechanical or
electromagnetic forces results in work
done.
➢ Thermal interaction:
▪ Interaction that results in the exchange of
energy in the form of heat transfer.
➢ Mass interaction:
▪ Interaction that involves the exchange of
matter across the boundary.

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 Types of Thermodynamics Systems
❑ Based on the types and nature of the
interaction, thermodynamic systems
can be classified as:

➢ Isolated system
➢ Closed system
➢ Open system

❑ Clear idea on the system,

surroundings and boundary is the
first step and crucial in successful
and correct analysis

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 Types of Thermodynamics Systems

Isolated system Closed system Open system

Thermos flux Water boiler

Plastic water bottle

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 Example of closed systems

Gas trapped within a piston

cylinder device Pressure cooker Incandescent bulb

Refrigerator Electrolytic battery

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 A Special Case of Open System:
Adiabatic System

Adiabatic O X O

Example: Insulated turbines, throttle valves, water pumps, water

turbines, insulated heat exchangers
Properties:
➢ The interior surface of the device forms the control surface
➢ Fluid enters and leaves the control surface
➢ The energy other than heat energy can enter or leave the control
surface and heat transfer is negligible at its outer control surface
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 Example of Adiabatic Systems

Water pump Insulated heat exchanger

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Property
Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Every system has
certain characteristics by which its physical condition may be
described.
Example: volume, pressure, temperature, velocity, viscosity, thermal
conductivity, modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion,
resistivity, elevation, etc.
The salient features of a thermodynamic property are the following:
(a) A property is a measurable characteristic, describing the state of a system.
(b) It has a definite value when the system is in a particular state.
(c) It also helps to distinguish one system from another.
(d) The magnitude of a property depends on the state of the system, and it is
independent of the path or route followed by a system during a process.
(e) A property is an exact differential.

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Property
The differential quantity of a property P is designated as dP, and its
integral between states 1 and 2 of the system is:

Condition for exact differential:

Example of exact differential:

2 xydx + ( x + 3 y )dy = 0
2 2

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Property
Solution:

Try to do it: Find out the following quantity is a thermodynamic property or not:

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Property

Types of properties:

Intensive • Independent of the mass

of the system
• Not additive
• If the system is divided
into parts, each maintain
equilibrium (Key concept)

Extensive • Depend on the mass of the

system
• Additive

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Property

Make a chart of your own

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 Language of Thermodynamics: State
The thermodynamic state is the condition of the system as
characterized by certain thermodynamic properties like pressure,
temperature, specific volume, etc.

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Path
When a gas expands in the cylinder, the piston moves outward, the
properties of a system change and the system reaches to the new
state 2. It is called a change of state.

A locus of series of states through

which a system passes between initial
and final states is called a path.

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Process

❑ If at least one of the state properties/coordinates/variables of the

system changes, the state of the system changes, too, and it is said to
have thermodynamic process takes place.
❑ In other words, when a process takes place within a system, at least
one state properties of the system changes.
❑ In another description, a process has taken place if a difference in
any macroscopic property of the thermodynamic system is observed
at two different times.
❑ A system undergoes a process when the state changes from one
equilibrium condition to another.
❑ Thermodynamic limits itself to the changes of the system for the
initial and final states.

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Process

1. A process undergone by a fluid in a closed system, is referred as a non-flow

process.
2. A process undergone by a fluid in an open system is referred as a flow process.
3. When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains almost
infinitesimally close to equilibrium, such a process is called a quasi-static process.
4. A process is called a reversible process if it once has been taken place between two
states, can be reversed to restore the system to initial conditions without leaving any
effect on the surroundings. It passes through a series of equilibrium states.
5. A process which cannot be reversed by the same path, and follows in one direction
only is called an irreversible process. It passes through a series of non equilibrium
states.
6. When a system undergoes a process, while enclosed by an adiabatic wall (ideal
insulator), the system does not experience any heat exchange between the system
and its surroundings. Such a process is called an adiabatic process.

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Process

Process Constant
Isothermal Temperature
Isobaric Pressure
Isochoric Volume
Isentropic Entropy
Isenthalpic Enthalpy

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Process
work = force  displacement w = f .ds
Similarly in Thermodynamics energy/work can be expressed by the
multiplication of two thermodynamic properties.
Thermodynamic energy = intensive property x d (extensive property)
These pairs are known as conjugate pairs/variables
❑ Process in conjugate pairs (The product of two quantities that are
conjugate has units of energy or sometimes power.)
➢ p‒v(Isobaric process, isochoric process)-Mechanical parameters
➢ T‒s(Isothermal, isentropic)-Thermal parameters
➢ μ-N(chemical potential, Particle Number)-Material parameters
Internal Energy:

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Process
(conjugate pairs)

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Cycle

➢ A cycle is a process where the initial and final states of the system
are identical.
➢ A series of two or more thermodynamic processes that bring the
system back to the initial state is called a cycle.
➢ At least two processes are required to get a thermodynamic cycle.

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 Language of Thermodynamics: Equilibrium
A system is said to be in equilibrium state when there is no unbalance
potential (driving force) within the system. It means that the intensive
properties are same throughout the entire system and there is no
tendency for a change of state.
Types of equilibrium:
Thermal equilibrium: No temperature difference.
Mechanical equilibrium: No pressure difference.
Phase equilibrium: No phase change.
Chemical equilibrium: No Chemical reaction.
An isolated system has no interaction with its surroundings and is
always in internal equilibrium. When any one of the above conditions
of equilibrium are not satisfied, the system is not considered to be in
thermodynamic equilibrium.
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