(2024) Full-Length-Test-1-Solutions

MGP 2024 (Cohort 1)
Full Length Test #1 – Solution
Instruction to Students
Answers provided in this booklet exceed the word limit so as to also act as source of
good notes on the topic.
Candidates must focus on the keywords mentioned in the answers and build answers
around them. Elaborate answers are given with the purpose that candidates
understand the topic better.
We have also adopted a grey box approach to provide context wherever necessary,
which is not to be considered a part of the answer.
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Q.1) "The art of painting in India has a rich and diverse history, with works that are not only aesthetically
beautiful, but also offer insights into the social, cultural, and political contexts in which they were
created." Elaborate.
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief description of the rich history of paintings in India. Mention
its utility as aesthetic delight and source of history. In the body of the answer, first discuss the aesthetic
aspects of Indian paintings. Then discuss the social, cultural, and political history that can be inferred from
paintings. Conclude by describing Indian paintings as an interplay between art and history.
The art of painting in India has a captivating and extensive history that spans thousands of years. Indian
paintings not only give aesthetic delights but also act as a source of social, cultural, and political history.
The aesthetic beauty of the art of painting in India is as follows:

1. Ornamentation: The paintings are decorated with splendid jewellery and life-like expressions.
The paintings themselves are intended to enhance the beauty and grace of the place. E.g., the Cave
paintings at Ajanta.
2. Vivid colors: Use of vivid colours make the Indian paintings vibrant and robust. E.g., the use of
bold and bright colors is a distinguishing feature of Warli paintings.
3. Distinct form: Painting styles have unique forms, such as elongated faces and eyes in Kishangarh
paintings.
4. Artistic acumen: Mastery of form in depiction of humans or animals prove the evolved status of
the art. E.g., minimalism in rock paintings at Bhimbetka.
5. Use of symbolism: Indian paintings often incorporate symbolic elements. E.g., sexual motifs such
as lotus aripana in Madhubani paintings.
The art of painting offers the following contextual insights:

1. Social Context:
a) Portrayal of social hierarchy: Paintings reflect the social hierarchy, such as traditional gender
roles of men and women in Rajasthani miniatures.
b) Nationalism: National awakening shaped the works of the Bengal School artists who sought to
create a national style of painting. E.g., Bharat Mata by Abanindranath Tagore.
c) Paintings offer insights into the daily lives of people, such as the themes of nature in Gond
paintings.
d) Occupations: Importance of cattle rearing can be perceived from depiction of cattle heroes
called Bhomias in Phad paintings.
2. Cultural context:
a) Bhakti tradition: The influence of Pushtimarga on Rajasthani miniatures is visible in the
themes of Krishna Lila.
b) Artistic Influences: Indian paintings have been shaped by centuries of indigenous traditions,
regional influences as well as imported styles. E.g., the strong Persian influence on the
Mughal miniatures.
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3. Political context:
a) The political presence of Sultans in Gujarat, Mandu, Jaunpur etc. can be deduced from the
depiction of architectural elements like domes and arches in Jain manuscript paintings.
b) Propaganda: Paintings were used to project political strength. E.g., ‘the Jahangir’s dream’
painting depicts Jahangir standing on a lion while the Persian emperor Shah Abbas is shown
standing on sheep to depict the former’s superiority.
c) Patronage by distinct rulers and nobles shaped distinct styles. E.g., the development of the
Rajasthani miniatures at the Rajput courts or the Company style under European patrons.
Indian paintings offer a multi-dimensional view of the country's rich heritage. The aesthetics, subject
matter, and techniques highlight the artistic achievements and the intricate interplay between art and
history. (434 words)
Q.2) “Without the participation and contributions of women, the Indian national movement could not
have achieved the successes it did.” In this perspective, analyze the role of women in the Indian national
movement.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the meaning of Indian National Movement. In the body of the
answer, discuss the role of women in the Indian Freedom Struggle. Next, analyse why women’s role could not
reach its possible potential. Conclude the answer by impressing on the exemplary role of women in
actualising the freedom struggle.
Indian national movement refers to the freedom struggle waged by the people of India against the
despotic colonial rule. The role of women in the Indian national movement can be seen from:
1. Revolt of 1857:
a. Rani Laxmibai (Jhansi) became a symbol of resistance against colonial suppression.
b. Begum Hazrat Mahal (Lucknow) fiercely defended the sovereignty of her minor son
during the revolt of 1857.
2. Political/national Leadership:
a. Annie Besant became the first woman president of the Indian National Congress (1917,
Calcutta). Besant’s Home Rule League provided new energy/direction the freedom
struggle.
b. Sarojini Naidu provided vital leadership during the Dharsana salt march. She also
presided over the Kanpur session of 1925.
c. Madame Bhikaji Cama hoisted the precursor of national flag in Germany.
d. Rani Gaidinliu fought to drive out the British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga
areas.
e. Basanti Devi courted arrest during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
f. Captain Laxmi Sehgal leaded the Rani of Jhansi regiment in the INA.
g. During Quit India Movement: Usha Mehta started underground radio; Aruna Asif Ali
hoisted the national flag.
3. Revolutionary activities:
a. Bina Das shot point blank at the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson.
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b. Revolutionaries like Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutta etc., took part in the Chitagong
Armoury raid.
c. Suniti Chaudhary and Santi Ghose assassinated the District Magistrate of Comilla.
4. Social welfare:
a. Sarla Devi Chaudhurani promoted women education through Bharat Stree
Mahamandal.
b. Ramabai Ranade founded the Ladies Social Conference to mainstream the issues of
women.
c. Pandita Ramabai Saraswati founded Arya Mahila Samaj.
d. Margret cousins formed the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) to promote the ideas
of social justice, integrity etc.
Even though women contributed immensely towards the freedom struggle, their role was limited, as:
1. Women had to tide against the deep entrenched patriarchy in the society. E.g., social ills like
purdah system, taboo associated with widowhood etc.
2. Women had very low representation in the frontline of the leadership. E.g., It was only in 1917
that congress elected a woman president (Annie Besant).
3. Lack of educational opportunities translated into a barrier for the women to enter the legislative
domain.
4. The substantial role of women was arguably susceptible to be overshadowed by the dominating
presence of their male counterparts. E.g., presence of charismatic male leaders like Bal Gangadhar
Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawahar Lal Nehru etc.
5. Despite the call for social reforms, only little actually transpired on the ground. E.g., K C Sen
married his daughter to the minor Maharaja of Cooch Bihar; Bal Gangadhar Tilak opposed age of
consent bill etc.
Indian national movement laid the foundation for not only India’s political independence but also for a
welfare state post-independence. Towards this end, the exemplary contribution of women was second
to none. (455 words)
Q.3) Examine the essential principles of the Subsidiary Alliance system. Assess its contribution in
making the British the paramount authority in India.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining subsidiary alliance system. In the body of the answer, discuss
the essential features of the subsidiary alliance system. In the next part of the body, bring out the
chronological steps in which the system progressed. Next, assess the role of subsidiary alliance system in
making the British the paramount power. Conclude the answer how this system was one of the factors behind
the mutiny of 1857.
Subsidiary Alliance system was a policy of supporting a friendly native ruler with troops in his wars and
battles in exchange for money or territory. Essential features of subsidiary alliance as adopted and
further refined by Lord Wellesley, in 1798, can be seen as:
1. The state would accept permanent stationing of British force in their territory and pay for its
maintenance.
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2. A British resident would be appointed in the court of the native ruler.

3. The seminal condition of Subsidiary alliance was non-employment of other Europeans in
service without the consultation of the EIC.
4. The Indian ruler could neither not go to war nor negotiate with any Indian ruler without the
permission of the Governor General.
5. Under the subsidiary alliance, the native ruler would surrender foreign relations to the EIC.
The subsidiary alliance system worked in chronological phases, as seen from:

1. Firstly, the EIC helped a friendly native ruler with its troops in their wars and battles.
2. Secondly, the EIC made common cause with the native Indian state and the company’s troops
fought along with soldiers of the State in wars against the enemy.
3. Thirdly, the Indian ally was to supply money but not the troops, which were now provided by the
company.
4. Lastly, Indian ally was asked to cede parts of territory if the state failed to pay the protection fee
in stipulated time.
The relevance of subsidiary alliance system in making the British the paramount power can be assessed
as:
Helped Colonial interests Complementary factors
1. Native rulers ceded their 1. The British had the service of brilliant military
territory and helped the company leaders. E.g., Robert Clive, Wellesley, Dalhousie etc.
expand its dominions in India. 2. The loss of French in the Anglo-Carnatic wars
2. This system helped the Company to gave a major fillip to British colonial interests.
effectively counter possible French E.g., Dupleix was called back from India.
incursion, during Napoleon era, in India. 3. The rampant corruption in the courts of Indian
3. Indian rulers immediately lost rulers helped the EIC. E.g., easy victories in the
sovereignty in external matters and battle of Plassey and the battle of Buxar etc.
gradually became subservient to the 4. Other factors:
British resident who interfered in a. Rule of law in Britain and innovative use of
internal matters also. debt instruments ensured adequate
4. Company could station its forces at finance.
strategic locations and keep their b. Superior arms, and military strategy.
European/Indian adversaries at bay. c. Fair selection system for administrators
5. Indian rulers became weak and and military personnel.
irresponsible, ceasing to be a challenge d. Minimum interference in the company
for the Britishers. affairs by the crown.
Though a shot in the arm for the British, immoral/illegal expansion under this system was one of the
factors that led to the revolution of 1857. (455 words)
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Q.4) “The attainment of political independence in 1947 was a watershed moment in Indian history, but it
did not mean an end to the struggles for economic and cultural freedom.” Discuss.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining political independence. In the body of the answer, discuss why
political independence was a watershed moment. Next, discuss the economic and cultural struggles faced by
the country post-independence. Conclude by stressing on the imperative to achieve and maintain cultural
diversification and economic inclusion.
The political independence gained by India in 1947 refers to the end of the colonial rule in the country
which was brought forth by the Indian Independence Act of the 1947. The attainment of the political
independence can said to be a watershed moment as:
1. Political independence ended the British rule in India, culminating India’s national struggle to
come out from the colonial yoke.
2. Unification of Princely states was a defining phase for the unity and integrity of the country.
3. India embarked on its journey towards the realisation of a welfare state through the ideals of
democracy, republicanism, secularism, and sovereignty etc.
4. The partition of the Indian subcontinent continues to be an enduring legacy of political
independence.
Even though attainment of political independence was a watershed, it was but a beginning towards larger
economic and cultural struggles, as can be seen from:
1. Economic struggle:
a. Poor implementation of land reforms failed to ameliorate the problems of rural poverty.
b. Post independence, India had to grapple with the elemental issue of food security. E.g.,
Import of food grains led to a ship to mouth condition (PL-480 programme).
c. Factors such as narrow manufacturing base combined with policy of import substitution
led to the Hindu rate of growth. Further, external challenges like 1962 war impacted
economic plans (FYP).
d. In 1991, India had to face a BoP crisis, which in turn necessitated the LPG reforms.
e. As per experts, economic inequality and jobless growth in the country is detrimental to
the demographic dividend. E.g., as per a report, in India, 5% of the population own more
than 60% of the country’s wealth.
f. Skewed growth pattern (unbalanced regional development) has led to stress migration.
E.g., during covid crisis jobless migrants faced existential crisis.
g. Limited engagement of India in global trade. E.g., absence of FTAs with major trading
partners.
2. Cultural struggle:
a. Post independence linguistic strife were palpable. E.g., opposition to Hindi language by
Southern states even in present times.
b. Forced mainstreaming of marginalised sections. E.g., loss of tribal literature, neglect of
indigenous religious practices.
c. Rapid pace of globalisation has had overwhelming impact on domestic culture. E.g.,
Indian traditional wears like turban, dhoti, gamcha etc., are facing oblivion.
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d. Deepening of communal cleavages have undermined the objectives cultural pluralism.

e. As per critics, tyranny of majority has amplified cultural subjugation of a few by many.
E.g., forced conversions, restrictions on dietary practices etc.
f. Orthodox practices and traditions continue to be societal drag. E.g., child marriages, son
meta preference, caste bias, opposition to same-sex marriages etc.
g. Absence of a UCC often creates legal confusion.
Post independence, India has overcome many impediments, however, concerted efforts are needed tackle
the considerable challenges in the way of achieving economic inclusion and cultural diversification. (455
words)
Q.5) Buddha’s teachings can help in understanding and resolving the problems of today’s society. Do you
agree? Justify your answer.
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief explanation about the Buddha and his teachings. In the body of
the answer, discuss how Buddha’s teachings can help in understanding and resolving the problem of today’s
society. Lastly, discuss limitations of Buddha’s teachings for addressing contemporary challenges. Conclude
with the importance of Buddhism-inspired moderation in modern approaches to issues.
Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, lived over two and a half thousand years ago in ancient India.
The Buddha's teachings are centred on the Four Noble Truths, which describe the nature of suffering, its
cause, its cessation, and the path leading to its cessation.
Despite the passage of time, Buddha’s teachings continue to have relevance for understanding and
resolving the problems of today’s society in the following ways:
1. Extremism and War: Buddha’s middle path evades extremist and fundamentalist approach. It is
applicable for not only religion and personal aspects but wider social and international issues.
E.g., Russia-Ukraine conflict, radicalisation, terrorism etc.
2. Social Inequality: The Buddha's teachings on the interdependence of all beings offer a powerful
antidote to rising social inequality in modern society. Interconnectedness entails that we treat
others through fair and just means.
3. Mental health issues:
a) The First Noble Truth states that suffering is a part of life. Understanding that suffering is an
intrinsic part of the human experience can help us accept and deal with difficult emotions.
b) The Fourth Noble Truth outlines the path to the cessation of suffering. By following the
Eightfold Path, we can cultivate mindfulness and compassion to reduce our suffering.
4. Environmental Challenges: Buddha's teachings emphasize moderation and mindful
consumption. In a consumer-driven society facing environmental challenges, these teachings
encourage individuals to reflect on their consumption patterns, reduce waste, and make choices
that promote environmental sustainability.
5. Happiness: Buddha taught that true happiness comes from inner peace and contentment.
Reducing our attachment to material things such as obsession with GDP growth can direct us
towards aspects of inner growth for a happier world.
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While Buddha’s teachings are of immense value, they may not be applicable to all modern-day problems
as discussed below:
1. Buddha’s teachings were developed in a specific historical and cultural context. E.g., the concept
of non-attachment is not practical for all, especially in the developing world as people need a
drive to pursue even development goals like improving living standards.
2. Buddha’s teachings may not be sufficient to address complex social issues such as malnutrition
and gender-inequality.
3. Buddhist societies are not immune to social and political problems. E.g., countries like Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, Thailand etc. suffer from widespread issues of corruption, authoritarianism, and
human rights violations.
In conclusion we can say that Buddha's teachings offer valuable insights for personal as well as social well-
being. The timeless principles can induce moderation in modern approaches towards inner and outer
world, reduce violence and salvage intergenerational equity. (419 words)
Q.6) “Poverty has a woman’s face.” What do you understand by feminization of poverty? What role can
women empowerment play in poverty reduction?
Approach: Introduce the answer with brief description of feminization of poverty. In the body of the answer,
first explain the feminization of poverty. In the second part of the answer, discuss the role women
empowerment can play in poverty reduction. Conclude with need for a just and equitable society.
The term "feminization of poverty" refers to the disproportionate and increasing burden of poverty that
women experience compared to men. Feminization of poverty gives poverty a woman’s face as women,
particularly those in marginalized groups, are more affected by poverty as they face more significant
economic, social, and cultural barriers to economic empowerment.
The feminization of poverty gives poverty a woman’s face in the following ways:
1. Gendered Opportunities: Women's poverty is compounded by their lack of access to education,
healthcare, and economic opportunities. E.g., dropping out of school due to early marriage.
2. Lack of Ownership: Women remain at the margins of family’s financial decision-making process
which leads to lack of socio-economic agency. It leads towards asset poverty and lack of property
rights.
3. Gender-based violence: Women’s economic choices are limited by threats of violence and
concerns of safety. It acts as a structural barrier to ending poverty. E.g., limited working hours,
lower wages.
4. Gendered Migration: Migration of men to cities leave women behind in the less productive
agricultural economy. It exposes women to sectoral issues through feminization of agriculture.
Women empowerment has a crucial role in poverty reduction in the following ways:
1. Health and Education: When women have more control over their lives, they are more likely to
make developmental choices that help their families break the cycle of poverty. E.g., increased
expenditure on education and nutrition.
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2. Economic Status: Women, when empowered, are better able to improve the economic status of
their families than men. E.g., role of SHGs in financial inclusion.
3. Societal Benefits: When women have equal access to education, skills, and economic
opportunities, they create intergenerational effects on economic growth and poverty reduction
through positive ripple effects on families, communities, and society. E.g., reduction in child
marriages lowers population growth.
4. Economic Growth: Female labour force participation rate (LFPR), which is much lower than men
(20% vs 74%). Women empowerment entails increasing female LFPR would propel economic
growth by addressing problems of skill shortage. Economic growth is the biggest antidote to
poverty.
5. Social Justice: Giving women equal rights, access, and opportunities helps address intersectional
disabilities. It challenges discrimination and fosters a more equitable society where everyone
has a fair chance to thrive.
6. Inclusive policies: Women's political participation can lead to the implementation of inclusive,
gender-responsive policies that contribute to poverty reduction. E.g., nutrition-sensitive
interventions.
Women's empowerment is key to address poverty and not just its gendered face. By prioritizing women's
empowerment, we can create a more just and equitable society for all. Concerted efforts from
government, society, families, and individuals are needed to eliminate gender discrimination. (435 words)
Q.7) Globalization involves a complex exchange of cultural influences, where local identities are
transformed by global forces, while global culture in turn is shaped by local identities. Discuss.
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining globalisation. In the body of the answer, discuss how
globalisation has shaped local identities. Next, discuss how local practices have shaped global culture.
Conclude by stressing on the importance of globalization in creating a glocalized culture, and the need to
weed out negative externalities from globalisation.
As per Anthony Giddens, globalization can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations
which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice versa. Globalization shapes local identities, as:
1. Family:
a. Under the influence of globalization, there is a rise in number of nuclear families. E.g.,
increased rural-urban migration leading to break up of joint families.
b. Increased brain drain has reinforced the empty nest syndrome. E.g., young
students/professionals migrating to foreign lands.
c. Women becoming co-breadwinners. Parallelly there is an increased awareness about the
women rights.
d. Increase in breakdown of families. E.g., Forbes report revealed that the number of
divorces has gone up from 1 in 1,000 to 13 in 1,000 over the last decade.
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2. Jobs:
a. Globalization has led to enhanced competition in the labor market, leading to
unemployment (jobless growth) among unskilled workers.
b. Automation of the industries have made the workers a mere cog in the wheel, inhibiting
intellectual growth.
c. The search for cheap labor has shifted the production/manufacturing base towards the
developing countries, distorting traditional agrarian occupation. E.g., textile industries in
Bangladesh, Vietnam etc.
3. Tradition/culture:
a. Local/indigenous languages are facing the risk of extinction. E.g., usage of English has
marginalized languages like Kumaoni, Gorkhali, Sanskrit etc.
b. Local cuisines, celebrations, clothings etc., show distinct foreign influence. E.g., cutting
cakes on birthday, Macdonaldization and Denimisation of food and clothing habits
respectively.
4. Conceptualization of self: As per experts, under the influence of western ideas, the
conceptualization of individual identity is going through a paradigm shift. E.g., increase in
assertion of LGBTQIA+ identities; demands for legalization of same-sex marriage etc.
5. Seeking Validation: Global forces have disproportionately increased our urge to seek validation
from the West. E.g., an Academy Award winning movie will be seen superior to a National Award-
winning movie.
The local identities also play a major role in shaping global culture, as can be seen from:
1. Salutations: Local identities have the potential to alter the way people greet each other. E.g.,
during and post covid19 crisis, Indian way of greeting by saying Namaste with folded hands gained
traction.
2. Festivals: As a result of globalization local festivals gain global attention. E.g., celebration of Diwali
in white house
3. Racial acceptability: Forces of globalization have brought local practices on global stage. E.g.,
Sikh allowed to wear turban in armies of several western countries.
4. Soft power: Global forces have made local values an instrument of soft power. E.g., celebration
of world yoga day.
Dynamic flux between people, culture, ideas, and values have created a gloacalised (gloabal + local)
culture. However, fine tuning of globalization is needed to weed out negative externalities like
inequalities, mariginalisation of local cultures etc. (455 words)
Q.8) Why is Mediterranean climate different from China-type climate despite being on the similar
latitude? Also explain how the differences in climate affect life and economic activities in the region.
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief description of the Mediterranean climate and China-type
climate. In the body of the answer, first enlist the differences between the Mediterranean climate and China-
type climate. In the second part of the body of the answer, explain how the differences in climate affect life
and economic activities. Conclude with the continued effect of climate on life in respective regions.
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Mediterranean climates are found along the western coasts of continents, with mild, wet winters and
hot, dry summers, while China-type climates encompass temperate monsoon characteristics along with
distinct seasons.
The differences between the Mediterranean climate and the China-type climate, despite being on similar
latitudes, can be attributed to the following factors:
Mediterranean Climate China-type Climate

1. Mediterranean Climate develops on the warm 1. China-type climate develops on the warm
temperate western margin of the continent. temperate eastern margin of the continent.
2. The Mediterranean region is characterized by a 2. China-type climate is shaped by the ocean on
large body of water such as the Mediterranean the east and vast continent on the west.
Sea and rugged, mountainous terrain. 3. The interior regions have dry conditions due
3. The proximity to large water bodies moderates to rain shadow effect and greater
temperature extremes and provides moisture temperature variations due to being distant
for precipitation during the cooler months from the moderating oceans.
4. Rains are due to southwards shift of ITCZ and 4. Rains are due to seasonal reversal of
associated movement of westerlies. monsoon winds caused by the differences in
5. There are no rains in summer as prevailing temperature and pressure between the
trade winds are off-shore and westerlies shift Asian landmass and the Pacific Ocean.
poleward. 5. The East Asian monsoon brings warm and
6. In the winter, the westerlies become onshore moist air from the Pacific Ocean during the
due to southward shift, allowing for the influx summer.
6. In the winter, the monsoon winds reverse,
of moist air from the ocean. The region
bringing cold and dry air from the
experiences cool and wet conditions.
continent.
The differences in climate affect life and economic activities in the regions in the following ways:
1. Agriculture: Mediterranean climates are favourable for the cultivation of crops like olives, grapes,
and citrus fruits. China-type climates support the growth of crops like rice, wheat, and corn.
2. Water Resources: Mediterranean regions often face water scarcity during the dry summers. In
China-type climates, water resources are influenced by the variations in monsoon precipitation
between seasons.
3. Tourism: The Mediterranean climate's pleasant weather and scenic coasts have made it a popular
tourist destination. In contrast, China's diverse climate types offers tourism activities in
mountainous regions for hiking and cultural attractions throughout the country.
4. Natural Disasters: The dry conditions in the summer make the Mediterranean region susceptible
to wildfires. In China-type climate, the monsoon season brings heavy rains and floods to many
areas, which can damage crops and disrupt transportation.
The differences between Mediterranean and China-type climates continue to shape life and economic
activities in the respective regions. (446 words)
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Q.9) Describe the various types of fronts and their role in formation of extra-tropical cyclones.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining fronts. In the body of the answer, explain various types of
fronts. Next, discuss the role that fronts play in the formation of extra-tropical cyclones. Conclude the answer
by highlighting a few unique characteristics of extra-tropical cyclones.
Front can be described as a sloping boundary which separates two opposing air masses having
contrasting characteristics in terms of air temperature, humidity, density, pressure, and wind direction.
The process of creation of new fronts or regeneration of old and decaying fronts already in existence is
called frontogenesis. Various types of fronts can be studied as:
1. Warm Front:
a. Warm air mass moves towards the cold air mass, creating a warm front.
b. Warm and light air becomes active and aggressive and rises slowly over cold and dense
air.
2. Cold Front:
a. Cold air mass moves towards the warm air mass, its contact zone is called the cold front.
b. Here, cold air becomes active and aggressive and invades the warm air territory, forcibly
uplifting the warm and light air.
3. Stationary front: Stationary front is formed when two contrasting air masses converge in such a
way that they become parallel to each other and there is no ascent of air.
4. Occluded front: Occluded front is formed when cold front overtakes warm front and warm air
is completely displaced from the ground surface.
The role of fronts in formation of extra-tropical cyclones can be as studied:

1. As per the polar front theory (aka wave theory, bergen
theory), the polar fronts created due to convergence of
two contrasting air masses viz. warm, moist and light
tropical airmasses (westerly winds) and cold, and dense
polar air masses are responsible for the origin and
development of temperate cyclones.
2. Initially, when the process begins, the front is
stationary. In the northern hemisphere, warm air and
cold air blows from south and north respectively.
3. In second stage, unstable fronts are formed. Warm and
cold air masses penetrate the territories of each other,
forming a wave like front.
4. At third stage, a well-developed extra tropical cyclone, Figure: Extra tropical cyclone
with a warm and a cold front is developed. It consists of
pockets of warm air sandwiched between the forward and rear cold sector of the cold air. The
warm air being light glides over the cold air and condensation occur. It creates a sequence of
clouds ahead of the warm front, causing precipitation.
5. Next, the warm sector is narrowed in extent due to the advancement of cold front at faster rate
than warm front, and cold front comes nearer to warm front.
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6. Lastly, advancing cold overtakes the warm front and occluded front is formed. Finally, warm
sector completely disappears, occluded front is eliminated and ultimately cyclone dies out.
The temperate cyclones produced along polar front travel from west to east (as opposed to tropical
cyclones) under the influence of the westerlies and yield widespread precipitation over large area. The
effect is less pronounced in the summer seasons due to the weakening of the temperature contrast. (455
words)
Q.10) Discuss the factors behind distribution of global palm oil production. Why does India depend on
palm oil imports despite having conditions suitable for its cultivation?
Approach: Introduce the answer with brief description of palm oil cultivation and India’s import-dependence.
In the first part of the body of the answer, list the factors behind distribution of global palm oil production.
Next, discuss the reasons for India’s import dependence. Conclude with mention of government initiatives to
promote indigenous production of palm oil.
Palm oil is a widely produced vegetable oil. It has domestic as well as industrial applications. India imports
nearly 60% of its palm oil demand.
The distribution of global palm oil production is influenced by the following factors:
1. Tropical Climate: Palm oil is predominantly produced in tropical regions as it requires high
temperatures, abundant rainfall, and a relatively consistent climate throughout the year.
Countries within the equatorial belt account for around 85% of global production due to ideal
climatic conditions for palm cultivation.
2. Land Availability: Palm cultivation requires allocation of a significant amount of land. Countries
such as Indonesia and Malaysia have been able to allocate substantial areas for palm plantations
by clearing rainforests.
3. Technological advancements: The adoption of new technologies, such as high-yielding oil palm
varieties and mechanized harvesting techniques result in high oil yield per unit of land compared
to other oilseed crops. Better economic viability leads to increased production from palm
cultivating regions.
4. Government Policies: Countries with supportive policies, infrastructure development, and
investment in research & development have been successful in promoting palm oil cultivation and
production. E.g., increased demand due to bio-diesel mandate in Indonesia.
5. Market demand: The global demand for palm oil is coming from a range of industries, including
food, cosmetics, and biofuels. With increasing consumer demand for palm oil products, countries
with favourable climates are likely to increase their production of palm oil.
India has a diverse climate with suitable tropical conditions for palm cultivation in Northeast and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. But India depends on palm oil imports due to the following reasons:
1. Land availability: The availability of land is limited due to rice-wheat dominance, growing
population, and urbanization. Equatorial climate regions are limited to a few pockets.
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2. Low productivity: Palm oil production in India is relatively low due to lack of high-yielding
varieties of oil palm, low investment in research and development, and inefficient farming
practices.
3. Production cost: Lower productivity, and higher input costs increases the cost of producing palm
oil in India. Economic viability is weaker than in Indonesia and Malaysia.
4. Environmental Concern: Allocating areas for palm cultivation might require clearing forests in
biodiversity hotspots such as the Indo-Burma region, the Western Ghats and the Sundaland.
5. Domestic demand: India has a rapidly growing population, and the demand for edible oils is high.
This increasing domestic demand cannot be met by domestic production alone.
Achieving self-sufficiency in palm oil production remains a complex task. Government initiatives such as
National Mission on Edible Oil (Oil Palm) and support through subsidies, research and extension services
etc. are helpful interventions that will take time to materialise. (444 words)
Q.11) When it comes to Indian culture, few symbols are as enduring and ubiquitous as the elephant and
the lotus. Elaborate this statement with examples.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the importance of symbols in Indian culture. In the body of
the answer, discuss the importance of elephant and lotus symbols in India’s culture. Conclude the answer by
emphasising the nature of Indian culture as a grand salad bowl and the essence of the symbols of lotus and
elephant in it.
Symbols are an integral element of the Indian culture and have spiritual, mythological, and
representational significance. In India’s rich and diverse cultural background, the importance of the
symbols of Elephant and lotus can be seen from:
1. Paintings:
a. Depiction of elephants can be found in the wall paintings of Bhimbetka, showing the rich
antiquity of the elephants in Indian culture.
b. Elephant and lotus are seminal features of Ajanta caves. E.g., Bodhistava Padampani
holding a lotus.
c. Elephants are prominently present in Mughal paintings depicting battle scenes, hunting
scenes etc.
d. Lotus symbols are commonly found in the paintings of medieval era. E.g., Bani Thani of
Kishangarh school.
2. Religious significance:
a. In Hinduism, religious deities are associated with the symbols of elephant and lotus. E.g.,
Lord Ganesha with an elephant head, Goddess Lakshmi is shown sitting on a Lotus flower,
Goddess Saraswati is portrayed on a white lotus.
b. Airavat, the lord of elephants is considered to be the mount of Hindu deity Indra.
c. In Buddhist traditions, Padmanasambhav or the lotus born is a highly revered deity.
d. In Jainism, the philosophy of Anekantwad is described using an elephant.
3. Literature:
a. The reference to Elephant can be found in the Indian literature. E.g., Asvathama in
Mahabharat.
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b. Gajendra moksha (Bhagvat Puran) tells the story of lord Vishnu saving an elephant from
crocodile.
4. Architecture:
a. Elephant symbols are palpable in the rich temple architecture of India. E.g., Elephants
sculpture in Brihideshwara temple (Tamil Nadu), Vishwanath temple (Khajurao).
b. Elephant sculptures are repository of Indian architectural brilliance and aesthetics. E.g.,
Elephant sculpture at Mahbalipuram; Arjuna’s penance etc.
c. In modern times, Lotus temple (inspired from Lotus) is considered an epitome of
architectural design.
d. The architectural design of the lotus-mahal/chitrangi-mahal in Hampi (Viajyanagar
empire) is inspired from lotus.
e. Elephant sculpture in front of Elephanta caves gave the caves its famous name. The caves
continue to be a tourism and cultural centre point.
f. Lotus and elephant symbols are important aspects of prominent cultural and political
heritage. E.g., inverted lotus in Mauryan pillar, Elephant sculpture in Dhauli; lotus
sculpture used in Taj Mahal, Hiran minar at Fatehpur Sikri, elephant symbol in the
abacus of Sarnath pillar etc.
5. Modern times:
a. The elephant is depicted on the official currency notes of the country, showing its
importance in the current socio-economic context.
b. Depiction of elephant has been central to the Progressive Artists Group. E.g., paintings
of M F Hussein often depict elephants.
c. Elephants are closely associated with human activities. E.g., use of elephant in Dasara
festival; recent documentary ‘elephant whisperers’ shows closely connect between
humans and elephants.
d. Elephant and lotus are commonly present in contemporary similes, thereby highlighting
their importance in the socio-cultural context. E.g., Gajgamini (Elephant like movement),
Kar-kamal (Lotus hand).
The rich Indian culture is akin a grand salad bowl where different practices, festivals, architecture,
literature etc., come together in a composite whole. The Elephant and lotus symbols are a depiction of
the same cultural richness. (515 words)
Q.12) “The changing nature of revolutionary extremism in the Indian national movement reflected a
broader shift in political consciousness.” Substantiate.
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief explanation about revolutionary extremism. In the body of the
answer, first explain the changing nature of revolutionary extremism in the Indian national movement. In
the second part, explain how the changing nature of revolutionary extremism reflected a broader shift in
political consciousness. Conclude with the lasting contribution of revolutionary extremism.
Revolutionary extremism refers to a political or social ideology that advocates for radical and revolutionary
changes to the existing scheme of things. The Indian national movement was characterized by various
forms of revolutionary extremism, ranging from assassinations to armed struggle.
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The nature of this extremism underwent a significant transformation over the course of Indian national
movement in the following ways:
1. The Indian nationalists gradually began to realize the limitations of passive resistance and the
need for more forceful methods of political mobilization. E.g., revolutionaries like Khudiram Bose
during Swadeshi agitations.
2. The Ghadar movement was active in North America and Europe from 1913 to 1917. The movement
was sought to overthrow British colonial rule in India through armed revolution.
3. Revolutionary extremists, including the likes of Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad, rejected
the Gandhian philosophy of non-violent resistance. They advocated for a more militant approach
to the struggle for independence.
4. During the 1920s Communist Party of India (CPI) emerged as a significant force which advocated
for a socialist revolution in India and supported armed struggle as a means to achieve it.
5. There was an ideological rethinking, where in revolutionaries urged people to move away from
individual heroic actions towards mass politics. E.g., call of Bismil in support of open movements.
6. The growth of the Indian middle class and western education was a crucial factor which paved
the rise of ideologues such as MN Roy.
The changing nature of revolutionary extremism reflected a broader shift in political consciousness in the
following ways:
1. Symbolic Acts of Resistance: Revolutionary extremists engaged in acts of symbolic resistance,
such as bombings and assassinations to challenge British authority. These acts aimed to inspire
the masses, disrupt colonial governance, and demonstrate the resolve of Indian nationalists in their
pursuit of independence.
2. Political Discourse: The rise of revolutionary extremism forced a shift in the political discourse
within the nationalist movement. It compelled moderate leaders, who previously advocated for
peaceful methods, to reevaluate their strategies and demand more substantial concessions from
the British. E.g., the rise of Lal-Bal-Pal within the Congress.
3. Response to Repression: The repressive measures taken by the British colonial government, such
as the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, deeply impacted the political
consciousness of Indian nationalists. These events highlighted the oppressive nature of British rule
and created a sense of urgency and disillusionment among some nationalists who believed that
constitutional means alone were insufficient to achieve independence.
4. Influence of Global Revolutionary Movements: The early 20th century was marked by various
revolutionary movements around the world, including the Russian Revolution. E.g., the
Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), led by Bhagat Singh, was one of the prominent
revolutionary groups that emerged during this period.
5. Regional Movements: While the early stages of the freedom struggle movement were primarily
focused on achieving political independence, there was also a growing recognition of the need to
address the specific grievances. E.g., the Tebhaga movement in Bengal and the Telangana
movement in Andhra Pradesh.
The changing nature of revolutionary extremism in the Indian national movement reflected a broader shift
in political consciousness, marked by a growing disillusionment with the slow progress of constitutional
methods and a desire for more radical approaches. While the revolutionary extremists constituted a
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minority within the broader nationalist movement, their actions and ideologies had a profound impact on
the political landscape and forced a re-evaluation of strategies in the struggle for independence. (562
words)
Q.13) “The Great Depression led to the rise of radical politics and the emergence of new forms of
government intervention in the economy." Comment.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining great depression. In the body of the answer, discuss how
the great depression led to rise in radical politics. In the next part, discuss in detail how the great
depression leaded to new forms of intervention by the government in the economy. Conclude the answer
by highlighting the role of great depression as a watershed moment that lead to radical politics and
welfare state.
Great depression refers to serious economic crisis that started with crash of New York exchange in 1929
triggering worldwide rise in unemployment and fall in national income. It was a watershed moment that
led to the rise of radical politics:
1. Since failure of capitalism was held as one of the major reasons for the great depression, radical
politics began gaining strength. E.g., formation of Silver Legion of America in 1933.
2. Latin America too saw the emergence of dictatorial leaders in the aftermath of great depression.
E.g., Rise of Fulgencio Batista after the Cuban revolution of 1933 (a result of great depression).
3. Rise of Fascism in Germany:
a. Economic factors:
I. The spill over impact of the great depression in Germany provided ready fodder
for the Nazi propaganda for a better future.
II. Post-World War 1, German investments and industrial recovery were totally
dependent on short-term loans, largely from the US.
III. As banks collapsed and businesses shut down, workers lost their jobs and the
middle classes were threatened with destitution.
b. Political factors: People lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system, which
seemed to offer no solutions to the miseries of Germans.
c. Social factors:
I. The middle classes, especially salaried employees, and pensioners, saw their
savings diminished when the currency lost its value.
II. It created the fear of proletarianization, an anxiety of being reduced to the ranks
of the working class, or worse.
III. The large mass of peasantry was affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices and
rural section of society also demanded radical reforms.
4. The appeal of Fascist Italy grew post great depression, as the need was felt for a powerful leader
who could steer the country out from the depression quagmire.
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Apart from the radical politics, the great depression also led to new forms of government intervention in
the economy:
1. New Deal:
a. The New Deal was the policies of economic reconstruction and social welfare introduced
in 1933 by the F D Roosevelt administration to counter the great depression.
b. The New Deal expanded the Government’s role in the economy and sought to provide
money in the hands of the common man to revive the economy.
c. 3Rs: Relief (for the unemployed), Recovery (of the economy through federal spending and
job creation) and Reforms (regulation and creation of welfare programmes).
2. The new interventions in the economy moulded the nature of government as per the prevailing
circumstances. E.g., welfare benefits such as the Social Security Act, 1935 made the US a welfare
state.
3. Post War Consensus:
a. Building upon the Beveridge report of 1942, post war consensus tried to deepen the
welfare credentials of the state in UK.
b. The post war consensus brought the focus of the government upon Keynesian principles
of the economy. E.g., establishment of National Health Service (NHS).
c. Post war consensus also advocated nationalization of major industries.
4. The notion of a caring state gained strength with a renewed contact between the state and the
governed, making citizens an informed stakeholder in the governance. E.g., President Roosevelt’s
“Fire side chats” became a distinctive feature of his presidency.
The great depression of 1929 was a watershed moment in the modern history which gave thrust to radical
ideas like fascism. The lessons from the depression also revived the importance of welfare state. (556
words)
Q.14) “If there is one thing that embodies India’s civilizational character, it's her pluralism.” Explain the
significance of pluralism in India's socio-cultural fabric? How has the Indian civilization managed to
sustain its pluralistic character? Give suitable examples in support of your answer.
Approach: Introduce the answer with definition of pluralism and link it with India’s civilizational heritage.
In the body of the answer, first explain the significance of pluralism in India’s socio-cultural fabric. In the
second part of the answer, discuss the ways in which Indian society has managed to sustain its pluralistic
character. Conclude with the need to promote pluralism for continued development and growth of the
country.
Pluralism refers to the peaceful coexistence of different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups within a
society. India is a diverse civilization with a rich cultural heritage, and pluralism has been a significant
aspect of its socio-cultural fabric for centuries.
The significance of pluralism in India can be understood in the following ways:

1. Cultural diversity: India is a land of diverse cultures, with each state and region having its unique
customs and traditions. The presence of multiple religions, languages, and ethnic groups has
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enriched the country's cultural heritage. E.g., Chhau dance in Eastern India; Bagwal festival in
Uttarakhand etc.
2. Tolerance/social-harmony: India's pluralistic society has promoted tolerance and acceptance
of different viewpoints and beliefs enabling them to co-exist in social-harmony. E.g., Ganga-
Jamuni Tehzeeb.
3. Resilience: Pluralism helps in building a resilient social-cultural milieu. E.g., pluralistic society
acts as a undivided whole against social (riots) and economic (covid19) crisis.
4. Democratic values: India's pluralistic society has also helped to uphold democratic values such as
freedom of speech and secularism. It has allowed for the peaceful expression of dissent and
promoted constitutional morality.
5. Cultural Synthesis: Different traditions and customs have interacted, influenced each other over
centuries and created a unique cultural tapestry. E.g., the amalgamation of Hindu and Islamic
architectural styles in monuments like Taj Mahal and the synthesis of Indian and Persian musical
traditions in classical Indian music.
Despite its diverse population, India has managed to sustain its pluralistic character in various means
such as:
1. Constitutional safeguards: The Indian Constitution guarantees religious freedom, equality, and
non-discrimination to all citizens. It has created a legal and constitutional framework that
promotes pluralism and protects the rights of minorities. E.g., right of minorities to protect their
cultural diversity.
2. Historical and cultural traditions:
a) India has a rich tradition of pluralism, dating back to ancient times. Historical figures such as
Emperor Ashoka and Akbar, the Mughal emperor, promoted religious tolerance and respect
for different faiths.
b) India's cultural traditions, such as festivals like Diwali, Eid, Christmas, and Holi, are celebrated
by people from different religions. Public celebration of culture helps to promote a sense of
unity and inclusivity.
3. Social and cultural practices such as joint family systems, and community living have facilitated
the interaction and understanding between different communities.
4. Political will: India's political leaders have played a crucial role in promoting pluralism. Leaders
such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, and B.R. Ambedkar, were committed to promoting
inclusivity in society. Steps to address issues such as communal violence and discrimination
promotes a more inclusive and tolerant society.
5. Civil society initiatives: Civil society initiatives such as interfaith dialogue, community
development programs, and human rights advocacy have also played a significant role in promoting
pluralism in India. Organizations such as the National Commission for Minorities and the
National Human Rights Commission help to promote a more inclusive society.
India's pluralistic character is a source of strength and has contributed to the country's rich civilizational
heritage, economic growth, and vibrant life. The promotion of pluralism is essential for the continued
development and growth of India as a diverse and vibrant nation. (516 words)
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Q.15) Castelessness is a privilege that only a few can afford whose caste privilege has already translated
into social, political, and economic capital. Comment.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the caste system. In the body of the answer, discuss how caste
identities are becoming invisible. Next, highlight how caste identities are getting reinforced indelibly.
Conclude by stressing the influence of caste on the Indian psyche.
Caste system can be referred to as a socio-economic framework for arranging and organizing various
social groups in the society. Caste invariably dictates one’s position in society and casts its shadow on all
domains of human activities. In contemporary times, it is believed that the caste identities are being
rewritten or even becoming invisible, as:
1. Urbanization:
a. Relative anonymity of the caste calculus in a cosmopolitan urban milieu. E.g., people of
different castes celebrating colleague’s birthday together in office.
b. The day-to-day requirements of urban life tend to undermine the rigid caste boundaries.
E.g., usage of public utilities like metro, bus etc.
c. Metropolitan cities facilitate a better chance at social mobility. E.g., access to education
in the field of medicine, engineering, management open a plethora of job opportunities.
d. The limitations/vagaries of urban life dilute caste consciousness. E.g., economic
consideration overweighs caste preferences while prioritizing accommodation.
2. Merit: Professional achievements may have the effect of making the impact and influence of caste
irrelevant. E.g., an acclaimed artist is assessed for her work instead of caste; a restaurateur builds
her name on the quality and taste of the food.
3. Transition to modernity:
a. In the knowledge economy, higher premium is paid on acquired skills rather than
inherited identities.
b. Individualism, a trait of modernity, downplays caste.
c. Scientific temperament imparts rational outlook towards social realities. E.g., purity
and pollution will be a factor of personal hygiene and not of caste.
4. New determinants of “dominant caste”:
a. Wealth as an indicator of prestige has impeded the dominance of caste consciousness.
E.g., land owning class forms the dominant section of the society.
b. Political presence undercuts the conventional disadvantages associated with caste. E.g.,
representation in legislative bodies, emergence of regional political parties. etc.
c. In a globalized world, social capital depends on parameters of inter-personal and
professional relationships, instead of caste relations.
Though the above factors have deepened the paradigm of castelessness, the effect is not uniform for all.
Indelible mark of caste identities can be seen from:
1. Caste as a collective asset:
a. Caste as a basis for affirmative actions has made it an indelible identity marker. E.g.,
reservation for SCs/OBCs in educational institutions is a seminal for social
mobility/inclusion.
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b. Assertion of caste is also important to resist the attempts of assimilation in the

mainstream. E.g., tribal resistance against forced mainstreaming.
c. Competition for socio-economic resources have amplified the relevance of caste in
contemporary times. E.g., caste-based organization of businessmen to enhance
bargaining/lobbying capacity; formation of Bhim Army in UP.
2. Caste considerations predominantly dominate our social relationships. E.g., inter-caste
marriages are still considered a taboo.
3. Caste factor continue to be a drag in realization of the ideals of an egalitarian society. E.g., As per
some reports, more than 97% people doing manual scavenging are either Dalits/SCs.
4. Despite the ample provisions for affirmative actions, social mobility has been more cosmetic and
less substantial. E.g., As per government data (2022), the number of SC and ST officers at the rank
of joint secretary and secretary in GoI stands at 4% and 4.9% respectively.
5. Caste dynamics cast their tall shadow on electoral politics. E.g., caste considerations influence
the political parties to field electoral candidates.
Caste is an ubiquitous phenomenon of the Indian social system. In the influence of modern practices,
globalization, and cosmopolitan culture, the caste lines may have become blur; however, caste continues
to wield its influence on Indian psyche and its impacts are palpable across the socio-economic, and
political spectrum. (555 words)
Q.16) To what extent do traditional Indian family values align with the principles of constitutional
morality? How can the Indian society resolve the tension between preserving traditional values and
embracing social change?
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the meaning of traditional family values. In the body of the
answer, analyze the alignment of traditional Indian family values with constitutional morality. In the next
part, highlight the changes needed in traditional family values in order to remain relevant in changing socio-
cultural context. Conclude by stressing on an imperative for convergence between constitutional and family
values.
Traditional family values can be referred to as a set of belief system transferred from one generation to
another in a family. The alignment of traditional Indian family values with constitutional morality can
be seen from:
Alignment with constitution morality Contrary to the constitutional morality

1. The significance of joint families/extended 1. Role of elders in important life decisions may
family in Indian family values align with the mar the principles of liberty and freedom. E.g.,
constitutional principles of pluralism. E.g., opposition to marrying a partner of choice based
Indian family values teach one to respect the on gender, caste, and religious considerations;
opinions and aspirations of others. influencing the choice of career of children etc.
2. Traditionally, environment have a central 2. Certain practices, values inadvertently deepen
place in Indian family value system, thereby the caste and communal cleavages. E.g., inter-
promoting constitutional mandate of faith, inter caste dining is considered a taboo;
protecting and promoting the
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environment. E.g., Chhath Pooja (Sun absorption of casteist/religious slurs by

Worship), Tulsi Poojan, worship of sacred children.
groves. 3. Indian family values are not immune from the
3. Indian family values place premium upon bane of patriarchy. E.g., practices like child
peaceful coexistence with neighbors, marriage, dowry, women eating at last, son meta
preference etc.
promoting the constitutional ideas of unity
4. Excessive affinity for regional values often
and fraternity. E.g., during the covid19 crisis
neighbors aided one another irrespective of converts into jingoism. E.g., son of the soil
caste, religion etc. movements restricting free movement of people
4. Respect and reverence for the elderlies is an for education/profession.
inherent feature of Indian family values. E.g., 5. Indian family values may be counter-productive
the elders are taken care in their old age and to the constitutional mandate of promoting
sickness. scientific temper. E.g., not consuming non-
5. The tradition of patriotism and national vegetarian food on certain days of the week.
service is integral to Indian family value 6. The concept of false pride/maintaining family
system, which is in line with the relations may sometimes lead to continuation of
fundamental duty of defending our ill-practices. E.g., sexual/physical abuse of
country. E.g., in many families it is a tradition children, domestic violence against women,
to serve in the armed forces. children expected to not voice their
opinions/concerns etc.
Even though Indian family values have stood the test of time, they need to change with changing socio-
cultural context in order to remain relevant and resilient:
1. Family values must be responsive to the aspirations and concerns of all the family members. E.g.,
giving due respect to the opinions of women, children in the family etc.
2. The family values should engrain the element the respecting one’s life choices, even if they do not
confirm with conventions, without being judgmental. E.g., choice to be in a live-in relationship
with a same sex partner.
3. Family values can be made more liberal and accommodating by diluting the elements of jingoism,
casteism, and communalism. E.g., inter-caste marriages/inter-faith marriages should be
promoted.
4. In the era of globalization and knowledge economy it is an imperative to marry the traditional
values with scientific temperament. E.g., superstitiousness should be checked.
While the constitution feeds the polity, family values build the society. It is but necessary that the two
should converge in order to serve the national and societal well-being. (556 words)
Q.17) With help of a neat diagram, describe the general atmospheric circulation. Highlight the factors
that affect the movement of winds on earth?
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief explanation about the general atmospheric circulation. In the
body of the answer, describe the general atmospheric circulation with help of a neat diagram. Next, discuss
the factors which affect the movement of winds on earth. Conclude with the significance of global
atmospheric circulation in understanding the global weather pattern.
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The general atmospheric circulation refers to the large-scale movement of air in the Earth's atmosphere.
It is driven by differences in temperature and pressure between different regions of the Earth's surface,
which in turn are caused by uneven heating of the planet by the sun.
The general atmospheric circulation can be divided into three major cells in each hemisphere:
1. Hadley cell: The Hadley cell is located near the equator. It begins with warm, moist air rising at the
equator, which moves towards the poles and cools, sinking back down to the surface at around 30
degrees north and south of the equator. This sinking air creates high-pressure zones known as
the subtropical highs, which are associated with dry, clear weather.
2. Ferrel Cell: The Ferrel cell is in the mid-latitudes. It is driven by the interaction between the
Hadley and Polar cells and lies in between these two cells. Air moves poleward and eastward at
the surface, rises, and moves equatorward in the upper atmosphere, and then sinks again over the
mid-latitudes.
3. Polar Cell: The Polar cell is located near the poles. It begins with cold, dense air sinking at the
poles and moving towards the mid-latitudes, where it is warmed and rises, creating low-pressure
zones. This rising air then moves towards the poles in the upper atmosphere, where it cools and
sinks again, completing the cycle.
Fig: The global atmospheric circulation
The movement of winds on Earth is affected by the following factors:

1. Pressure Gradient: The difference in air pressure between two points in the atmosphere creates
a pressure gradient force that drives the movement of air from high-pressure areas to low-
pressure areas.
2. Coriolis Effect: The rotation of the Earth causes the Coriolis effect, which deflects moving air to
the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This effect
becomes stronger at higher latitudes and has a significant influence on the direction of large-
scale wind patterns.
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3. Friction: The frictional force of the Earth's surface can slow down and alter the direction of wind
flow. This effect is most pronounced near the surface, where friction with the ground and
vegetation can create obstacles to the smooth flow of air.
4. Land and Sea Breezes: Temperature differences between land and water can create local wind
patterns, with warm air over land rising and cooler air over water moving in to replace it, creating
a sea breeze. At night, the reverse occurs, with cooler air over land moving towards the warmer
water, creating a land breeze.
5. Topography: The shape and elevation of the Earth's surface can affect wind flow. It creates regions
of high and low pressure, and funnels air masses through valleys and mountain ranges.
6. Monsoons: Monsoons are large-scale seasonal wind patterns that are driven by differences in
temperature and pressure between land and sea. These winds can bring heavy rain and flooding to
some regions of the world, particularly in Asia.
The movement of winds on Earth is a complex phenomenon. The general atmospheric circulation is an
important model in understanding the global weather patterns and climate and the distribution of heat
and moisture around the planet. (530 words)
Q.18) What do you understand by footloose industries? Discuss their significance and provide a suitable
strategy for the growth of footloose industries in India.
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief explanation about the footloose industries. In the body of the
answer, first discuss the significance of footloose industries. In the second part, provide a suitable strategy
for the growth of footloose industries in India. Conclude with the need for support to tap into the job-creation
potential of footloose industries.
Footloose industries are those industries that are not tied to any location and can operate from anywhere.
They do not require any specific raw materials or access to a particular market. Examples of footloose
industries include software development, call centres, and data processing.
The significance of footloose industries is as follows:

1. Flexible and Mobile: Footloose industries can be established and operated from anywhere with
access to the necessary resources. This flexibility allows entrepreneurs to set up businesses in
regions with lower costs of living or in areas that offer specific advantages such as a skilled
workforce or a favorable regulatory environment.
2. Employment Generation: Footloose industries have the potential to create significant
employment opportunities for a diverse range of skills. These industries often require specialized
skills and knowledge, which can lead to high-paying jobs and more opportunities for upward
mobility.
3. High-tech and Innovative: Footloose industries are often characterized by high levels of
innovation and the use of cutting-edge technology. It can lead to growth of technological
competence and intellectual property that can provide a base for sustained economic
growth. E.g., prospective semiconductor plant in Dholera, Gujrat.
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4. Regional Development: Footloose industries can bridge regional inequalities. By creating jobs and
generating economic activity in less developed regions, footloose industries can help to reduce
poverty and increase access to education and healthcare.
5. Diversification of Economy: The footloose industries can help to diversify the economy and
reduce dependence on traditional industries such as agriculture. This can help to promote more
balanced economic growth. It also reduces the impact of economic shocks in specific industries.
6. Contribution to GDP: Footloose industries operate in sunrise sectors which generate high-
economic value such as blockchain, ITeS, software development, financial services, and research
& development. They can help India move swiftly to higher milestones in GDP growth such as the
$5-Trillion economy.
Following steps can help to promote the growth of footloose industries in India:
1. Investment: The government needs to invest in infrastructure, particularly in the areas of
transportation and communication. This will help to improve connectivity and reduce the cost
of doing business, making India a more attractive destination for footloose industries. E.g., PM
Gatishakti Masterplan; PLIs etc.
2. Ease of Doing business: The government also needs to focus on creating a favourable business
environment. This includes reducing bureaucratic red tape, simplifying regulations, and
providing incentives for investment. E.g., Tax breaks and other forms of financial support for
businesses in India; GIFT city (IFSCA) in Gujrat
3. Training: To make footloose industries grow more in India, it's important to educate and train
people so they have the skills needed to work in these industries. This way, there will be enough
skilled workers who can do the jobs that are needed. E.g., ASEEM portal; PMKVY4.0 etc.
4. Collaborations and Innovation: The government of India could collaborate with industry
associations and educational institutions to create specialized training programs that focus on
the specific needs of footloose industries. E.g., setting up incubators and accelerators for
mentorship to startups; AIM; ATLs etc.
Footloose industries are an important driver of economic growth and employment. If India improves the
conditions for footloose industries, it will become a better place for them to do business. This will help
these industries to grow and create more jobs, and in turn, boost India's economy. (523 words)
Q.19) Describe the role of geography in shaping patterns of international trade and globalization. To
what extent can geopolitical shifts overpower the logic of geography?
Approach: Introduce the answer by highlighting the role of geography in international trade. In the next part,
discuss in detail the influence of geography in dictating the global trade. Next, assess if the geo-political
shifts can overpower the logic of geography. Conclude by stressing on the importance of geo-politics, and the
desirability to consider the logic of geography in global trade.
Geography of a region, in the form of culture, connectivity, resources etc., is one of the most significant
factors that shape the patterns of international trade. The role of geography in shaping international
trade can be seen from:
Page 25 of 27
1. Connectivity/Accessibility:
a. Availability of ports, airports, transnational highways etc., makes global trade seamless
and cost/time efficient. E.g., Shanghai port, Singapore port, Incheon International airport
etc.
b. Geographical conditions may act as both a hindrance and an enabler of the global trade.
E.g., doubly landlocked countries like Uzbekistan will naturally face difficulties in global
trade; while India with long coastline has conducive conditions for global trade.
2. Resources:
a. Historically, distribution of resources has been prime driver of trade, globally. E.g.,
colonial trade of raw materials from colonies, like USA and India, to imperial nations,
like Britain.
b. Skewed distribution of some resources has contributed towards shaping international
trade dynamics. E.g., high incidence of rare earth elements in China.
c. Resources not only dictate the direction but also the balance of international trade. E.g.,
India’s energy dependence on Middle East countries.
3. Agro-climatic zones: Availability of arable land and ambient climate directly influences trade. E.g.,
Prairies are known as the granaries of the World.
4. Trading blocs: Geographical factors play a defining role in creation of trading blocs. E.g.,
MERCOSUR, EU, ASEAN etc.
5. Maritime features: Maritime features like Isthmus and straits are the backbone of international
trade. E.g., strait of Malacca, strait of Hormuz etc.
6. Human Resources: Availability of human resources also influence global trade patterns. E.g., high
skilled human resources at Silicon Valley in the US; availability of cheap labours in South/South-
East Asia has made it a hub for textile industry.
The ability of geo-political considerations/shifts in overpowering the logic of geography can be seen
from:
Dominance of geo-politics Dominance of geography
1. Supply Chain Resilience Initiative aims at 1. Geographical proximity invariably reduce
diversifying supply chains making them the negative externalities associated with
resilient to geographical denominators; a global international trade. E.g., low carbon
transition towards China-plus-one strategy. footprints.
2. Blue Dot Network aims at creating quality, 2. The optimisation of logistics cost reinforces
sustainable infrastructure to boost trade; exit the logic of geography. E.g., China trying to
of India from RCEP and move towards IPEF circumvent the Malacca strait (Malacca
dilemma) by building a canal through Isthmus
(have not joined the trade pillar).
of Kra.
3. Global Development Initiative of China aims to
3. The availability of mineral resources on
enhance its reach beyond its immediate
geographical reach. specific geographical locations dictates the
trajectory of global trade routes. E.g.,
4. Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC), aims to
create developmental partnerships in Africa. centrality of China in semiconductor
5. European countries are increasingly industry.
diversifying their energy dependence, post the 4. Culture, a vital subset of geography,
Russia-Ukraine conflict. influence the formation and continuance of
trade engagements. E.g., robustness of
Page 26 of 27
6. INSTC aims to create greater trade ASEAN is partially due to cultural coherence
access/connectivity for India beyond its between members.
immediate neighbours.
Even though geopolitical considerations have without a doubt overwhelmed the logic of geography in
global trade relations, it is neither possible nor desirable to make geography completely irrelevant in
international trade. (526 words)
Q.20) Cities are the engines of economic growth, but they can also be the black holes of the environment.
What are some of the key environmental challenges facing urban areas in the 21st century? How should
modern cities address these challenges?
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief description about the role of urban areas in generating
greenhouse gas emissions. In the body of the answer, discuss key environmental challenges faced by urban
areas in the 21st century. In the second part, explain ways to address these challenges in modern cities.
Conclude with the need for collaboration between all stakeholders.
Urbanization is growing in India rapidly. As per a World Bank Report, due to rapid growth in economy
India will have around 70% population in urban areas by the end of 2030. This is likely to pose
environmental challenges.
Urban areas face the following key environmental challenges in the 21st century:
1. Climate change: Urban areas are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, which
contribute to global warming. As a result, cities are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change,
such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and heat waves.
2. Pollution: Urban areas are a significant source of air pollution, which has negative impacts on
human health, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. They also generate a large
amount of waste, including sewage and industrial waste, which can contaminate water sources
and harm aquatic ecosystems.
3. Loss of biodiversity: Urbanization can lead to the destruction of natural habitats and loss of
biodiversity amidst increased pressure on land for housing and infrastructure.
4. Energy consumption: Urban areas consume significant amounts of energy, much of which is
generated from non-renewable sources. It poses challenges for sustainable development.
5. Transportation: Urban areas challenges related to transportation such as traffic congestion,
vehicular pollution, and non-inclusive policies, such as bias towards private vehicles.
6. Water resources: Indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater results in loss of aquifers. This
results not only in water shortage but also increased toxicity of natural water resources amidst
increasing disharmony between humans and nature.
The urban areas can address the environmental problems of the 21st century in the following ways:
1. Eco-friendly and sustainable lifestyle: Cities can encourage their residents to adopt sustainable
lifestyles through behavioral changes. E.g., LiFE or Lifestyle for environment movement can help
reduce the environmental impact of urban living.
Page 27 of 27
2. Use of public transport: Cities can encourage the use of sustainable transportation options such
as walking, cycling, and public transportation. This can reduce the carbon imprint of cities and
improve air quality. E.g., Transit-oriented development, creating pedestrian zones etc.
3. Conservation of urban forests: Government should preserve and develop city forests as lungs of
urban areas. Such urban forests can be declared as ecologically-sensitive areas.
4. Green code for construction: Promote the construction of green buildings that are designed to
be energy-efficient and sustainable. This can reduce energy use, improve indoor air quality, and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Reduce waste: Cities can implement waste reduction and recycling programs to divert waste from
landfills. This can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserve natural resources. This will help
address the problem of mountains of landfills such as Ghazipur in Delhi.
6. Manage water resources: Cities must implement water conservation measures such as rainwater
harvesting, greywater reuse, and water-efficient landscaping. This can help reduce water use and
conserve water resources. E.g., recycling of water in Singapore.
Addressing urban areas’ environmental challenges in the 21st century requires a multifaceted approach
that involves collaboration between government, industry, and the public. By implementing these
strategies, modern cities can become more sustainable and resilient in the face of environmental
challenges. (502 words)

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The art of painting offers the following contextual insights:

2. A British resident would be appointed in the court of the native ruler.

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d. Deepening of communal cleavages have undermined the objectives cultural pluralism.

Mediterranean Climate China-type Climate

The role of fronts in formation of extra-tropical cyclones can be as studied:

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The movement of winds on Earth is affected by the following factors:

The significance of footloose industries is as follows:

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