CHAPTER 2

Chemical Bonding
! SYLLABU S - SCOPE OF SYLLABU S - tn and after MARCH 2025 - CHEMICA L BONDIN G-
ELECTROVALENT. COVALENT 6: CO-ORDINATE BONDING,
STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS COMPOUNDS, ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE.
fa/ Eledrava lent bonding:
- Electron dot structure - of Electrov alent compoun ds - NaCl, MgCl2 , Cao.
- Charaete rlsdcp,up e,tidf!f~c ompound s-st.ateq fexistenc e,melting &boilingp otnts,
conductivity [heat & elecbicity], dissociation in solution & in rrwltenst.ate to be linked with electrolysis.
[I,] Covalent Bonding: . .
- .Electron dot structure -ofcovalent molecules on the basis ofduplet & octet ofelectrons
{example: hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon tetrachlor ide, methane].
- Polar Covalent compoun ds • based on difference in electrone gativity:
Examples -HCI & H 2 0 including structures .
• Characte ristic prope,tia of Covalent compoun ds •
state oferistence, melting & boilingpoints, conductivi ty [heat & electricity], ionisation in solution.
Comparis on of Electrova lent & Covalent compound s.
fc/ Coordina te Bonding:
-Definiti on
- The lone pair effect - of the oxygen atom of the water molecule & the nitrogen atom of
the ammonia molecule to explain theforma tion of H 3 o+ & OH ions in water & NH4+ ion.
- The meaning of lone pair: the formation of hydronium ion &
ammoniu m ion must be ex lained with hel of electron dot dia rams.
A. INTRODUCTION
Chemical bondis the force which holds two or more atoms together in a stable molecule.
1. ANATO M
• An atom is the smallest unit ·of matter taking part in a chemical reaction.
It is built up of sub-atomic particles - protons, neutrons and electrons.
• Two or more atoms [metallic or non-metallic] combine to form a molecule.
• The force which holds the atoms together as a stable molecule is the chemical bond.
Sub-atomic particle Charge Mass [C-12 standard]
1
• PROTON +lp
+1 la.m.u.
Neutron
• NEUTRON ln 0 la.m.u.
Orbit [shell] 0
• ELECTRON -~ e -1 negligible
Elements are pure substances made up of one kind of atoms - having the same atomic number.
2. TYPES OF ELEMENTS - involved in chemical combi.t:tation.
• Metallic elements - have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in valence [outer] shell. ,
They lose 1, 2 or 3 electrons and become positively charged ions [cations];~
• Non-metallic elements - have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in valence [outer] shell.
They gain (4), 3, 2, or 1 electrons and become negatively charged ions [anions}
3. CHEMICAL COMBINATION - Atoms combine to form a molecule by two means-·1
• Transfer of valence electrons from - a metallic atoin to a non-~et_allic ft~m.
• Sharing ofvalence electrons between - two atoms [generally both non-metallic].
21
 THE ELEMENTS~~OF---THE FIRST THREE PERIODS OF··-TH-E PERIODIC- TABLE
GROUP 11GROUP 21 GROUP 13 GROUP 14 GROUP 15 GROUP 16 GROUP 17GROUP 18
IA·-- IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA . VIIA 0 1
. ~I
SJ I ..
2

1
2~Atomic number
1 H e I [= no. of electrons = no. of protons]
HYDROGEN
4, . I M ass numb er [re1ative
• atormc • mass] H E""'"'l:'l"""U M
1
------=------ [
IHelium = no. of neutrons + no. of protons] 4
p 1, n 0
= = p = 2, n 2 =
Elec. cont. 1 Elec. cont. 2

11 -- 14 20 1
p =4, n = 5 .
P =5, n=6 p = 6, n = 6 \ p = 7, n = 7 p 8,
16n
= 8 \· p
= 9,19n= 1 0• p
= 10, n = 10 =
Elec. cont. 2,2 Elec. cont. 2,3 Elec. cont. 2,4 Elec. conf. 2,5 Elec. conf. 2,6 Elec. conf. 2,7 Elec. cont. 2,8
-:::;:;:::- 1

SODIUM MAGNESIUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS SULPHUR CHLORINE A"uu

23 24 27 28 . 31 32 · 35.5 40
= =
p 11, n 12 p 12, n 12= = = = = = = =
p 13, n 14 p 14, n 14 p 15, n 16 p 16, n 16 p 17, n 18 p 18, n 22
= = = = = =
Elec. cont. 2,8,1 Elec. cont. 2,8,2 Elec. cont. 2,8,3 Elec. cont. 2,8,4 Elec. cont. 2,8,5 Elec. cont. 2,8,6 Elec. cont. 2,8,7 Elec. cont. 2,8,8
19
--.,
,.~--
r-
.,
B. CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEMICAL BOND & TYPES OF BONDING - Electrovalent & Covalent
CHEMICAL BONDING
• Chemical bond - The linkage or force which acts between two or more atoms to
hold them together as a stable molecule. The concept - chemical bonding.
NOBLE GAS SYMBOL AT. NO. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
K L M N O P
HELIUM He 2 rn2
NEON
ARGON
Ne
Ar
10
18 2
rn8 []]
KRYPTON Kr 36 2 8 18 []] '
XENON Xe 54 2 8 18 18 []]
RADON Rn 86 2 8 18 32 18 []]
NOBLE GASES
• Have stable electronic configuration. i.e. their outermost [valence] shell is complete.
• They have 2 electrons in outermost shell [He] or 8 electrons in outermost shell.
• They do not - lose, gain or share electrons and are inert or unreactive.
ATOMS OF ELEMENTS - OTHER THAN NOBLE GASES
• Have unstable electronic configuration. i.e. their outermost shell is incomplete.
• They can - lose, gain or share electrons and are chemically reactive.
REASONS FOR CHEMICAL BONDING BEIWEEN ATOMS-TO FORM A MOLECULE
• The driving force for atoms to combine is related to the tendency of each atom -
to attain stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.
For an atom to achieve stable electronic configuration it must have-
• Two electrons - in outermost shell [nearest noble gas - He] - Duplet rule
• Eight electrons - in outermost shell [all noble gases other than - He] - Octet rule
METHODS FOR ACHIEVING CHEMICAL BONDING
• A stable electronic configuration in two combining atoms -
resulting in chemical bonding between them is achieved by: •
Electron transfer - of valence electrons from one atom to another -
• leading to electrovalent bonding & formation of an electrovalent or ionic compound.
Electron sharing - of pairs of electrons between two reacting atoms -
• leading to covalent bonding and formation of a covalent compound.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES WHICH AFFECT CHEMICAL BOND FORMATION
FOR FORMATION OF - IONIC COMPOUND
Ionisation potential - Lower - the value of LP. of a metallic atom.
greater the ease of formation of the - cation.
Electronaffinity - Higher - the value of E.A. of a non-metallic atom.
greater the ease of formation of the - anion.
Electronegativity - Larger - the electronegativity difference between combining atoms,
electron transfer takes place easily.
FOR FORMATION OF - COVALENT COMPOUND
Ionisation·--= ..:· .... :.... ,... :·,v& .. :,...
J -
··,,.,iy-High-betweenbothatomsorelements •

Electronegativity difference - Should be negligible - between the two combining atoms.

•~ r L

23
C. ELECTROVALENT BONDING - Electrovalent compol.111~
· mounds a, I
FORMATION OF - Electrovalent c: •nvolves transfer of vallk.
• F, • l t ompoun s - t ""''ce el
onnation of electrova en c . 0 another atom - generally non-tn e~
from one atom - generally metallic t eta.Iiic
- Metallic atom - loses el~ctronfi~ tion and becomes a - cati •
to attain stable electroruc co guXra ie- xt + Cation [ on •
· 2,8,1]
Metallic atom X [elec. config. - PO~ij
Ve iOi\

N on-meta111c • t gains electrons •

- a om - . . tion and becomes an - ani
to attain stable electroruc configura _ yt- A . [ on
1
Non-metallic atom Y [elec. config. 2,8,7] Y + · e nzon negative ioti

- Ions - cat~ons and anions - . .ch attract one another

are oppositely charged parttcleS, ~hi to fol'tl\
.
elect rova lent bond 1ead mg
to formation of an .-electrovalent compound
.
Bondfonnation is due to- Electrostaticforce ofattraction between two oppositely~
xi,,_____________ yt x 1 + v 1- XY
Anion Electrovalent or Ionic Compound
Cation Ionic bond
• Electrovalent or ionic bond
The chemical bondformed between two atoms by transfer of one or more electrons fr
atom ofa metallic- electropositive element to an - atom of a non-metal.lie - electronegativejOtn
• Electrovalent or ionic compound •
The chemical compound formed as a result of transfer of one or ~ore ele~ons from
atom ofa metal.lie- electropositive element to an -atom of a non-metal.lie - electronegative I
• .•
The number of electrons donated or accepted by the valence shell of an atom of anel
so as to achiev~ st~ble electronic configuratio~ is called .:. electrovalency.
[Mg (2,8,2) loses 2 electrons - valency +2]; [ 0 (2,6) gains 2 electrons - valency
-ATOMS- 'X' or 'Y' IONS-X1"! or yl-
• Electrically - neutral particles • Electrically- charged particles [cations, •
• May or may not exist - independently. • Exist - independently in solution.
• Outermost shell - may or may not have. • Outermost shell - have complete
duplet or octet. • duplet or octet.
OXIDATION - a process when - REDUCTION - a process when-
• An atom or ion - loses electrons • An atom or-ion - gains electrons
• or • or
[i.e. x1++_ 1e- or A3+ + le-]
Na le- Nal+ • Cl2 + 2e- 2c11-
Zn 2e- · zn2+ Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
, Fe2 + le- Fe3+ Fe3+ + te- Fe2+
s 2- - 2e- S S + 2e- s2-
Oxidation - Reduction i.e. Red.ox reactions
2FeC12 + Cl2 2FeCl3 Zn + ZnS04 + ~u
2Fe + + Cl2
2 2Fe3+ + 2CI- Zn . + Cu2+ Zn2+ + u
2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ [oxidation] [-2e-J Zn • zn2+ [oxidation] [-2e~] ,
c;12 2CI- [reduction] {+2e-J Cu2+ • •Cu [reductio!l). LL
 o. STRUCTURE ;.... Of Electrovalent compound - Sodium chloride
'
I. SODIUM CHLORIDE • Formation
• SODIUM CHLORIDE - is formed as a result of .:. transfer of one valence· electron
From metallic sodium atom 23
- electronic configuration - 2, 8, 1
ll~~o.)

To non-metallic chlorine atom 35. Cl

' I
1
- - el~ctronic configuration - 2, 8,I 7
17
ATTAINMENT OF- Stable Electronic Configuration • •
• SODIUM ATOM - attains stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas - Neon.
- by losing one electron from its valence shell and becomes a positively charged ,
sodium ion [cation] - Na1+. I
. . r

• CHLORINE ATOM - attains stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas - Argon
- by accepting one electron in its valence shell and becomes a negatively charged
chloride ion [anionJ - Cl1- . •'
• I

THE TWO OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS - attract each other resulting in formation of the
electrovalent compound i.e. sodium chloride·- with ionic bond. • 1 ' an
Electronic noble To attain stable electronic
f- . . -T
Atom - configuratior. Nearest
--
gas - ·-configuration of nearest noble gas
T - -•-

I
I ,. SODIUM [metallic]
2311Na [2,8,1] Neon [2,8] Atom loses one electron from its valence shell.
CHLORINE [non-metallic] 351~1 [2,8,7] Argon [2,8,8] Atom gains one electron in its valence shell.
s
3\9K & 3\~I form.KC! and 2311Na &3216 formNa2S-both of which are electrovalentcompounds-
with an electrovalent or ionic bond. - - -• ;
- . .
FORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE - Represented by electron dot structure : _
Ionic equation ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE

Na - Na1+
[atom] [cation] ~- • l+ •• 1-
j r
•
[2,8,1] [2,8] Na· .. .
[Na) + [:CI:] . NaCl
• I Cl + c11- [reduction] [2,8,1] [2,8,7]
[atom] [anion] r
Sodium Chlorine Sodium
[2,8,7] [2,8,8] atom atom chloride
Na + Cl Na1+ a 1- NaCl

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX}

Na-atom Cl-atom Na1+ 01-

. Before combination After combination [NaCl compound] •

Sodium atom [ Na J • Chlorine atom [ Cl J _Sodium ion [ Na1+J Chloride ion [ c11 -J
2,8,1 2,8,7 2,8 .J 1-\ L;~~~,8__•:: i ...

25
STR UCT URE - Of Elect roval ent comp ound - Calc ium ox/de [cont
II. CALCIUM OXIDE - Formation •

• CALCIUM OXIDE - is formed as a result of - transfer of two valence electro

ns
40 Ca electronic configuration - 2, 8, 8
- From metallic calcium atom 20[at. no.] ,
16 0 electronic configuration - 2, 6.
- To non-metallic oxygen atom 8

'AITAINMENT OF - Stable Electronic Configuration

CALCIUM ATOM - attains stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas
•
-Arg
- by losing two electrons from its valence shell and becomes a positively charg
calcium ion [cation] - ea2+.
OXYGEN ATOM - attains stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas
- Neon_
•
- by accepting two electrons in its valence shell and becomes a negatively char
oxide ion [anion] - ()2-.
1HE TWO OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS - attract each other resulting in format
ion of
•
- electruvalent ie. calcium oxide with an ionic bond.
Electronic Nearest noble To attain stable electronic
Atom configurati.on gas configuration of nearest noble g11S
CALCIUM [metallic] 40 ea [ZS,8,2 Argon [2,8,8] Atomlosestwoelectronsfromitsvalence
20
OXYGEN [non-metallic] t680 [2,6] Neon [2,8] Atomgainstwoelectronsinitsvalences
. . re:
FO~T ION OF CALCWM OXIDE - Represented by electron dot structu
Ionic equati.on ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE

Ca - ea2+ [oxidation]
~-. 2+ 2
[atom] [cation] [Ca] + (: 0:
..
) - Cao
[2,8,8,2] [2,8,8]
[2,8,8,2] [2,6]
0 + a2- (fflludimJ
[atom] [anion] Calcium Oxygen Calcium
[2,8] atom atom oxide
[2,6]
Ca+ 0 CaO

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX]

++

0-atom o--
Before combination After combination [CaO com ound]
Calcium atom (Ca] Oxygen atom [OJ Calcium ion [ Ca2+] Oxide ion [ ()2-J
D I-\ t'\-, Q c f';r;'l 't
2,8,8,2 ' --- 2,6 , 2,8'/UQ AL ,r .,u.._.tt.. r,i-

26
STRUCTURE-Of Electrovalent compound- Magnesium chloride[Contd.]
111. MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE - Formation

• MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE - is fo~ed as a result of - transfer of two valence electrons

- From one metallic magnesium atom 24 Mg - electronic configuration - 2, 8, 2
12
- To two non-metallic chlorine atoms 35 c1 - electronic configuration - 2, 8, 7.
17
ATTAINMENT OF-Stable Electronic Configuration
• MAGNESIUM ATOM - attains stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas - Neon.
- by losing two electrons from its valence shell and becomes a positively charged
magnesium ion [cation] - Mg2+.
• CHLORINE ATOM - attains stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas - Argon
- by gaining one electron in its valence shell and becomes a negatively charged
chloride ion [anionJ - cz-.
• TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS - Magnesium atom donates two electrons [is oxidised],
- whereas chlorine atom accepts only one electron [is reduced] to give chlorine ion.
Thus to accept the other electron donated by 'Mg' atom, there must be another 'O' atom.
• FORMATION OF COMPOUND - Therefore one magnesium atom will combine with -
two chlorine atoms forming the electrovalent compound - magnesium chloride.
FORMATION OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE- Represented by electron dot structure:
Ionic equation ELECTRON DOT STRUCIURE

Mg - 2e- ·Mg2+ [oxidation] ..

·c1:
[atom] [cation]
[2,8,2) [2,8) /.. 2+ · • 1-
Mg : + ..
[Mg] + 2[:CI:]
20 + 2e- 20- [reduction] ..
[atom] [anion] .Cl:
[2,8,7) [2,8,8) [2,8,2) [2,8,7]
Magnesium Otlorine Magnesium
Mg + 2Cl Mg2+ 2CI1- MgCl2 atom atoms chloride

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX]

0-atom Mg-atom Cl-atom

Before combination After combination [Mg02 compound]

hlorine atom Magnesium atom Chlorine atom Magnesium [ Mg2+ ] Two chloride ions [ 2a1-J
2,8,7 2,8,2 2,8,7 2,8 Dt:.'t,.S...-h~~2S:

27
 E. COV ALEN T BON DING - Cova lent comp ound s
FORM ATIO N OF - Cova lent Comp ound s
• Fbeonnation of covale nt compo unds - involv es sharin g of electron pairs _ _
tween one atom - genera lly non-metallic & anothe r atom - also non-- t
,,,e Qll·1
Electr ·
ons m valenc e shell are mutual ly sha.red- by the ato~ of each elemen t- c.
such that each atom acquir es a stable electronic configuration.
Non-metallic atoms - having 7yalen ce electrons [or 1] - share - one pair ofelectro,,.

0
Non-m etallic atom
[2,7]
+ 0
Non-me tallic atom
[2,7]
>
Qn~air
[2,8] [2,B]
Covalentcompollnd
[single - covalen t bond]

Non-m etallic atoms - having 6 valence electrons - share - tuJo pairs of electrons_

0
Non-m etallic atom
+ 0
Non-me tallic atom
[2,6]
ffi.
Two shared parrs
[2,8] [2,8]
Covale nt compound
[double - covalen t bond] '
[2,6]
Non-m etallic atoms _ having 5 valence electrons - share - three pairs ofelectrons.

0 • 0
Non-m etallic atom
[2,5]
+
Non-me tallic atom lbree shared parrs
[2,5) [2,8] [2,8]
C~vale ntcomp ound
[triple- covalen t bond] .

Dis.sim ilar non-metallic atoms - form covalent molecules - by sharing electron pairs.

·© [1]
+ & [2,6]
+ @
[1] [2] [2,8] [2]
Covale ntcomp oiind . ,
[two single- covalent bonds]

• Coval ent bond - The chemical bond - formed due to mutual sharing ofelectrons -
betwee n the given pairs of atoms of non-metallic elements. '
to the •
Bond formed by a shared pair ofelectrons, each bondin g atom contrib uting one electron
],
[depend ing on no. of electron pairs shared: bond is single [-], double [=], or triple [ ] covalent
• Coval ent compo und - The chemical compou nd- formed due to mutual sharing ofelectrons-
betwee n the given pairs of atoms thereb y formin g a covale nt bond betwee n them.
• Coval ency
• The number ofelectron pairs - which an atom shares with one or more atoms -
•of the same or different kind to achieve stable electronic configu ration is called covalency.
NON-P OLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS POLAR COVALENT COMP OUND S
• Covale nt compo unds are said to be - • Covale nt compo unds are said to be -
non-polar when shared pair ofelectrons are - polar when shared pair of electrons are -
equally distributed betwee n the two atoms. unequa.lly distributed between the two atoms.
'
• No charge separa tion - takes place. • Charge separa tion - takes place. 1
The covalent molecule is symmetrical and The atom which attract s electro ns more
I
strongl y develo ps a - slight negati.ve charge.
I
- electrically neutral.

e.g. Hz, Oz, Oz, Nz, CH4- c a ~ e.g. HzO, NH;y HO ::;~]~ _-; !~ ~\
The covale nt bond in which electro ns are shared equally betwee n the combi ning atoms is
7'
a non polar covalent bond & when shared unequ ally is a polar covalent bond.'....~;.•,:~-
28
F. STRUCTURE - Of Covalent compounds - Hydrogen, Chlorine
I. HYDROGEN - Non-pola r covalent compoun d
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic
configuration noble gas configuration of nearest noble gas
HYDROGEN Helium [2] Hydrogen needs - one electron to attain stable -
duplet structure of nearest noble gas - Helium [2].
• Each of the two 'H' atoms contributes one electron so as to have one shared pair ofelectrons
between them. Both atoms attain stable - duplet structure, resulting in the -
formation of a - single covalent bond [H-H] between them.
FORMATIO N OF - HYDROGEN MOLECULE - Represented by electron dot structure:
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
1
Before combination [H-atoms] • After combination [H2 - molecule]
H• I + • •H H:H or [H-Hl H2
H-atom H-atom One shared pair of electrons - Single covalent bond

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX]

Hatom Hatom Hydrogen molecule

_II. CHLORINE - Non-polar covalent compound

Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic
Atom
onfiguration noble gas configuration of nearest noble gas
CHLORINE 3\7Cl Argon Chlorine needs - one electron to attain stable -
[2,8,7] [2,8,8] octet structure of nearest noble gas-Argon [2,8,8)
• Each of the two 'O' atoms contributes one electron so as to have one shared pair of
electrons between them. Both atoms attain stable - octet structure, resulting in the -
formation of a - single covalent bond [ o.- O] between them.
FORMATIO N OF - CHLORINE MOLECULE - Represented by electron dot structure:
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE - -
Before combination [Cl - atoms] After combination [Cl2 - molecule]
.. . .. .. ..
.
:er
.. + ..
• CI: :cl: ..
.. CI: [Cl-Cl] Cl2
0-atom ' Cl-atom One shared pair of electrons - Single covalent bond
- .

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX]

' '! I I~ I
Qatom Oatom Chlorine molecule ... ,,~~ ·-.- "t 4

29
STRUCTURE -
Ill Of Covalent com pou nds - Oxygen, Nitrogen t.c0
,

..,J
• OXYGEN - Non-polar covalent compound
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic
configuration noble gas configuration of nearest noble gas
OXYGEN 16 Neon Oxygen need s_ two electrons to attain stable ..
80 octetstructureofnearestnoblegas-Neon[2,8J
[2,6] [2,8]
sh~redpairs ofelectri
• Each ofthe two 'O' atoms contributes two electrons so as to have hV? th
resulting m e -
between them. Both atoms attain stable - octet structure,
.
formation of a - double covalent bond. [O=O] between tbem
esented by electron dot structure:
FORMATION OF - OXYGEN MOLECULE - Repr
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE After combination [02 - molecule]
Before combination [0-atoms]
•
• •0.
+ . .
•
. •0. : o: :O: [O = OJ 0
• • Two shared pair of electrons - Double CO'Oalent
0-ato m 0-atom

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX]

Oato m Oatom

nd
IV. NITROGEN - Non-polar covalent com pou
To attain stable electronic
Atom Electronic Near est
configuration of nearest noble gas
configuration • noble gas
147 N Neon Nitrogen needs - three electrons to attain stable-
NITROGEN
(2,5] • [2,8] • octet structure of nearest noble gas - Neon [2,8]

Each of the two 'N' atoms contributes 3 electrons so as to have

three shared pair ofelectrons
•
resulting in the -
between them. Both atoms attain stable - octet structure,
.
formation of a - triple covalent bond. l N =NJ between them
ed by electron dot structure:
FORMATION OF - NITROGEN MOLECULE - Represent
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
Before combination [N - atoms] After combination [N2 - molecule]

+ . •.• N"• -:N:. ;N: [N=NJ N2

N-atom N-atom Three shared pair of electrons-Triple covalent-bond

[2 electrons in £he outer shell ofeach nitroien atom
are not involved in sharing, during formation o/N2 molecule]

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX]

Natom Nato m e DA Ll\.L SER ff::

30
A
STRUCTURE-Of Covalent compounds- Carbon tetrachloride, Methane
V. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE - Non-polar covalent compound
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic
co • ratio noble as co • ration o nearest noble as
12
CARBON 6C (2,4) Neon [2,8) Carbonneeds-fourelectronstoattain-stableoctet.
35
CHLORINE (2,8,7) Argon (2,8,8 Chlorineneeds-oneelectrontoattain-stableoctet.
• One atom of carbon - shares four electron pairs - one with each of the four atoms ofchlorine.
FORMATION OF-CARBONIDRACElLORIDEMOLEClll.E-Represenled byeledrondotstructure:
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
Before combination [ 4 [Cl] and 1 [C] atom] After combination [CCl4 - molecule]
••
:c1: •• Cl
' •
+)C :c1:
• I
I
•• •• Cl-C-Cl CCl4
) ti
)C
:CI• + C + ·CI: •• ••
••
)C
)C
)C
•• ) :CI•>eCX•Cl:
•• )C ••
+• • Four sinfle -
. :c1:
:c1:
. . ,
- •• - covalent onds
REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Reca o std. IX]

@a-a1oni
Carbon
0-atom @®=@ 11
0-atom )
tetrachloride
molecule

. @a-atom

VI. METHANE - Non- olar covalent compound

Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic
Atom configuration noble gas configuration of nearest noble gas
CARBON 126c [2,4) Neon [2,8) Carbonneeds-fourelectronstoattain- stableoctet.
HYDROGEN 11H [1] Helium (2) Hydrogenneeds-oneelectrontoattain-stableduplet.
• One atom of carbon - shares four electron pairs - one with each of the four atoms ofhydrogen.
. FORMATION OF - METHANE MOLECULE - Represented by electron dot structure:
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
Before combination [ 4 [H] and 1 [C] atom] After combination [CH4 - methane molecule]
H H
• H I
11
+)C •
)C
H-C-H
H• + ,c C)C x +•H H• >eC>e •H or
11
11
) I
)C H
+ • Four sin(le -
• H ·covalent onds
H --
- -

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IX]

•® H-atom

®
I

H-atom H-atom
)
DALAL SEfH~S

31
STRUCTURE - Of Covalent compounds - Water, Ammonia [Contct.
Y_•~-~ WATER - Polar covalent compound ·' •• ' ·•
Atom . Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic •
configurati.on noble gas configurati.on of nearest noble gas
HYDROGEN 1 H [1] Helium [2] Hydrogenneeds-oneelectrontoattain-stabledup
1
- OXYGEN 16 0 [2, 6]. Neon [2,8] Oxygenneeds-twoelectronstoattain-stable
8
• Each of the two hydrogen atoms - shares an electron pair with the oxygef! atom • . ;
such that hydrogen acquires a - duplet configuration and oxygen an octet configuration -
resulting in f~rmation of~ two single covalent bonds [H-0-H] in the molecule of :water. •
FORMATION OF - WATER MOLECULE - Represented by electron dot structure:
' .' ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
i , Before combination [2H and 1[0] atom] ter combination [Water molecule]
I I

Hx
..
H-atom
+ . .
·O·
O-atom
xH - ..
H~O~H or H-0-H H20
Two single - covalent bonds
H-atom

REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IXJ --

'i
I .
t
I
I :
;
•
--) .
! ,
I Hatom Oatom Hatom Water molecule
I '

VIII.· AMMONIA - •Polar tiovalent·compound -

Atom Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic
configuratio -noble gas configurati.on of nearest noble gas
NITROGEN 1 N
[2,5] Neon [2,8] Nitrogenneeds-threeelectronstoattain-stableo~tej
7
HYDROGEN 11H [1] Helium [2] Hydrogenneeds-oneelectrontoattain-stabledupld
One atom of nitrogen shares three electron pairs one with each of the three atoms ofhydrogen!
.· .
FORMATION OF -AMMONIA MOLECULE - Represented by electron dot structure:
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
Before combination [ 3 [H] and 1 [N] atom] After combination [NH3 - ammonia molecule]
H H
• • H
+ )C
I
)C
H• x N x •H or H-N-H
H• + xNx + •H ) )()(
Three single·
)()( [lone pair] covalent 6onds
REFERENCE - Orbit structure [Recap of std. IXJ

m @
•
ff-atom

B·
H-atom
)

32
G. CO OR DIN ATE BO ND - For mat ion of H3 o+ &
NH 4+ ion
gen atom of Ammonia
THE LONE PAIR EFFECT -Of oxygen atom of Water & nitro
oxygen atom of water molecule
• FORMATION - Of Water Molecule - Lone pair effect of the
ff INTH EMO LEC ULE OFW A~- 1,..

Hx + xH
o·
••• • +
H
Oxygen atom has-
xA1::1
0

WATER
• Two lone pairs of electrons.
MOLECULE
itrogenatomofammoniamolecule
• FORMATION-O/AmmoniaMolecule-Lonepaireffectofthen
:

IN 1HE MOLECULE OF AMJ\,IONIA -

H
X
+ H AMMONIA Nitrogen atom has-
• One lone pair of electrons.
Hx + ·N· + xH HxN xH MOLECULE
<ID
other atom.
Lone pair of electrons - are a pair of electrons not shared with any
[OHJ- ions -Inw ater
• FOR MAT ION - OfH ydro nium ion [H3oJ+ & Hydr oxyl

•' Hx- !@ + Hl+ Hx. g:H +or Hx.He

O
{Hx-~r + Ht+ ,
lone pair lone pair
Water molecule Hydrogen ion HYDRONIUM ION Water molecule HYDROXYL ION
H 3o+ H 20 OH1-. + et+ ,.
H20 + ffl+
From acid Hydronium ion [stable positive ion} Hydroxyl ion
of hydrogen ion [H1+] from the add
Addition of acid [HO - polar covalent] to water [polar solvent] results in release

ff' + a-
Hydrogen ion Chloride ion
Hydrogen Chloride
rons after comp letin g its octet
• In wate r - the 'O' atom contains ti,;o lone pairs of elect
O?'}'gen atom of wate r mol-
• Th.e hydr ogen ion. - accepts one lone pair of electrons of the H]
.
ecule leadi ng to form ation of a coordinate cova lent bond I
;
• FOR MAT ION - OfAm mon iumi-on -NH4+ _H-- -~+ :--- --,

I
_ _ _ _ _ _

I
-------~ - - - - - - - - = ; . __
,

+ H 1+ H*! :H + or + oe1-
H* M@
» » H
H H
Hydrogen ion AMM ONIU M ION
Ammonia molecule
H1+ Nffi l+ + OH1- NH4OH
NH +
Ammoruum ion Hydroxyl ion
Amm ond gas From water molecule
ation of - amm oniu m ion.
• Amm onia - dissolves in wate r [polar solvent] leadi ng to form
rons after comp letin g its octet.
• In amm onia - the 'N' atom contains one lone pair ofelect
of ele(:trons of the nitro gen
• The hydrogen ion - from wate r - accepts the lone pair
dinate cova lent bond. [-$ H ]
atom of amm onia molecule, leadi ng to formation of a coor

COORDINATE BON D
tributingbothofthesharedelectrons.
- Typeofcovalen:ywhich involvesoneofthecombiningatom.5con ons coming from the same atom.
i.e. a bond formed by a share d pair of electrons with both electr
as - dative or co-ionic bond.] Compounds containing
[It has properties of both ionic & covalent bonds & is also called
inate bond: C +- 0, [H-0- N•O]
-Electrovalent & Covalent bond: Na+[0-H], CaC03 : Covalent & Coord
11

[NaOHJ { If }+ {COJ {/HN0 3,

· - ,{t
CI-, [Fe(CN)61 ;AL " •
Ionic, covalent & coordinate bond- NH4Cl i.e.

33
 1 •tt . 1
c . . c=::::--==---
H• PROPERTIES & COMPARISON-Electrovalent & Covalent co"'
·••Po~
COVALENT COMPOlJNos
ELECTRovALENT [IONIC] COMPOUNDS STATE .:. Bonding - covalent
1
l. ~TA!E - Bonding - electroval~nt • • Existence - Gases, liquids or softs
Existence - Crystalline hard solids [room ttmp.J C ti'tuent Units - Molecuz 01
• Co ti' • . metallic] • ons es
ns tuent Uruts - Ions [metallic, non- F of attraction - Weak
•F f . • orce
orce o a~action -S~ong . VanderWaal'sjmasexist between-:- '
Electrostatic forces exist betwee~ - ions. REASON: Molecules have weak
REASON: Ions [charged particles which attract ttraction between them & hence
one another to fonn electrovalent compoun~s] - a m unds are gaseous [if molecu.Jes
arecloselypackedwithstrongforceofattraction, coli d Or soft solids [if molecuI
hence ionic compounds are - hard solids. & qw es are
2. VOLATILl1Y 2. VOLATILITY
• Non-volatile • Volatile
3.MELTING & BOILING POINT 3.MELTING & BOILING POINT
• High melting point and high boiling point. • Low melting point and low boiling •
REASON:Strongelectrostaticforceofattraetion RF.ASON:WeakVanderWaalsforceofa
between ions. Large amount ofenergy - between molecules. Less amount of
required to break the force of attraction. required to break the force of attraction,
4. CONDUCTION OF HEAT 4. CONDUCTION OF HEAT
• Good - conductors ofheat • B~d or non-conductors ofheat
5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY 5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
• Solid state - Non-conductors • Gaseous or liquid state - Non-•cmuful'l,,,J
• Molten or aq. soln. state- Good conductors • Soft solid state - Non-conductors
REASON: Strong electrostatic force keeps REASON: Non-polar covalent compounds
ions in fixed position in the - solid state. C~ contain molecules & not free iom,
The force is weakened in the molten state & are non-conductors. Polar co~al
disappearsinsoln.state,hencefreeionsf~ rmed compounds e.g. HO, NH3 show
migrate to - oppositely charged electrodes. separation &dissociate in Hi() [polar
6. ELECTROLYSIS 6. ELECTROLYSIS
• Can-be electrolysed in molten/ aq. soln state. • Cannot - be electrolysed in normal
On electrolysis the ions being charged are In soln. state, polar covalent compo
attracted towards the respective electrodes. undergo electrolysis. e.g. HO & NH3
7. SOLUBILITY 7. SOLUBILITY
• Soluble - in water • Soluble - in organic solvents [non-
• Insoluble - in organic solvents. • Insoluble - in water [polar]
REASON: Water [polar solvent] has a high REASON: Organic solvents [non-po
dielectric constant i.e. capacity to weaken the e.g. benzene, alcohol, dissolve non·
force of attraction, thus resulting in free ions. covalent compounds [like dissolves Jike].
Organic solvents [non-polar] have low dielectric Water[polarsolvent] cannotdissolvenon-
constants and do not cause dissolution. covalent compounds, but dissolves
8. REACTIONS 8. REACTIONS
• Undergo - high speed ionic reactions. • Undergo- slow speed molecular HJJ£tWI!
REAS0N:Freeionseasilyformedinsol ution, REASON: Covalent molecules are
_ rapidly regroup in solution. broken &new bonds are_ slowly estab •
9. DISSOCIATION 9.IONISATION
• Undergoes electrolytic dissociation - • Undergoes ionisation -
on passage of electric current. insolutionstateonpassageofelectriC ,
Process involves - separation°/ ions Process involves - formation .0/ '
already present in the ionic compound. from molecules which are not in iOIUC r
e.g. NaCl , :,. Na1+ + al- [in molten state] e.g. HQ ) Hl+ + ctl•"[in lotu'°ti~

34
 ,•;;r,; , .. <•c/41

SUMMARY CHART - Structure of Electrovalent & Covalent Compo unds

r'

1. Electrovalent - Sodium Chloride 2. Electrovalent - Calcium Oxide

i---~-=-=-=---==-=-= =-=== ===-=
RE
=========-=.-11- ---------
ELECTRON DOT
--:-::::::RE::===·
STRUCTU
Ii ELECTRON DOT STRUCTU
~- • 1+ •• 1-
Na •. +. !2! [Na] + [:~I:] NaCl ca:3:~ : [Ca]2+ + [: : cao
[2,8,1) [2,8,7) 11
11 [2,8,8,2) [2,6)
Sodium Cluorine Sodium Calcium Oxygen Calcium
atom atom chloride atom atom oxide

3. Electrovalent - Magnesium chloride

ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
••
·c1:
/ •• 2+ • • 1-
Mg: +
' ..
[Mg] + 2[:Cl:J
••
MgC12

[2,8,2)
.
. Cl:
[2,8,7)
.
Magnesium Otlorine Magnesium
atom atom chloride
4. Covalent - Hydrogen 5. Covalent - Chlorine 6. Covalent - Nitrogen
,-....-----------1
H• + •H :ci·
.. + • ci:
..
H-atom H-atom Cl-atom Cl-atom N-atom N-atom
t .. .. t
H:H or [H-H] .. ..
: Cl : Cl: [Cl-Cl] :N: :N: [N=N]
t t .
t
H2 Cl2 N2

7. Covalent - Carbon tetrachloride 8. Covalent - Methane

..
:a:
•
·a·
•.• Cl
H
• H
H
+ I + ' • H-t-H

*
)( )C

:ci• + X Cx+ -ci:

• • ·• • ,c•• I
H• + x C x +•H H• x C
)(
x •H or
,c )(
••
+ • Cl + •
• ..
:a: • H Four single -
:a: • Ie -

______ ______,
rour sing
r
H
•• covalent bonds ......_ covalent bonds
9. Covalent - Water 10. Covalent - Ammonia 11. Covalent - HCl
H
Hx + •O• + xH • Hx + •Ci:
..
+ H-atom Cl-atom
H-atom 0-atom H-atom
t
Hx •Ci: or H-Cl
..
Hi::oi::H or H-O-H H
• H
t
H0
H• x N
x
x •H or H-N-H
I
2 )C)C

{I'wo lone pairs] Two single [One lone pair] Three single ~, AlJ'=' 1 One single~
covalent bonds in ammonia covalent bonds ·covalent 6ond
in water
1.: • ••

3S
 012 QUESTIONS~--------- --
1. Draw an electron dot dia~ of the.stru~ of- hY.dronium ion State the~ of boncqng • •
2. Thfthere are three elements E1 F, G with atormc numbers 19, 8 & 17 respectivelY., Give the
j e compound formed oetween E & G & state the type of chemical bona in this compound. [
ift=•f
201
1. A chemiall tmnfor. A bond~ br. a shared pairofelOCtron" with bothekrllotis<J?Dlingfrom lresamea1om.Pg.
2 Among the ~omJ)Ounds id~tify llie comPQund that has all three bon1!~ioruc, covalent & coordinate
A: ~o~a B: ~oruum chloride C: Sodium hydroxide. D: cium chloride
3. Sta~ which IS not a typical. property of an ionic compouncl. A: High mp. B: Conducts electrici~ in molten
the aq. soln state. C: Are insoluble in water. D: Exist as opp<?SitelY tj#ged ions even in the solid state
~Ol?mpare carbon tetrachloride & sodium chloride with regarct to solubility m water & electrical conductivity,
1.. Compound 'X' consists of onlY. m!)lecules. 'X' will have- A: Crystallipe hard stru~ture [
B. A low m.p. & low b.p. C: An ioruc bond D: A strong force of attraction between its molecules pg
2. 'fl:le molecule which contains triple covalent bond is: A: ammonia B: methane C: water D: nitrogen:..~
3. G!ve word/phrase for: Formation of ions from molecules. .
4. Give a reason why covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids or soft solids. ppgg
2015
1. B9nding in. which - A: ca B: H ; C: HCl; D: NH a - invo,l~es coordinate bonding. pg.33, (2 f
2. Give ~cientifi.c rea~ons:. Carbon4tetrachloride does not con~uct electricrty. pg.34,
3. Explain the bonding m methane molecule using electron dot structure. g
4. element L.consisfs of I!lol~es. i] What type of bonding is 12!'e5ellt in the parpcles that make up L •
n] When L 1s heated with iron metal it forms a compound"FeL. What chemical term would you use
2016 describe the change undergone by L. [pg.2I, (51, i
1. Fill in the blanks from the choices given: Electrovalent com]?C!_unds have_ [higMow] meltinLg points. [p
2. Elements - W, X, Y & Z have electronic confimi!ations W = 218,1 ; X = Z,S,7 ; Y = 2,5 ; Z = •
iJ What type of bond is formed between: a] W & X ol Y & Z
ill What is lhe formula of the compound formed between: a] X & z. b] W & X
fpg.24,
pg.29,
3. Oraw an electron dot diagram to show the formation of ammonium ion [N=7, H=l] [pg
2017 ~.... •
L Fill in th! liank- 1reoomoound thatdasrwtharea lonefW'cfelectronsis_. [water,~carl:xn ~chloride] fpg3I,.
2. State which of the fo1lowing is a common characteristic of. a covalenf _comppun4•. ~- High melting po
B. Comists of molecules C. Aiwa~ soluble in water D. Conducts el~tv w~1t IS.m the molten state.
3. State the type of bonding in the followin_g molecules - i] Water; n] Calo~ oxide [pg. '
4. Draw an electron dot diagram to show ffie formation of each of the following compounds -
il Methane ii] Magnesium chloride [H = 1, C = 6, Mg =12, a = 17) [pg.31
201g
1. ' of fonnati~n
Give one word or a P.hrase for - Process . of.ions.from n;to1~wes
1--41
which are not.m the.1oruc
• ""-""
ouu.c.
2. Give a reason for - Ionic compounds J-tav~ a high melting point. . g
3. Fill in the blank with the correct ch01ce given m the ~racl<et - Ioruc or electrovalent compounds o
conduct electricity in their _ _ _ state. rfused/solid] . . . fP,g.
4. State the meaning Oj- 'Ione pair of electrons'. Oraw the electron dot diagram of- Hydronium 10n [H=l; 0=8Jt
r.2019cwe the auvrovriaJe term far: a,ualent lxmd in uitkh the electrons are mared equally between
The
Draw tne electron dol structure of:
the combining atom.5.
• il Nitrogen molecule [N=7); ii] Sodium chloride [Na=ll, 0=17]; iii] Ammonium ion [N=7, H=l] [pg.30, 25,
2020
• A Sodium chloride
f
1 Choose the correct answer om the opti.ons
• ~ven:
• A compound WI'th low boilin'g_pom
. Calcium chloride
• t, _IS:
•
C. Potassium chloride D.Tarbon tetrachloride
[pg.
2. Give one U?ord or a phrase for: The ch~mical bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each bonding ato
contributing one electron to the pair. LP~
3. Fill in the blanks from the choices givben: The pohllar c~dvalent compoundthin gaseous state that does n ot con( u,
electricity is ----.--=---,,----·· 1car on tetra c on e, ammorua, me ane1 1p8ii 281
34
4. Draw the electron dot dia]gram]Calfor the compounds g1ven. Re~~t the]electrons b)jt & [x] in the • •
fCa=20, 0=8, 0=17, H=l - i cium oxide ii] Clilorine moi~we iii Water mola:we [pg.26, ,
2021-22 [Semester 11
1. State which of tbe following compounds - neither dissociate nor ionise in water. fpg.34
il Hydrochloric acid n] Sodium hydroxide iii] Potassium nitrate iv] Carbon tetrachforide
2. State whic!'t of the following has - two sets of lone pair of.electrons in them. [pg.32
il Ammo.ma iiJ Methane ill] W~ter iv] Ammonium ion
3. State which - electron arrangement for the outer shell electrons in a covalent compound - is correct. [pg.32
·1 tt~cz:
I
•• ••
ii] ~tt~cz: iii] H~N:H •• iv] H~N:H
•• xx •• • H xe
4. State the typ_e ofbonding- present in hydrogen chloride: i] Metallic ii] Ionic iii] Covalent ivfcoordinate
~:Jta/e the oxidation midionfii,m-i] fe3't + 3e" Fe; ii] fe2+ - fe3't;iii] 2Ql-; iv] QiZ+ GJ[pg.2
1. M_ich the Column A- i] Sodium chl~ride; ii] Hydrogen chloride gas; iiil Oxidation reaction· ivl Water
WI •. 9>1Wll!1 B : al has two shared~air of electrons· oJ has!Ji' mel~_g & boiling E<!ints; c] fow me! •
~ }%n:r:pomi:3,N•d] Znlar- ; e] S + 2eds- s2- • [(i, P.g,34(25); (ii) pg.34 (jo);.(iii) pg.24; (1.·v) 1.32
2 1 5/.anks. on-po cov t compoun a r e ~ /bad] conductors of heat & electrici' .34
3. Draw the electron dot sfructure fa!: i] Ammonium ion. ii] A molecule of nitro en. [N:•7 ,AA.!, ·' l ,.-.. 50
4. Give a reason or the ollowin : Ionic com ounds do not conduct electric1 ih solid sta~~.. \ '. j
36
J
a
- - - - - - - - ADDITIO NAL QUEST IONS._ __,;...-- ----
1. state the force which
holds two or more atoms together as a stable molecule.
the geometrical atomic structure representing the electronic configuration of atoms of elements of a]
u
2 Draw
• Period-2 i] group14[1VA]-c~bon [_at.no. 6] ii] grouplS(VA]-nitrogen [at. no. 7] iii] groupl6('?A]
- oxygen [at. ~-0 • 8] b] Penod-3 1] group l[IA] - sodium (at. no. 11] ii] group 2[IIA] - magnesium
(at. no. 12] m] group 17[VIIA] - chlorine [at. no. 17] c] Period-4 group 2[IIA] _ calcium [at. no. 20].
'chemical bond' and 'chemical bonding'. .
3_ What is meant by the term
4. State why noble gases are unreactive while atoms of elements other than noble gases are chemically reactive.
5. State the reasons !d 0 r chemical bonding between two atoms and the methods involved for achievingnfi~e
same. State how up1et and octet' rules are involved for an atom to achieve stable electronic co g.
6. State the type of compounds formed by transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another, and
explain the method of formation of the same. State the role of 'cations' and 'anions' in their formation.
7. Define the terms i] Electrovalent or ionic bond ii] Electrovalent or ionic compound.
s. What is meant by the term 'electrovalency'. State why Na (at. no. 11] has a electropositive valency
of +l and Cl [at. no. 17] an electronegative valency of -1. . •
9. State three differences between 'X' and 'x1+' i.e. an atom and an ion.
10. Explain the terms 'oxidation' and 'reduction' with reference to an atom or ion.
11. State which of the following are oxidation reactions and which are reduction reactions:
a] i] Cu2+ + 2e- ii] Cu2+ + 2e- Cu iii] Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+ iv] 2a- Cl2 + 2e-
v] Fe2+ Fe + + le- vi] X + 2e-
3 x2- vii] Y - yl+ viii] z 3+ z2+
b] i] Zn2+ ii] S g2- iii] Sn2+· Sn iv] Fe2+ Fe3+
12. Explain with the help of i] an ionic equation ii] electron dot structural diagram -
the formation of the following: .
a] Sodium chloride b] Calcium oxide c] Magnesium chloride. (at. nos. Na=ll, 0=17, Ca=20, 0=8, ~g=12].
13. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word/s from the brackets.
i] NaCl an electrovalent compounds is formed as a result of transfer of _ _ [one, two, three] valence
electrons from metallic sodium to non-metallic chlorine atom. CaO is similarly formed as a result
of transfer of _ _ (one, two, three] valence electron/sfrommetallic calcium to non-metallic oxygen
and magnesium chloride by transfer of ' [one, two, three] valence electron/s from _ _
[one, two] magnesium atom/s to • [one, two] chlorine atom/s. . •
ii] Covalent compounds are formed by sharing electron pairs between non-metallic atoms. Non-metallic
atoms having ___ valence electrons (4, 5, 6, ?] share one, two or three pairs of electrons respectively.
14. Define or explain the terms- i] covalent or molecular bond ii] covalent or molecular compound
iii] Covalency ·iv] Shared pair of electrons. , , •
15. Give two differences between the covalent compounds -·methane [non-polar] and HCI [polar].
16. Explain with the help of- electron dot diagrams -
the formation of the following molecules, stating the valency of each element involved. , . , •
a] Hydrogen b] Chlorine c] Oxygen d] Nitrogen e] Water f] Methane _g] Carbon tetrachloride
h] Ammonia i] Carbon dioxide [at: nos. H=l, C=6, N=7, 0=8; Cl=17].
17. Give reasons for the following: r .

i] Molecules of hydrogen and chlorine have single covalent bonds between their atoms while
oxygen has a double covalent and nitrogen a triple covalent bond respectively.,
ii] A molecule of methane has four single covalent bonds. •, • \ '
iii] Formation of ammonia involves one atom of nitrogen sharing three electron pairs one with
each of the three atoms of hydrogen.
18. F.xplain the tams a] Lone pair of elErlrons b] Coordinate bond. Explain diagrammatically the lone pair effect of:
a] The nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule leading to the formation of ammonium ions [NH4j+
b] The oxygen atom of the H2O molecule leading to formation of hydronium [H3O]+ & hydroxyl ions (OH]-
19. Give reasons for the following: • ·
Electrovalentcompounds are soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents, good conductors of electricity
in molten or aq. sol1;1tion state, have high melting points and ~dergo el~lytic ~ t i o n on passage
of electric current wltile covalent compounds are soluble m organic sol~ents, msoluble in water,
non-conductors of ~ ~ ~ p o i n t s Ir undergo ionisation on passage bf electric current
81
 HIGH ORDER & CRITICALTHINKINCi QUESTIONS -
UNIT TEST PAPER 2
Q.1 Give reasons for the following:
1. NH3 gas a covalent compound does not conduct electricity but its aq. soln. ~OH is a weak electro
2. Mg02 is soluble in water but insoluble in acetone, while methane is insoluble in water, but soluble in
3. Iron displaces copper from a solution of a copper salt. The reaction is deemed as a redox reactj
4. A non-metallic atom [at. no. 9] forms a·molecule of the same, containing a single covalent bond.
5. In the formation of MgO the magnesium atom [at. no. 12] loses two electrons from its valences
Q.2 With reference to a molecule of water, fill in the blanks with the correct word. [at. no. of H = 1, 0 • 8)
Water is a _ _ _ _ _ _ [non-polar/ polar] covalent molecule in which the atom o f - - - - -
[hydrogen/ oxygen] attracts electrons more strongly towards itself. The water molecule shows the
ence of _ _ _ _ [double/one single/ two single] covalent bond/sand------ [one/
lone pair of electrons present in the . [hydrogen/oxygen] atom.
Q.3 Complete the table given below:
Element Element T-ype ofbond likely in molecule of Formula ofcompound
A: At. no. =20 B: At. no.= 8 AandB
A: At. no. =20 C: At. no. = 17 AandC
D: At. no.= 9 D:At. no. =9 DandD
E: At. no. = 12 F: At. no. = 16 EandF
G: At. no.= 1 F: At. no. = 16 GandF
Q.4 Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the brackets:
1. The bond between two elements in group 17[VIIA] of the periodic table.is likely to b e - [ionic/cov.illBll1
2. In the reaction of a + 2KI 21<0 + 12 the conversion of 21 to 12 is deemed as_ [oxidation/redu •
2
3. The covalent molecule containing three single covalent bonds is - - - - - - - - - ~
[water/ methane/ ammonia].
4. The molecule of water combines with a - - - - - - - - - [hydrogen atom/ proton
hydrogen molecule] to form a hydronium ion.
5. For formation of an electrovalent bond between elements 'X' and 'Y' which are a metal and n
metal respectively, X should have a _ _ _ [high/low] ionization potential and 'Y' a - - ~
[high/low] electron affinity.
Q.S Eectronic configuration of the following elements are given :
1. Sodium Na = 2,8,1 2. Hydrogen H = 1
3. Carbon - C = 2, 4 4. Chlorine O = 2,8,7
5. Lithium - Li = 2,1
State which of the compounds given below :
a] have high/low boiling points, b] are soluble/insoluble in organic solvents.
A: Hydrogen chloride. B: Sodium chloride. C: Sodium hydride.
D: Lithium chloride. E: Carbon tetrachloride.
I

Q.6 A compound has a formula = "H2Y". Y denotes a non-metal. State the following:
1. The electronic configuration of Y. •
2. The valency of Y.
3. The bonding present in 'H2Y'.
4. The bonding present in the compound formed between potassium [391~ and 'Y'.
5. The formula of the compound formed between calcium [4020eaJ and Y. ::-~ ., ·~L.~ .:.

38
J