Worksheet Chapter 7

1. Memory Illusion - a false or inaccurate memory that feels real to the person
experiencing it.

2. Memory - the retention of information over time

3. Sensory Memory - the brief retention of sensory information (such as visual or auditory
stimuli) after the original stimulus has ceased.

4. Iconic Memory - a type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual information.

5. Echoic Memory -a type of sensory memory that briefly holds auditory information.

6. Short-term Memory - Retains information for limited durations

7. Decay - refers to the fading or weakening of memories over time due to disuse.

8. Interference - Loss of information because of new competition

9. Retroactive Interference - As new information crowds in, old information gets pushed
out

10. Proactive Interference - New acquisition of material hindered from previous learning

11. Magic Number - The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller; Seven
plus or minus two

12. Chunking - a memory strategy where information is organized into smaller, manageable
units to improve retention and recall.

13. Rehearsal - the mental repetition of information, which helps in transferring it from
short-term to long-term memory.

14. Maintenance Rehearsal - Repeating stimuli in their original form

15. Elaborative Rehearsal - Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve
retention

16. Levels of Processing - By repeating information, we imbed the information deeper into
memory

17. Long-term Memory - the storage system responsible for holding information for
extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime.

18. Permastore - refers to memories that are retained indefinitely in long-term memory.

19. Primacy Effect - The ability to remember words at the beginning of a list

20. Recency Effect - The ability to remember words at the end of a list
21. Serial Position Curve - Graph depicting both primacy and recency effect of people to
remember a list

22. Semantic Memory - the part of long-term memory responsible for storing general
knowledge and facts.

23. Episodic Memory - the part of long-term memory responsible for storing personal
experiences and events.

24. Explicit Memory - involves conscious recollection of information, such as facts or

events.

25. Implicit Memory - involves unconscious retention and retrieval of information, such as
skills or habits.

26. Procedural Memory - a type of implicit memory that stores information about how to
perform certain procedures or tasks.

27. Priming - the activation of specific associations in memory, often influencing subsequent
thoughts or behaviors.

28. Encoding - the process of getting information into our minds

29. Mnemonic - a memory aid or technique used to enhance recall.

30. Storage -refers to the retention of encoded information over time in memory.

31. Schema -a cognitive framework or mental model that helps organize and interpret
information.

32. Retrieval - Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

33. Retrieval Cue - a stimulus that helps facilitate the retrieval of stored information.

34. Recall - The ability to come up with the information without prompts

35. Recognition - The ability to come up with the information when prompted

36. Relearning - the process of learning information again that has been previously learned
and then forgotten.

37. Distributed vs. Massed Practice - Distributed practice involves spacing study or
practice sessions over time, while massed practice involves cramming all study or
practice into one session.

38. Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon - the feeling of being unable to recall a word or piece
of information even though it is known and on the "tip of the tongue."

39. Encoding Specificity - the principle that retrieval is more effective when the conditions
at the time of encoding and retrieval match.
40. Context-dependent Learning - the phenomenon where retrieval is enhanced when the
external context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of retrieval.

41. State-Dependent Learning - the phenomenon where retrieval is enhanced when a

person's internal state at the time of encoding matches their internal state at the time of
retrieval.

42. Long-term Potentiation - a persistent increase in synaptic strength that underlies

memory formation in the brain.

43. Retrograde Amnesia - Loss of memories from our past

44. Anterograde Amnesia - Inability to encode new memories in our present

45. Meta-memory - refers to knowledge about one's own memory processes and strategies.

46. Infantile Amnesia - the inability of adults to remember events from early childhood.

47. Flashbulb Memory - a highly detailed, vivid, and long-lasting memory of a significant
event, often accompanied by a strong emotional reaction.

48. Source Monitoring Confusion - occurs when a person has difficulty distinguishing
between the source of a memory and whether it actually occurred.

49. Cryptomnesia - the unintentional plagiarism of another person's work due to a lack of
awareness that the information was previously encountered.

50. Suggestive Memory Technique - methods used to elicit or enhance memories, which
may inadvertently lead to the creation of false memories.

51. Misinformation Effect - occurs when exposure to misleading information influences a

person's memory of an event, often leading to inaccuracies or distortions in recall.