Boundary layers

Boundary layers
Thin layer of fluid near a surface where shear stress is high.

Flat
plate

𝜏𝒘
 2

Boundary layers
Wing
Example
 4

Example

The velocity field over a flat plate is described by,

𝑦 𝑦2
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑢0 2 − 2
𝛿 𝛿

𝛿 𝑦2 𝑦3
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑢0 −
𝑥 2𝛿 2 3𝛿 3

where 𝑢0 is the fluid velocity far above the plate, 𝛿 is the boundary layer thickness given by,

𝜇𝑥
𝛿 𝑥 =5
𝜌𝑢0

and 𝜇 and 𝜌 are the dynamic viscosity and density, respectively.

Derive an expression for the drag force that acts on the top side of the plate. The plate has length
𝐿 and a width of 𝑏 into the page.
Viscous stress in Newtonian fluids
 6

Viscous stress in Newtonian fluids

Non-Newtonian fluids
 8

Non-Newtonian fluids

Shear-thinning
 9

Non-Newtonian fluids
Shear-thickening
 10

Non-Newtonian fluids

Viscoelastic