Utilization of Waste Tyre Rubber in Concrete Construction

A Minor Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering

SUBMITTED BY
ANKIT KUMAR (20101154045)
MANNU KUMAR (20101154008)
MANAS KUMAR (20101154087)
SACHIN KUMAR (20101154027)
MUSKAN KUMARI (20101154064)
AMANDEEP KUMAR (20101154024)
MANIKANT KUMAR (20101154034)
AKANKSHA KUMARI (20101154022)
MD SHARFUDDIN SALIM (20101154010)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. SANJEEV KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Government Engineering College Khagaria
Roun, Alauli, Bihar- 848203
 2 Introduction

2
 PROJECT APPROVAL SHEET

A Minor Project Entitled

Utilization of Waste Tyre Rubber in Concrete Construction

Submitted by
ANKIT KUMAR (20101154045)
MANNU KUMAR (20101154008)
MANAS KUMAR (20101154087)
SACHIN KUMAR (20101154027)
MUSKAN KUMARI (20101154064)
AMANDEEP KUMAR (20101154024)
MANIKANT KUMAR (20101154034)
AKANKSHA KUMARI (20101154022)
MD SHARFUDDIN SALIM (20101154010)

Has been checked and supervised by

Supervisor

Signature
(Name of supervisor)
Has been Examined and Approved by

Department of Civil Engineering

Government Engineering College Khagaria
Roun, Alauli, Bihar- 848203

Name Signature with

date
External Evaluator
Member(Project Superviser)
Member (Project coordinator)
Member (HOD) Dr. Md Irfan
Ansari

i
 CERTIFICATE

Date: Name of Supervisor

(Assistant professor)
Project Guide

ii
 DECLARATION

We, Ankit Kumar (20101154045), Sachin Kumar (20101154027), Manas Kumar

(20101154087), Md Sharfuddin Salim (20101154010), Akanksha Kumari
(20101154022), Muskan Kumari (20101154064), Manikant Kumar (20101154034),
Mannu Kumar (20101154008), Amandeep Kumar (20101154024) , Department of Civil
Engineering, GEC Khagaria, hereby declare that this Minor project entitled “Utilization Of
Waste Tyre Rubber In Concrete Construction” is our original work and that it has not
been presented to any other University/Institute for a similar or any other Degree award.
Date: ANKIT KUMAR (20101154045)
MANNU KUMAR (20101154008)
MANAS KUMAR (20101154087)
SACHIN KUMAR (20101154027)
MUSKAN KUMARI (20101154064)
AMANDEEP KUMAR (20101154024)
MANIKANT KUMAR (20101154034)
AKANKSHA KUMARI (20101154022)
MD SHARFUDDIN (20101154010)
SALIM

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.Tech. Project undertaken
during B.Tech. Final Year. We owe special debate of gratitude of Mr. Sanjeev Kumar, our
supervisor and Associate Professor of Civil Department in college, G.E.C.Khagaria for his
constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity,
thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us.We also
take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr Md Irfan Ansari, Head of
Department of Civil Engineering, G.E.C. Khagaria for his support and guidance during the
development of the project. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the
contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and
cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge
our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Place:- ANKIT KUMAR (20101154045)

Date: MANNU KUMAR (20101154008)
MANAS KUMAR (20101154087)
SACHIN KUMAR (20101154027)
MUSKAN KUMARI (20101154064)
AMANDEEP KUMAR (20101154024)
MANIKANT KUMAR (20101154034)
AKANKSHA KUMARI (20101154022)
MD SHARFUDDIN SALIM (20101154010)

ABSTRACT
iv
v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
PROJECT APPROVAL SHEET...................................................................i
CERTIFICATE.............................................................................................ii
DECLARATION.........................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................iv
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................viii
Chapter: 1 Introduction.................................................................................1
1.1 Research Scope................................................................................................................1
1.2 Motivation for utilisation.................................................................................................2
1.3 Rubber tyre waste in concrete construction.....................................................................2
Chapter: 2 Literature Review........................................................................3
2.1 Application of Recycled Rubber in Concrete..................................................................3
2.2 Material composition.......................................................................................................4
2.3 Waste Particle Production................................................................................................5
2.4 Classification of rubber tyre particle................................................................................6
2.5 Tyre rubber particle properties.........................................................................................6
Chapter: 3 Experimental Setup and methodology.........................................8
3.1 Theory..............................................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Definition..................................................................................................................8
3.2 Mix Design.......................................................................................................................9
3.3 Materials Used...............................................................................................................11
3.4 Equipment Used.............................................................................................................16
3.5 Workability Test.............................................................................................................18
3.5.1 Slump Cone Test.....................................................................................................18
3.6 Steps for cube casting.....................................................................................................20

vi
 3.7 Compression Testing Machine.......................................................................................24
3.7.1 Compressive Strength.............................................................................................24
3.7.2 Procedure for Concrete Cube Test..........................................................................24
Chapter: 4 Test Results...............................................................................26
4.1 Compressive Strength of Cube After 3days..................................................................26
4.1.1 For conventional concrete.......................................................................................26
4.1.2 For 10% rubber mix concrete..................................................................................26
4.1.3 For 25% rubber mix concrete..................................................................................26
4.1.4 For 35% rubber mix concrete..................................................................................27
4.2 Compressive Strength of Cube After 7days...................................................................27
4.2.1 For conventional concrete.......................................................................................27
4.2.2 For 10% rubber mix concrete..................................................................................27
4.2.3 For 25% rubber mix concrete..................................................................................28
4.2.4 For 35% rubber mix concrete..................................................................................28

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:Typical Cryogenic tyre rubber particle processing[13].............................................5

Figure 2: Cement....................................................................................................................12
Figure 3: Fine Aggregate........................................................................................................13
Figure 4: Rubber Powder.......................................................................................................14
Figure 5: Coarse Aggregate....................................................................................................14
Figure 6: Water.......................................................................................................................15
Figure 7: Head Pan.................................................................................................................16
Figure 8: Trowel.....................................................................................................................16
Figure 9: Cube Mould............................................................................................................17
Figure 10: Weighing Machine................................................................................................17
Figure 11: Slump cone apparatus...........................................................................................19
Figure 12: slump cone removal..............................................................................................19
Figure 14: Mixing of Material................................................................................................21
Figure 13: Weigh Batching....................................................................................................21
Figure 16: Curing...................................................................................................................23
Figure 15: Compaction...........................................................................................................23
Figure 17: Compression Testing Machine.............................................................................25

viii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Material Composition of Tyres[11]...........................................................................4
Table 2: Nominal mix ratio......................................................................................................9
Table 3: composition of Portland Cement..............................................................................12
Table 4: Slump value for various % rubber mix....................................................................20

ix
 1

Chapter: 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Scope

There is an increasing concern over the high levels of waste generation that are impossible
to split into original components, such as rubber waste derived from end-of-life tyres.
Rubber obtained from scrapped tyres is considered as the most recent waste materials that
have been examined because of its vital use in the construction field. Worldwide, the
production of rubber increases every year. These numbers increase with the increase in the
production of vehicles.

The dumping of waste material is one of the key issues in the whole world. The dumping
of the waste tyres is a major matter because this material is very difficult to degrade even
after a long time .This creates a major problem for the earth and their livings. For this issue,
the easiest and cheapest way of decomposing of the rubber is by burning it. This creates
smoke pollution and other toxic emission and it create global warming.

Waste tyre rubber has been remarked as a toxic and hazardous waste . Recovery and
disposal of end-of-life tyres is recognized as ‘‘black pollution” [1], as this waste has a
strong impact over environment. A large part of discarded tyres ends up stockpiled in waste
disposal sites without having been subjected to any specific treatment prior to storage. The
growing number of these waste disposal sites poses phytosanitary risk, increasing the
chances of fires and segregation of the space they occupy in relation to their environment.
The handling and storage of end-of-life tyres is a major threat to public health and aesthetic
implications.

Concrete is one of the most extensively used construction materials in the world and the
natural mineral aggregates used to make the concrete are a finite resource, which is fast
dwindling. According to Alexander and Mindess ,mineral aggregates are the most
extensively used material after water and soil[2].
Although waste tyres are difficult to ignite, this risk is always present. Once tyres start to
burn due to accidental causes high temperature is induced and toxic fumes are generated
besides the high temperature causes tyres to melt, thus producing oil that will contaminate
soil and water.
 2

1.2 Motivation for utilisation

The unsustainability of using natural aggregates is not only due to the finite nature of the
resources but also due to the huge impact the production of natural aggregates has on the
environment. The production of natural aggregates has a huge impact on atmospheric,
water and natural environment.

As a result of the need to preserve natural resources and protect the environment, many
other materials have been exploited or use as aggregates in concrete. Several other natural
alternatives that have been used include by-products of other processes as such slags,
building and construction demolishing material, sawdust, wood wool, rice husks,
incinerator residues and clinker ash. Other artificially produced aggregates include bloated
clay, shale, glass, fly ash, perlite, exfoliated vermiculite and expanded polystyrene [3, 4].
The recycling of building materials from demolished buildings like crushed brick and
concrete has been receiving a fair amount of attention because of the materials are derived
from an aggregate product (concrete).

1.3 Rubber tyre waste in concrete construction

The utilization of waste rubber tires in concrete construction presents an innovative and
sustainable approach with the potential to address environmental concerns and promote
resource efficiency. By incorporating rubber tire particles into concrete, the material's
properties are altered, leading to enhanced flexibility, ductility, and energy absorbency.
This makes rubberized concrete suitable for a range of applications, including architectural
uses, vibration damping, resistance to impact and blast, and certain structural engineering
applications. While the reduced strength of rubberized concrete limits its use in traditional
structural elements, it offers advantages in specific scenarios. However, further research is
needed to fully understand its implications on the mechanical, durability, and thermal
properties of concrete. Overall, the incorporation of waste rubber tires in concrete holds
promise for reducing air pollution, repurposing waste materials, and producing environment
friendly concrete for various construction needs.
 3

Chapter: 2 Literature Review

2.1 Application of Recycled Rubber in Concrete

In this section, different characteristics of rubberized concrete are investigated broadly.

Based on the available research data, the function of rubber particles in the concrete is
critically reviewed. Moreover, different categories of recycled rubber and their effects on
properties of concrete are elaborated.
Batayneh et al. (2008) replaced the normal sand by crumb rubber tyres. They observed a
decrease in compressive strength, splitting tensile test and workability[2].
Grinys et al. (2012) found some increase in the splitting tensile strength and attributed that
to the adhesion between the cement paste and the crumb rubber. Although the compressive
strength is lower than the conventional concrete, the absorption of the plastic energy is
higher[4].
Lu et al. (2015) relates the observed decrease in the strength of the concrete to the local
imperfections in the cement hydration. They showed that the rubber disturbed the water
transfer to generate waterways (Lu et al., 2015)[7].
Based on the laboratory experimental research and the type of rubber tyres that have been
used in this study, the following findings were made:

1) Compressive strength of rubberized concrete is suitable for footpaths. At lower

replacement, the strength was about 5 MPa which it could be enough.
2) The reduction in strength is also accompanied by reduction in the density of the
concrete. The rubberized concrete has light weight in compare with the normal
concrete. It was reduced by 15% which could be an advantage in the architectural
finishing.
3) The plastic energy of the rubberized concrete increasing proportional with the
amount of rubber in concrete.
4) Also, the resistance of failure increasing proportionally with the amount of the rubber
in concrete. The plastic energy and the resistance of failure gave this concrete an
advantage for using it in sports field especially in tennis field, and others such as
Basketball and Volleyball.
5) The flexural strength decreased by 65% with increase in the added percentage of the
rubber tyres. Thus, rubberized concrete did not sustain bending.
 4

2.2 Material composition

A tyre is defined as a “continuous pneumatic covering made of natural rubber or synthetic

rubber or a combination of natural and synthetic rubber encircling a wheel, whether new,
used or retreaded” [9]. Tyres are normally classified according to their use, that is,
passenger car tyres, truck tyres and off-the-road tyres (OTR). The material compositions of
the three classes of tyres are shown in Table 1. The major differences in composition
amongst the tyre classes are the absence of textile fibres and the higher metal material
presence in concrete[1].This truck tyres than other classes. The rubber content in each of
the tyre classes is fairly comparable but the rubber in truck tyres is mainly natural rubber.
Truck tyre rubber content is 65% natural and 35% synthetic; the opposite is true for other
tyres [10].

Table 1: Material Composition of Tyres[11]

Ingredient Percentage composition

Passenger Truck OTR
Rubber 47 45 47
Carbon black 21.5 22 22
Metal 16.5 25 12
Textile 5.5 - 10
Zinc oxide 1 2 2
Sulphur 1 1 1
additives 7.5 5 6
 5

2.3 Waste Particle Production

Waste tyre rubber cut-off sizes for each group differ, authors generally agree on three
classes of waste tyre rubber particles [1],The three main classes are shredded / Chipped
rubber (13 – 73 mm), Crumb rubber (0.425 – 4.75 mm) and Ground rubber (0.075 – 0.425
mm) Tyre rubber aggregates are produced from waste tyres by either ambient or cryogenic
grinding process. The ambient process is grinding or shredding conducted at room
temperature while the cryogenic process, shown in Fig below, entails freezing the tyre
under sub-zero temperatures using liquid nitrogen and grinding thereafter [13].

The complete ambient process of making waste tyre rubber particles for use in concrete
involves the cutting of the whole scrap tyre diametrically into two halves with the side
walls being separated from the threads of the tyre using tyre cutting machines. The slit tyres
then undergo primary and secondary shredding to produce tyre shreds or chips. The tyre
chips then go through a two stage magnetic separation and screening process, which
removes the steel and fibres present in the tyre. The fibre and steel free rubber is then
subjected to further grinding using special mills that produce the crumb and powder tyre
rubber [4].
 6

Figure 1:Typical Cryogenic tyre rubber particle processing[13]

2.4 Classification of rubber tyre particle

Chipped or shredded rubber although the source of rubber particles is a key factor (Zachar
et al. 2010), the most important characteristic of recycled rubbers is the rubber particle size.
Recycled rubbers can be classified into three main size categories as follows:

a) Chipped rubber (coarse size rubber): Literature has classified recycled rubber as
shredded or chipped rubber, when it has a dimension of about 4.75mm or larger.
Accordingly, coarse aggregates in the concrete mix can be replaced with this size of
rubber (John & Kardos 2011).
b) Crumb rubber (fine size rubber): Rubber particles are highly irregular, which can be
used instead of a part of sand in the concrete mix. Crumb rubber particles are in the
size ranges between 4.75mm and 0.075mm (Siddique & Naik 2004; John & Kardos
2011).
c) Ash rubber (rubber powder): Rubber consists of particles smaller than 0.075mm is
named ash rubber or rubber powder. It is not prepared from rubber by grinding, but
the powder is formed unintentionally during the titration process, fallen from the
 7

machinery of the plant handling the waste rubber. It can be used as filler in concrete
or be substituted as a portion of cement (Zachar et al. 2010)[2].

2.5 Tyre rubber particle properties

Tyre chips have a loose density is about 320 - 490 kg/m3 and a compacted density is about
570 - 730 kg/m3 [6]. The specific gravity of crumb rubber is 1.05 -1.15 [7]. The unit weight
of rubber particles is much less than that of mineral aggregates thus resulting in 2 - 2.5
times more tyre rubber aggregate volume for the same mass of mineral aggregate. The
elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of tyre rubber particles is <5 MPa and 0.5 respectively.
Tyre rubber particles properties are largely derived from the rubber component of the tyre
as it is the major component. These properties can be useful or detrimental to the use of tyre
rubber in concrete depending on the application for which the concrete is being made. The
effects of tyre rubber in concrete can be controlled in a way that allows for beneficial use of
the rubber in concrete. Much research has been done to study how to control these effects
by pre-treating the tyre rubber particles, varying tyre rubber particles size and shape,
limiting the amount of tyre rubber particles in a mix and also using a combination of these
control measures. These efforts to control the effects of tyre rubber particles in concrete are
detailed in the proceeding section.
 8

Chapter: 3 Experimental Setup and methodology

3.1 Theory
3.1.1 Definition
a) Tyre: - A tyre is defined as a “continuous pneumatic covering made of natural rubber or
synthetic rubber or a combination of natural and synthetic rubber encircling a wheel,
whether new, used or retreaded”.

b) Conventional concrete: - Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate

bonded together with a fluid cement that cures over time. Concrete is the second-most-used
substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material.

c) Rubcrete concrete: - The concrete mixed with waste rubber added in different volume
proportions is called rubcrete concrete. Partially replacing the coarse or fine aggregate of
concrete with some quantity of small waste tire in the form of crumb and chipped can
improve qualities such as low unit weight, high resistance to abrasion, absorbing the shocks
and vibrations, high ductility and brittleness and so on to the concrete.

3.1.2 concrete mix ratio

 9

a) Nominal mix :
Nominal mix concrete is a type of concrete mix that is prepared using
approximate proportions of ingredients rather than precise measurements
by volume. It is often used in small-scale construction projects or in
situations where detailed testing and quality control may not be critical.

Table 2: Nominal mix ratio

mix design ratio

Grade of concrete (cement:fine aggregate: coarse
aggregate)
M30 1:0.75:1.5
M35 1:0.5:1
M40 1:0.25:0.5

b) Design mix:
Mix design is a selection of raw materials in optimum proportions to
give concrete with required properties in fresh and hardened states for
some special applications.Precise measurements are done by weight.

3.2 Mix Design

 10

M-30 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009

A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning
1 Grade Designation M30
2 Type of Cement PPC
3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm
4 Maximum Water Cement Ratio 0.45
5 Workability 75mm (Slump)
6 Fine Aggregate Zone Zone 3
7 Exposure Condition Severe
8 Concrete Type RCC
A-2 Test Data for Materials
1 Density Of Water 1000 kg/m3
2 Specific Gravity of Water 1
3 Specific Gravity of Cement 3.15
4 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate 2.64
5 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate 2.84
6 Standard Deviation(S) from Table 2 5 N/mm2
7 X From Table 1 6.5
A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
1 Characteristic Strength (fck) 30 N/mm2
2 1st Mean Strength (f‵ck=fck+1.65*S) 38.25 N/mm2
3 2nd Mean Strength(f‵ck=fck+X) 36.5 N/mm2
4 Target Mean Strength 38.25 N/mm2
Maximum of (sr.2,sr.3)
A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio
1 Maximum Water Cement Ratio 0.45
2 Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.43
As per Is 456 Table 5 0.43 < 0.45 (Hence OK)
A-5 Selection of Water Content
1 Water content for 50mm Slump 186 Kg/m3
2 Estimated Water content for 75 mm Slump 191.58 Kg/m3
A-6 Calculation of Cement Content
 11

1 Water Cement Ratio 0.43

2 Cement Content 445.53
From Table 5 (IS 456) 445.53 Kg/m3 > 320
Kg/m3 (Hence OK)
A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content
1 Proportion of Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 0.64
of IS 10262
2 Adopted proportion of Vol. of Coarse 0.654
Aggregate
3 Adopted proportion of Vol. of Fine 0.346
Aggregate ( 1-0.65)
A-8 Mix Calculations
1 Volume of Concrete in m3 1
2 Volume of Cement in m3 0.141439646
(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of
Cement)x1000
3 Volume of Water in m3 0.19158
(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of
Water)x1000
4 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.666980354
Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3)
5 Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.436
Sr. no. 4 x 0.654
6 Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.230
Sr. no. 4 x 0.346
A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete
1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3 445.5348837
2 Mass of water in kg/m3 191.58
3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 609.2465349
4 Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1238.822631
5 Water Cement Ratio 0.43
A-10 Mix Design Ratio
1 Cement : Fine Aggregate : Coarse 1 : 1.37 : 2.78
 12

Aggregate

3.3 Materials Used

I. Cement
Cement was first discovered by an English Researcher named Joseph Aspdin in
1824. He called it Portland cement for the reason that the cement he discovered
resembled the limestone found in Portland. There are many other types of cement.
The approximate composition of Portland cement is given below.

Table 3: composition of Portland Cement

sr.no. Material Composition

1 Lime (CaO) 60-70%
2 Silica (SiO2) 20-25%
3 Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 2-3%
4 Alumina (Al2O3) 5-10%

The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This
paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called
hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds
the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides strength and
durability to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. There are
different types of Grade which use in construction work. These are given below.
 33 Grade OPC
 43 Grade OPC
 13

 53 Grade OPC
 PPC

Figure 2: Cement

II. Fine Aggregates

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely

divided rock and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than
gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil
or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85 percent sand-sized
particles by mass.
The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and
conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland
continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica, usually in
the form of quartz. The second most common type of sand is calcium
carbonate, for example: aragonite.
 14

Sand is a non-renewable resource over human time scales, and sand

suitable for making concrete is in high demand.

Figure 3: Fine Aggregate

III. Rubber powder

Rubber dust is the finest product after recycling of waste solid tyres .

Figure 4: Rubber Powder

IV. Coarse aggregate

Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the
concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Earlier, aggregates were considerd as
chemically inert materials but now it has been recognised that some of the aggregates
 15

are chemically active and also that certain aggregates exhibit chemical bond at the
interface of aggregate and paste. The mere fact that the aggregates occupy 70–80 per
cent of the volume of concrete.The aggregate with rounded shape has the minimum
percentage of voids ranging from 32 to 33%. It gives minimum ratio of surface area
to given volume and hence requires minimum water for lubrication.The aggregate
with irregular shape has higher percentage of voids ranging from 35 to 37%. It
gives lesser workability than rounded aggregate for the given water content. Water
requirement is higher and hence more cement is needed for constant water cement
ratio. The interlocking between aggregate particles is better than rounded aggregate
but not adequate to be used for high strength concrete and pavements subjected to
tension.Almost all natural aggregate materials originate from bed rocks. There are
three kinds of rocks, namely, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Figure 5: Coarse Aggregate

V. Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical
reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the
quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully.Some
specification also accept water for making concrete if the pH value of water lies
between 6 and 8 and the water is free from organic matter.
The best course to find out whether a particular source of water is suitable for
concrete making or not, is to make concrete with this water and compare its 7 days’
and 28 days’ strength with companion cubes made with distilled water. If the
compressive strength is upto 90 per cent, the source of water may be accepted. This
criteria may be safely adopted in places like coastal area of marshy area or in other
places where the available water is brackish in nature and of doubtful quality.
 16

Figure 6: Water

3.4 Equipment Used

a) Head pan

Head pan is used for transporting mortar from place of mixing to the place of casting.
 17

Figure 7: Head Pan

b) Trowel

Trowel is used for Mixing mortar.

Figure 8: Trowel

c) Cube mould

Size of Mould is (150mm*150mm*150mm)

 18

Figure 9: Cube Mould

d) Weighing machine

Figure 10: Weighing Machine

3.5 Workability Test

Workability of concrete refers to its ability to be easily mixed, placed, and compacted
without excessive effort or the introduction of too much water.Workable concrete is the one
which exhibits very little internal friction between particle and particle or which overcomes
the frictional resistance offered by the formwork surface or reinforcement contained in the
 19

concrete with just the amount of compacting efforts forthcoming.The following tests are
commonly employed to measure workability:

(a) Slump Test

(b) Compacting Factor Test
(c) Flow Test
(d) Kelly Ball Test
(e) Vee Bee Consistometer Test

3.5.1 Slump Cone Test

Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of

concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is
not a suitable method for very wet or very dry concrete. It does not measure
all factors contributing to workability, nor is it always representative of the
placability of the concrete. However, it is used conveniently as a control test
and gives an indication of the uniformity of concrete from batch to batch.

Figure 11: Slump cone apparatus

 20

Figure 12: slump cone removal

Table 4: Slump value for various % rubber mix

Partially mixed Slump Value

rubber
percentage
0% 75mm
10% 50mm
25% 10mm
35% 0mm
50% 0mm

3.6 Steps for cube casting

A. Batching
 21

The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching. There are
two methods of batching:
i. Volume batching : Volume batching is not a good method for proportioning the
material because of the difficulty it offers to measure granular material in terms
of volume. Volume of moist sand in a loose condition weighs much less than the
same volume of dry compacted sand.
Cement is always measured by weight. It is never measured in volume.
Generally, for each batch mix, one bag of cement is used. Gauge boxes are used
for measuring the fine and coarse aggregates.
ii. Weigh batching : weigh batching is the correct method of measuring the
materials. For important concrete, invariably, weigh batching system should be
adopted. Use of weight system in batching, facilitates accuracy, flexibility and
simplicity.

Figure 13: Weigh Batching

B. Mixing
Thorough mixing of the materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete.
The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour
and consistency. There are two methods adopted for mixing concrete:
a. Hand Mixing: Hand mixing is practised for small scale unimportant
concrete works. As the mixing cannot be thorough and efficient, it is
 22

desirable to add 10 per cent more cement to cater for the inferior concrete
produced by this method.

Figure 14: Mixing of Material

b. Machine Mixing: Mixing of concrete is almost invariably carried out

by machine, for reinforced concrete work and for medium or large scale
mass concrete work. Machine mixing is not only efficient, but also
economical, when the quantity of concrete to be produced is large.

C. Transportation
Concrete can be transported by a variety of methods and equipments. The precaution
to be taken while transporting concrete is that the homogeneity obtained at the time
of mixing should be maintained while being transported to the final place of
deposition.We used Head Pan in our concrete work for transportation.

D. Placing
It is not enough that a concrete mix correctly designed, batched, mixed and
transported, it is of utmost importance that the concrete must be placed in systematic
manner to yield optimum results. The precautions should be taken and methods
adopted while placing concrete.
 23

E. Compaction
Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from
the concrete. In the process of mixing, transporting and placing of concrete air is
likely to get entrapped in the concrete. The lower the workability, higher is the
amount of air entrapped. In other words, stiff concrete mix has high percentage of
entrapped air and, therefore, would need higher compacting efforts than high
workable mixes.

F. Curing
The process of maintaining a satisfactory moisture content and a favourable
temperature in concrete during the period immediately following placement, so that
hydration of cement may continue until the desired properties are developed to a
sufficient degree to meet the requirement of service.
Figure 15: Compaction
 24

Figure 16: Curing

G. Finishing
Finishing operation is the last operation in making concrete. Finishing in real sence
does not apply to all concrete operations. For a beam concreting, finishing may not
be applicable, whereas for the concrete road pavement, airfield pavement or for the
flooring of a domestic building, careful finishing is of great importance. Concrete is
often dubbed as a drab material, incapable of offering pleasant architectural
appearance and finish. This shortcoming of concrete is being rectified and concretes
these days are made to exhibit pleasant surface finishes.

3.7 Compression Testing Machine

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3.7.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to
reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates.

3.7.2 Procedure for Concrete Cube Test

i. Remove the specimen from the water after specified curing time and wipe out
excess water from the surface.
ii. Take the dimension of the specimen.
iii. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.
iv. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
v. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
vi. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of
the specimen.
vii. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously till the specimen
fails.
viii. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of
failure.
 26

Figure 17: Compression Testing Machine

Chapter: 4 Test Results

4.1 Compressive Strength of Cube After 3days

4.1.1 For conventional concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength
1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
A 203.1 226.9 313.3 13.91
 27

B 219 214.9 350.8 15.59

C 339.2 139.4 360.9 16.04

4.1.2 For 10% rubber mix concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength
1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
A 119.2 228.6 184.7 8.21

B 143.3 217.5 216.3 9.61

C 243.2 220.3 244.1 10.85

4.1.3 For 25% rubber mix concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength
1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
A 45 297.9 90.2 4.01

B 60.3 227.5 113.6 5.05

C 119.2 190.9 133.7 5.94

4.1.4 For 35% rubber mix concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength
1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
A 42.2 202.7 48.8 2.17

B 45.8 226.4 53.7 2.39

C 61.3 239.1 68.6 3.05

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4.2 Compressive Strength of Cube After 7days

4.2.1 For conventional concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength
1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
A 225 297 341 15.16

B 198 274.3 351.4 15.62

C 350 336.6 414.6 18.43

4.2.2 For 10% rubber mix concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength

1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
A 238 293.2 266.1 11.83
B 270 302.9 282.7 12.56
C 148 232 294.4 13.08

4.2.3 For 25% rubber mix concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength
1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
A 118 236.8 125.2 5.56

B 175.6 262.7 175.6 7.80

C 175 202.1 177.9 7.91

4.2.4 For 35% rubber mix concrete

Specimen st Time Ultimate Strength

1 crack
(sec) load(KN)
(KN) ¿)
 29

A 25.4 325.8 54.8 2.44

B 45 284.5 80.2 3.56

C 62 302.7 98.4 4.37

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