Unit 3

CONSERVATION LAWS
CBE 9155
Control Volume Analysis
 2

Control volumes
Control volume (CV)
A closed region in space delineated from CV CS
its “surroundings” by “control surfaces”
(CS)

In general, control volumes can

CS
- have arbitrary shape
CV

- move and deform

Conservation of mass
 4

Conservation of mass
𝒎ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝒎𝑪𝑽

𝒎ሶ 𝒊𝒏

Rate of change
of =
mass flow rate – mass flow rate
IN OUT
mass in CV

Storage Process
Example
 6

Example: sink
Water flows from a tap into a sink at a rate of 0.1 L/s. The rate that
water flows down the drain depends on the instantaneous depth of
water in the sink, h, as shown. If the sink starts from empty and
has a constant cross-sectional area of 0.01 m2, find 𝒉 𝒕 .

𝑽ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏 L/s

𝒉(𝒕)

𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 m2
𝑽ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒄𝒉
sink cross-section
𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 m2/s
Mass storage
 8

Mass storage
𝒎ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝒎ሶ 𝒊𝒏

𝒎𝑪𝑽

air
𝑑𝑧
oil
𝑑𝑦
𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 water
𝑥
Variable velocity over CS
Uniform velocity profile 𝑦
𝑦=ℎ
𝑥
𝑦=0
𝑧
𝑦 = −ℎ
𝑧=0

𝑧=𝐿

for uniform
 11

Variable velocity over CS

Entrance flow between parallel plates.

water
𝒖𝒊𝒏
𝒖 𝒚
𝒉
𝒙
𝒉

“plug flow”
(uniform flow)
Uniform velocity profile 𝑦
𝑦=ℎ
𝑥
𝑦=0
𝑧
𝑦 = −ℎ
𝑧=0

𝑧=𝐿

Non-uniform velocity profile 𝒅𝑨

𝒖
 13

Example
Entrance flow between parallel plates. Water flows into the channel with a
uniform velocity of 8 cm/s and exits with a parabolic velocity profile. Find the
maximum exit velocity (𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 ).
𝒚

𝑳=𝟏m
water wide into
𝒖𝒊𝒏 = 𝟖 cm/s page

𝒉
𝒙
𝒉

𝒚 𝟐
“plug flow” 𝒖 𝒚 = 𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏−
(uniform flow) 𝒉
parabolic form is given but nor
derived in this problem for simplicity
Velocity at angle to CS
 the normal component of V is bringing mass
into the CV; the tangent part is NOT.

𝑽
outward pointing normal

for a fixed
CV
𝑽
ෝ
𝒏 𝑨 ෝ
𝒏
𝑨

𝑽 𝑽
CV CV
𝑽

ෝ
𝒏 𝑽 𝑨

CV