For Review Only

SCIENCE CHINA Materials
Silicon carbide nanowire-based multifunctional and efficient

visual synaptic devices for wireless transmission and neural
network computing
Journal: SCIENCE CHINA Materials
Manuscript ID SCMs-2023-0121.R1
Manuscript Type: Article
Date Submitted by the

21-Mar-2023
Author:
Complete List of Authors: Yuan, Shuai; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
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Feng, Zhe; Anhui University
Qiu, Bochang; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
Li, Ying; Beijing Institute of Technology
Zhai, Peichen; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
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Li, Lan; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology

Wu, Zuheng; Anhui University
Ma, Shufang; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
Xu, Bingshe
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Ding, Liping; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology

Wei, Guodong; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
Shen, Guozhen ; Beijing Institute of Technology
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Keywords: memristors, silicon carbide, visual synapse
Speciality: nanodevices
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Page 1 of 64 SCIENCE CHINA Materials
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6 Silicon carbide nanowire-based multifunctional and
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8 efficient visual synaptic devices for wireless transmission
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and neural network computing
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13 Shuai Yuan1, Zhe Feng2, Bocang Qiu1, Ying Li3, Peichen Zhai1, Lan Li1, Zuheng Wu2, Shufang Ma1,
14 Bingshe Xu1, Liping Ding1*, Guodong Wei1* and Guozhen Shen3*
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ABSTRACT: With the rapid development of big data and the manner of high efficiency and low energy consumption.
18 internet of things, the current computing paradigms based on However, the current AI hardware systems based on the
19 traditional Von Neumann architecture have suffered from traditional sensors and processors in the architecture of
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20 limited throughput and energy inefficiency. The memristor- Von Neumann cannot meet the needs of further
21 based artificial neural network computing system could be development in terms of processing efficiency and power
regarded as a promising candidate to overcome the bottleneck.
22 In this study, silicon carbide (SiC) nanowire (NW) based
consumption due to the bottleneck resulting from the
physical separation of the processor and storage.
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23 optoelectronic memristors have been successfully developed,
24 Inspired by the high operational efficiency of the human
which can well realize complex brain-like features such as
brain and eyes, research on the developing more human-
25 dendritic neuron and Pavlov’s learning. On the basis of the
like AI robots has attracted extreme interest.[5-8]
26 visual function, integrated perception, storage, and in situ
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computing functions integrated optoelectronic memristors Therefore, AI robots equipped with optic nerve synapse-
27 have been achieved. More importantly, benefiting from the based vision system are fundamental requirements,
28 excellent computing power of the SiC NW visual synapses, the which could receive information from the optic nerve,
29 constructed spike neural network is capable of implementing process and transmit information like a human in a highly
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30 the identification of early lung cancer lesions. The accuracy rate parallel manner with ultralow energy consumption.[9-13]
31 of detection can exceed 90% with only a few iterations, As for the simulation of the function of biological
indicating promising applications in the medical field with high visual synapses, light-controlled memristors based
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efficiency and accuracy. The present study provides a promising artificial neuromorphic-optoelectronic devices have
33 path for developing and promoting SiC-based integrating great advantages of low energy consumption and high
34 perception-storage-computation artificial intelligence devices processing speed over the neural network of traditional
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35 for neuromorphic computing technology. ones.[14-16] According to reports, they have great
36 potential in the integration of perception-storage-
37 Keywords: memristors, silicon carbide, SiC NW, AI robot, visual computation, which can be used to develop more human-
38 synapse, wireless transmission and identification, lung cancer like robots with more efficient information acquisition
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39 detection, optical and electrical modulation and recognition system.[17-28] To date, diverse optical
visual nerve synaptic devices capable of combining the
40 detecting, processing and memorizing functions for
41 INTRODUCTION optical signals have been developed with using diverse
42 Nowadays, Tesla’s humanoid robot “Optimus” has memristors.[29-31] Diverse materials such as Black
43 declared that the human being is entering the age of phosphorus[14, 32], MoS2[4], Mxene[33] have been used
44 artificial intelligence (AI) robot. In fact, the emergence of for the study of low-dimensional material visual synaptic
45 AI robot based technology has greatly changed human devices. However, in the process of commercial
being's life, such as automatic driving, remote sensing application, the greatest challenge in this field is to
46 detection, and disease diagnosis and treatment, which achieve the fabrication of highly integrated memristor
47 has attracted more and more attention in the past arrayed devices based on the traditional semiconductor
48 decade.[1-4] With the fast development of 5G and big process. Unfortunately, most of the reported materials
49 data, AI robots are required to be more intelligent to cannot meet the requirements, and thus it is necessary to
50 instantaneously process huge amounts of complex develop suitable materials to meet the requirement.
51 information received from the external environment in a
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54 1 Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, School of Physics and Energy, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021,
Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China.
55 2School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People’s Republic of China.
56 3School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China.
57 * Corresponding author (email: E-mail: wgd588@163.com, scu_ding@163.com, and gzshen@bit.edu.cn)
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© Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
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40 Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the SiC NW artificial synapse stimulated by electrical or optical spike. The left
image is the structure of SiC NW artificial synapse array, and the right is the single SiC NW artificial synapse device.
41 (b) Schematic diagram of a typical biological synapse. (c) X-ray diffraction pattern of the SiC NWs. (d) and (e) Typical
42 SEM images of the SiC NW film prepared by the EPD technology with different magnifications. (f) SEM image of the
43 single SiC NW, and (g) the profile of SiC NW film. (h) Diameter of SiC NW measured by TEM, and the inset in (h) is its
44 corresponding SAED pattern, revealing its single crystal nature. (i) HRTEM image of SiC NW.
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46 With the development of semiconductor technology, devices on the wafer scale. Moreover, SiC with excellent
47 silicon carbide (SiC) has been regarded as one of the most optoelectronic properties such as high electron
promising semiconductor materials for high saturation drift speed, high efficiency, and stability,
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performance electronics applications due to its wide enables it to be as an ideal candidate for high light sensing
49 bandgap (2.4~3.3 eV), high electron mobility, excellent performance with the sensitivity of single photon
50 thermal stability, and mature wafer growth technology detection. However, to date there are few reports related
51 with the size as large as 8-inch and well controlled n-type to the visual synaptic devices based on SiC, and thus it is
52 and p-type doping.[34-38] Compared with other possible to combine the excellent photoelectric
53 semiconductor materials, the most distinct advantage of performance of SiC and provide a good foundation for
54 SiC is that it can grow a high-quality silicon oxide layer on realizing visual synapses. According to reports, SiC film
55 its surface, which is compatible with the traditional can realize the function of memristor[39] and high
semiconductor Si processes, suggesting that SiC is performance photoelectric detection[40]. Obviously, the
56 conducive to fabricating highly integrated memristor study of SiC-based synaptic device mimicking the
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59 © Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
1 SCIENCE CHINA Materials ARTICLES

2 functions of the human eye and brain with excellent above the PMMA at an angle of 90 degrees to the bottom
3 performance could be very meaningful. Therefore, it is ITO. Finally, encapsulated devices were obtained after
4 very important to improve the detection efficiency of undergoing the hot pressing process (pressure~6800 Pa,
optical signals. In addition, benefiting from the domain- temperature 120 ºC, 120 s).
5 limiting effect of one-dimensional NW in the diameter
6 direction and the ability to conduct electrons along the Measurement and Characterization
7 axial direction, it can have a wide application prospects in For the structural and elemental analyses of the SiC NWs,
8 the field of photodetection compared with thin film the SEM (FEI Verios 460), TEM (Tecnai G2 F20) and XRD
9 materials.[41-44] To this end, SiC 1D NW-based synaptic (Smart Lab 9kW) measurements were employed. The
10 devices would be worth expecting with ultralow power fabricated SiC NW artificial synapse devices were
11 consumption and high processing efficiency over their electrically analyzed with a Keithley 4200A
film counterpart. semiconductor parameter analyzer, and the data of the
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In this study, the optical-electro multifunctional device under optical and electrical stimulations were
13 artificial synapse array devices have been successfully collected by the Keithley 4200A. The light source was dot
14 fabricated by using 1D SiC NWs as the basic building lasers with wavelengths of 365 nm (196 mW/cm2), and
15 blocks. The developed SiC NW-based synapse devices 405 nm (314 mW/cm2). The response time was collected
16 with a simple two terminal structure can well mimic by Stanford Model SR570 current preamplifier, Stanford
17 some basic functions of synapses by optical/electrical Research Systems, USA., and Keysight DSOX1102g digital
18 stimulation. The SiC NW artificial synapse devices can oscilloscope, Keysight Technologies, USA.
have good performances to simulate the visual synapses
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with fast response time of 11 ms and the function of Network Simulation
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20 dendrites with low energy consumption (1.4 nW and 24 The neural network simulation in both the Handwritten
21 nW in process logic functions of AND and OR, respectively) digit recognition and early lung cancer focus recognition
22 and high stability (it still has good synaptic properties was realized in PyTorch. Handwriting digital recognition
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23 over the course of a year). On the base of the excellent is based on the STDP characteristics of SiC NW device
24 visual nerve function, the developed SiC NW artificial after photoelectric mixture and STDP characteristics of
25 synaptic devices can realize remote transmission, the voltage signal, respectively. Here, the rate coding
26 encryption, and identification of Morse code information. method is used for the input pulse signal input coding
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Benefiting from the superior computational power, the operation. Offline learning method to complete the end-
27 SiC visual synapses can have an excellent performance in to-end system training and testing process (device to
28 simulating handwriting recognition with over 90% device). The full hardware system of a three-layer array
29 accuracy in only 3 epochs. Moreover, they can also was built (the size of the input layer is 784*1000, the
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30 identify more complex early-stage lung cancer lesions hidden layer is 1000*1000, and the output layer is
31 with high processing efficiency and accuracy, indicating 1000*10), and the weight update process was completed
32 great advantages in artificial neural network computing. with the STDP of the device. Finally, the decoded pulse
33 The current study indicates that SiC NW-based synapse was output to the output neuron carrying the label at last,
devices with high efficiency, low power consumption, and and the accuracy and loss values were calculated.
34 scalable manufacturing strategy can be feasible for the Another example of simulating lung cancer focus
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35 commercialization of synaptic devices. This study also recognition was using the characteristics of conductivity
36 opens a new door for the research of SiC-based visual signal changes of SiC NW devices under different light
37 nerve synapse and neural network devices. intensities. Firstly, the CT tumor images were processed
38 and splitted, and a complete CT image was divided into
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39 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION several small images of 100*100. Then, 5746 images

40 Fabrication and characterization of the synaptic device: were irradiated to the RVR array according to the light
The top and bottom ITO electrodes were commercially intensity distribution under the ideal lighting
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available with electrode spacing of 2 mm and electrode environment for range screening. After that, the filtered
42 width of 1 mm. The SiC NWs were supplied by Fujian output signals were put into the hardware system for
43 Zhong Wei Semiconductor Materials Co., Ltd. First of all, training. Using the processed LUNA-16 dataset to validate
44 a total of 50 mg SiC NWs, 75 mg sodium dodecyl benxar the automated detection system for suspected lung
45 and 2.5 mg aluminum nitrate were mixed with 100 mL tumors, the image was transformed into a 0-255
46 isopropanol by the ultrasonic treatment (ultrasonic grayscale image and then converted into a 0-255
47 power 800 W, 30 min). Subsequently, the SiC NW film mW/cm2 light intensity signal. The 100-200 mW/cm2
48 deposited on the ITO substrate was prepared by the EPD light intensity signal was screened by irradiating to a
method, and the deposition parameters were 60 V, and 6 100*100 RVR array in an ideal simulation environment.
49 min. After deposition, the ITO substrate containing SiC In the training process, we used data processed by the
50 NW film was dried at 60 ºC for 6 h in a vacuum drying RVR array and data without processing, respectively.
51 oven. Then, the resulting SiC NW film was drip-coated Finally, the system can be trained to accurately identify
52 with 500 μL of PMMA solution (0.1 g/mL), and the top lung cancer lesions on CT tumor images.
53 ITO electrode (the conducting surface adown) was placed
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36 Figure 2. (a) The I-T curve of the devices under 365 nm pulse light. (b) Double-pulse dissimilation simulation test of
37 the device. (c) PPF index versus time interval between two light pulses. (d) The response of the device under 365 nm
38 light pulses with different pulse widths. (e) The device responds at 10 times under 365 nm light pulses with different
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39 pulse intervals. (f) The response of the device under 365 nm light pulses with different power densities. (g) LTM is
40 realized under 365 nm light pulses with different pulse numbers. (h) Dynamic process of STM and LTM in the SiC NW
artificial synaptic device array. For the set process, the continuous light stimulation applied to the specific region of
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the arrays with different irradiation time (5 s and 10 s) result in the different decay of EPSC. The color level represents
42 the different current values (read at 0.1 V). (i) The “Learning-Forgetting-Relearning-Forgetting” behavior of the device
43 under light stimulation.
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45 cleft. Profiting from the simple two-terminal structure,
46 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the SiC NW-based device can exhibit bio-synaptic
47 SiC NW device structure behavior under electrical and optical spikes modulated,
48 SiC-NWs based artificial synaptic devices with a vertically as shown in Fig. 1a. Electrical and optical spikes and the
stacked two terminal structure have been fabricated current through the NW film correspond to presynaptic
49 consisting of a top ITO electrode, a PMMA layer, a SiC NW input spikes and postsynaptic current (PSC) in bio-
50 film, and a bottom ITO electrode from the top to bottom synapses (Fig. 1b), respectively. From the X-ray
51 (Fig. 1a, left), whose structure is similar to the biological diffraction (XRD) pattern of SiC NW samples (Fig. 1c), it
52 synapses. The SiC NW film was fabricated on the ITO glass is clearly found that the diffraction peaks centered at
53 by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method with a 35.653°, 41.402°, 59.989°, 71.776°, and 75.507° can be
54 simple and fast fabrication process. The top and bottom indexed to the crystal orientation (111), (200), (220),
55 electrodes correspond to the presynaptic and (311), and (222) of 3C-SiC, respectively. Through the
postsynaptic membranes of synapses, respectively, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the NWs,
56 the PMMA and SiC NW film correspond to the synaptic the average length of NWs can be above 100 μm with
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2 smooth surface and uniform diameter (Figs. 1d and f). It by the second light pulse is determined by the signal’s
3 is well known that longer SiC NW acting as the electronic interval. With the increase of time interval (Δt) between
4 channel is more conducive to preparing for high the two successive light pulses, the promotion effect can
performance NW films with the advantages of good be weakened, and the change of synaptic weight can be
5 bonding, low contact resistance, and high NW network decreased (Fig. 2c).[49-51] In addition, the PPF indexes
6 crosslinking, favoring of the development of high stability, can be obtained by fitting the double-exponential
7 high performance, and flexible optoelectronic device.[43] function y=1+C1exp(−∆t/τ1)+C2exp(−∆t/τ2), where ∆t
8 From Figs. 1d and 1e, the SiC NW films composed of long is the time interval between two consecutive light pulses,
9 and uniformly distributed NWs are very dense with a C1 and C2 are facilitation magnitudes, and τ1 and τ2 are
10 thickness of about 20 μm, and the connections between fast and slow decay time of the exponential function,
11 neighboring NWs are very tight (Fig. 1g), ensuring the respectively. The fitting results show that τ1 and τ2 are of
stability of devices based on such the architecture. The 0.7 and 77.2 s, respectively (Fig. 2c).
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diameter of SiC NW is about 200 nm measured by As is well known, the EPSC can be increased with the
13 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technology as intensification of external stimuli. From Fig. 2d, it is
14 exhibited in Fig. 1h. The crystal structure of SiC is further clearly observed that the EPSC increases gradually from -
15 confirmed by the high resolution transmission electron 68.8 to -86.9 nA when the device is stimulated with
16 microscopy (HRTEM). The SiC NWs have high crystal different light pulses duration (365 nm, 196 mW/cm2,
17 quality with a well-ordered periodic arrangement of Si-C pulse width from 0.5 s to 5 s), and vice versa. This case is
18 atoms with an interplanar spacing of 2.48 Å along the called spike-duration-dependent plasticity (SDDP).
(111) crystal direction (Fig. 1i). A typical selected area Spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP) is a persistent
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electron diffraction (SAED) pattern recorded from the modification of synaptic reactivity in response to
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20 NW in Fig. 1H (Fig. S1) with clear, bright, sharp electron frequent synaptic activation.[52] With the increase of
21 diffraction spots demonstrates its single-crystal nature, presynaptic stimulation frequency, the EPSC can be also
22 indicating that the device can have low resistance, low increased, conforming to the basic characteristics of
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23 noise, and improving device stability.[45, 46] In other biological synapses.[53] When continuous light pulse
24 words, it can play a very good foundation for the with different pulse interval (365 nm, 196 mW/cm2,
25 stability of the SiC NWs films, and is beneficial for the pulse width 1 s, pulse interval from 1 s to 5 s) is applied
26 construction of high-performance artificial synaptic to the device for 10 times, the EPSC can be gradually
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devices. decreased (Fig. 2e). On the contrary, the synaptic device

27 can have a high response to the high frequency
28 Light modulated visual synapse stimulation. Spike-power-dependent plasticity (SPDP) is
29 a transient modification of synaptic activation responses
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The function of visual nerve system as the most

30 important human information acquisition unit can have to different stimulus intensities. When the optical pulses
31 been successfully realized by using the SiC NW artificial with different optical power density (from 29 to 196
32 synapse device. When a pulsed light is used to stimulate mW/cm2) irradiate on the SiC NW artificial synaptic
33 the prepared SiC NW device, the accordingly obtained device, the EPSC increases (71 to 95 nA) with the increase
photoresponsive results can be processed in typical of optical power density (Fig. 2f). More interesting, self-
34 protection mechanisms can be realized in the SiC NW
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neuromorphic manners, and thus the corresponding

35 artificial synaptic devices, guaranteeing the stability of
results of the SiC NW artificial synapses simulating
36 synaptic function can be achieved in Fig. 2. Short-term the organism in the presence of external harmful stimuli.
37 plasticity (STP), which is the most fundamental The SiC NW artificial synaptic device exhibits a self-
38 characteristic of biological synapses in neuroscience, protective response to bright light, and the response of
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39 plays a very important role in biological cognition and the device can be decreased when the light intensity
40 learning. In order to verify whether this function can be exceeds 196 mW/cm2 (Fig. S2). This is because strong
realized by the SiC NW device or not, we use a 365 nm light produces a large number of photogenerated charge
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pulsed light to stimulate the device. When a presynaptic carriers on the surface of SiC NW. Under the action of the
42 built-in electric field, the Coulomb blocking can be
light spike (196 mW/cm2, 500 ms) is applied, an
43 excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) can be triggered. formed at the NW contact interface, and the subsequent
44 As demonstrated in Fig. 2a, the current reaches a peak generated charge carriers are difficult to transport from
45 value immediately when the light spike, and gradually one NW to another one, which makes the device have a
46 recovers to its initial value after the light is off.[47, 48] self-protection phenomenon.
47 As a paradigmatic form of short-term plasticity, paired- Short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory
48 pulse facilitation (PPF) is another important feature of (LTM) are both important functions of biological
biological synapses in neuroscience to judge the effect of synapses, and STM can be converted to LTM by increasing
49 the stimulus intensification.[54, 55] With the increase in
two successive pulses on the strength of synaptic. When
50 a pair of light spikes (365 nm, 196 mW/cm2, pulse the number of light pulses (365 nm, 196 mW/cm2, pulse
51 width=1 s) are applied to the SiC NW device, the EPSC width 1 s, pulse interval 1 s), the EPSC produced by the
52 triggered by the second presynaptic spike is appreciably synapse is higher, indicating that the memory level of a
53 larger than that of the first one (Fig. 2b). In general, the synapse increased with the increase of stimulations. The
54 promotion effect is usually expressed by the PPF index current decay curve in an artificial synapse is similar to
55 (A2/A1×100%), where A1 and A2 denote the amplitudes the forgetting curve in a human brain. With the number
of photo-responsive currents by the first and second light of continuous spikes increasing to 150, the memory
56 duration is greatly prolonged. The retention time is only
pulses, respectively. The output amplitude of PPF caused
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2 10 s after a single stimulation, and it can increase to 120 weight, it only needs 4 pulses in the second stimulating
3 s after 150 times stimulations (Fig. 2e). In order to process (“Relearning” process), which is quite fewer than
4 further intuitively demonstrate the memory that in the first stimulating process (10 pulses) to yield
performance of the device, 16 SiC NW artificial synaptic the identical EPSC. Meanwhile, within the same duration
5 devices were used to fabricate a 4×4 array structure. The of 40 s, the decay of EPSC after the second stimulating
6 continuous light stimulations (365 nm, 196 mW/cm2) are process (“Relearning” process) is quite smaller than that
7 applied to the specific region of the array, which enables after the first process (“Learning” process). This behavior
8 the arrays to present the characteristic pattern. With is similar to a person relearning lost information.[59] In
9 different irradiation time (5 s and 10 s) a similar inverted order to study the response speed of the device,
10 “L” pattern is shown in the arrays (Fig. 2h). It is clear that continuous pulsed light is used to irradiate the device to
11 the pattern faded gradually with different duration under observe its response time. The waveform obtained from
the different irradiation time. Under 5 s light irradiation, the test demonstrates that the response of the device is
12
the pattern largely faded away after 10 s, while under 10 very fast. The response current increases rapidly when
13 s light irradiation, the retention time of the pattern rises the light is on, and then reaches saturation. When the
14 to 30 s. These results accord well with the STM-to-LTM light is off, the value drops rapidly to the initial one. It's
15 transition in human brains.[56-58] At the same time, the pointed out that the device can have a fast response time
16 “Learning-Forgetting-Relearning-Forgetting” behavior of with a rise time of 11.95 ms and a descent time of 21.12
17 human brains has been also realized in the SiC NW ms as displayed in Fig. S3, which is conducive to
18 artificial synaptic devices. From Fig. 2i, 10 uniform light developing high efficient synaptic devices. Time stability
pulse trains are successively used to stimulate the is another important performance of SiC NW devices. The
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devices. The EPSC is notably potentiated by the first pulse PPF performance of SiC NW devices after different time
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20 (“Learning” process), trained and then decayed to an was tested, and it is found that the device can still
21 original level in the “Forgetting” process, which is maintain its original synaptic performance well after 3
22 analogous to the phenomenon of the human brain’s months, 6 months, and 1 year, as presented in Fig. S4.
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23 learned behavior. In order to regain the decayed synaptic
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40 Figure 3. (a) Test results of the asymmetric Hebbian STDP protocol. (b) A spiking logic response by two different
modulatory inputs at 0.3 V read voltage to achieve logic “AND” operation and 0.5 V read voltage to achieve logic “OR”
41 operation. (c) Histograms of the post-synaptic current values for “AND” and “OR” logic under 0.3 and 0.5 V reading
42 voltage, respectively. (d) The artificial synapse of SiC NWs successfully simulated the Pavlov’s learning. (e) The
43 transport of electron and (f) current of the SiC NW artificial synaptic device with and without illumination, which can
44 be divided into stages I, II, III, and Ⅳ. (g) The current was measured at the top and bottom of SiC NW film with and
45 without light illumination at -2 V bias. (h) The current at bottom of SiC NW film with illumination and without
46 illumination at -0.1 V bias.
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48 Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is one of synapse, which complies with the Hebbian STDP rule. If
the most important long-term plasticity and the the pre-spike precedes the post-spike (∆t > 0), the
49
prevalent rules of weight updating in the spiking neuron connection strength of the synapse between two neurons
50 networks.[60] The connection strength of the synapse can be reinforced. Herein, it is found that the device can
51 can be effectively modulated by programming pulses to realize the function of STDP with the cooperation of light
52 encode spike timing information in the amplitude and and electrical stimulation. Here, the device demonstrates
53 duration of the pulses applied on the neuron networks. synaptic enhancement under light stimulation as a
54 The connection (change of synaptic weight, ΔW) between presynaptic stimulus, and positive electrical stimulation
55 the two neurons is dependent upon the relative timing reveals synaptic inhibition as a postsynaptic stimulus, as
(∆t) of activations from the pre-synapse and post- shown in Fig. S5. On the contrary, if the post-spike
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2 precedes the pre-spike (∆t < 0), the connection strength device (Fig. 3d). In addition, with the increase of training
3 can be weakened. The percentage change in the ΔW times, the learning effect becomes stronger, which is the
4 versus the relative Δt can be fitted with the exponential process of relearning to consolidate memory.
function: ΔW=A*exp(−Δt/τ), where A is the scaling The mechanisms of synaptic performance in the light
5 factor, and τ and Δt are the time constant for positive and modulation mode of the SiC NW artificial synaptic devices
6 negative, respectively. The values calculated by data have been analyzed. The stack of the SiC NWs with a
7 fitting for A are 60.3/−45.4, and for τ are 0.53/−0.94 s certain thickness can be divided into the shallower part
8 with Δt > 0 and Δt < 0, respectively (solid line in Fig. 3a). (top part) and the deeper part (bottom part) based on the
9 The dendritic nerve is an important part of the absorption and penetration depth of incident UV light.
10 biological nervous system. Dendritic can receive neural The transformation of electrons in this case can be
11 impulses from other neurons, integrates and outputs divided into four stage (Fig. 3f). In stage Ⅰ, under light
them according to the received information, which plays illumination, photocarriers are generated in the SiC NWs
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a very important role in the neural activity of organisms in the shallower part by the shallower traps of the SiC
13 (Fig. S6).[61] In the artificial synaptic device, the dendrite NWs, as depicted in Figs. 3e and 3f. In stage Ⅱ , as the
14 integral function can be also used to realize the logic irradiation time increase, the light that passes through
15 operation.[62, 63] The response of SiC devices to the shallow part NWs hits the deeper part NWs, a large
16 different light can be performed by using 365 nm and 405 number of photocarriers are generated, and the
17 nm light as the input signals of two synapses, in which use photogenerated electrons are trapped in the conduction
18 the SiC NW device as the output simulate parallel band due to band mismatching between the SiC NW and
information processing, spatiotemporal learning rules, the PMMA layer. (Fig. 3e). In stages Ⅲ and Ⅳ, to illustrate
19
and logical operations. The structure of input at both ends
Fo
20 the photocurrent decay in the absence of illumination,
and output at one end is formed as presented in Fig. Y=C1exp(-t/τ1)+C2exp(-t/τ2)+Y0, a temporal model with
21 S6.[62, 63] When light spikes (365 nm, 196 mW/cm2, 5 s) two exponential terms is used to fit the decay curves,[66,
22 are applied to two SiC NW artificial synaptic devices and 67] as plotted in Fig. 3f. These two time constants of the
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23 the read voltage on the output electrode is modulated, a photocurrent decay to relaxations of two types of
24 series of spike logic responses can be generated. At low trapping states, corresponding to stages Ⅲ and Ⅳ ,
25 reading voltage (0.3 V), the output relationship of
respectively. In stage Ⅲ, when the light off, the current
26 synapses 1 and 2 can always express logic “AND” (Fig. 3b),
reduced as a result of the recombination of
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which can be achieved only when both drive synapses are

27 active and the response exceeds the threshold (set at -8 photogenerated carriers in the shallow part of SiC NWs
28 nA) (Figs. 3b and 3c). On the other condition, the output film. In this process, the surface traps in shallower part of
29 relationship is logic “OR” at a higher read voltage (0.5 V) the SiC NWs film play an important role in the current
iew
30 (Figs. 3b and 3c) when both synapses are triggered and decay, and the current can quickly decrease as a result of
a shorter trapping/detrapping process caused by the
31 the response exceeded the threshold (-8 nA). Both
surface traps of the SiC NWs. The fitting results
32 synaptic responses can be triggered by uniform light
spikes (365 nm 196 mW/cm2, 5 s) and exceed the demonstrate that the time constant τ1 in stage Ⅲ is only
33 0.467 s, which is consistent with the experimental data.
threshold (Figs. 3b and 3c).
34 The ability of associative learning plays a key role in Finally, in stage Ⅳ , as a result of the light exposure is
On
35 the cognitive functions of biological nervous systems, and strong enough the photogenerated carriers may be
36 it is the most common in the basic needs of organisms trapped by the surface traps of the deeper SiC NWs and
37 such as food. In order to verify the learning process in the cause a stronger photogating (PG) effect and longer
38 synapse devices, the most representative experiments of detrapping time. In addition, because the stack of SiC
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Pavlovian Classical Conditioning are carried out.[64, 65] NWs is in a discrete state, the trapped electrons are
39
On the basis of the SiC NW artificial synaptic devices, the further retained, especially the photogenerated electrons
40 in the deeper part of SiC NWs film may not be easily
“Pavlov” conditioned reflex can be also realized. The food
41 released, resulting in the long detrapping time.[27] By
pulse (unconditioned stimulus, US) and bell pulse
42 (conditioned stimulus, CS) of the synaptic devices are fitting the experimental data, the time constant τ2 in stage
43 realized by a 365 nm and 405 nm light stimulus, Ⅳ is as long as 147 s, conforming to the stronger PG effect.
44 respectively (Fig. 3d). When the bell ringing (405 nm, In order to verify this mechanism, four different
45 314 mW/cm2, 5 s) (CS) is applied to the SiC NW artificial electrodes were prepared for the SiC device to test the
46 synaptic devices (synapse 1), the inferior response is transformation process of the current measured at the
47 generated with the value below the threshold 79 nA (no top and bottom of the NW film under light illumination
response). The food pulse (365 nm, 196 mW/cm2, 5 s) and in a darkened environment (Fig. S7). When the light
48 is applied to the SiC NW film, the current at the top and
(US) applied to synapse 2 can cause a higher response
49 and break through the threshold (79 nA) (unconditioned bottom can be measured (Fig. 3g), which corresponds to
50 response, UR). When training the device, two light pulses the shallower NWs and deeper NWs, respectively. When
51 are used to illuminate the device simultaneously -2V bias is applied to the top and bottom electrodes
52 (CS+US), and a higher response exceeding the threshold simultaneously, respectively (Fig. S7). The current at the
53 a lot can be produced (UR). Subsequently following the top electrodes is higher than that at the bottom,
54 training (bell ringing is applied) (US), the response of indicating that more photoelectrons can be produced by
synapses stimulated by the bell alone can break through the NWs at the shallower part, corresponding to part Ⅰ
55
the threshold (conditioned response, CR), that is, in Figs. 3e and 3f. The current decrease in Fig. 3g under
56 Pavlov’s learning can be realized by using the SiC NW light illumination can be attributed to the long transport
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2 channel (2 mm), making the photogenerated carriers is also tested separately at bias -0.1 V (Fig. 3h). It is found
3 dissipate faster during the migration process. When the that the current increases after the illumination, which
4 light off, the current drops rapidly due to the can be attributed to the act of the stronger PG effect and
recombination of photogenerated carriers is dominated the detrapping of the electrodes, corresponding to the
5 by the carrier release from the surface traps of shallower part Ⅳ of Figs. 3e and 3f.
6 NWs, corresponding to part Ⅲ of Fig. 3e and 3f. At the
7 same time, the current of the bottom SiC NWs under light
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47 Figure 4. 365 nm light-triggered EPSC amplitudes of SiC NW artificial synaptic device with the International Morse
48 code of (a) “hello” and (b) “world”. Correlation between EPSC amplitude response and the International Morse code
49 of English letters. Every letter is linearly correlated with (c) the sum of EPSC amplitude peak values, and (d) the current
50 at the end of EPSC amplitude peak values, respectively. (e) The current response of Morse code “c”. (f) and (g)
51 Statistical results of 36 times END current and SUM current of Morse code “c”, respectively. (h) The current response
52 of Morse code “j”. (i) and (j) Statistical results of 36 times END current and SUM current of Morse code “j”, respectively.
53 Wireless data transmission, recognition and neural which has great advantages in the field of information
54 computing transmission and processing compared with the pure
55 The successful simulation of visual synapses means electrical processing system. To assess the feasibility of
56 that visual signals can be used to transmit information, the developing SiC NW-based artificial synaptic devices
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1
2 as an optical wireless communication capable of human- added to simulate the non-ideal characteristics of the
3 machine interfaces, distinguishing the alphabet Morse device in the real environment. As for simulation basis for
4 code experiments are carried out. According to the contact devices, use PyTorch to build a spiking neural
results in Fig. S8, the devices can respond to the light network (SNN) with a hardware combination system, in
5 signals (10 cm away from the signal source) representing which traditional LIF neurons are used to receive input
6 the International Morse code, in which every letter can signals. The system construction process is shown in Figs.
7 induce a different EPSC amplitude response. 5a and S10. In the data preprocessing part, 60,000
8 Furthermore, as evidenced in Figs. 4a, 4b and S9, we handwritten digital images of 28*28 pixels are enhanced,
9 encode “hello”, “world” and “SUST” signals to achieve and the data is divided into 50,000 training sets and
10 continuous data transmission and recognition based on 10,000 test sets. The specific process is to initialize the
11 SiC synapse devices, and these EPSC responses further weights first, and then map the weights to the SiC NW
demonstrate that the devices can be applied to light device array according to specific mapping rules to
12
fidelity in the future. The EPSC response of each Morse complete the offline learning process. It is worth noting
13 code message signal can be calculated, and it is found that that the training and testing of the end-to-end system
14 each letter can be distinguished well by the sum of EPSC (Device to Device) and the photoelectric STDP of the SiC
15 amplitude peak values (Fig. 4c) and the current at the end NW device (Fig. 3a) can be completed by using offline
16 of EPSC amplitude peak values (Fig. 4d). By comparing learning to complete the weight update process, and the
17 with the SUM and END modes, accurate identification of simulation rules are listed in Supporting Information
18 each Morse code can be realized, which provides a Note 1. The update rule of STDP depends on the time
guarantee for encrypted transmission and identification difference to determine the range of conductance
19
of data. In order to verify the stability of SiC NW artificial updates. During the training process, the weight change
Fo
20 synaptic devices in data transmission and recognition, of each synaptic device can be recorded, and then it is
21 the letters “c” and “j” as test objects are further selected. transferred to the traditional neural network in the way
22 The iconic Morse code “c” and “j” responses are offered in of heterotopic training system, and then use 10,000
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23 Figs. 4e and 4h, respectively. The tests are repeated 38 images of handwritten digits of the same size as a
24 times for each test object, and the END current and SUM validation set. Matching I/O values are input into the
25 current can be accordingly counted. From Figs. 4f and 4g, array, and output values are decoded using the rate
26 it can be observed that the END current and SUM current encoding method. The full hardware system uses a three-
ev
of the statistical results of Morse code “c” are mainly layer array, the size of the input layer is 784*1000, the
27 distributed in 100~101 nA and 396~400 nA, respectively, size of the hidden layer is 1000*1000, and the size of the
28 conforming to the normal distribution. As for the output layer is 1000*10. Finally, the decoded spikes are
29 statistical results of Morse code “j”, the END current and output to output neurons with labels (0-9) to compute
iew
30 SUM current (Figs. 4i and 4j) are mainly distributed in accuracy and loss values. When the number 7 was used
31 100~101 nA and 400~402 nA respectively, which also as the input to the system, the 100 neurons in the system
32 conform to the normal distribution. The statistical results followed the spike-encoding trend is shown in Fig. S11a.
33 of Morse codes “c” and “j” indicate that the SiC NW After encoding and decoding by two layers of neurons, it
devices can have a very good stability in data is finally output to the seventh neuron with a specific
34 transmission and recognition, which demonstrate that encoding, indicating that the number 7 can be
On
35 the SiC devices can process the variable optical signals successfully recognized (Fig. S11b). Clearly, the system
36 well and provide a solution for the new generation of can be successfully simulated with using the STDP
37 visual intelligent processing system. characteristics of SiC NW optoelectronic hybrid devices,
38 In addition, in order to verify the feasibility of SiC NW- demonstrating the precision of the photoelectric hybrid
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39 based artificial synapse in practical applications, the stripper. The STDP characteristics of the SiC NW
40 corresponding application study was carried out by optoelectronic hybrid device are further used to simulate
importing the experimental data to model the synapse- the system. The results reveal that the accuracy of the
41
like device. In order to better display the STDP behavior optoelectronic hybrid device can be as high as 90.14% in
42 of the device, the data of multiple experiments are the Modified National Institute of Standards and
43 averaged, and finally fitted into a behavioral model, Technology (MNIST) handwritten data set classification
44 which is written into python as a synapse-like device. task, which is almost the same as the accuracy of the ideal
45 Specifically, the device experimental data of photoelectric STDP system 91.21% as revealed in Fig. 5b. The confusion
46 excitation and electrical excitation were fitted with using matrix presents the comparison between the analog
47 Python at first. Here, ten groups of tested data were first classification output and the expected output (the color
48 averaged at each test point. Subsequently, a behavior bar represents the count of output neurons), in which
level device test curve was obtained, and the standard only a few samples are misclassified, suggesting that the
49 mathematical formula of STDP was used to adjust the SiC NW based system could have an excellent
50 behavior parameters to make the test curve fit. Finally, classification ability as observed in Fig. S11c.
51 the obtained behavior parameters were substituted into In another important application simulation, a
52 the formula of STDP as part of the description of synaptic Range Vision Receptor (RVR) is designed by taking
53 behavior in neural network to complete the behavior advantage of the obvious change of current signal in the
54 level modeling process of the device. It is worth noting SiC NW devices under varied light intensity. During the
55 that the non-ideal characteristics of the device can be process of ideal light irradiation, RVR can control the size
taken into account during the establishment of the of the output according to the change in light intensity.
56 behavior-level model. Therefore, 1% Gaussian noise was The output can have a higher value when the light
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2 intensity is in the range of 100-200, and then it decreases Specifically, we constructed a simulation environment of
3 when the light intensity is above 200. This property is a memristor-based sensor-memory integrated system for
4 similar to the light intensity protection mechanism of lung cancer detection. Firstly, some real CT images were
human eyes (Fig. S2). Based on this, a 3D CT scan of the extracted from LUNA data set, and the data processing
5 human trunk is used as input, and suspected nodules can function of Python was used to process CT images to
6 be identified. Early detection of lung cancer can have a obtain 100×100 lung CT fragments. Then, the RVR array
7 significant impact on the survival ratio, but manual was conducted to pretreat the CT sections. In this process,
8 detection cannot satisfy the demands of rapid and the actual measurement data was performed to simulate
9 accurate detection, especially in a comprehensive, the optical threshold characteristics of the device. In
10 population-wide scenario. A tumor is a mass of rapidly order to fit the actual system, 1% Gaussian noise was
11 proliferating cells in the lungs. Small tumors (a few used to simulate the error. After encoding the processed
millimeters wide) in the lungs are called nodules. About data, the image information was input into the memristor
12
40% of these nodules could turn into malignant tumors computing system. The system is composed of three parts,
13 or early cancers. Coincidentally, the grayscale image of the first part is the RVR sensor array, the second is the
14 nodules is between 100 and 200 in the CT image. four convolutional layers to extract the information
15 Therefore, using RVR to screen suspected nodules and feature, in this process, batch normalization and skip
16 complete the task of early lung cancer detection is a very structure were used to prevent the system from
17 promising scheme. the processed Luna-16 dataset is overfitting. Finally, shadow training was used to deduce
18 selected to validate the automated detection system for the SNN system. In order to verify the effectiveness of the
suspected lung tumors. Firstly, the image is transformed RVR array, online learning is used to train software and
19
into a 0-255 grayscale image and then converted into a 0- hardware systems, and the specific training process is
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20 255 mW/cm2 light intensity signal. The 100-200 depicted in Fig. S12. In the training process, the data is
21 mW/cm2 light intensity signal is screened by irradiating a processed by RVR array and without processing,
22 100*100 RVR array in an ideal simulation environment. respectively. The simulation results prove that the
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23 Then, the CT tumor images are processed and splitted. A system can have 91.04% last accuracy and 92.12% best
24 complete CT image can be divided into several small accuracy in the processed data, but only 83% accuracy in
25 images of 100*100, and then 5746 images are irradiated the training effect without array processing as supported
26 to the RVR array according to the light intensity in Fig. 5e. With regard to this study, it is mentioned that
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distribution under the ideal lighting environment for further research of the RVR array and its promising
27 range screening. After that, the filtered output signals are application scenario should be well explored with more
28 put into the hardware system for training, and the breadth and depth.
29 technical route of data processing is appeared in Fig. 5d.
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Figure 5. The simulation application of the photoelectric device. (a) The principle of multi-modal SNN. The MNIST data
36 is enhanced by the enhanced operation according to the method input system of the rate coding, which is used by the
37 neurons to use the photovoltaic device, and the systematic energy can be tested in the case of light and voltage. (b)
38 The simulation results of multi-modal hardware and software combined with the system. With the combination of
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39 light and voltage, the system with using photoelectric devices has a high 91% of MNIST accuracy. (c) The RVR array
40 processes the image flow chart for lung cancer figure. (d) The main structure of the hardware and software
41 combination system. The system adopts the method of in-situ training, inference, and mapping. The gradient drop and
42 the final output of the judgment are done by the upper machine. The training section uses memtorch to simulate,
where the array uses the VTEAM voltage threshold model. (e) The performance comparison of the system and the
43
conventional system using the RVR array. The simulation results show that the RVR can have great potential for greatly
44 improving the systematic ability.
45
46 Electrically modulated synapse in Figs. S14b and S5b. These experimental PPF indexes
47 In addition, it is worth noting that the SiC NW artificial can be fitted by y=1+C1exp(−∆t/τ1)+C2exp(−∆t/τ2),
48 synaptic devices can also exhibit synaptic behavior in and the corresponding results are presented in the solid
49 electrically stimulated with the same structure. When the line of Figs. S14c and S5c. With the intensification of
50 devices are tested under different polarity voltages, it is external stimuli, the EPSC increases with progressively
found that the current of the device can be enhanced enhanced pulse amplitude (Fig. S14d), pulse width (Fig.
51 under negative voltage and decreased under positive S14e), pulse frequency (Fig. S14f), and pulse number (Fig.
52 voltage, which can be used to verify the synaptic S14g). At the same time, the device can transform from
53 enhancement and inhibition as shown in Fig. S13. The STM to LTM. Moreover, the SiC NW artificial synaptic
54 fundamental functions of the synapse, such as STP (Fig. devices also present good “Learning-Forgetting-
55 S14a), PPF and PPD with -3 V and 3 V pulse are displayed Relearning-Forgetting” behavior (Fig. S14h). The EPSC of
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2 the “Relearning” process is notably potentiated by the PMMA layer under the action of tunneling. In other
3 training, and only 5 pulses the EPSC reach the level of the words, a certain amount of electrons absorbed by the
4 “Learning” process with the delay time increasing from NWs in (Ⅱ) can migrate to the top ITO under the action
23 s to 29 s. Meanwhile, by applying the continuous of the electric field by de-trapping from the NWs.
5 electrical pulse, the response speed of the device is also Therefore, the postsynaptic current is formed by the
6 studied with using electrical stimulations. The response combination of the above mentioned two components.
7 of the device is very fast, and the rise and descent time In addition, the STDP characteristic of SiC NW device
8 are 947 μs and 972.2 μs, respectively (Fig. S15). under voltage signal is applied to SNN system. The results
9 Moreover, time stability with electrical stimulation is demonstrate that the accuracy of pure electric SiC NW
10 another important performance of SiC NW devices. The devices is only 79.89 % in the task of MNIST handwritten
11 electrical stimulate PPF performance after different time data set classification in Fig. S19. This is significantly
was tested, and it is found that the device can still lower than the accuracy of optoelectronic SiC NW devices
12
maintain its synaptic performance well after 6 months, with the value of up to 90.14 %. Obviously, the optically
13 and 1 year, as presented in Fig. S16. controlled computing system can have greater
14 Fig. S17a reveals that the STDP test can be also advantages over the computing system constructed by
15 completed by using -3 V and 3 V pulse voltage as the same device, which also provides a new idea for the
16 presynaptic stimulation and postsynaptic stimulation, development of a new generation of AI robots with a
17 respectively. By fitted with the exponential function: vision system. Finally, we compare the typical synaptic
18 ΔW=A*exp(−Δt/τ), the calculated values of A and τ are performance of the device developed by SiC NW and
216.5/−253.3 and 1.45/−0.57 s corresponding to Δt >0 other reported materials (shown in Supporting
19
and Δt <0, respectively. Furthermore, the function of information Table S1). Through the comparison, it can be
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20 dendrites under electrical stimulation can be also found that the SiC NW devices can have a certain
21 simulated by connecting two SiC NW artificial synaptic advantages in neural network computing, and the
22 devices (Fig. S18), and the structures of input at both constructed neural network can have higher efficiency.
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23 ends and output at one end are formed. At low reading
24 voltage (0.1 V), the logic response is “AND” with the CONCLUSIONS
25 response exceeding the threshold (set at 4.5 nA) (Figs. In conclusion, the novel SiC NW artificial visual synaptic
26 S17b and S17c), and the output relationship is an “OR” devices with a vertically stacked two terminal structure,
ev
logic at a higher read voltage of 1 V (Figs. S17b and S17c). which can have promising applications in the field of
27 Both synaptic responses can be triggered by uniform light wireless communication and efficient neural network
28 spikes (-2 V, 0.2 s). Benefiting from the implementation computing, have been successfully developed in this
29 of the dendrite function, the “Pavlov” conditioned reflex study. The developed SiC NW synaptic devices can not
iew
30 can be also realized under electrical stimulation (Fig. only successfully mimick the basic plasticity functions of
31 S17d). The bell (-2 V pulse) and the food (-5 V pulse) are biological synapses in a single device, such as STM, LTM,
32 applied to SiC NW artificial synaptic devices (synapse 1 PPF, and SRDP, but also realize the function of dendritic
33 and synapse 2). When the bell ringing the SiC NW neural synapses, carrying on the simple logic operations,
artificial synaptic devices (synapse 1), the response is and the Pavlov’s learning under the optical and electrical
34 below the threshold (160 nA). While the food is applied stimulation, respectively. Based on the visual nerve
On
35 to synapse 2 the response is above the threshold (160 function of the SiC NW artificial synapse, the optical
36 nA). However, when the bell and food pulses are applied signal encoded by Morse code is accurately recognized,
37 sequentially during the training process, the response is and wireless communication can be also successfully
38 quite bigger than the threshold. Subsequently, when a realized. Moreover, the efficient and accurate neural
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39 bell ringing is applied, the response of synapses network constructed by SiC NW artificial synapses has
40 stimulated by the bell only can break the threshold (160 great computational potential. For example, the SiC NW
nA), that is, Pavlov’s learning is realized (Fig. S17d). With neural network has promising applications in the
41
the increase of training times, the effect of training is recognition of early lung cancer lesions by utilizing the
42 gradually enhanced. In addition, the transfer of electrons properties of SPDP. After simulation training and with
43 in the device under electric stimulation is also studied only 11 epochs, the recognition accuracy rate can exceed
44 (Fig. S17e): (Ⅰ) Under a bias voltage of 0.1 V setting for 90%, demonstrating the relatively high efficiency and
45 the device, electrons can inject into the device from the accuracy. Based on the experiment results, the SiC NW
46 bottom ITO side. Among these injected electrons, only a artificial synapses can be used to build the bionic vision
47 small part can be absorbed by the NWs, and the most can system mounted on the AI robot. It is also expected that
48 reach the junction of SiC NWs/PMMA. Because of the the SiC NW artificial synaptic could open up a promising
blocking action of PMMA, only a few electrons can reach door for the design of high integrity, reliable
49
to the top ITO. ( Ⅱ ) When a negative pulse voltage is neuromorphic computing hardware and AI robot.
50
applied to the device, a large number of electrons can
51 inject the device from the top ITO side because of the high
52 voltage. In this case, most electrons can pass through the Received xxx 2015; accepted xxx 2015;
53 PMMA layer and reach the bottom ITO. ( Ⅲ ) Under Published online xxx 2015
54 negative pulse voltage, the remained electrons in the
55 device can migrate to the top ITO under the action of the
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5 Mater, 2019, 5: 1900467 University of Science and Technology under
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6 research mainly focuses on MBE, SiC and
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professor at Shaanxi University of Science
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30 electronic materials and devices for neuromorphic engineering. J Appl 2003 from the University of Science and
31 Phys, 2018, 124: 151902 Technology of China. He joined the Institute
[64] Crow T. Pavlovian conditioning of hermissenda: Current of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of
32 cellular, molecular, and circuit perspectives. Learning Memory, 2004, Sciences as a professor in 2013. His research
33 11: 229-238 focuses on flexible electronics and printable
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On
associative memory characteristics with analogue-type resistive- photodetectors, sensors and flexible energy-
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ly
synapse using monolayer MoS2 field effect transistors. Sci Rep, 2020, 10: 用于无线传输和神经网络计算的碳化硅纳米线多功能高效视觉突触器
39 1-9 件
40
41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by National 袁帅 1, 冯哲 2, 仇伯仓 1, 翟配郴 1, 李兰 1, 吴祖恒 2, 马淑芳 1, 许并社 1, 李
42 Natural Science Foundation of China (No 11875032), National Key R&D 莹 3, 丁利苹 1,*, 尉国栋 1,*, 沈国震 3,
Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFB3200100), Key R & D program of
43 Shaanxi Province, China (Nos. 2022JM-373, 2021GY-221), and Youth 摘要随着大数据和物联网的快速发展，基于传统冯·诺依曼架构的计
44 Talent Invitation Scheme of Shaanxi Association for science and 算机存在吞吐量有限和能源利用效率低下的问题。基于忆阻器的人工
technology (No. 20190506). 神经网络计算系统被认为是克服这一瓶颈的候选之一。本研究成功研
45
制了基于碳化硅纳米线薄膜的光电忆阻器，不仅可以很好地实现生物
46 Author contributions Yuan S carried out laboratory research; Yuan S, 视觉突触的基本功能，还可以实现更为复杂的树突神经元和巴甫洛夫
47 Qiu BC, Wei GD, Ding LP, Li Y and Shen GZ wrote the manuscript; Zhai 学习等类脑学习特性。在视觉功能的基础上，实现了集成在 SiC 忆阻
PC, Li L, Ma SF, and Xu BS supporting with experimental research; Feng
48 Z, Wu ZH supporting with neural network computing simulation; Yuan
器中的感知、存储和计算的功能。更重要的是，得益于 SiC NW 视觉
突触优异的计算能力，构建的 SNN 神经网络能够实现早期肺癌病灶
49 S and Ding LP provided theoretical guidance; Wei GD and Shen GZ
guiding of the research. 的识别。该方法迭代次数少，检测准确率可达 90%以上，在医疗领域
50 具有良好的应用前景。本研究为神经形态计算技术中基于 SiC 的感知-
51 Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of 存储-计算一体化人工智能设备的开发和推广提供了一条有前景的途
52 interest. 径。
53
54 Supplementary information Experimental details and supporting data
55 are available in the online version of the paper.
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SiC nanowire based artificial synapses have been successfully developed in this study, which can
29 well simulate the function of biological visual synapse and realize encrypted wireless
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18 Shuai Yuan1, Zhe Feng2, Bocang Qiu1, Peichen Zhai1, Lan Li1, Zuheng Wu2, Shufang
19 Ma1, Bingshe Xu1, Ying Li3, Liping Ding1,*, Guodong Wei1,*, and Guozhen Shen3,*
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4 Note 1. The simulation rule of the MNIST handwritten digit recognition.
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6 A behavioral-level model of the device was fitted with using measured opto- and
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4 Device Synaptic Visual Neural number
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6 behavior synapse network of epoch
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8 computing
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10 Ag/SiC/Pt Yes No No - [1]
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12 Cu/SiC/W Yes No No - [2]
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14 h-BN/APTES/WSe2 Yes No Yes 60000 [3]
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16 IMT device Yes No No - [4]
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18 ZnO/In2O3 Yes yes yes 30-800 [5]
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20 heterojunction and
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22 Li-doped AlOx device

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24 GaOx (a-GaOx) device Yes Yes Yes 500 [6]
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26 Cs3Bi2I9 NCs device Yes Yes Yes 10000 [7]
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28 Pt/WO3/Pt Yes No Yes 40 [8]
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30 NbOx-based device Yes No Yes 250 [9]
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32 ITO/ZnO/Ag Yes Yes Yes 1000 [10]

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34 SiC NWs device Yes Yes Yes 3-20 our work
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36 Table S1. Comparison of typical performance of the synaptic device based on SiC
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5 [1] Liu La, Zhao J, Cao G, et al. A memristor-based silicon carbide for artificial
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7 nociceptor and neuromorphic computing. Adv Mater Technol, 2021, 6: 2100373
8 [2] Kapur O, Guo D, Reynolds J, et al. Back-end-of-line SiC-based memristor for
9 resistive memory and artificial synapse. Adv Electron Mater, 2022, 8: 2200312
10
11 [3] Oh S, Jung S, Ali MH, et al. Highly stable artificial synapse consisting of
12 low-surface defect van der waals and self-assembled materials. ACS Appl Mater Inter,
13 2020, 12: 38299-38305
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[4] Chen S, Ren X, Xu J, et al. In-memory tactile sensor with tunable steep-slope
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16 region for low-artifact and real-time perception of mechanical signals. ACS Nano,
17 2023, 17: 2134-2147
18 [5] Liu Q, Yin L, Zhao C, et al. All-in-one metal-oxide heterojunction artificial
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20 synapses for visual sensory and neuromorphic computing systems. Nano Energy,
21 2022, 97: 107171
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22 [6] Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhang X, et al. In-sensor reservoir computing system for latent
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24 fingerprint recognition with deep ultraviolet photo-synapses and memristor array. Nat
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26 [7] Li Y, Wang J, Yang Q, et al. Flexible artificial optoelectronic synapse based on
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lead-free metal halide nanocrystals for neuromorphic computing and color recognition.
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29 Adv Sci, 2022, 9: 2202123

30 [8] Qin L, Cheng S, Xie B, et al. Co-existence of bipolar nonvolatile and volatile
31 resistive switching based on WO3 nanowire for applications in neuromorphic
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33 computing and selective memory. Appl Phys Lett, 2022, 121: 093502
34 [9] Zhu J, Zhang X, Wang R, et al. A heterogeneously integrated spiking neuron
35 array for multimode-fused perception and object classification. Adv Mater, 2022, 34:
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2200481
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38 [10]Wang TY, Meng JL, Li QX, et al. Reconfigurable optoelectronic memristor for
39 in-sensor computing applications. Nano Energy, 2021, 89: 106291
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SCIENCE CHINA Materials

Silicon carbide nanowire-based multifunctional and efficient

Journal: SCIENCE CHINA Materials

Manuscript Type: Article

Date Submitted by the

Li, Lan; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology

Ding, Liping; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology

Keywords: memristors, silicon carbide, visual synapse

57 * Corresponding author (email: E-mail: wgd588@163.com, scu_ding@163.com, and gzshen@bit.edu.cn)

1 SCIENCE CHINA Materials ARTICLES

39 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION several small images of 100*100. Then, 5746 images

1 SCIENCE CHINA Materials ARTICLES

devices. decreased (Fig. 2e). On the contrary, the synaptic device

The function of visual nerve system as the most

neuromorphic manners, and thus the corresponding

which can be achieved only when both drive synapses are

1 SCIENCE CHINA Materials ARTICLES

1 SCIENCE CHINA Materials ARTICLES

1 SCIENCE CHINA Materials ARTICLES

Natl Sci Rev, 2021, 8: nwaa172

1 SCIENCE CHINA Materials ARTICLES

27 Neurosci, 2005, 28: 503-532

32 perception system with high commercialization potential and high stability.

25 1Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, School of Physics and

single-crystal nature with 3C-SiC crystal structure.

and bottom of the SiC NW film.

22 Figure S10. The process of constructing SNN handwritten recognition system.

32 output versus the expected outputs.

22 Figure S12. The training process diagram of online learning system.

22 Li-doped AlOx device

32 ITO/ZnO/Ag Yes Yes Yes 1000 [10]

25 Commun, 2022, 13: 6590

29 Adv Sci, 2022, 9: 2202123

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