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Synthetic Polymeric Membranes For Advanced Water Treatment, Gas Separation, and Energy Sustainability 1st Edition Ahmad Fauzi Ismail PH.D (Editor)
Synthetic Polymeric Membranes For Advanced Water Treatment, Gas Separation, and Energy Sustainability 1st Edition Ahmad Fauzi Ismail PH.D (Editor)
Edited by
xv
xvi List of Figures
Fig. 5.6 Membrane distillation (MD). (A) Desalination process in MD, (B) direct contact MD,
(C) sweeping gas MD, (D) vacuum MD, and (E) air gap MD 88
Fig. 5.7 Water contact angles on membrane surface with various wettability 90
Fig. 6.1 Pathway of (A) conventional nitrification-denitrification and (B) simultaneous
nitrification-denitrification 105
Fig. 6.2 Schematic of the osmosis process 107
Fig. 6.3 Schematic of the reverse osmosis process 108
Fig. 6.4 Schematic of a cross-flow system 109
Fig. 6.5 Schematic of a dead-end system 109
Fig. 6.6 AnMBR configurations (A) external cross-flow and (B) submerged/immersed configurations 112
Fig. 6.7 The challenges of the FO process 115
Fig. 6.8 Schematic of a TFC membrane 116
Fig. 6.9 The characteristics of a TFN membrane 116
Fig. 6.10 Heat and mass transfer in the MD process 118
Fig. 6.11 Different types of MD configurations. (A) DCMD, (B) AGMD, (C) SGMD, and (D) VMD 120
Fig. 7.1 Pervaporation (PV) system 138
Fig. 7.2 Membrane distillation configurations: (A) direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD);
(B) air gap membrane distillation (AGMD); (C) vacuum membrane distillation (VMD),
and (D) sweep gas membrane distillation (SGMD) 147
Fig. 7.3 Schematic diagram of a vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) setup by Yao et al. 148
Fig. 8.1 Brief overview of FO 160
Fig. 8.2 Draw solute selection guide 162
Fig. 8.3 Membrane selection guide 165
Fig. 9.1 Concept of carbon capture and storage (CCS) 174
Fig. 9.2 Number of references whose keyword for each year is “Polymer membrane and acidic gas” 176
Fig. 9.3 Gas separation mechanisms in separation membranes 177
Fig. 9.4 Separation of mixtures of acidic and other gases using (A) acidic gas rejective membranes,
and (B) acidic gas permselective membranes 179
Fig. 9.5 Chemical structures of polyethylene (PE), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly(1-
trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)/perfluoromethyl vinyl ether
(PMVE) copolymer, teflon AF 2400, polycarbonate (PC), and polysulfone (PSF) 184
Fig. 9.6 Chemical structures of nylon 6, cellulose acetate (CA), poly (ether urethane urea),
and fluorine-containing polyimides (6FDA-HAB) 185
Fig. 9.7 Chemical structures of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM), thermally rearranged (TR)
polymer, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (bmim)-based ionic liquids 186
Fig. 9.8 Relationship between carbon dioxide, nitrogen (A), and hydrogen sulfide (B) permeability
of polymeric membranes 187
Fig. 10.1 Robeson’s upper bound correlation for O2/N2 separation 192
Fig. 10.2 Polymer-based membrane materials for O2/N2 separation 194
Fig. 10.3 Synthesis route and chemical structure of monomers for PIMs 198
Fig. 10.4 Thermal rearrangement mechanism, (A) TR-α polymer and (B) TR-β polymer 201
Fig. 10.5 Scheme for facilitated transport of gaseous molecules by a carrier (complex) through a
membrane: (A) liquid membrane with a mobile carrier; (B) solid membrane with a fixed
carrier 203
List of Figures xvii
Fig. 10.6 Comparison of O2/N2 separation performance of some polymeric membranes 208
Fig. 11.1 The structures of gas separation membranes 219
Fig. 11.2 Schematic of a polymeric flat sheet membrane 220
Fig. 11.3 Schematic of a polymeric hollow fiber membrane 220
Fig. 11.4 General types of modules used for gas separation processes: (A) plate-and-frame module,
(B) spiral-wound module, and (C) shell and tube 221
Fig. 11.5 Solution-diffusion mechanism in a dense membrane 222
Fig. 11.6 Schematic of an integrally asymmetric membrane 224
Fig. 11.7 Preparation of integrally asymmetric flat sheet and hollow fiber membranes via phase
inversion method 225
Fig. 11.8 Schematic of a thin-film-composite membrane 227
Fig. 11.9 (A) Schematic diagram of the procedure for the production of a PA membrane derived
from MPD and TMC via IP (B) chemical reaction of MPD and TMC monomers to produce
a PA oligomer and HCl 228
Fig. 11.10 Robeson graphs to compare different kinds of membranes for gas separation 229
Fig. 11.11 Schematics of polymer/inorganic filler mixed matrix membranes. (i) Symmetric flat dense
mixed matrix membrane. (ii) Asymmetric hollow-fiber with a mixed matrix selective skin 230
Fig. 11.12 Illustration of different types of MMMs. (A) Polymer and inorganic phases connected by
covalent bonds, and (B) polymer and inorganic phases connected by van der Waals force or
hydrogen bonds 230
Fig. 11.13 Schematic of various organic-inorganic interface morphologies of MMMs 232
Fig. 11.14 Ideal MMM (left side), (A) interface void, and (B) rigidified polymer layer around the
nanoparticle (right side) 233
Fig. 11.15 BCC structure considered for particle distribution in MMM 235
Fig. 11.16 Schematic illustration of expected morphologies of MMMs HNT/PEI across a dense selective
skin layer; Case (I) ideal, Case (II) void (yellow-colored space surrounding the filler is the
void), Case (III) rigidification (blue-colored space shows the rigidified region), Case (IV)
blocking (black tips shows the blocked parts), and Case (V) blocking + void 236
Fig. 11.17 Comparison between the small pore size filler MMM morphology diagram (black arrows
along with italic black words) proposed by Moore and Koros to the large pore size filler
MMM morphology diagram proposed by Hashemifard et al. (colorful area along with red
bold words) 237
Fig. 11.18 General procedures followed to produce asymmetric MMMs 240
Fig. 11.19 Cross-sectional SEM images of (A) PC/zeolite 4A (20%) and (B) PC/pNA (2%)/zeolite
4A (20%) 243
Fig. 11.20 SEM cross-section view of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) support membrane. (A) Cross-
section, (B) enlarged cross-section, (C) outer skin layer, (D) outer surface, (E) outer-inner
interface, and (F) inner surface 244
Fig. 11.21 TEM images of poly(ether imide) nanocomposite membranes containing different weight
fractions (10, 20, 30) of three fumed silica (TS610, TS530, TS720). At low fumed silica
content, nanoparticles are well distributed in the polymer matrix 245
Fig. 11.22 TGA plot for pure poly(4-methyl, 2-pentyne) (PMP), fumed silica (FS), and
polyoctatrimethyl silsesquixane (POSS) nanoparticles and nanocomposite
membranes. POSS decomposed quickly while FS had a low weight loss at a specific
temperature range 246
xviii List of Figures
Fig. 11.23 DSC plots of the pure polyurethane (PU) and polyether-based PU-silica nanocomposites 247
Fig. 11.24 AFM analysis for (A) polysulfone (PSf) substrate while (B), (C), and (D) are modified PSf
membranes with different monomer concentrations for interfacial polymerization 248
Fig. 11.25 FTIR plot of pure silica, pure polyurethane (PU), and polyether-based PU-silica
nanocomposites. In this plot, each peak is related to a specific bond 249
Fig. 11.26 Experimental set-up of gas permeation tests 250
Fig. 11.27 Experimental set-up of gas permeation test at constant volume 251
Fig. 11.28 Experimental set-up for measuring the solubility of pure gas in the membrane 252
Fig. 11.29 CO2 membrane separation plant from Newpoint Gas, LLC 254
Fig. 11.30 CO2/CH4 upper bound plot for new polymer materials 254
Fig. 11.31 Hydrogen recovery from ammonia purge stream by Prism membranes plant that installed in
1979 with capability of pure hydrogen recovery by about 90% 255
Fig. 11.32 O2/N2 upper bound plot for new polymer materials, TR polymers (⧫), PIMs (n),
TBDA-SBI-P (▲) 257
Fig. 11.33 Image of the LPG recovery unit from off-gas installed by Membrane Technology and
Research (MTR) 259
Fig. 11.34 CO2 permeance in an asymmetric PES/PI hollow fiber membrane as a function of fugacity
with different compositions of the feed 261
Fig. 11.35 The introduction of polar-functionalized POSS nanoparticles to the PIM for CO2 separation 263
Fig. 12.1 Bed reactor facility for H2S and He schematic diagram 274
Fig. 12.2 Block diagram of various types of H2 separation membranes 275
Fig. 12.3 Main transport phenomenon in microporous structure. (A) Micrograph with surface diffusion
domain, (B) micrograph with normal microporous structure, and (C) micrograph with
blocking effect 279
Fig. 12.4 Mixed matrix membrane for H2/N2 performance reported from previous studies presented
in Robeson line diagram 283
Fig. 12.5 Mixed matrix membrane for H2/CO2 performance reported from previous studies presented in
Robeson line diagram 283
Fig. 13.1 Gas selectivity versus permeability showing the “Robeson” upper bound (solid line),
highlighting the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. The improvement in this
upper bound from 1991 to 2008 demonstrates the emergence of enhanced gas
separation membranes 294
Fig. 13.2 Mechanisms of altering the permeation of composite membranes containing 2D fillers.
(A) Functional groups altering solubility, (B) altering chain stacking and changing
cross-linking density, (C) defects allowing some gas molecules to diffuse through the filler
(Knudsen diffusion) while increasing the tortuosity of other gas molecules, (D) interfacial
voids created at the interface of the two phases, (E) PCMR membrane providing catalytic
conversion for selective gas removal, and (F) physisorption of gas molecules onto the surface
of 2D flakes embedded within the composite membrane 296
Fig. 13.3 Composite synthesis techniques. (A) In situ polymerization that can result in three outcomes:
(i) the layered material is encapsulated, but unperturbed by the polymer, (ii) the polymer
intercalates the layered material, but the stack remains agglomerated, and (iii) the polymer
intercalates and delaminates the layered material. (B) Melt mixing; and (C) solution blending 300
List of Figures xix
Fig. 14.1 Schematic of different MFC configurations: (A) dual-chamber MFC, single-chamber MFC,
(B) air-cathode, and (C) the cathode that is put in the anolyte 312
Fig. 14.2 Polarization curve 313
Fig. 14.3 Schematic of electron transfer mechanisms: (A) DET, (B) MET, and (C) nanowire 313
Fig. 14.4 Schematic of three various types of ion-exchange membranes: (A) CEM, (B) AEM,
and (C) BPM 322
Fig. 14.5 Schematic of membrane-less MFC 323
Fig. 15.1 Typical electrically charged membrane for DMFC applications 338
Fig. 15.2 Asymmetric membrane 340
Fig. 15.3 Layered electrospun SPEEK/Cloisite 15A nanocomposite electrolyte membrane 341
Fig. 15.4 Sandwiched Nafion 211/PTRu + SiO2 + Nafion/Nafion 211 electrolyte membrane 342
Fig. 15.5 Sulfonated radiation grafted polystyrene pore-filled poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes 342
Fig. 15.6 Different routes for membrane fabrications via phase inversion techniques 343
Fig. 15.7 Ternary phase diagram 344
Fig. 15.8 CA images for hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces 347
Fig. 15.9 Two-probe impedance cell 347
Fig. 15.10 EIS spectrum for untreated Nafion (R ¼ 0.7 Ω) and Nafion/GO (R ¼ 0.9 Ω) membranes 348
Fig. 15.11 Permeation cell 348
Fig. 15.12 Methanol permeation versus time 349
Fig. 15.13 TGA thermal curve for Nafion 212 350
Fig. 15.14 (A) EDX image and (B) spectrum of PTFE-ZrP-PVA membrane 352
Fig. 15.15 XRD spectrum of Chitosan and Chitosan/E-MoS2 353
Fig. 15.16 AFM images of (A) neat SPEES and (B) SPEES/cSMM membranes 354
Fig. 15.17 Schematic diagram of MEA construction 355
Fig. 15.18 I-V polarization curve for Nafion 115 at 1 M methanol concentration 355
Fig. 15.19 Chemical structures of (A) Nafion and (B) SPEEK polymer with repeating units of SO3 356
Fig. 15.20 Ionic cluster domain of notable Nafion and methanol molecules 356
Fig. 15.21 Transport mechanisms inside cluster model of notable Nafion 357
Fig. 16.1 Schematic representation of the working principles of a typical alkaline anion exchange
membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) 366
Fig. 16.2 Polarization curves of composite membranes at 60°C 369
Fig. 16.3 Hydroxide conductivity of hybrid membranes after treatment with 2 M KOH solution at
60°C (A) and 80°C (B) 369
Fig. 16.4 Ion conductivities of (A) Me-IL-TiO2, (B) Ethyl-IL-TiO2, and (C) HOEt-IL-TiO2 composite
membranes 370
Fig. 16.5 Illustration of ionic pathways in a QPVA composite consisting of electrospun nanofibers 374
Fig. 16.6 A schematic of (A) crosslinked quaternized poly(vinybenzyl-divinylbenzene) bipolymer
and (B) crosslinked quaternized poly(vinybenzyl-divinylbenzene-hexafluorobutyl
methacrylate) terpolymer composite AAEMs. The bold black lines represent PE chains 375
Fig. 16.7 A schematic illustration of pore-filling anion exchange membranes. Anion exchange
polymers are immobilized inside the pores of the porous substrate by grafting or cross-linking 376
Fig. 17.1 Schematic representation of the main constituents and the discharge process of lithium-ion
battery systems 384
Fig. 17.2 Representation of the main steps in the thermally induced phase separation technique (TIPS) 387
Fig. 17.3 Illustration of the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process 387
xx List of Figures
Fig. 17.4 The schematic diagram of the solvent casting and particulate leaching technique 388
Fig. 17.5 The key stages of replica molding technique 389
Fig. 17.6 The schematic diagram of a freeze extraction process 390
Fig. 17.7 Schematic representation of the electrospinning technique 391
Fig. 17.8 Schematic representation of the large-scale preparation of PVDF-HFP separators 399
Fig. 17.9 Schematic representation of the preparation method and the proposed microstructure of the
PVDF-HFP/LLZO composite separator 399
Fig. 17.10 Schematic representation of separators with different patterns—hexagons, lines, zig-zags,
pillars, and conventional nonpatterned-designed to improve battery performance 400
Fig. 17.11 Schematic illustration for the: (A) preparation and (B) functional principle of PMIA@PVDF
nanofiber separators 401
Fig. 17.12 Illustration for the preparation of a PI nanofibrous membrane separator 402
Fig. 17.13 Thermal shrinkage of a PP separator (left) and a PI membrane (right) over a temperature range
from 150°C to 200°C 403
Fig. 17.14 (A) Surface SEM image of a PI matrix. (B) Cross-sectional SEM image of the API separator
(inset is the surface image of the AlOOH coating layer) 403
Fig. 17.15 SEM images: (A) Celgard-PP separator, (B, C, and E) BNNT separators, and (D) low
magnification image of BNNTs (inset shows digital photographs of Celgard PP and BNNT
separators) 404
Fig. 17.16 (A) Photographs of graphene oxide (GO) dip coating depending on the polarity of the GO
solution. (B) Schematic illustration of the wettability of the solvent with low surface energy
on the conventional hydrophobic separator. (C) SEM image of the GO dip-coated separator.
(D) Water contact angle measurement and (E) photograph of large-area wetting feature on the
GO dip-coated separator 405
Fig. 17.17 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of MCS and an integrated cathode/MCS/anode
assembly 406
Fig. 17.18 Schematic illustrations of (A) glass fiber (GF), (B) the MOF-GF composite separator (MOG),
and (C) an enlarged view showing ion transport behavior in MOG 407
Fig. 17.19 Membrane preparation process of PEEK 407
Fig. 18.1 Initial PRO prototype proposed by Sidney Loeb 419
Fig. 18.2 (A) Due to the freshwater “lost” to the sea, this schematic diagram is referred to as the open
loop. (B) Commonly referred to as an osmotic heat engine, this is a closed-loop PRO system
schematic diagram 420
Fig. 18.3 The basic principles of (A) equilibrium (B) FO (ΔP ¼ 0), (C) RO (ΔP > Δπ), and (D)
PRO (ΔP < Δπ) 422
Fig. 18.4 Schematic diagram of the salt concentration profile in PRO mode where the feed and draw
solutions are in a crossflow 423
Fig. 18.5 (A) The polymerization product of MPD and TMC monomers, and (B) the product of BDSA
and TMC 427
Fig. 18.6 Microscope images of: (A) nonwoven mesh and standard woven mesh. The wire diameter
(μm) and opening size (μm) are as follows (B) (160, 250), (C) (50, 75), (D) (32, 45),
(E) #(20, 20), and (F) (53 2, 7) 428
Fig. 18.7 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) cross-sectional view of a TFC-PRO membrane 428
List of Figures xxi
Fig. 18.8 (A) External fouling in AL-FS orientation; (B) Both internal and external fouling in AL-DS
orientation 429
Fig. 18.9 (A) Top finer fiber layer surface morphology before IP; (B) after IP surface morphology;
(C) cross-sections of a nanofibrous TFC membrane FESEM image; (D) and (E) nanofiber
layer enlarged image underneath the PA layer and top finer fiber layer, respectively 430
Fig. 18.10 (A) Diagram of backwash cleaning, (B) diagram of clean-in-place (CIP), (C) and the diagram
of maintenance cleaning (MC) 431
Contributors
Farideh Abdollahi
Sustainable Membrane Technology Research Group (SMTRG), Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and
Petrochemical Engineering (FPGPE), Persian Gulf University (PGU), Bushehr, Iran
Arif Aizat
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Mohammad Amin Alaei Shahmirzadi
Membrane Processes Research Laboratory (MPRL), Department of Chemical Engineering,
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
Nur Hashimah Alias
Membrane Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Zahra Alihemati
Sustainable Membrane Technology Research Group (SMTRG), Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and
Petrochemical Engineering (FPGPE), Persian Gulf University (PGU), Bushehr, Iran
Farhana Aziz
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Kyle J. Berean
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
Weerapong Bootluck
Center of Excellence in Membrane Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University,
Songkhla, Thailand
C.M. Costa
Centre of Physics; Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Pallabi Das
CSIR—Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Nur Atiqah Daub
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Suman Dutta
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad,
India
xxiii
xxiv Contributors
I G. Wenten
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology; Research Center
for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
P.S. Goh
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Hasrinah Hasbullah
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Seyed Abdollatif Hashemifard
Sustainable Membrane Technology Research Group (SMTRG), Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and
Petrochemical Engineering (FPGPE), Persian Gulf University (PGU), Bushehr, Iran
G.P. Syed Ibrahim
Membrane Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India
Syarifah Nazirah Wan Ikhsan
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Noor Fauziyah Ishak
Membrane Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Arun M. Isloor
Membrane Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Juhana Jaafar
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Hazlina Junoh
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh
School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington,
Australia
Contributors xxv
Ali Kargari
Membrane Processes Research Laboratory (MPRL), Department of Chemical Engineering,
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
Dipak Khastgir
Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal,
India
K. Khoiruddin
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of
Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
Watsa Khongnakorn
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Center of Excellence in Membrane
Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
Arash Khosravi
Sustainable Membrane Technology Research Group (SMTRG), Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and
Petrochemical Engineering (FPGPE), Persian Gulf University (PGU), Bushehr, Iran
B. Lakshmi
Department of Chemistry, Reva University, Bangalore, India
S. Lanceros-Mendez
BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Leioa; IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
Woei Jye Lau
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Fauziah Marpani
Integrated Separation Technology Research Group (i-STRonG), Faculty of Chemical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
P.M. Martins
Centre of Physics; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of
Minho, Braga, Portugal
I N. Widiasa
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang,
Indonesia
Kazukiyo Nagai
Department of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
B.C. Ng
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Nik Abdul Hadi Md. Nordin
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak,
Malaysia
xxvi Contributors
J. Nunes-Pereira
Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Braga; Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and
Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Nur Hidayati Othman
Membrane Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Mostafa Rahimnejad
Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Babol
Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Mukhlis A. Rahman
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Paramita Ray
Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals
Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
Mohsen Rezaee
Sustainable Membrane Technology Research Group (SMTRG), Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and
Petrochemical Engineering (FPGPE), Persian Gulf University (PGU), Bushehr, Iran
Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Shuichi Sato
Department of Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan
Norazlianie Sazali
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Norin Zamiah Kasim Shaari
Membrane Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Munawar Zaman Shahruddin
Membrane Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Contributors xxvii
S.I. Sharudin
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Krishna Kant Kumar Singh
CSIR—Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Puyam S. Singh
Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals
Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
Arezoo Tofighi
Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Babol
Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Leo Paul Vaurs
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla,
Thailand
Vijayalekshmi Vijayakumar
Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal,
India
Anita K. Wardani
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of
Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
Nursyazwani Yahya
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Norhaniza Yusof
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Preface
This book consists of 18 chapters with topics related to synthetic polymeric membranes for advanced
water treatment, gas separation, and energy sustainability. The contributors come from Asian and
European countries, including Malaysia, Japan, Indonesia, India, Iran, Thailand, Australia, and Portugal.
The authors are experts in the development of synthetic polymeric membranes for various applications.
In particular, this book gathers numerous promising synthetic polymeric membrane developments
for improving and enhancing the current technologies used in water and wastewater treatment as well
as purification, gas separation, and energy applications, including fuel cells. Those chapters emphasize
the synthetic polymeric membrane fabrication techniques, the characterizations that suit the proposed
applications, and the way forward for synthetic polymeric membranes for commercial use.
This book has been separated based on three major topics: advanced water treatment, gas separa-
tion, and energy sustainability. The arrangement of the content of the book is as follows.
In the first part, Chapters 1–8 cover synthetic polymer membranes for advanced water treatment
applications. A thorough discussion on that topic is presented, including its membrane structure, prep-
aration, and applications. This topic is covered by eight chapters: Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes
for Treatment of Oily Wastewater (Chapter 1), Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Desalination
(Chapter 2), Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Dye and Pigment Removal (Chapter 3), Syn-
thetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Photodegradation of Organic Hazardous Materials
(Chapter 4), Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Heavy Metal Removal (Chapter 5), Application
of Polymer-Based Membranes for Nutrient Removal and Recovery in Wastewater (Chapter 6), Syn-
thetic Polymer-Based Membranes for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Water
(Chapter 7), and Forward Osmosis Membranes for Water Purification (Chapter 8).
The second part of the book covers the use of synthetic polymeric membranes in gas separation
applications. There are five chapters that covers this specialized topic: Synthetic Polymer-Based
Membranes for Acidic Gas Removal (Chapter 9), Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Oxygen
Enrichment (Chapter 10), Synthetic Polymeric Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separations
(Chapter 11), Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation (Chapter 12), and Poly-
meric Composite Membranes for Gas Separation: State-of-the-Art 2D Fillers (Chapter 13).
Due to the recent accelerated interest in membrane-based technology applications in energy sus-
tainability, five important chapters will cover this interesting topic in Chapters 14–18. The five chapters
that provide discussion on this topic are Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Microbial Fuel Cells
(Chapter 14), Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Applica-
tions (Chapter 15), Polymeric Composite Membranes for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
(Chapter 16), Synthetic Polymer-Based Membranes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (Chapter 17), and Poly-
meric Membranes for Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (Chapter 18).
The editors would like to highlight that apart from the growing number of research publications in
membrane science and technology for solutions to environmental problems, the advantage of the mem-
brane in a synthetic polymeric membrane is that it is foreseen as being a commercially viable material.
With more than 500 pages, this book offers recent findings from research works from established re-
searchers who specialize in synthetic polymeric membrane technologies that will definitely give great
satisfaction to the readers. This book possesses its own uniqueness in that the chapters are contributed
xxix
xxx Preface
by established researchers from all around the globe based on their recent research findings. Thus,
readers will find the most recent synthetic polymeric membrane materials that are appropriate for ad-
vanced water treatment, gas separation, and energy sustainability. This will also give a clear picture on
the trend of advanced materials as the way forward for the mentioned applications.
The editors would like to express their sincere thanks to all authors and coauthors for their kind
support, encouragement, and understanding of the time taken for the book’s writing.
Syarifah Nazirah Wan Ikhsan, Norhaniza Yusof, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh,
1
Farhana Aziz, Juhana Jaafar, Hasrinah Hasbullah
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Chapter outline
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Components in oily wastewater .......................................................................................................4
1.3 Membrane technology for treatment of oily wastewater .....................................................................5
1.4 Polymeric membranes for treatment of oily wastewater .....................................................................7
1.5 Fluoropolymer membranes for treatment of oily wastewater ..............................................................9
1.6 Sulfone-containing polymer membranes for treatment of oily wastewater ........................................ 10
1.7 Mechanism of oil removal in membrane technology ....................................................................... 13
1.8 Membranes with superwetting surfaces ........................................................................................ 14
1.9 Challenges and future perspectives .............................................................................................. 15
1.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 16
References .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Further reading .................................................................................................................................... 22
1.1 Introduction
Technological advancement has increased the demands on energy usage, which is still majorly fueled
by the oil and gas (O&G) industry. The development of this industry has raised concerns over the years
due to the release of oily wastewater. The release of this detrimental wastewater has severely affected
the environment and concurrently shifts the focus of more researchers toward its treatment [1]. The
release of oily wastewater into the environment was not entirely the fault of the O&G industry alone;
other commercialized industries such as the food and beverage industry, even at the residential level,
have also played significant roles in the release of oily wastewater. As the emulsion of grease in water is
one of the most difficult pollutants to remove, oily wastewater treatment is urgently needed in today’s
field of environmental engineering problems [2]. The chemical contaminants in oil ultimately impact
Synthetic Polymeric Membranes for Advanced Water Treatment, Gas Separation, and Energy Sustainability
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818485-1.00001-0
# 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
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— Katerina Ivanovna ymmärtää kaiken, — lausui äkkiä Aljoša
juhlallisesti, — ymmärtää kaiken tämän murheen koko syvyyden ja
sopii. Hän on erittäin älykäs ja hän näkee itse, että ei voi olla
onnettomampi kuin sinä.
— Mitä?
— Isän luo?
— Grušenjkaa?
— Ihmeeseen?
— Odotan. Minä ymmärrän, ettei se käy pian, ettei voi tulla noin
vain ja mennä oikopäätä asiaan. Hän on nyt humalassa. Minä
odotan kolme tuntia taikka neljä taikka viisi taikka kuusi taikka
seitsemän, mutta tiedäkin, että tänään, vaikkapa sydänyöllä, menet
Katerina Ivanovnan luo rahojen kanssa tai ilman rahoja ja sanot:
käski sanoa teille terveisiä. Tahdon nimenomaan, että sanot tämän
lauselman: »Käski näet sanoa terveisiä.»
— Mitja! Entä jos yht'äkkiä Grušenjka tulee tänään… tai jos ei
tänään, niin huomenna tai ylihuomenna?
— Entä jos…
6.
Smerdjakov
Hän tapasi isänsä todellakin vielä pöydässä. Pöytä oli, kuten aina,
katettu saliin, vaikka talossa oli myös varsinainen ruokasali. Tämä
sali oli talon suurin huone ja vanhanaikaisen komeasti kalustettu.
Kalusto oli hyvin vanha, valkoinen, ja sen vanha, punainen päällys
oli puolisilkkinen. Seinille ikkunoitten väliin oli asetettu kuvastimia,
joitten koreat kehykset oli koristettu vanhanaikaisilla leikkauksilla.
Nekin olivat valkeat ja kullalla koristetut. Seiniä peittivät valkoiset,
monin paikoin jo halkeilleet seinäpaperit, ja niitä koristi kaksi isoa
muotokuvaa. Toinen esitti jotakuta ruhtinasta, joka
kolmisenkymmentä vuotta sitten oli ollut sen seudun
kenraalikuvernöörinä, toinen jotakuta niinikään jo aikoja sitten
kuollutta piispaa. Etunurkassa oli muutamia pyhimyskuvia, joitten
eteen yöksi sytytettiin lamppu… ei niin paljon hartaudesta kuin sen
vuoksi, että huone olisi yöllä valaistu. Fjodor Pavlovitš kävi
tavallisesti kovin myöhään yöllä makaamaan, kello kolme tai neljä
aamulla, ja siihen asti hän tavallisesti kaiken aikaa käveli huoneessa
tai istui nojatuolissa mietiskellen. Se oli tullut hänelle tavaksi. Hän
vietti yönsä usein aivan yksin talossa ja lähetti palvelijat
sivurakennukseen, mutta enimmäkseen hänen luokseen yöksi jäi
palvelija Smerdjakov, joka nukkui eteisessä laatikkopenkillä. Aljošan
tullessa sisälle oli päivällinen jo lopussa ja pöytään oli tuotu hilloa ja
kahvia. Fjodor Pavlovitš nautti mielellään päivällisen jälkeen jotakin
imelää konjakin kanssa. Ivan Fjodorovitš oli myös pöydän ääressä ja
joi kahvia. Palvelijat, Grigori ja Smerdjakov, seisoivat pöydän luona.
Sekä herrat että palvelijat olivat selvästi erittäin hyvällä tuulella.
Fjodor Pavlovitš nauraa hohotti kovalla äänellä. Aljoša kuuli jo
eteiseen hänen vinkuvan, ennestään niin tutun naurunsa ja päätteli
heti naurun sävystä, että isä ei vielä ollut sanottavasti humalassa,
vaan toistaiseksi vain hellällä mielellä.
— Kas siinä on hänkin, siinä on hänkin! — uikutti Fjodor Pavlovitš
ilostuen yht'äkkiä suuresti Aljošan tulosta. — Yhdy joukkoomme, käy
istumaan, ota kahvia, — sehän on paastoruokaa, mutta kuumaa ja
hyvää! Konjakkia en tarjoa, sillä sinä paastoat, mutta ehkäpä tahdot?
Et, minä annan mieluummin sinulle likööriä, sinä oiva poika! —
Smerdjakov, käy kaapilla, toisella hyllyllä oikealla, tässä ovat
avaimet, pian!
— Olen syönyt, — vastasi Aljoša, joka itse asiassa oli syönyt vain
palan leipää ja juonut lasin kaljaa igumenin keittiössä. — Kuumaa
kahvia minä juon mielelläni.
— Vastaa, hölmö.
7.
Kiista
Mutta Bileamin aasintamma oli äkkiä alkanut puhua. Sattui
omituinen aihe: ollessaan aamulla kauppias Lukjanovin puodissa
ostoksilla kuuli Grigori tältä kertomuksen eräästä venäläisestä
sotamiehestä, joka jossakin kaukana rajalla joutui aasialaisten
vangiksi ja jota nämä pakottivat uhkaamalla kidutusta ja kuolemaa
luopumaan kristinuskosta ja kääntymään islamiin, mutta joka ei
suostunut luopumaan uskostaan, vaan antautui kärsimyksiin, antoi
nylkeä itseltään nahan ja kuoli kiittäen ja ylistäen Kristusta. Tästä
urotyöstä oli kerrottu juuri sinä päivänä saapuneessa
sanomalehdessä. Grigori rupesi puhumaan siitä pöydässä. Fjodor
Pavlovitš oli ennenkin joka kerta aterioituaan ja jälkiruokaa
nauttiessaan mielellään naureskellut ja puhellut, jos ei muiden, niin
vaikkapa Grigorin kanssa. Tällä kertaa hän oli kevyellä ja hauskasti
vilkkaalla mielellä. Maistellessaan konjakkiaan hän kuultuaan
kertomuksen huomautti, että sellaisesta sotamiehestä pitäisi heti
tehdä pyhimys ja nyljetty nahka olisi vietävä johonkin luostariin:
»Sinnepä vasta tulvisi väkeä ja rahaa.» Grigori rypisti kulmiaan
huomatessaan, ettei Fjodor Pavlovitš ollut ollenkaan tullut
liikutetuksi, vaan alkoi ainaisen tapansa mukaisesti pilkata. Silloin
äkkiä oven luona seisova Smerdjakov naurahti. Smerdjakovin oli
sangen usein ennenkin sallittu seisoa pöydän läheisyydessä
päivällisen lopulla. Siitä asti kuin Ivan Fjodorovitš oli saapunut
kaupunkiimme, oli Smerdjakov alkanut tulla päivälliselle melkein joka
kerta.
— Konna hän on, se hän on! — lausui äkkiä Grigori. Hän katsoi
vihaisesti Smerdjakovia suoraan silmiin.