A summary of tenses with suffixes, including their forms and usages for an IELTS test revision:

1. **Present Simple (-s or -es, -ies) with singular nouns – With plural keep it in the inf. e.g., He
works:**
- **Usage:**
- Describes general truths, habits, and routines.
- Appropriate for facts, scientific phenomena, and ongoing situations.

2. **Present Continuous (am/are/is + -ing) e.g., I am working/ he was working/ they were
working:**
- **Usage:**
- Indicates actions happening at the moment of speaking or around the present time.
- Suitable for describing ongoing activities and temporary situations.

3. **Present Perfect (have/has + past participle) e.g., I/we they/you have – he/she/it has.
They have worked: **
- **Usage:**
- Expresses actions that occurred at an indefinite time in the past but have relevance to the
present.
- Appropriate for experiences, achievements, and actions with present consequences.

4. **Past Simple (regular: -ed, irregular: varied) e.g., She played:**

- **Usage:**
- Describes completed actions in the past with a specific time frame.
- Suitable for narrating events, actions, and routines that happened and concluded in the
past.

5. **Past Continuous (was/were + -ing) (was + ing >> singular) – ( were + ing >> plural)
e.g., We were studying:**
- **Usage:**
- Indicates actions that were in progress at a specific point in the past.
- Useful for setting the scene or describing interrupted actions in the past.

6. **Past Perfect (had + past participle) e.g., I had finished:**

- **Usage:**
- Expresses actions completed before another past event.
- Appropriate for sequencing events and showing cause-and-effect relationships.

7. **Future Simple (will + base form) e.g., You will learn:**

- **Usage:**
- Used for predictions, promises, and spontaneous decisions about the future.
- Suitable for expressing future plans and intentions.

8. **Future Continuous (will be + -ing) e.g., She will be singing:**

 - **Usage:**
- Indicates an ongoing action at a specific time in the future.
- Useful for describing future events or actions in progress.

The present perfect and the past simple are both tenses in English that are used to talk about
actions that happened in the past, but they are used in different contexts and convey different
meanings.

**Present Perfect:**

1. **Form:** Have/has + past participle (e.g., I have traveled, She has eaten).

2. **Usage:**
- **Unspecified Time in the Past:** It is used when the time of the action is not specified or is
not important. The focus is on the result or the connection to the present. (e.g., I have visited
Paris.)
- **Life Experiences:** It is used to talk about experiences in one's life. (e.g., I have seen that
movie before.)
- **Incomplete Actions or States:** It is used for actions that started in the past and continue
into the present. (e.g., I have lived here for five years.)

3. **Time Expressions:** Often used with time expressions such as "just," "already," "never,"
"ever," "since," and "for."

**Past Simple:**

1. **Form:** Regular verbs (ed) or irregular verbs (varied) (e.g., I traveled, She ate).

2. **Usage:**
- **Specific Time in the Past:** It is used when the time of the action is specified or important.
(e.g., I visited Paris last year.)
- **Completed Actions:** It is used for actions that have a definite beginning and end in the
past. (e.g., I watched a movie yesterday.)
- **Sequential Events:** It is used to narrate a series of completed events in the past. (e.g.,
First, I woke up. Then, I had breakfast.)

3. **Time Expressions:** Often used with time expressions such as "yesterday," "last week," "in
2005," etc.
**Comparison:**

- The present perfect focuses on the connection between the past and the present, emphasizing
the result or the current relevance of the action.
- The past simple is used to narrate completed actions in the past with a specific timeframe.

**Example:**
- *Present Perfect:* "I have lived in this city for ten years." (Emphasizes the duration of time
spent living in the city, with a connection to the present.)
- *Past Simple:* "I lived in this city for ten years." (Specifies a past period of residence, without
emphasizing a connection to the present.)

Summary of the definite and indefinite articles:

**Definite Article - "The":**

- **Usage:**
- Used when the speaker and the listener both know what is being referred to.
- Used with specific nouns or when there is only one of something.
- Used when referring to something previously mentioned or known.

- **Examples:**
- "I saw a movie yesterday. The movie was fantastic."
- "The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark in Paris."
- "Please pass me the salt."

**Indefinite Articles - "A" and "An":**

- **Usage:**
- "A" is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.
- "An" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound.
- Used to refer to non-specific or generic items.

- **Examples:**
- "I saw a cat in the garden."
- "She wants to buy an umbrella."
- "He is an excellent student."

**Important Points for IELTS:**

1. **Zero Article:**
- Some nouns do not require any article, particularly when referring to things in a general
sense or as abstract concepts. For example, "Water is essential for life."
2. **No Article with Plural and Uncountable Nouns:**
- Plural and uncountable nouns generally do not take an article when referring to them in a
general or non-specific sense. For example, "She likes music."

3. **Choosing Between "A" and "An":**

- The choice between "a" and "an" is based on the sound that follows the article, not
necessarily the first letter. Use "a" before words with a consonant sound and "an" before words
with a vowel sound.

A summary of the rules for countable and uncountable nouns:

**Countable Nouns:**

1. **Definition:**
- Refers to individual, separate items that can be counted as distinct units.
- Have both singular and plural forms.

2. **Examples:**
- Singular: book, chair, apple
- Plural: books, chairs, apples

3. **Articles:**
- Used with both definite ("the") and indefinite ("a" or "an") articles.
- Example: "I bought a book yesterday. The book is interesting."

4. **Quantifiers:**
- Can be used with quantifiers like "many," "few," "several," etc.
- Example: "There are many books on the shelf."

5. **Numerical Expressions:**
- Used with numbers to indicate quantity.
- Example: "I have three cats."

**Uncountable Nouns:**

1. **Definition:**
- Refers to substances, concepts, or things that cannot be easily counted as individual units.
- Typically don't have a plural form.

2. **Examples:**
- water, information, furniture

3. **Articles:**
 - Generally used without an article or with "the" when referring to a specific instance or
portion.
- Example: "I need some water. The water in this bottle is cold."

4. **Quantifiers:**
- Used with quantifiers like "much," "little," "some," etc.
- Example: "There is not much information available."

5. **Numerical Expressions:**
- Not used with numbers directly, but can be quantified by using terms like "a cup of," "a piece
of," etc.
- Example: "I would like a cup of coffee."

**Important Notes for IELTS:**

1. **Be Mindful of Context:**

- Some nouns can function as both countable and uncountable depending on the context.
- Example: "I have coffee every morning" (uncountable) vs. "I ordered three coffees"
(countable).

2. **Use of Containers:**
- Certain nouns can be countable when referring to individual items but uncountable when
referring to the substance as a whole.
- Example: "I ate an apple" (countable) vs. "I like apple" (uncountable - referring to the fruit in
general).

A summary of noun-verb agreement rules:

1. **Singular Nouns with Singular Verbs:**

- Singular nouns take singular verbs.
- Example: "The cat is sleeping."

2. **Plural Nouns with Plural Verbs:**

- Plural nouns take plural verbs.
- Example: "The cats are sleeping."

3. **Singular Indefinite Pronouns with Singular Verbs:**

- Singular indefinite pronouns (e.g., everyone, nobody, someone) take singular verbs.
- Example: "Everyone is invited."

4. **Plural Indefinite Pronouns with Plural Verbs:**

- Plural indefinite pronouns (e.g., both, many, few) take plural verbs.
- Example: "Few are aware of the situation."
5. **Compound Subjects with "And":**
- When two singular subjects are joined by "and," use a plural verb.
- Example: "Tom and Jerry are friends."

6. **Compound Subjects with "Or" or "Nor":**

- When two singular subjects are joined by "or" or "nor," use a singular verb that agrees with
the subject closer to the verb.
- Example: "Neither the cat nor the dog is friendly."

7. **Collective Nouns:**
- The verb form depends on whether the collective noun is considered a single unit or a
collection of individuals.
- Example: "The team is winning" (considered as a single unit) vs. "The team are celebrating
their victories" (considered as individuals).

8. **Intervening Phrases or Clauses:**

- Ignore phrases or clauses that come between the subject and the verb when determining
agreement.
- Example: "The book, along with the pen, was on the table."

9. **Indefinite Pronouns (e.g., all, some, none):**

- The agreement depends on the pronoun's meaning. "All" and "some" are usually plural,
while "none" can be singular or plural based on the context.
- Example: "All of the books are interesting" vs. "None of the information is correct."

10. **Titles and Names:**

- Titles and names, even if plural in form, often take singular verbs.
- Example: "The United States is a large country."

A summarized overview of sentence structures, including simple sentences, the three types of
compound sentences, and complex sentences, along with their punctuation marks for the
IELTS test:

1. **Simple Sentences:**
- **Structure:** One independent clause (subject + verb).
- **Example:** "The sun sets in the west."
- **Punctuation:** Ends with a period (full stop).

2. **Compound Sentences:**
- **Structure:** Two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and,
but, or, nor, for, so, yet).
- **Example:** "She likes to swim, but he prefers to surf."
- **Punctuation:**
- Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction.
 - End each independent clause with a period (full stop) if separating with a semicolon.

3. **Coordinating Conjunctions for Compound Sentences:**

- "and" – adds information.
- "but" – contrasts information.
- "or" – presents alternatives.
- "nor" – indicates a negative alternative.
- "for" – gives a reason.
- "so" – shows a consequence.
- "yet" – contrasts information.

3. **Compound Sentences with Semicolons:**

- **Structure:** Two independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction, joined by a
semi-colon.
- **Example:** "She enjoys hiking; he prefers biking."
- **Punctuation:**
- Use a semi-colon to separate the independent clauses.

4. **Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs:**

- **Structure:** Two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb (e.g., however,
therefore, moreover) along with a semicolon.
- **Example:** "She loves the beach; however, he prefers the mountains."
- **Punctuation:**
- Use a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb.
- Follow the adverb with a comma.

5. **Conjunctive Adverbs for Compound Sentences:**

- "however," "therefore," "moreover," "nevertheless," "consequently," etc.
- Provide transitions and connections between ideas.

Here are some common conjunctive adverbs that work well in compound sentences:

1. **Therefore:** Indicates a conclusion or result.

- Example: "The weather was rainy; therefore, the outdoor event was canceled."

2. **However:** Expresses contrast or contradiction.

- Example: "She wanted to attend the party; however, she had other commitments."

3. **Moreover:** Adds information or emphasizes a point.

- Example: "The project was completed on time; moreover, it received positive feedback."

4. **Furthermore:** Similar to "moreover," adds additional information or support.

- Example: "The team achieved its sales target; furthermore, customer satisfaction increased."
5. **Meanwhile:** Indicates simultaneous actions or events.
- Example: "She was preparing dinner; meanwhile, he was setting up the dining table."

6. **Nevertheless:** Acknowledges a contrasting idea but introduces a contrasting thought.

- Example: "He faced many challenges; nevertheless, he persevered and succeeded."

7. **On the other hand:** Introduces an alternative or opposing viewpoint.

- Example: "She prefers tea; on the other hand, her brother enjoys coffee."

8. **Similarly:** Highlights a similarity or comparison.

- Example: "She excels in academics; similarly, her brother performs well in sports."

9. **Additionally:** Adds information or emphasizes a point.

- Example: "The company achieved its financial goals; additionally, it expanded its market
reach."

10. **Consequently:** Indicates a cause-and-effect relationship or result.

- Example: "The experiment failed; consequently, they had to reconsider their approach."

11. **Nonetheless:** Acknowledges a contrasting idea but introduces a contrasting thought.

- Example: "She faced obstacles; nonetheless, she remained determined to achieve her
goals."

Remember that when using conjunctive adverbs in compound sentences, it's common to place
a semicolon before the adverb and a comma after it. This helps maintain clarity and proper
punctuation in your writing.

4. **Complex Sentences:**
- **Structure:** One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
- **Example:** "Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk."
- **Punctuation:**
- Use a comma after the dependent clause if it precedes the independent clause.
- No comma is needed if the independent clause comes first.

5. **Subordinating Conjunctions for Complex Sentences:**

- "although," "because," "if," "since," "when," "while," etc.
- Introduce dependent clauses and establish relationships between ideas.

1. **Although:** Introduces a contrast or concession.

- Example: "Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk."

2. **Because:** Indicates a cause-and-effect relationship.

- Example: "She stayed home because she wasn't feeling well."
3. **While:** Denotes actions happening simultaneously.
- Example: "She was studying while her friends were playing."

4. **Since:** Indicates a cause-and-effect relationship or time.

- Example: "He has been tired since he started working long hours."

5. **After:** Denotes time or sequence.

- Example: "After she finished her homework, she went to bed."

6. **Before:** Indicates time or precedence.

- Example: "He left before the meeting started."

7. **If:** Introduces a conditional clause.

- Example: "She will come if you invite her."

8. **When:** Denotes time or condition.

- Example: "He smiled when he saw the surprise."

9. **Unless:** Introduces a condition that must be met.

- Example: "You can't enter unless you have a ticket."

10. **While:** Denotes contrast, time, or simultaneous actions.

- Example: "While it is hot outside, the air conditioner is working well."

11. **Whereas:** Indicates a contrast or comparison.

- Example: "She prefers tea, whereas her brother likes coffee."

12. **Though/Even though:** Introduces a concessive clause.

- Example: "Though it was cold, he went out without a jacket."

13. **As if/As though:** Introduces a clause describing a hypothetical or unreal situation.
- Example: "She looked at him as if she had never seen him before."

14. **Until:** Denotes a point in time when an action is completed.

- Example: "They will wait until you finish your work."

15. **Once:** Indicates a specific time or condition.

- Example: "Once you understand the concept, it becomes easy."
A summary of punctuation rules for commas and semicolons, along with other punctuation
marks commonly used in the IELTS test:

1. **Comma (,):**
- **Usage:**
- Separates items in a list: "She bought apples, bananas, and oranges."
- Joins independent clauses in a compound sentence: "He likes to swim, but she prefers to
hike."
- Separates introductory elements: "After finishing her work, she went for a walk."
- Sets off nonessential information (Inserter comma):
Subj + phrase + Verb
"The book, which she bought yesterday, is interesting."

2. **Semicolon (;):**
- **Usage:**
- Separates closely related independent clauses in a compound sentence: "She likes coffee;
he prefers tea."

3. **Colon (:):**
- **Usage:**
- Introduces a list or explanation: "Please bring the following items: a notebook, a pen, and
your ID."
- Introduces a quotation or statement: "He had one goal: to win the championship."

4. **Quotation Marks (" "):**

- **Usage:**
- Encloses direct speech or quotations: She said, "Hello."
- Sets off titles of short works, like articles or poems: "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe.

5. **Apostrophe (' ):**

- **Usage:**
- Indicates possession: "The cat's tail."
There are four main types: zero, first, second, and third conditionals. Here's a summary of
each for the IELTS test:

1. **Zero Conditional:**
- **Structure:**
- If + present simple, present simple.
- **Usage:**
- Used for general truths, facts, or situations that are always true.
- **Example:**
- "If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils."

2. **First Conditional:**
- **Structure:**
- If + present simple, will + base form.
- **Usage:**
- Used for real or possible future situations with a reasonable chance of happening.
- **Example:**
- "If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home."

3. **Second Conditional:**
- **Structure:**
- If + past simple, would + base form.
- **Usage:**
- Used for unreal or unlikely present or future situations.
- **Example:**
- "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."

4. **Third Conditional:**
- **Structure:**
- If + past perfect, would have + past participle.
- **Usage:**
- Used for unreal or regret about past situations.
- **Example:**
- "If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam."

The difference between "despite + ing," "despite + noun," and "despite the fact that" lies in
the structure that follows, and each is used in specific contexts:

1. **Despite + Ing:**
- **Usage:**
- Followed by a verb in the gerund form (-ing).
- **Example:**
- "Despite raining, the event was a success."
- "She went out, despite feeling tired."
2. **Despite + Noun:**
- **Usage:**
- Followed by a noun.
- **Example:**
- "He went for a run, despite the fatigue."
- "The team won, despite the odds."

3. **Despite the Fact That:**

- **Usage:**
- Followed by a full clause with a subject and a verb.
- **Example:**
- "Despite the fact that it was raining, the event was a success."
- "He succeeded, despite the fact that he faced many challenges."

**Key Differences:**
- **"Despite + Ing":** Used when the contrast is expressed through a verb in the gerund form.
It's concise and effective for presenting actions or ongoing states.

- **"Despite + Noun":** Used when the contrast is expressed through a noun. It's suitable for
situations where a specific condition or circumstance is highlighted.

- **"Despite the Fact That":** Used when the contrast is presented through a full clause. It
offers a more detailed and complete expression of the contrast, suitable for complex situations
or narratives.

A summary of the passive voice for different tenses in English:

1. **Present Simple Passive:**

- **Structure:** Subject + am/is/are + past participle
- **Example:** "The report is written by the team."

2. **Past Simple Passive:**

- **Structure:** Subject + was/were + past participle
- **Example:** "The book was read by many students."

3. **Future Simple Passive:**

- **Structure:** Subject + will be + past participle
- **Example:** "The project will be completed by tomorrow."

4. **Present Continuous Passive:**

- **Structure:** Subject + am/is/are being + past participle
- **Example:** "The movie is being watched by a large audience."
5. **Past Continuous Passive:**
- **Structure:** Subject + was/were being + past participle
- **Example:** "The concert was being enjoyed by the audience."

6. **Present Perfect Passive:**

- **Structure:** Subject + has/have been + past participle
- **Example:** "The letters have been sent."

7. **Past Perfect Passive:**

- **Structure:** Subject + had been + past participle
- **Example:** "The work had been completed before the deadline."

**Important Tips for IELTS:**

- The passive voice can be used strategically in your writing to vary sentence structures.
- Be mindful of when to use the passive voice, especially in cases where the focus is on the
action or the receiver rather than the doer.