Part 2 Chapter 2-9 - Psychodynamic Theories

CHAPTER 2 - Freud Psychoanalysis

1. The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation are

A) sex and security.

B) safety and security.
C) hunger and sex.
D) sex and aggression

2. Freud began his self-analysis shortly after

A) he broke off his relationship with Fliess.

B) he broke off his relationship with Jung.
C) his mother died.
D) his father died

3. As a youth and young man, Freud was strongly motivated to

A) win fame by making a great discovery.

B) overtake his older brother Julius.
C) practice medicine on the poor people of Vienna.
D) become a rabbi and move to New York

4. What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the id?

A) rider and horse

B) groom and bride
C) chicken and egg
D) hammer and anvil

5. The id serves the ____________ principle.

A) pleasure
B) reality
C) moralistic
D) idealistic

6. Which regions of the mind have no direct contact with the external world?

A) id and superego
B) id and ego
C) id only
D) ego and superego
7. Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?

A) anxiety
B) narcissism
C) masochism
D) love

8. A sadist receives sexual pleasure from

A) inflicting pain on others.

B) inflicting pain on self.
C) receiving pain inflicted by others.
D) watching other people undress

9. Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals

A) Oedipal strivings.
B) erogenous zones.
C) the aim of the sexual instinct.
D) the aim of the aggressive instinct

10. The guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called
________ anxiety.

A) realistic
B) neurotic
C) manifest
D) moral

11. According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience

12. Defense mechanisms protect the ego against

A) feelings of shame.
B) guilt.
C) anxiety.
D) public disgrace
13. In Freudian theory, anxiety

A) reduces repression.
B) triggers repression.
C) increases repression.
D) is caused by repression.
E) is unrelated to repression.

14. After a drive or image has been repressed, it

A) may remain unchanged in the unconscious.

B) could force its way into consciousness in an unchanged form.
C) could be expressed in a disguised or distorted form.
D) any of the above.

15. With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite and exaggerated
expression.

A) fixation
B) reaction formation
C) sublimation
D) undoing
E) isolation

16. A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This return
to a more infantile pattern of behavior expresses a

A) reaction formation.
B) fixation.
C) regression.
D) projection.
E) isolation

17. Chad has great admiration for his history teacher. He attempts to imitate this teacher's
lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an example of

A) displacement.
B) sublimation.
C) projection.
D) introjection
18. A type of repression in which the ego attempts to do away with unpleasant experiences and
their consequences is called

A) undoing.
B) suppression.
C) reaction formation.
D) forgetting.

19. This defense mechanism, unlike the others, usually results in some benefit to society.

A) undoing
B) isolation
C) fixation
D) sublimation
E) regression

20. To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is

A) infancy.
B) latency.
C) genital.
D) maturity

21. The anal triad consists of all these characteristics EXCEPT

A) miserliness.
B) aggressiveness.
C) stubbornness.
D) compulsive neatness

22. Freud believed that differences between boys and girls in psychosexual development are
due to

A) parental expectations.
B) cultural experiences.
C) anatomy.
D) hormones
23. For boys, the castration complex

A) takes the form of penis envy.

B) shatters the Oedipus complex.
C) comes before the Oedipus complex.
D) both a and c are correct.
E) both b and c are correct.

24. For girls, the castration complex

A) takes the form of penis envy.

B) shatters the Oedipus complex.
C) comes before the Oedipus complex.
D) both a and c
E) none of the above

25. Freud believed that, for girls,

A) the Oedipus complex precedes the castration complex.

B) the castration complex takes the form of castration anxiety.
C) the Oedipus complex is solved when they identify with their father, at around age 5 or 6.
D) none of the above.

26. Freud believed that, with few a exceptions, the unconscious meaning of dreams expressed

A) early childhood traumas.

B) wish-fulfillments.
C) experiences of the day before.
D) feelings of inferiority.

27. Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique.

A) homework assignments
B) free association
C) interpretation of early recollections
D) an active, aggressive therapist
Chapter 3 - Adler: Individual Psychology

28. As a child, Adler had an intense rivalry with

A) his mother.
B) his father.
C) an older brother named Sigmund.
D) an older sister named Anna.
E) Sigmund Freud.

29. Individual psychology can be considered to be

A) deterministic.
B) optimistic.
C) pessimistic.
D) neoFreudian.
E) both b and d.

30. People strive toward superiority through one of two paths. One is the route of social interest;
the other is the road of

A) success.
B) individuation.
C) exaggerated personal gain.
D) submission.

31. To Adler, the one dynamic force behind a person's activity is

A) the striving for success or superiority.

B) organ inferiorities.
C) organ dialect.
D) feelings of superiority.

32. According to Adler, a person's final goal is

A) set at about age 18.

B) a creation of the creative power.
C) largely known to the person.
D) shaped by heredity and environment.
33. Adler insisted that personality is shaped by

A) subjective perceptions.
B) birth-order.
C) early childhood experiences.
D) organ inferiorities.

34. Adler called ideas that have no real existence yet influence individuals as if they really
existed

A) fictions.
B) fabrications.
C) hypotheses.
D) postulates

35. The doctrine that motivation should be considered according to its final purpose or aim is
called

A) fictional imperative.
B) Gemeinschaftsgefühl.
C) causation.
D) teleology

36. Alder believed that organ inferiorities

A) cause superiority personalities.

B) cause inferiority personalities.
C) bestow meaning and purpose on all behavior.
D) stimulate feelings of inferiority

37. Gemeinschaftsgefühl is usually translated as

A) style of life.
B) fictional finalism.
C) social interest.
D) organ inferiority

38. According to Adler _________________ is the "sole criterion of human values."

A) social interest
B) productive work
C) self-interest
D) religion
39. A person's final goal is ultimately shaped by

A) heredity.
B) early childhood experiences.
C) the superego.
D) the creative power.

40. A person's style of life becomes fairly well established at about what age?

A) 6 to 12 months
B) 4 to 5 years
C) 8 to 9 years
D) 15 to 18 years

41. Adler held that people are continually pushed by the need to overcome inferiority feelings
and pulled by the desire for

A) love.
B) social interest.
C) unity with all humanity.
D) completion

42. To Adler, the core of maladjustment is

A) innate physical deficiencies.

B) lack of social interest.
C) a pampered style of life.
D) a neglected style of life.

43. Early recollections are

A) easily verified by talking to parents or older siblings.

B) keys to understanding one's style of life.
C) usually unpleasant and traumatic.
D) the cause of one's style of life

44. According to Adler, the creative power

A) usually leads to outstanding accomplishments.

B) shapes one's style of life.
C) is a deterministic concept.
D) is secondary to heredity and environment in shaping personality.
45. Adler believed that the goals of a neurotic

A) are exaggerated and unrealistic.

B) are compensations for organ inferiorities.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

46. Pampered children

A) frequently feel neglected.

B) have received too much love.
C) become productive contributions to society.
D) none of the above.

47. Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are

A) sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious.

B) completely conscious.
C) completely unconscious.
D) used only by neurotics

48. Safeguarding tendencies protect exaggerated feelings of superiority against

A) anxiety.
B) guilt.
C) public disgrace.
D) an uncontrollable id.

49. Compared with Freud, Adler

A) had a more positive view toward women.

B) placed more emphasis on aggression.
C) relied more on dream interpretation during psychotherapy.
D) was more likely to use hypnosis to treat patients.

50. Style of life is most reliably revealed by

A) the word association test.

B) hypnosis.
C) dream interpretation.
D) early recollections
51. According to Adler, dreams

A) can be interpreted only by the dreamer.

B) express childhood sexual fantasies.
C) provide information for dealing with future problems.
D) can foretell the future.

52. According to Adler, human personality is

A) the result of the interaction of heredity and environment.

B) determined by people's experiences with frustration and conflict.
C) shaped by people's interpretations of experiences.
D) motivated by a complexity and multiplicity of drives and needs.

53. The ultimate goal of Adlerian therapy is to

A) reduce needless anxiety.

B) increase self-confidence.
C) increase social interest.
D) decrease safeguarding tendencies

54. Research suggests that early recollections

A) may change during the course of psychotherapy.

B) are not consistent with scores on current personality inventories.
C) have little or no usefulness to the clinician.
D) tend to remain unchanged while personality changes

55. A major weakness of Adler's theory is that it

A) is not easily falsifiable.

B) has failed to generate much research.
C) is anti-Freudian.
D) cannot explain inconsistencies in behavior.

56. In his concept of humanity, Adler saw people as

A) destined for a life of conflict and chaos.

B being driven by security and safety.
C) determined mostly by environmental factors.
D) determined mostly by genetic factors.
E) none of the above.
Chapter 4 - Jung: Analytical Psychology

57. Jung's mid-life crisis followed soon after the break in his friendship with

A) Adler.
B) Erikson.
C) Freud.
D) Goethe.

58. Jung divided the unconscious psyche into two parts: the personal and the

A) preconscious.
B) social.
C) collective.
D) universal.

59. In analytical psychology, the center of consciousness is

A) the ego.
B) the self.
C) individuation.
D) the shadow.
E) the persona.

60. The contents of the personal unconscious are called

A) archetypes.
B) complexes.
C) phylogenetic endowment.
D) shadows.
E) myths.

61. Archetypes are

A) basic values acquired during childhood.

B) images embedded in the personal unconscious.
C) culturally acquired complexes.
D) components of the collective unconscious.
62. The persona archetype

A) is symbolic of evil.
B) shows itself as the social role we reveal to others.
C) is opposed to the anima.
D) is largely conscious.

63. According to Jung, a person's first test of courage is to

A) realize the shadow.

B) actualize the animus.
C) recognize the hero.
D) acquire self-realization.

64. The anima is

A) the inferior side of people.

B) the archetype of evil.
C) the masculine side of women.
D) the feminine side of men.

65. Irrational moods in men are represented by the

A) animus
B) anima.
C) mandala.
D) shadow.

66. The archetype of nourishment and destruction is the

A) great mother.
B) shadow.
C) wise old man.
D) hero.

67. The great mother archetype is most likely to be symbolized by

A) a house.
B) a witch.
C) a lawyer.
D) a baby.
68. The wise old man archetype represents

A) life and death.

B) meaning and wisdom.
C) strength and courage.
D) masculinity and femininity.

69. The hero archetype

A) often has a tragic flaw.

B) is sometimes part god.
C) fights to conquer evil.
D) may be represented by comic book characters such as Superman.
E) all of the above.

70. The self is usually represented by this symbol.

A) the hero
B) the mandala
C) the star
D) the ego
E) the moon

71. In Jungian psychology, the self

A) is the archetype of completion and wholeness.

B) is the center or essence of personality.
C) includes the other archetypes.
D) all of the above.

72. Freud's theory is basically causal and Adler's is essentially teleological, then Jung's theory is

A) both causal and teleological.

B) neither causal nor teleological.
C) causal.
D) teleological.

73. In Jungian psychology, introversion and extraversion are regarded as

A) functions.
B) functions.
C) archetypes.
D) complexes.
E) ego-functions.
74. According to Jung, extraversion is basically

A) feminine.
B) masculine.
C) subjective
D) objective.
E) both b and d.

75. Introverted feeling types

A) rely on subjective evaluations rather than the opinions of others.

B) frequently become accountants.
C) are strongly motivated by physiological needs.
D) rely on intuition and sensation.
E) have most of their physiological needs satisfied.

76. Jung regarded thinking and feeling as

A) rational functions.
B) irrational functions.
C) rational attitudes.
D) irrational attitudes.

77. Which of these is NOT a substage of Jung's childhood period?

A) monarchic
B) oral
C) dualistic
D) anarchic

78. Jung believed that the most important stage of life is middle life. At that time a person should

A) move from an introverted attitude toward an extraverted one.

B) move from an extraverted attitude toward an introverted one.
C) actualize the rational functions.
D) actualize the irrational functions.

79. The process of becoming whole or complete-that is, actualizing the various components of
personality-is called

A) active imagination.
B) individuation.
C) introspection.
D) maturation.
80. According to Jung, these dreams originate from the collective unconscious rather than from
personal experiences of the dreamer.

A) wish-fulfillment dreams
B) traumatic dreams
C) teleological dreams
D) big dreams
E) anxiety dreams

81. Most research on Jungian concepts has involved the notion of

A) a collective unconscious.
B) the four basic stages of development.
C) self-realization.
D) archetypal dreams.
E) typology.

Chapter 5 - Klein: Object Relations Theory

82. Klein suggested that the infant's first model for interpersonal relations was

A) the mother's breast.

B) the father.
C) the self.
D) a grandparent.
E) an imaginary playmate

83. One person psychoanalyzed by Melanie Klein was

A) Erik Erikson.
B) Erich Fromm.
C) Anna Freud.
D) Little Hans.
E) her son Erich.

84. Klein had a bitter rivalry with

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Anna Freud.
C) her daughter Melitta.
D) both b and c.
E) none of the above
85. Compared with Freudian theory, object relations theory

A) places more emphasis on sexual pleasure.

B) places more emphasis on interpersonal relations.
C) stresses the importance of the father.
D) emphasizes the id.

86. The person or part of a person that satisfies the aim of an instinct is called

A) the impetus.
B) the source.
C) the object.
D) the unconscious motivator.

87. Like Freud, Klein believed that people are motivated by

A) the need for self-actualization.

B) the need for homeostasis.
C) the death instinct.
D) separation anxiety.

88. Klein's two basic psychological positions are

A) the ideal and the real.

B) the mature and the immature.
C) the ego and the superego.
D) the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive.
E) introjection and projection.

89. In order to control the good breast and to fight off its persecutors, infants use

A) their superego.
B) their id.
C) the paranoid-schizoid position.
D) the depressive position.

90. Klein believed that feelings of anxiety about losing a loved object and a sense of guilt for
desiring to destroy that object were part of

A) the paranoid-schizoid position.

B) the depressive position.
C) moralistic anxiety.
D) idealistic anxiety.
91. Klein's psychic defense mechanisms

A) protect the child against public disgrace.

B) defend the ego and superego against the id.
C) protect the ego against anxiety aroused by destructive fantasies.
D) prevent unconscious fantasies from reaching consciousness.

92. Infants use this means of controlling good and bad aspects of themselves.

A) the paranoid-schizophrenic position

B) the depressive position
C) projection
D) sublimation
E) splitting

93. Compared to Freud, Klein believed that the superego

A) is much more harsh and cruel.

B) emerged much later.
C) grew out of the Oedipus complex.
D) preceded the development of the ego

94. Klein believed that at the end of a successfully resolved Oedipus complex, a girl

A) will see her mother as a rival.

B) will develop positive feelings toward both parents.
C) will fantasize robbing her mother of her babies.
D) will adopt a homosexual attitude toward her mother.
E) will develop negative feelings toward her mother and neutral feelings for her father.

95. Klein believed that a girl fantasizes that her father's penis feeds the mother with babies
during this period.

A) separation anxiety
B) preadolescent
C) introjective identification
D) oedipal
96. This object relations theorist spent much time observing normal babies as they bonded with
their mothers during the first 3 years of life.

A) Margaret Mahler
B) Melanie Klein
C) Heinz Kohut
D) Otto Kernberg

97. Mahler's principal concern was with

A) the effects of the superego on a child's development of morality.

B) the psychological birth of the child.
C) the child's neurotic-symbiotic relationship with its mother.
D) the narcissistic needs of the child.

98. During the separation-individuation stage, Mahler claimed, children begin to

A) develop feelings of personal identity.

B) despair of reuniting with the mother.
C) develop normal autism.
D) blame their mother for weaning them.

99. Kohut was most interested in the

A) physiological needs of infants.

B) effects of the Oedipus complex.
C) process by which the self evolves.
D) acquisition of language and its role in higher mental processes.

101. According to Kohut, the needs to exhibit the grandiose self and the idealized parent image
are called

A) masochistic needs.
B) sadistic needs.
C) self-esteem needs.
D) d. narcissistic needs.

102. To Kernberg, this is the key to understanding adult personality.

A) birth order
B) inherited traits
C) the early mother-child relationship
D) early recollections
101. Kernberg was MOST concerned with

A) internalized object relationships.

B) intimacy during preadolescence.
C) the male and female Oedipus complex.
D) the development of the superego.

102. Bowlby's theory assumes that

A) psychologically healthy infants have emotionally detached mothers.

B) infants who are loved too much by their mother will have difficulty forming adult relationships.
C) the mother-child bonding becomes a model for the child's future friendships.
D) all of the above.

103. According to Bowlby, protest is the first stage of

A) the oedipal period.

B) identity.
C) separation anxiety.
D) the anal period.

104. Research by Alan Sroufe and his colleagues found that securely attached children tend to
be

A) dependent on their mother.

B) dependent on their mother.
C) socially isolated.
D) introverted and have little impulse control

Chapter 6 - Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory

105. Horney believed that most neuroses are the result of

A) unhealthy interpersonal relations.

B) an unresolved Oedipus complex.
C) unwise parenting.
D) underdeveloped ego strength.
106. The life of Horney has several parallels to that of _______________; for example, both
were the youngest child of an older father and both had older siblings who were favored by the
parents.

A) Carl Jung
B) Alfred Adler
C) Margaret Mahler
D) Melanie Klein

107. Horney's early professional writings were strongly influenced by

A) Freud.
B) Adler.
C) Jung.
D) Sullivan

108. Horney criticized psychoanalysis for its

A) concept of feminine psychology.

B) overemphasis on clinical research.
C) underemphasis on clinical research.
D) concept of the three levels of mental life.

109. Horney believed that cultural conditions are largely responsible for the development of

A) basic trust.
B) basic mistrust.
C) basic anxiety.
D) basic psychoses.

110. According to Horney, people are ruled by safety and

A) sex.
B) fear.
C) satisfaction.
D) anxiety.

111. Horney believed that a competitive and hostile society encourages

A) hatred.
B) love.
C) isolation.
D) superiority and success.
112. Horney believed that people overvalue love as a means of satisfying the need for

A) self-esteem.
B) competence.
C) superiority.
D) affection.

113. According to Horney, most neurotics,

A) are no longer motivated to find love.

B) seek love in a self-defeating fashion.
C) experience decreases in hostility.
D) develop enhanced self-esteem through their search for love.

114. Horney defined basic anxiety as a feeling of being

A) separated from the mothering one.

B) isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.
C) threatened by one's enemies.
D) incompetent in a world where others appear to be competent.

115. Horney believed that modern society is too

A) liberal.
B) conservative.
C) dangerous.
D) competitive.

116. According to Horney, neurotic behavior is a protection against

A) feelings of inferiority.
B) basic anxiety.
C) public disgrace.
D) exaggerated guilt.

117. Which of these is NOT one of Horney's three neurotic trends?

A) moving against people

B) moving away from people
C) moving with people
D) moving toward people
118. Children who feel isolated from others are likely to develop the neurotic trend of moving

A) away from others.

B) with others.
C) against others.
D) toward others.

119. The compliant person is most likely to adopt the neurotic trend of

A) moving toward people

B) moving with people
C) moving against people
D) moving away from people

120. Each neurotic trend has a normal healthy analogue. Friendly people have successfully
solved the trend of moving

A) against others.
B) toward others.
C) with others.
D) away from others.

121. Horney regarded the idealized self-image and self-hatred as

A) interpersonal conflicts.
B) psychosexual conflicts.
C) psychosocial conflicts.
D) intrapsychic conflicts.
E) principal ingredients in the syndrome of decay.

122. Contrary to Freud, Horney held that the Oedipus complex is

A) universal.
B) found only in males.
C) found only in females.
D) the result of anatomy.
E) the result of cultural and social factors.
123. The ultimate goal of Horneyian theory is

A) the elimination of basic anxiety.

B) the solution of basic conflicts.
C) the recovery of unconscious instincts.
D) growth toward self-realization.
E) the solution of day-to-day problems.

124. Brenda feels alienated from her femininity and wishes that she were a man. Horney would
say that Brenda's desires stem from

A) her experiences with cultural privileges for men.

B) penis envy.
C) Oedipal strivings.
D) lack of a close relationship with her mother.

125. Richard Ryckman and colleagues have developed the concept of personal development
competitiveness that focuses on a desire

A) to win at all cost.

B) to manipulate others.
C) for personal growth.
D) for safety and security

Chapter 7 - Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis

126. Fromm believed that the rise of capitalism has contributed to

A) the growth of personal freedom.

B) a greater degree of happiness among people.
C) feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness.
D) higher levels of community cohesion.

127. Which of these people was NOT an important influence on Fromm's thinking?

A) Freud
B) Thomas More
C) Karl Marx
D) Johann J. Bachofen
E) Karen Horney
128. One of Fromm's basic assumptions is that people have been torn away from a union with
nature, and lacking adequate animal instincts, they must rely on reason. This condition is called

A) the rational imperative.

B) the human dilemma.
C) manifest destiny.
D) transcendence.

129. According to Fromm, the four basic elements in love are knowledge, care, respect, and

A) responsibility.
B) affection.
C) interest.
D) cooperation.

130. Transcendence is the need for humans to

A) seek self-realization in a basically sick society.

B) rise above their passive and accidental existence.
C) move beyond their human nature and into the realm of superhumans.
D) feel restless and anxious with the realization that they are constantly geographically mobile.

131. Rootedness is the need for humans to

A) remain fixed in their relationship with their parents.

B) rise above their passive and accidental existence.
C) feel at home again in the world.
D) return to their pre-human past.
E) feel restless and anxious with the realization that they are forever geographically mobile.

132. Fromm believed that a frame of orientation is necessary in order for people to

A) achieve personal identity.

B) achieve group cohesiveness.
C) make their way through the world.
D) rise above their animal nature.

133. When existential needs are not satisfied, people will

A) become motivated by human needs.

B) become motivated by essential needs.
C) develop extraordinary willpower.
D) none of the above.
134. According to Fromm, the freaks of the universe are

A) people.
B) women.
C) planets.
D) snakes.

135. In Fromm's view, people with basic anxiety

A) suffer from the burden of freedom.

B) express their anxiety through moving away from people.
C) eventually suffer a psychotic break.
D) represent a small minority of all people.
E) both a and b

136. Authoritarianism may take these two forms:

A) power and destruction

B) sadism and masochism
C) love and hate
D) effective and ineffective

137. The spontaneous activity of a healthy individual represents

A) positive freedom.
B) essential freedom.
C) existential chaos.
D) transcendence.

138. The two components of positive freedom are

A) work and love.

B) thought and action.
C) faith and hope.
D) desire and restraint.

139. Freud's anal character is similar to Fromm's ______ character.

A) hoarding
B) marketing
C) exploitative
D) receptive
140. Which nonproductive characters is a product of modern commerce?

A) hoarding
B) exploitative
C) marketing
D) receptive

141. Biophilia is

A) the psychic illness of the modern age.

B) a passionate love of life.
C) the principal component of the syndrome of decay.
D) an erotic desire to hoard one's childhood toys.

142. Fromm believed that psychopathology stems from

A) unconscious guilt.
B) modes of assimilation.
C) modes of socialization.
D) lack of rootedness.

143. People who suffer from malignant narcissism

A) tend to be sadistic in their relations with others.

B) devalue that which belongs to others while overvaluing that which they possess.
C) usually possess a strong mother fixation.
D) are characterized by necrophilia and the loss of self-identity.

144. A person with moral hypochondriasis

A) is overly concerned with physical symptoms.

B) is overly concerned with psychological symptoms.
C) suffers from the syndrome of decay.
D) is preoccupied with guilt.

145. Which of these is NOT part of Fromm's syndrome of decay?

A) malignant narcissism.
B) moral hypochondriasis.
C) incestuous symbiosis.
D) necrophilia.
146. Shaun Saunders and Don Munro have developed the SCOI to measure Fromm's _______
character.

A) hoarding
B) exploitative
C) receptive
D) marketing

147. Recent research indicates that people who score high on a measure of the marketing
character tend to

A) value cooperation over competition.

B) have many of the same personality traits as do people with the exploitative orientation.
C) reside in agricultural nations.
D) be angry, depressed, and anxious.

148. In his concept of humanity, Erich Fromm emphasized

A) neuroses.
B) differences between humans and other animals.
C) similarities between women and men.
D) the human need to achieve self-actualization

Chapter 8 - Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory

149. The main feature of Sullivan's personality theory is its emphasis on

A) middle age.
B) sexual development.
C) self fulfillment.
D) interpersonal relations.
E) a collective unconscious.

150. The two key concepts in Sullivan's theory are interpersonal relations and

A) defense.
B) aggression.
C) anxiety.
D) conscious drives.
E) integration.
151. Sullivan's early life was marked by

A) loneliness and isolation.

B) a strong ambition to become famous.
C) a close relationship with his three sisters.
D) childhood diseases that left him unable to walk for several years.

152. Sullivan identified two principal kinds of tensions:

A) needs and anxiety.

B) sexual and interpersonal.
C) tenderness and toughness.
D) prototaxic and parataxic.

153. To Sullivan, the most basic interpersonal need is

A) love.
B) tenderness.
C) self-actualization.
D) acceptance.

154. Unlike anxiety, needs are

A) isolating dynamisms.
B) integrative or productive.
C) disintegrative or disjunctive.
D) the chief disruptive forces in interpersonal relations.

155. Sullivan called needs that originate from a particular area of the body

A) zonal needs.
B) general needs.
C) body dynamisms.
D) physical personifications.

156. According to Sullivan, a well-fed infant in deep sleep is probably experiencing

A) empathy.
B) euphoria.
C) lust.
D) a dream.
E) nothing.
157. Sullivan defined euphoria as

A) a disruptive force in interpersonal relations.

B) an undifferentiated mode of cognition.
C)an isolating dynamism.
D) a magical link between mother and child.
E) none of the above

158. Sullivan saw anxiety as

A) a disruptive force in interpersonal relations.

B) an undifferentiated mode of cognition.
C) an isolating dynamism.
D) a positive force in the mother-child relationship.

159. Energy transformations organized into characteristic behavior patterns are

A) tensions of need.
B) dynamisms.
C) tensions of anxiety.
D) zonal needs.
E) general needs.

160. In Sullivan's theory, malevolence is

A) the feeling of living among friends

B) the dynamism of evil and hatred.
C) a conjunctive dynamism.
D) all of the above.
E) a and b only.

161. Which of the following is an isolating dynamism?

A) anxiety
B) lust
C) intimacy
D) the self-system
E) tenderness
162. Sullivan's statement, "Once upon a time everything was lovely, but that was before I had to
deal with people," is an expression of

A) malevolence.
B) intimacy.
C) euphoria.
D) dissociation.
E) selective attention.

163. The most complex and inclusive of all dynamisms is

A) lust.
B) the self-system.
C) love.
D) tenderness.
E) the malevolent transformation

164. A pet dog could meet one's needs for

A) tenderness.
B) intimacy.
C) malevolence.
D) self-fulfillment.
E) all of the above.

165. The self-system

A) regulates and evaluates behavior.

B) is an anti-anxiety system.
C) evolves from the malevolent transformation.
D) develops during late adolescence.
E) both a and d are correct.

166. Intimacy is restricted to tender feelings one has for

A) parents or parental figures.

B) authority figures outside the family.
C) the therapist during participant observation.
D) others of similar or equal status.
E) a person of the other sex.
167. Which personifications take the form of imaginary traits attributed to significant others or of
imaginary people invented to protect self-esteem?

A) syntaxic
B) eidetic
C) uncanny
D) malevolent

168. Experiences that are consensually validated and that can be symbolically communicated to
others are

A) prototaxic.
B) parataxic.
C) syntaxic.
D) disjunctive.
E) isolating.

169.Same-sex chumships and the development of intimacy characterize which stage of

development?

A) adulthood
B) juvenile era
C) preadolescence
D) early adolescence
E) late adolescence

170. Lust marks the beginning of

A) the juvenile era.

B) preadolescence.
C) early adolescence.
D) late adolescence.
E) adulthood.

171. Sullivan's concept of humanity is best summarized in this statement.

A) "Everyone is much more simply human than unique."

B) "The life of humans is short, brutish, and nasty."
C) "The average person lives a life of quiet desolation."
D) "The purpose of life is pleasure.
Chapter 9 - Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory

172. In contrast to Freud, Erikson

A) placed more emphasis on unconscious motivation.

B) placed more emphasis on the ego.
C) de-emphasized social and historical influences on personality.
D) all of the above.

173. Erikson built on Freud's theory by

A) elevating social factors over biological ones.

B) emphasizing the id as the key to personality development.
C) accepting Jung's idea of a collective unconscious.
D) both a and b.
E) all of the above.

174. According to Erikson, which of these is the most important aspect of the ego?

A) self-conscious ego
B) perceived ego
C) ego identity
D) realistic ego

175. During childhood, Erikson said, the ego

A) develops from the superego.

B) is weak and flexible.
C) is dormant.
D) does not exist.

176. To Erikson, the ego develops

A) within a social structure.

B) independent of historical factors.
C) most rapidly during adulthood.
D) only after the id stops developing.
177. Some societies hold that they are special and somehow more important than other
societies. Erikson referred to this belief as

A) an ethnocentric imperative.
B) a Napoleonic complex.
C) a narcissistic illusion.
D) pseudospecies.

178. Erikson believed that healthy development rests on

A) a conflict between syntonic and dystonic tendencies.

B) a conflict between masculine and feminine elements.
C) an unresolved Oedipus complex.
D) a resolved Oedipus complex.
E) a strong superego.

179. The epigenetic principle states that

A) some societies believe themselves to be special.

B) the ego develops from the dying id.
C) the ego develops in a sequence, with each stage emerging from and being built on a
previous stage.
D) central to individual development are those traits and tendencies inherited from our ancestral
past.

180. According to Erikson, proper adaptation requires

A) that both the id and the ego continue to development after adolescence.
B) a conflict between the syntonic and the dystonic elements.
C) membership in a mother-dominated culture.
D) an avoidance of psychosexual crises

181. ______ is the basic strength of infancy.

A) Hope
B) Faith
C) Will
D) Love
E) Industry
182. The psychosocial crisis of early childhood is

A) basic trust versus basic mistrust.

B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
E) compromise versus cooperation.

183. Erikson's early childhood stage corresponds with which of Freud's stages?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital
E) oedipal

184. According to Erikson, ______ is a feeling of self-consciousness and of being looked at or

exposed.

A) shame
B) guilt
C) doubt
D) threat
E) exhibitionism

185. To Erikson, the original model for human playfulness is

A) the mother-child bond.

B) the Oedipus complex.
C) thumb-sucking.
D) basic mistrust.
E) basic trust.

186. The basic strength of the play age is

A) fidelity
B) purpose
C) care
D) autonomy
E) playfulness
187. Will is the basic strength of

A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) the play age.
D) adolescence.

188. Heidi is beginning to make new friends of her age. For the first time in her life, she has
developed a relationship with adults who are not in her family. Heidi is in which of Erikson's
stages?

A) early childhood
B) adolescence
C) infancy
D) genital period
E) school age

189. The genital-locomotor psychosexual mode marks which stage?

A) infancy
B) play age
C) adolescence
D) young adulthood
E) early childhood

190. The psychosocial crisis of the school age is

A) autonomy verses shame and doubt.

B) trust versus mistrust.
C) identity versus identity confusion.
D) industry versus inferiority.

191. Which of these does NOT characterize the stage of adolescence?

A) psychosocial latency
B) puberty
C) intimacy versus stagnation
D) role repudiation
192. The core pathology and basic strength of young adulthood are

A) stagnation and trust.

B) isolation and confidence.
C) desire and competence.
D) exclusivity and love.
E) care and role repudiation.

193. Generalized sensuality characterizes the psychosexual stage of

A) adolescence
B) young adulthood
C) adulthood
D) old age
E) preadolescence

194. In Erikson's concept of adulthood, stagnation is the opposite of

A) generativity.
B) intimacy.
C) procreativity.
D) rejectivity.

195. Pratt and his colleagues (1999) found that

A) generativity reached a peak during adolescence.

B) highly generative people tended to rationalize events that did not agree with their beliefs.
C) highly generative adults were more active in socializing their children.
D) men were more generative than women.