Defence Technology 13 (2017) 422e427

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Defence Technology
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The effect of wax coating, aluminum and ammonium perchlorate on

impact sensitivity of HMX
Yu-bin LI, Li-ping PAN, Zhi-jian YANG, Fei-yan GONG, Xue ZHENG*, Guan-song HE
Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Interaction of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX)/ammonium perchlorate (AP) and its effect on
Received 12 March 2017 mechanical sensitivity may result in some restrictions for the application of AP/HMX system in high
Received in revised form energetic weapon system. In this work, impact sensitivity test is used to study the effects of wax coating
9 May 2017
of HMX, AP and aluminum (Al) powder on sensitivity properties of HMX/AP/Al mixtures.
Accepted 26 May 2017
Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis has been developed to investi-
Available online 28 May 2017
gate the mechanism of interaction between HMX and AP during the course of thermal decomposition of
HMX/AP/Al mixtures. The results show that severe interaction effect exists between AP and HMX, which
Keywords:
Interaction
causes the impact sensitivity (H50) to become smaller. The impact energy (E50) of mixture can be
HMX/AP/Al mixtures improved under the circumstances of effective separating HMX from AP by surface coating with Wax. AP
Impact sensitivity may firstly engender low-temperature decomposition under the circumstance of external heat or me-
Thermal decomposition chanical impact, which causes the exothermic peak of HMX forward shift about 28
C. The gaseous
product releasing from thermal decomposition of HMX accelerates further decomposition of AP. For
HMX/AP composite system, the interactive catalysis effect between AP and HMX can be eliminated
mostly by adding a great deal of Al powder (i.e. above 30%).
© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction various propellant and pyrotechnic ammunitions [5]. Hence, HMX/

Research on high energetic materials (HEM) recently mainly
focuses on fabrication of novel composite explosive with high ex-
plosion energy combined with insensitivity to hazardous stimuli
[1]. The most effective way to improve the energy content is to
increase the content of high explosives components in formula-
tions such as nitramines [2]. As typical representatives, 1,3,5-
trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-
tetrazocane (HMX) can greatly enhance the explosion power of
the formulations. However, addition of these high explosives would
raise many problems that need to be studied and solved, such as the
higher mechanical sensitivity, worse oxygen balance and me-
chanical strength [3,4], which may limit their application in
powerful formulations. To obtain good oxygen balance of high-
energy formulations, oxygen-rich oxidants are usually introduced.
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a widely used oxidizing agent in
composite propellants, and it has been extensively investigated in
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zhengxue@caep.cn (X. ZHENG).
Peer review under responsibility of China Ordnance Society.
AP based explosive compositions have been extensively prepared
and used, such as PBXN-110, PBXN-111 and PBXW-114 [6]. Since the
thermal decomposition characteristics of HMX/AP plays a key role
not only in combustion behavior of composite propellants, but also
in detonation processes of composite explosives, many researches
have been conducted on thermal decomposition behavior of HMX/
AP. Li et al. [7] studied the interactions of AP and HMX in NEPE
propellants from molecular structure and chemical reaction per-
spectives. The addition of AP to HMX enhanced its exothermic re-
action rate with lower peak temperature. Jiao et al. [8] obtained the
same results using TG-derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), high-
pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), and DSC-TG-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Interactions be-
tween AP and HMX play an important role in mechanical sensitivity
of HMX/AP mixtures. Zhu et al. [9] investigated the sensitivity of
HMX/AP systems at various concentrations and temperature via
molecular dynamics simulations. They proposed that the
maximum bond length of pyrogenation trigger bond N-NO2 in
HMX/AP mixtures increases first and then decreases, and the peak
of the parabola is at the AP/HMX mass ratio of 1:1, which agrees
well with the experimental fact that the sensitivity value was the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2017.05.022
2214-9147/© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 Y.-b. LI et al. / Defence Technology 13 (2017) 422e427
highest at the mass ratio of 1:1. However, experimental results
about interaction affecting the sensitivity of mixtures were seldom
reported, and hence it is necessary to make a comprehensive study
on interaction between HMX and AP on the sensitivity of HMX/AP
mixture, and fully understand the underlying catalytic
mechanisms.
Nowadays, attention has been paid to improvement of sensi-
tivity properties of composite explosives with maintained high
energy density. An effective method is to coat sensitive energetic
fillers with low-sensitive or inert materials [10]. Up to now, coating
with wax is still the most impactful and convenient desensitizing
mean for high explosive though it is not new. Manning and Thelma
[11] used graphite to coat RDX fillers by solvent-evaporation and
investigated its application in composite explosives. After such
surface coating, drop height (H50) of RDX and RDX-containing
composite explosives increased by 40% and 115%, respectively. For
nitroamine explosive used in a composite, best coating material
should be selected from its ingredients [12]. For instance, An et al.
[13] used nitrocellulose (NC) to coat nitroamine explosive by a new
slurry emulsion coating method. Compared to propellants made
with raw RDX, the safety and processing technology of propellants
using coated RDX are all improved. However, there are still two
limitations for this coating method: 1) energy will decrease greatly
if coating materials is higher than 5%, and 2) coated particles can
easily form agglomerates. Thereby, some new coating materials and
new coating techniques need to be developed to obtain better
desensitizing effect with less coating agent [14].
The sensitivity of composite explosives was demonstrated to be
strongly dependent on the nature of the ingredients, in particular
their physiomechanical and thermophysical properties [15e18]. For
example, there are many open literature with regard to the sensi-
tivity and stability of the HMX based explosives [19e21]. Besides, if
some of the ingredients have high thermal conductivity or lubri-
cating effect, sensitivity of composites would be relative low.
Gogulya [22] confirmed that impact sensitivity of composite
explosive was decreased visibly along with the addition of Al
powder. However, their attention was not further focus on the ef-
fect of Al powder on nitroamine explosive/oxidant system. How to
eliminate interactional effect between explosive and oxidant,
harmonize contradiction between high energy of ammunition and
its excellent security, becomes a key issue which must be solved for
designing of high energy but insensitive ammunition.
In this paper, safety characteristics of key ingredients in com-
posite explosives, interaction among these ingredients (HMX, AP
and Al) and its effect on safety were investigated in detail. The
mechanism of interaction among these ingredients is elucidated
from a view of thermal decomposition arose by the creation of hot
spots during impact-loading. The effect of wax coating and addition
of Al on the sensitivity of HMX/AP mixture were also explored
sequentially from the point of eliminating the interactive catalysis
effect. The results of this paper may provide a useful information
and guidance for researchers in designing powerful insensitive
ammunitions.
2. Experimental section
2.1. Materials
HMX (Gansu Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd.,
Baiyin, China) used was of industrial grade with an average particle
size of 30 mm. AP (Dalian Potassium Chlorate Factory, Dalian, China)
used was of industrial grade with a mean size of 120 mm. Average
particle sizes of Al powders used were 13 mm (Southwest of China
Aluminum Industry Co., Ltd., China, 98.8%). Wax was provided in
refined mode by Fushun Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Other chemicals
423
and reagents used in this study were commercially purchased and
used without further purification.
2.2. Preparation
A precipitation technique was used to coat HMX, AP or Al by
using Wax as coating agent via a water-suspension solvent-evap-
oration process. 98.0 g HMX particles were firstly added into
distilled water to get a suspension under mechanical agitation
(450 rpm). At this time, 2.0 g Wax was dissolved to acquire uniform
dispersion by using petroleum ether as a good solvent. Then, the
solution containing desensitizing agent was added to HMX slurry
under stirring at 54
C, and the vacuum (200 mbar) was introduced
for several minutes. Finally, the Coated HMX products were filtered,
washed by distilled water and dried under vacuum for 6 h. Coated
AP and Al samples were prepared similarly via solvent suspension
process by using a non-aqueous liquid as suspension media. Coated
samples were marked as HMXW, APW and AlW, respectively.
In addition, physical mixtures of HMX, AP and Al or their coated
samples with different mass ratio were prepared by mixing two or
three ingredients in a carnelian mortar for 10 min, and then used to
test.
2.3. Characterization
The morphologies of HMX, Al, AP and their coated samples were
observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi TM-1000,
Japan), shown in Fig. 1. Obviously, the surface of coated HMX
(Fig. 1(b)) and coated AP (Fig. 1(f)) are sleeker than the uncoated
sample (Fig. 1(a), e). As for the global Al powder, the surface
differentia of coated sample (Fig. 1(d)) is not distinct in comparison
with the original sample (Fig. 1(c)), ascribing to its lesser particle
size.
Impact sensitivity was tested by a WL-1 type drop-hammer
apparatus. Each sample (35 mg) was subjected to an impact of a
5 kg hammer at various heights using a widely used “up-and-
down” method. If sample initiates/does not initiate, next trial will
be performed one step lower/higher. Based on 25 go/no-go trials,
impact sensitivity of each sample was expressed by drop height of
50% explosion probability (H50) and impact energy (E50). In this
way, higher E50 or H50 value represents lower impact sensitivity.
Thermogravimetry (TG) test of sample was recorded on a TAQ
600 instrument (TA, USA), and differential scanning calorimeter
(DSC) test was recorded on a TAQ100 instrument (TA, USA), from
30
C to 500
C with a temperature rise rate of 10
C min1, in a
nitrogen atmosphere (50 mL min1). The alumina crucible was
selected as the sample pan.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effect of wax coating on sensitivity of HMX/AP mixture
Fig. 2 displays the results of impact sensitivity for pure or coated
HMX, AP and their physically mixed samples (mass ratio 50/50). It
is clear that pure HMX is very sensitive towards impact, which E50
value is only 8.2 J. After coated by wax, the sensitivity of HMX can
be visibly reduced, E50 value increases to 40.1 J. Pure AP is moderate
sensitive towards impact, and after coated by wax its sensitivity is
slightly declined, E50 value increased from 24.9 J to 35.4 J. For mixed
sample, there is a wondrous phenomenon. Whether original or
coated samples, all E50 value of the mixtures descend markedly
compared with that of single ingredient. For instance, E50 of HMX/
AP is only 5.3 J, far less than that of pure HMX (8.2 J) or AP (24.9 J).
Similarly, E50 of HMX/APW (7.3 J) is also lower than that of pure
HMX or APW (35.4 J). E50 of HMXW/AP (9.7 J) is as well lower than
424 Y.-b. LI et al. / Defence Technology 13 (2017) 422e427

Fig. 1. SEM images of energetic ingredients.(a)HMX,(b)coated HMX, (c)Al,(d)coated Al, (e) AP, (f) coated AP.

of pure HMXW (40.1 J) or AP. All these results imply that the
interaction effect between HMX and AP is very intense. In general,
impact sensitivity of mixed explosives can be obviously reduced
after HMX was coated by Wax, that is to say, the interaction effect
between HMX and AP can be weakened to a certain extent by
coating HMX with desensitizer. As can be seen in Fig. 2, E50 of both
HMXW/AP (9.7 J) and HMX/APW (7.3 J) are both higher than that of
HMX/AP (5.3 J), especially, E50 of HMXW/APW increases markedly
to 21.9 J in comparison with HMX/AP. In brief, to eliminate the
intense interaction effect between AP and HMX, it needs to effec-
tively separate HMX from AP by using enough coating materials, i.e.
desensitizer, polymeric binder or other inert matter.

3.2. Effect of Al powder on sensitivity of AP, HMX and their mixture

3.2.1. Effect of Al powder on sensitivity of HMX

Fig. 2. E50 of AP, HMX and HMX-AP mixture.
Impact sensitivity results of uncoated or coated HMX, Al and
physically mixed HMX/Al samples are summarized in Table 1. For
mixed samples, no matter adding pure Al or coated Al, all E50 value
increase compared with that of coated HMX, implying that the
addition of micro-sized aluminum powder doesn't make HMX
 Y.-b. LI et al. / Defence Technology 13 (2017) 422e427 425

more sensitive. It can be deduced that there is no interaction effect Table 2

between HMX and Al while Al content is 50%, probably because E50 and H50 of Al, AP and AP-Al mixture.

micro-sized Al has no effect on initial thermal decomposition step No. Composition H50/cm E50/J
of HMX [3]. This result indicates that reaction rate of deflagration- 1 Coated AP (APW) 72.2 35.4
to-detonation of HMX reduces as a great deal of Al powder mixes 2 APW/Al (50/50) 112.2 55.0
into HMX, a plentiful of Al decentralizes the impact stress on 3 APW/AlW (50/50) 116.0 56.8
explosive, accordingly diminishes the probability of hot-spots for-
mation. Simultaneously, a vast of Al can improve heat transmit
which hamper explosion propagation from hot-spots. Table 3
E50 and H50 of HMX-Al-AP mixture (30% Al).

3.2.2. Effect of Al powder on sensitivity of AP No. HMX (X1) Al(X3) AP(X2) X1/X2 H50/cm E50/J
Impact sensitivity of the samples mixed coated AP with pure Al A1 15 30 55 0.273 112.2 55.0
or coated Al is summarized in Table 2. For whether APW/Al or APW/ A2 25 30 45 0.556 104.5 51.2
AlW sample, the E50 value increases visibly in comparison with the A3 35 30 35 1 100.5 49.2
A4 45 30 25 1.8 93.9 46.0
single coated AP. This result also implies no interaction effect be- A5 55 30 15 3.667 89.1 43.7
tween AP and Al while Al content is 50%. Actually, many research
results confirmed that micro-sized Al powder had little catalyzing
effect on thermal decomposition of AP [23,24]. Moreover, Al pow-
of composite explosive descends early, then ascends while Al
der has adsorption and inhibition effect to gaseous product sub-
content increases gradually and the inflexion corresponding to the
limed of AP, thereby it can suppress low-temperature thermal
content of Al is about 10% [28]. The impact sensitivity of composite
decomposition of AP [25], and then decrease impact sensitivity of
explosive declines along with the addition of Al because a great
AP/Al mixture.
deal of Al decentralizes the impact stress on explosive and doesn't
make energy localize on explosive particles, thereby diminishes the
3.2.3. Effect of Al powder on sensitivity of HMX/AP mixture probability of hot-spots formation. Moreover, a vast of Al can
From previous results, it is not difficult to find out the rule of improve heat transmission and this also prevents the formation
interaction effect on the sensitivity between two ingredients (with and buildup of hot-spots.
50/50 ratio). In fact, the performance of composite explosives or To validate these experimental results, empirical function of
propellants is highly relevant to the interaction between HMX, AP sensitivities (E50) of HMX/AP/Al mixtures versus HMX/AP or HMX/
and Al powder [26]. However, for HMX/AP/Al ternary composite Al ratio is fitted to exponential equation from experimental data,
system, the effect of different ingredient content on its sensitivity is depicted in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, respectively. On one hand, from the
still not clear. As 30% Al is usually a critical value for high energy fitted equation (depicted as Fig. 3), it can deduce that if HMX
composite propellants or explosives, such as AFX-757 [27], it is content increases to 70%, AP content decreases to 0%, the HMX/Al
selected to study the effect of Al powder on E50 of HMX/AP mixture. ratio is 70/30, then the E50 is 43.3 J. As can be seen in Table 1, E50 of
By keeping Al content as steady, HMX content of increases as 10% HMX/Al mixture (50/50) is 51.9 J. Hence, when Al content increases
step from 15% to 55%, meanwhile AP content decreases from 55% to from 30% to 50%, it can diminish the probability of hot-spot for-
15%, a series of compositions can be achieved for HMX/Al/AP mation from impact [22], makes E50 increase. On the other hand,
ternary composite system. E50 of each composition are listed in from the fitted function depicted in Fig. 4, it can also deduce that if
Table 3. It is clear that E50 of HMX/Al/AP ternary composite de- HMX content is 70%, Al content is 0%, i.e. HMX/AP is 70/30, E50 of
scends along with HMX content increasing and AP content HMX/Al/AP ternary mixtures would be 35.8 J. According to fitted
decreasing. However, all E50 of HMX/Al/AP ternary composite sys- equation depicted in Fig. 3, when HMX/AP ratio keeping as 70/30,
tem are larger than that of coated HMX (40.1 J), shows that when Al E50 of HMX/AP/Al mixtures (49/21/30) would be 44.8 J. 70HMX/
content in ternary composite system keeps as 30%, effective isola- 30AP system is more sensitive than 49HMX/21AP/30Al, which
tion between AP and HMX is achieved, and the interaction effect further clarifies that more Al adding into HMX/AP mixture can
between HMX and AP is basically eliminated. effectively eliminate the interaction effect between HMX and AP.
While AP content keeps steady, such as 30%, HMX content in-
creases from 15% to 55%, meanwhile Al content decreases from 55% 3.3. Thermal mechanism of interaction effect for HMX/AP mixture
to 15%, a series of mixtures can be also achieved for HMX/Al/AP
ternary composite system. As can be seen in Table 4, E50 value of As a key energetic material, ammonium perchlorate (AP) con-
HMX/Al/AP ternary composite declines as the content of HMX in- tinues to inspire new research efforts to better understand its
crease and AP decrease. However, if Al content is less than 30%, like thermal decomposition. Among many peculiar features, the most
sample B4 and B5, E50 value of HMX/Al/AP ternary composite striking is the discovery of low- and high-temperature modes of
system are lower than that of coated HMX (which E50 value is decomposition [29]. The low-temperature decomposition (LTD)
40.1 J). This data seems to show that effective separation between occurs below approximately 300
C. Actually, pure AP is quite stable
AP and HMX is not achieved, and the synergistic interaction be- compound at room temperature, nothing has happened except
tween HMX and AP still exists when Al content in ternary com-
posite system is far less 30%. In fact, research shows that E50 value
Table 4
E50 and H50 of HMX-Al-AP mixture (30% AP).
Table 1
E50 and H50 of Al, HMX and HMX-Al mixture. No. HMX (X1) Al(X3) AP(X2) X1/X3 H50/cm(5 kg) E50/J

B1 15 55 30 0.273 112.2 55.0

No. Composition H50/cm E50 J
B2 25 45 30 0.556 98.7 48.4
1 HMX 16.8 8.2 B3 35 35 30 1 86.6 42.4
2 HMX/Al (50/50) 105.9 51.9 B4 45 25 30 1.8 78 38.2
3 HMX/AlW (50/50) 108.8 53.3 B5 55 15 30 3.667 73.1 35.8
426 Y.-b. LI et al. / Defence Technology 13 (2017) 422e427
Fig. 3. Fit curve for E50 of mixture and HMX-AP ratios (30% Al).
Fig. 4. Fit curve for E50 of mixture and HMX-Al ratios (30% AP).
water loss at 150
C. However, slight thermal decomposition of AP
begins to appear above 150
C, leading up to form a porous product
[30]. When heated to about 240
C, pure AP undergoes a poly-
morphous transition (from orthorhombic into cubic crystalline
form) [29,31] with an endothermic peak (about 243.7
C) in DSC
curve (see Fig. 5). As can be seen, the first exothermic peak at
301.7
C is accompanied by a weight loss of 30.1%, which corre-
sponds to partial decomposition (LTD) of AP and the formation of
an intermediate product [32]. The second main exothermic peak
Fig. 5. TG - DSC curves of pure AP, pure HMX and HMX-AP mixture. (a) DSC, (b) TG.
appears at higher temperature of 392.1
C, which is associated with
69.9% weight loss, indicating the further and complete decompo-
sition (high-temperature decomposition, HTD) of the intermediate
products.
As it is known, the exothermic peak of pure HMX is at about
280
C. From DSC curve in Fig. 5(a), it is clear that large difference
was observed in HMX/AP mixture where the two exothermic peaks
occur at about 298
C and 375
C, in contrast with two exothermic
peak of pure AP at 302
C and 392
C, respectively. From TG curve in
Fig. 5(b), the loss in first step exceeds 50%, which indicates that
except for the decomposition of HMX, a small quantity of AP has
also participated in decomposition at low temperature (below
240
C). This change can be explained as follows. When HMX/AP
mixtures undergo external heat or mechanical action, AP engen-
ders low-temperature decomposition firstly and releases some
gaseous products, such as oxidative HClO4 [30,31], which urges
HMX to decompose ahead of schedule and makes exothermic peak
of HMX shift from 275
C to 247
C. Similar to the decomposition of
HMX/AN mixture [33], the acidic intermediate product (perchloric
acid) resulting from dissociation of AP attacks the nitrogen atoms of
HMX, then enormous gaseous product NO2 is released from the
decomposition of HMX, which in reverse oxidizes gaseous products
NH3 of AP in first decomposition step, therefore the second
decomposition characteristic of AP would also be affected. In fact,
this process is also accompanied by a simultaneous dissociative
sublimation. Moreover, when AP mixes with HMX, apparently
unlike the decomposition characteristic of pure AP [31], the loss of
AP in first decomposition step is almost the same as that of the
second decomposition step, which is about 18.0% and 21.9%,
respectively. This interactional catalyzing effect between HMX and
AP on thermal decomposition was also found in slow cook-off test
of HMX/AP/hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) pro-
pellants, which causes a violent reaction [34]. All results imply that
there is a synergistic interaction of HMX with AP during thermal
decomposition while the ratio of HMX/AP in mixture is 50/50.
To validate the effect of different Al content on synergistic
interaction of HMX/AP/Al system, two composite samples are
selected to study their thermal decomposition characteristics. TG
curves of two samples are shown in Fig. 6. As for sample with 10%
Al, HMX in ternary mixture (10Al/50HMX/40AP) decomposes
acutely at about 245
C, which is accompanied with partial thermal
decomposition of AP. The loss rate in the first step was 70.6%, which
exceeds the content of HMX (50%), and about half of AP participates
in decomposition, indicating that an interaction with catalyzing
effect between HMX and AP still exists. The mass residue of sample
 Y.-b. LI et al. / Defence Technology 13 (2017) 422e427
Fig. 6. TG curves of two HMX-AP-Al mixtures. (a) 30 Al/40HMX/30AP, (b) 10 Al/
50HMX/40AP.
(b) is over 10%, partly ascribing to the oxidation of Al during the
thermal decomposition of strong oxidizer. However, while Al con-
tent adds to 30%, the decomposition peak of HMX in ternary
mixture (30Al/40HMX/30AP) is about 275
C, almost the same as
pure HMX, and decomposition peak of AP is about 302
C, also like
pure AP. The first step loss rate was 42.4%, almost consistent with
HMX content in mixture. This result validates that enough Al
powder adds to HMX/AP mixture can weaken or eliminate the
interactional catalyzing effect between HMX and AP.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, interaction among the ingredients (AP, HMX and
Al) of HMX/AP/Al based composites and its effect on impact
sensitivity of mixtures are first investigated by using impact
sensitivity test and TG-DSC analysis. Violent interaction effect ex-
ists in HMX/AP mixtures, which cause the impact sensitivity (E50)
of mixture less than pure AP or HMX. Whereas, the impact sensi-
tivity of HMX/AP mixture can be decreased on the condition of
effective separation HMX from AP, i.e. surface coating of HMX or AP
with 2 wt-% wax. No interaction effect on safety was found when
high content (50%) Al blends with HMX or AP. Impact-induced heat
causes AP low-temperature decompose firstly, then the acidic
gaseous products of AP decomposition oxidizes HMX and cause its
exothermic peak temperature occur in advance about 28
C.
Conversely, the gaseous product produced by HMX decomposition
oxidizes the pyrolytic gaseous product of AP and accelerates further
decomposition of AP. This synergistic interaction causes HMX/AP
mixture become more sensitive. Moreover, A large amount of Al
(such as 30 wt-%) can separate effectively HMX from AP, and spread
around the heat from hot-spots, then suppress the low-
temperature thermal decomposition of AP, sequentially eliminate
interactive catalysis effect between AP and HMX. Understand fully
the interaction of ingredients and their effect is of important
particularly for designing explosive formulations for their later
potential use in insensitive applications.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Nature Science
Foundation of China (Nos. 11402238, 11502243 and 11502245). The
authors thank Yu Chi and Shaojun Yu for their technical assistance
in TG-DSC analysis and sensitivity test of mixed material.
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