Gears - These are toothed cylindrical wheels used in transmitting motion and power from one rotating shaft

to another
Classification of Gears According to the Nature of Axis:
I. Parallel Axis III. Non- Intersecting or Intersecting axis
a. External Spur Gear Non-Parallel Axis a. Plain bevel gear e. rack and pinion
b. Internal Spur Gear a. Hyperboloidal b. crown bevel gear f. pin gearing
c. Twisted Spur Gear b. Hypoid c. spiral bevel gear
c. Screw Gears d. herring bone gear
Spur Gear - are toothed wheels whose tooth elements are straight and parallel to the shaft axes.
Addendum Circle – is the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Dedendum Circle – is a circle coinciding with or tangent to the bottoms of the tooth spaces.
Pitch Circle -- is a circle of the radius of which is equal to the distance from the gear axis to the pitch point.
Base Circle -- is the circle from which an involutes tooth is generated or developed.
Addendum -- is the height of tooth above pitch circle of the distances between the pitch circle and the top of the tooth.
Dedendum -- is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle, that is to the bottom of the tooth space.
Working Depth – is the depth of engagement of two gears and is the sum of their addenda.
Diametral Pitch – is the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter.
Circular Pitch - is the distance measured along the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
Base Pitch - is the distance measured along the base circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
Axial Pitch - is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent teeth measured in axial direction.
Pitch point - is the point of tangency of two pitch circles and is on the line of centers.
Pitch Angle - is the angle subtended by an arc on the pitch circle equal in length to the circular pitch.
Pitch Surface - is the surface of the rolling cylinder that the gear may be considered to replace.
Pitch Line - is the line passing through the pitch point which is perpendicular to the line of center.
Tooth Flank - is the surface of the tooth which is between the pitch circle and the root.
Tooth Face - is the surface of the tooth between the pitch circle and the addendum circle.
Tooth Thickness - is the width of tooth measured along the pitch circle.
Chordal Thickness - is the tooth width measured along the chord at the pitch point.
Tooth Space - is the space between the teeth measured along the pitch circle.
Gear Ratio - is the number of teeth in the gear divided by the number of teeth in the pinion.
Speed Ratio - is the angular speed of the driver divided by the angular speed of the driven gear.
Pressure Angle - is the angle between the line of action of the force on the gear tooth and the line tangent to the pitch circles.
Involutes - are the curve formed by path of a point on a straight line.
Module - is the reciprocal of diametral pitch.
Backlash - is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles.
Face Width - is the length of the teeth in the axial plane.
Whole Depth - is the total depth of a tooth space equal to addendum plus dedendum. It is also equal to working depth plus clearance.
Line of Action - is the straight line passing through the pitch point and tangent to the base circles.
Arc of Approach - is the arc of the pitch circle where the tooth profile cuts the pitch circle when a pair of teeth first comes in contact until they are in contact at the pitch point.
Arc of Action - is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travel from the first point of contact with the mating tooth to the point where the contact ceases.
Arc of Recess - is the arc of the pitch circle from contact at the pitch point until where the tooth profile cuts the pitch circle when the pair of teeth comes out of contact.
Angle of Action - is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a particular pair of teeth come into contact until they go out of contact. It is equal to the angle of approach plus
the angle of recess.
Angle of Approach - is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a particular pair of teeth come into contact until they are in contact at the pitch point.
Angle of Recess - is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a given pair of teeth are in contact at the pitch point until they pass out of mesh.
BEAM FATIGUE STRENGTH - the maximum value of the tangential force than can be resisted by a tooth without bending failure.
HELICAL GEARS - These are gears whose teeth wind partially around the teeth of the pitch cylinders and are cut in the form of a helix about an axis of rotation
Axial Pitch is - the linear pitch in an axial plane and in a pitch surface.
Axial thickness - is the tooth thickness in an axial cross section at the standard pitch diameter.
Base circular thickness - is the length of arc on the base circle between the two involute curves forming the profile of a tooth.
Circular pitch - is the arc distance along a specified pitch circle or pitch line between corresponding profiles of adjacent teeth.
Chordal addendum - is the height from the top of the tooth to the chord subtending the circular thickness arc.
Circular thickness - is the length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth, on a specified datum circle.
Diametral pitch - is the ratio of the number of teeth to the standard pitch diameter in inches
Helix angle - is an angle between a tangent to the helix and the gear axis
Lead - is the distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on the next turn of the same thread, measured parallel to the axis.
Lead angle - is an angle between a tangent to the helix and a plane perpendicular to the axis.
Linear pitch - is the distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent thread, measured parallel to the axis.
Normal Chordal thickness - is the length of the chord that subtends a circular thickness arc in the plane normal to the pitch helix.
Normal circular pitch - is the circular pitch in the normal plane, and also the length of the arc along the normal pitch helix between helical teeth or threads.
Transverse base pitch - is the pitch on the base circle or along the line of action.
Transverse circular pitch - is the circular pitch in the transverse plane. It is the circular pitch in the plane of rotation of the gear.
Transverse circular thickness - is the circular thickness in the transverse plane.
Normal circular thickness - is the circular thickness in the normal plane. In a helical gear it may be considered as the length of arc along a normal helix.
Profile shift - is the displacement of the basic rack datum line from the reference cylinder, made non-dimensional by dividing by the normal module. It is used to specify the tooth thickness,
often for zero backlash.
Rack shift - is the displacement of the tool datum line from the reference cylinder, made non-dimensional by dividing by the normal module. It is used to specify the tooth thickness.
A helix - is a curve wound around the outside of a cylinder or cone advancing uniformly along the axis as it winds around.
The helix angle - is the angle that a straight line tangent to the helix at any point makes with an element of the cylinder.
worm gear - is a pair of helical gears with one of the helical gears, called a worm, having a helix angle such that at least one tooth makes a complete turn around the pitch cylinder and thus
forms a “screw thread”.
Pitch cone- is the imaginary cone upon which the teeth are made.
Cone distance - is the length of the side of the pitch cone.
Pitch point - is the point of tangency of the pitch cones at the large ends.
Pitch, center, or cone angle- is the angle which an element of the pitch cone makes with the axis of rotation or center line of the gear.
Face angle- is the angle which the top surface of the tooth makes with the center line of the gear.
Addendum angle is - the angle which the top surface of the tooth makes with the cone distance; it is equal to face angle minus the pitch angle.
Root or cutting angle is the angle is the angle, which the bottom surface of the tooth makes with the center line of the gear.
Dedendum angle is the angle which the bottom surface of the tooth makes with the cone distance and is equal to the pitch angle minus the root angle.
Back cone distance is the distance along the element of the back cone from the pitch point to the center line of the gear.
Formative or virtual of teeth is the number of teeth contained in a spur gear whose pitch radius is equal to the back cone distance and whose pitch is the same as that of the bevel gear.
Since the spur gear is imaginary, there may be a fractional tooth in the number of formative teeth.

Brake is a machine element for applying friction to moving surface to slow it down or bring it to rest.
Brake Lining - This is a crucial component of brake systems in vehicles, responsible for providing friction against the brake drums or rotors to slow down or stop the vehicle.
B – BATTERY L – LIGHTS O – OIL W – WATER B – BRAKE A – AIR G – GAS E – ENGINE T – TIRES S – SELF
Mechanical Brakes – band, block, shoe and spot
Hydrodynamics Brakes – utilize fluid friction
Electrical Brakes – utilize the strength of electromagnetic fields
An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety feature installed in modern vehicles to prevent the wheels from locking up during braking
Band Brake - is considered as the simplest of all brakes. It may consist of a rope, belt, or flexible steel band acting against the external surface of a cylindrical drum.
Differential Brake It is a type of brake that the tension in the band assists in applying the brake.
BLOCK BRAKES It is a type of brake in which the block attached to the operating lever is forced against the rotating wheel
BRAKE SHOE It is a type of brake that provides uniform contact between the lining and the wheel.
FLYWHEEL It is a rotating energy reservoir, which absorbs energy from a power source during a portion of the operating cycle and delivers that stored energy as useful work during the other
portion of the cycle.
Residual Stresses. These include shrinkage stresses impact stresses, and stresses caused by operating torques and imperfections in the material.
Maximum Fluctuation of Flywheels. It is the difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle.
A clutch is a mechanical device used in vehicles with manual transmissions to engage and disengage the power transmission
Clutch Disc: The clutch disc is a friction disc located between the engine's flywheel and the transmission's input shaft.
Flywheel: The flywheel is a rotating disc attached to the rear of the engine crankshaft
Pressure Plate: The pressure plate is a spring-loaded mechanism that applies pressure to the clutch disc, forcing it against the flywheel when the clutch is engaged
Clutch Release Bearing: Also known as the throw-out bearing, the clutch release bearing is located inside the bell housing of the transmission.
Clutch Fork and Linkage: The clutch fork is a lever attached to the clutch release bearing
Positive clutches – These are mechanical lock-up clutches. It consists of two mating surfaces with interconnecting elements
Friction clutches – The drive is transmitted by the friction between surfaces lined with fibrous materials, attached to the driving and driven shafts
Hydraulic clutches – The torque is transmitted by the moving fluid.
Electromagnetic clutches – The torque is transmitted by means of a magnetic field.