Five Years Later: Progressing the Rhys Model of Fold and

Fault Geometry on the Carlin Trend via Integration of Mapping,

Sequence Stratigraphy and Lithogeochemistry
Gerry Griesel*
Nevada Gold Mines, Elko, NV

Franck Valli and Jim Essman

Newmont Corporation, Denver, CO

David Rhys
Panterra Geoservices Inc., Surrey B.C., Canada

Erin Hart
Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines, Kalgoorlie, Australia

Allison Phillips
Nevada Gold Mines, Elko, NV

Edward Berg
Nevada Gold Mines, Elko, NV

ABSTRACT

Ongoing mapping in new and historic mining areas along the Carlin Trend con-
tinues to test the structural model of deformation and the relation to ore-controlling
structures proposed by Rhys and others (2015). That study proposed a three-phase
contractional history, commencing with the Antler orogeny (Phase 1) and the associ-
ated Roberts Mountains Thrust (RMT) followed by widespread probable Jurassic E-
ESE verging folding (Phase 2) that preceded Jurassic extension, and finally NW trend-
ing upright folds and reverse faulting (Phase 3). This structural history accounts for
district-wide orientations of fold and fault styles, interpreting previously unrecognized
low-angle structures that repeat and overturn stratigraphy. The study emphasized that
intense mineralization, alteration, and focus of Eocene extensional faulting associated
with mineralization are spatially coincident with earlier areas of structural complexity.
Integrating this structural understanding with sequence stratigraphic analysis
yielded a new mapping and lithostratigraphic approach to building a 3D model ca-
pable of reconciling mapping and drill logging, providing an improved lithostructural
model for exploration. The high degree of tectonism, alteration, and visual similarity
of units along the trend commonly resulted in inconsistent, incorrect, or overly simpli-
fied layer-cake interpretation within drill logs. These interpretations are not compat-
ible with the complex fold and thrust geometries observed in mapping. The lithogeo-
chemical approach used geochemical patterns, thresholds, and ratios determined via
empirical observation and geochemical criteria predicted by sequence stratigraphic
principles. Geochemical ratios such as Mg/(Mg + V) and Ni/Co have been utilized to
trace key stratigraphic horizons that highlight deformation styles and architecture,
allowing for unbiased tracing of structural complications predicted by the new struc-
tural model in drill holes. These data have allowed tracking of geochemical marker
units to identify stratigraphic imbrication of Phase 2 thrust faults and the location
and trend of Phase 2 and Phase 3 folds.
Continued mining in new and old surface operations has created exposures north,

*E-mail: gerry.griesel@nevadagoldmines.com

137
138 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg

west, and deeper than previously investigated areas. At the Arturo deposit, mapping, his-
torical logging, and relogging identified an east-vergent Phase 2 thrust placing Devonian
Bootstrap over Devonian Rodeo Creek, overturning the east-vergent Phase 1 RMT in
the north high wall. An east-dipping normal fault which exploits a steeply overturned
fold limb cuts these features. These observations also establish that Genesis-style fold and
thrust geometry is present in the far northern Carlin Trend at Arturo. In the Genesis area
new mining exposures in the Revelation thrust footwall confirm the overturned nature
of the Genesis anticline, and the presence of a previously inferred thrust below it. A west-
vergent overturned Phase 3 fold in the Bluestar Ridge area indicates Phase 3 deforma-
tion is more widespread than previously recognized. In the Maggie Creek sub district,
new mapping in the historic Tusc pit identified multiple shallow dipping thrust splays of
the Good Hope fault emplacing Roberts Mountain Formation over the Devonian Rodeo
Creek-Popovich contact, and cut by a Hewetite-parallel normal fault. Collectively these
studies have advanced the understanding of the lithostructural architecture of the Carlin
trend and will continue to be utilized in exploration efforts in the district.

Key Words: Carlin Trend, Nevada, Structure, Sequence Stratigraphy

INTRODUCTION in extensional events: Phase 1) is the long-recognized Antler

Bulk tonnage mining on the Carlin Trend has been ongo-
ing since 1961, during which the understanding and interpreta-
tion of the district geology has evolved greatly. With the vast
amounts of data collected throughout the history of mining,
utilizing evolving technologies, the increasing levels of outcrop
and underground exposure available due to mining and explo-
ration activities, we are now better positioned to refine and
advance the geological interpretation of the Carlin Trend. Fur-
thermore the interpretive advantages through the recent amal-
gamation of the formerly separate operations of Barrick Gold
and Newmont Mining along the trend have eliminated barriers
between deposits. This paper provides an update on the contin-
ued structural interpretation of the Carlin Trend, specifically the
central and northern portions, since the seminal interpretation
of Rhys and others (2015) integrating lithogeochemistry and
refined sequence stratigraphy to aid in the construction of geo-
logic models that reflect the structural interpretations.
Prior to the work of Rhys and others (2015), strong struc-
tural controls on the distribution of mineralization on the Carlin
Trend were recognized in the association of mineralization with
high-angle normal faults and folding (e.g., Evans and Theodore,
1978; Leonardson and Rahn, 1996; Peters, 1996; Peters and oth-
ers, 1998; Peters, 2004; Volk et al., 1996, 2001; Orobona, 1996;
Nemitz, 2003; Hall, 2006; Powell, 2007; and Essman, 2010).
These studies, many of which were focused on individual parts
of the district, were synthesized with new observations in the
Rhys and others (2015) work along the whole Carlin Trend,
relating high and low-angle faulting to folding into a trend-wide
sequence in the context of mineralization. From this work, at
least three phases of contractional deformation are recognized,
here termed Phase 1, 2 and 3, which are separated or terminate
orogenic event associated with development of the Roberts
Mountains Thrust (“RMT”), Phase 2) is a second contractional
event that refolds and locally offsets the RMT but is in turn cut
by Jurassic intrusions, and Phase 3) defined by thick skinned
Laramide- to Sevier-age upright folding and reverse faulting
that postdates Jurassic igneous activity. Finally, post-contrac-
tional Eocene to Miocene extensional faulting, and magmatism
and volcanism, invert the contractional architecture and overlap
in early stages with mineralization (Figure 1). Continuing post-
mineralization Miocene and younger extensional fault develop-
ment further exploits and overprints the cumulated structural
geometry. This deformational sequence provides a consistent
structural nomenclature and framework for geologists across
the Carlin Trend that has improved communication, understand-
ing, and collaboration amongst the groups. It has also been fur-
ther reinforced by continued mapping of new exposures, which
we discuss below. This ongoing work has provided a context
for the setting and structural architecture of mineralization in
mining environments, enhancing the identification of favorable
structural sites of ore concentration in exploration.
The other significant advancement over the last decade
has been in using sequence stratigraphy to define local allos-
tratigraphic patterns versus a facies-based lithostratigraphic ap-
proach to formational and/or unit boundaries. Variable quality
and sometimes inaccurate core and reverse circulation (RC)
logs can be nearly impossible to reconcile with the newly
(or historic) recognized fold and thrust geometry seen in the
mapping, especially where intense alteration, deformation, or
structural complexity obscure lithologic patterns. Combining
lithogeochemistry with structural mapping has provided an im-
proved workflow for the creation of 3D models used within the
production and exploration environment on the Carlin Trend.
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV 139

Figure 1. From Rhys and others (2015) geologic setting of the Carlin Trend.
140 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg

Figure 2. Modified from Rhys and others (2015). Au deposits, principal faults, and Bootstrap reef facies margin from Maggie Creek to the North Carlin
Trend. Moz figures represent gold amounts, total production + reserves in millions of ounces, end of year 2014, and are unchanged from the 2015 publication.
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV 141

Figure 3. Stratigraphic column of the Carlin trend between Maggie Creek and the North Carlin trend. UM = Upper Mud, SSD = Soft Sediment Deformation, PL
= Planar, WS = Wispy.
142 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC AND STRUCTURAL SETTING
The Carlin Trend is a 70–km long, north-northwest striking
trend of associated Eocene gold deposits in northeastern Ne-
vada. Its extents are defined by the Rain and Railroad districts
at the southeast end, to the Dee-Arturo deposit at the northwest
limit (Figure 1). The Trend is proximal to the leading edge of
the Roberts Mountain Allochthon (RMA). The majority of the
deposits on the trend occur in erosional windows through the
allochthon that coincide with structural highs (Figure 2).
Deposits along the Carlin Trend lie within the Paleozoic
miogeoclinal shelf margin and slope facies carbonate rocks
(Cook, 2015). Silurian to Devonian platform carbonates are
present to the east and northeast, and host mineralization at the
northern and southern ends (Figures 1, 2). The bulk of miner-
alization occurs within Silurian to Devonian slope facies, with
lesser amounts in Mississippian to Permian foreland basin fa-
cies at the southern extent. Major breaks between and within
formations are defined by stratigraphic high and low sea level
stands (Cook and Corboy, 2003; Cook, 2015). Allochthonous
Ordovician to Devonian basin-facies siliciclastic stratigraphy
of the RMA lie structurally above the autochthonous slope-to-
platform stratigraphy, forming a typically poor upper plate ore
host due to their impermeable nature and lack of hydrother-
mally reactive units (Figure 3).
Mesozoic plutonic rocks intrude the Paleozoic sequence
along the trend, and include the Jurassic Goldstrike stock and
its associated dikes, as well as the Cretaceous Richmond Moun-
tain stock. The youngest rocks are Eocene to Miocene dikes,
volcanic sediments, and tuffs deposited within extensional gra-
bens and half grabens. Eocene volcanic rocks in the Railroad
district show close temporal and spatial relationships to gold
mineralization (Jackson and others, 2015) and Eocene dikes are
host to mineralization locally in the northern Carlin Trend (Res-
sel and Henry, 2006).
Deformation History
As defined in Rhys and others (2015) and earlier studies,
mineralization, alteration, and Eocene extensional faulting as-
sociated with mineralization are spatially coincident with, and
often focused along earlier areas of structural complexity (Fig-
ure 4). This is specifically the case where structural complexi-
ties are intense, due to the interaction and local superposition of
the three principal phases of contractional deformation: Phase
1, Phase 2, and Phase 3. Key features associated with these
events across the Trend are summarized below.
Phase 1 is the late Paleozoic Antler orogeny, recognized
across the trend by the RMT, which places allochthonous deep
basin stratigraphic sequence of Ordovician Vinini, Silurian El-
der, and Devonian Slaven over the autochthonous Devonian
Rodeo Creek slope facies (Figures 3, 4). Emplacement is thin-
skinned, and associated with east to east-southeast transporta-
tion. The fault zone is typically a 2–10 m thick, brittle-ductile
zone of lithified cataclasite or protomylonite, although it may
locally thicken to broader, foliated and protocataclastic zones
up to 200 m thick.
Phase 2 deformation may represent the cumulative effects
of late Paleozoic to Jurassic events, although it is consistent
in style and kinematics with Nevadan (Elko) orogenesis in the
region, which is of early Jurassic age (Thorman, 2011). Phase
2 accommodates significant shortening throughout the strati-
graphic section, manifested by east-southeast vergent folds and
moderate to gently west- and northwest-dipping thrust surfaces
with top to the east-southeast or southeast transport direction
(Nemitz and McLelland, 2005; Orobona, 1996; Rhys and oth-
ers, 2015). Thrust surfaces include the Stellar and Revelation
thrusts, which are interpreted to have repeated and overturned
stratigraphy and refold the RMT in the Genesis area (Figures
5, 6, 7). At Gold Quarry, abundant folding and duplexing is
observed throughout the Rodeo Creek and Devonian Popovich
Formations. Laterally extensive Phase 2 thrust surfaces are not
recognized in the Goldstrike pit, but may have been overprinted
by the strong Phase 3 Dillon Deformation Zone (DDZ) and/or
the bulk of the slip may have been accommodated by bedding
parallel slip planes observable throughout the pit within indi-
vidual units of Devonian stratigraphy. Macroscopic folds asso-
ciated with Phase 2 include the Tuscarora (Caddey, 2004), Post,
Ridge, and Genesis anticlines, in which the steep easterly limbs
are often exploited by younger Tertiary faults (Figures 5, 6).
Intrusion of the Goldstrike stock, Little Boulder Basin
stock, and Vivian sill followed Phase 2 at 158–160 Ma in the
northern Carlin trend. The bodies have the same granodiorite
composition, implying a comagmatic association (Ressel and
Henry, 2006), and are interpreted to be minimally offset by
post-intrusion faulting. Mapping within the Betze-Post open pit
at Goldstrike indicates that the Goldstrike stock and associated
dikes cut and exploit limbs of Phase 2 folds and preferentially
intrude and follow the Post-Gen fault zone. These relationships
indicate that the Phase 2 deformation may predate the intru-
sions, and that the corridor of the Post-Gen fault zone is at least
Jurassic in age. North-northwest-striking mafic to intermediate
dikes of the same age can be traced over 18 km, from the Carlin
pit to well north of Arturo, suggesting southwest-northeast ex-
tension during magmatism.
Thick-skinned Phase 3 deformation accommodates south-
west—northeast-directed shortening that affects Jurassic dikes in
the Betze-Post pit and Genesis area through open folding and
reverse thrust displacement (Rhys and others, 2015). This phase
is characterized by northwest- to north-northwest-striking, south-
west- to northeast-vergent reverse faults, with broad upright to
inclined southwest-vergent folds. At the Goldstrike deposit, these
features include the West Bazza reverse fault and associated Be-
tze anticline, the Dillon Deformation Zone, and the Dormant
fault which offsets the Post fault (Rhys and others, 2015). At the
Gold Quarry deposit, Phase 3 features include the Good Hope
fault and associated Alta and Snowbird anticlines, while on the
south end of the Trend the dominant Phase 3 feature is the Rain
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV 143

fault (Essman, 2010). While no large Phase 3 features have been
previously recognized in the Genesis area, recent review of open
pit blast hole assays suggests the presence of a broad, upright,
open, northwest-trending anticlinal morphology that is compat-
ible with Phase 3 geometry in this area.
The Cenozoic tectonic environment of the Carlin Trend is
defined mostly by an east-west extensional regime. Uplift, ex-
tension, exhumation, and intrusion of dikes and sills during the
Eocene correlate with the age of gold mineralization that has
been defined by direct dating of alteration minerals and which
is implied by field relationships (Emsbo and others 2006, Henry
and Ressel, 2000, Hofstra and Cline, 2000, Arehart and others,
2003; Rhys and others, 2015). Post-mineralization extension in-
cluded a period of east-west extensional fault development and
reactivation of principal Eocene faults during Miocene forma-
tion of the Northern Nevada rift, followed by late Miocene to
recent Basin and Range high-angle extensional faulting. These
later faulting events offset Carlin style mineralization and are
associated with deposition of tuff, volcaniclastic units, and allu-
vial gravel fill along grabens and half-grabens that can obscure
underlying older Carlin mineralization.
It is significant to note that the orientation of mineralized
stratigraphy and structures across the entire Carlin Trend cor-
relate with orientations generated by earlier deformational
events. This suggests that reactivation of pre-existing structures
and inheritance of pre-existing structural geometries are impor-
tant controls on the localization of gold mineralization. There-
fore, understanding the complex structural history of the Carlin
Trend has important implications for further exploration and
discovery along the Trend.
INTEGRATING STRUCTURAL MODELS WITH AL-
LOSTRATIGRAPHY AND LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY
Integrating the Rhys and others (2015) structural model
with allostratigraphic analysis and lithogeochemistry has yield-
ed a new mapping and 3D modelling approach that is capable of
reconciling mapping and drill logging, and identifying complex
local fold and thrust patterns.
The principles of describing carbonate slope stratigraphy
have changed little over the nearly 60 years of modern mine life
along Carlin Trend. Lithologies are described using a facies ap-
proach, using grain size, bedding thickness, textural variations,
carbonate content, and sedimentary structures. The protocols of

Figure 4. Schematic, north-looking cross sectional views illustrating the geological history of the Carlin trend. (A) Paleo-
zoic deposition of the hosting Paleozoic shelf and slope Lower Plate Stratigraphy. Later, ore-controlling structures and
mineralization will form oblique to the Bootstap margin. (B) Phase 1 Antler orogeny, the Roberts Mountain allochthon is
emplaced eastward over the autochthonous slope and platform rocks on the Roberts Mountains Thrust (RMT). (C) Phase 2
thrusting is coaxial or more southeasterly-directed than Phase 1, folds and imbricates the RMT, and locally thickens/repeats
stratigraphy. (D) Intrusion of Jurassic intermediate to mafic stock and dikes, cutting Phase 2 folds and thrust surfaces. (E)
Southwest-northeast shortening forms reverse faults and coeaval broad northwest-trending upright folds during Phase 3
deformation. (F) Eocene extension and magmatism, normal faulting and mineralization are focused on pre-existing fold and
thrust geometries during extensional inversion.
144 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg

Figure 5. Geologic Map of the Spur Sub-district. Mine grid is a state plane NAD 27 projection, converted to feet, with
digits truncated.

assigning lithologies to formations have evolved significantly
during that time. In some cases, these criteria have evolved in
isolation, within a given deposit, or mine site. Historical desig-
nation of formations was based on mappable facies that can be
laterally traced over significant distances.
A significant issue in defining stratigraphy, and thereby
utilizing stratigraphic units to define the structural architecture
of favorable stratigraphic-structural locations for gold miner-
alization, is the common obscuring of primary local features
by alteration, dissolution and superposed fault disruption. Since
many of the Paleozoic carbonate slope rocks are texturally very
similar, it is often challenging to identify an individual forma-
tion or stratigraphic position in drill core, and even more dif-
ficult in RC or mud rotary holes. Complicating matters, vary-
ing levels of alteration, associated with multiple metasomatic
and intrusive events, mask key sedimentary structures. Finally,
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV 145

the long-lived structural history has overturned and/or repeated
stratigraphy, forming complex lithologic patterns which are
rarely or inconsistently recognized in drill logs. Collectively,
this results in drill logs that are highly variable, overly sim-
plified, often incorrect, and impossible to correlate across the
Carlin Trend.
Two approaches have helped to better address these issues:
(a) allostratigraphy, and (b) lithogeochemistry.
Allostratigraphic Application of Sequence Stratigraphy
Over the last 15+ years, the facies approach has given way
to the principles of allostratigraphy within a sequence strati-
graphic framework. While facies may vary both parallel and
perpendicular to the slope, sequence stratigraphy utilizes global
sea level high and low stands, which change the chemical in-
puts into system. The controlling inputs for fine-grained car-
bonate slope rocks are detrital, authogenic, and biogenic flux
(Sagemon and Lyons, 2003). The relative contribution of these
inputs varies through time and space. In a landmark compila-
tion paper, Cook (2015) demonstrated that sea level low-stand
systems tracts are characterized by discrete sedimentary fea-
tures which record aggradational, progradational, and retro-
gradational cycles that are time equivalent (isochrons) at the

Figure 6. Cross section A-A′ modified from Rhys and others 2015 (see Figure 5 for section location and stratigraphy
legend). (A) Formations and Au >1.0 g/t in drilling. (B) Location of drill holes with multi-element geochemistry, and
lithogeochemical trends used to update and/or confirm the section.
146 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg

Figure 7. Bluestar Ridge open pit and interpreted geology. (A) Cross section B-B′ (see Figure 5 for section location and
stratigraphy legend) showing formations and Au >1.0 g/t in drilling. (B) South facing photo of the Bluestar Ridge high-
wall (section B-B′ is in the foreground) and the newly interpreted Challah Phase 3 reverse fault.

district scale. The use of these isochron markers, and not so
much facies variation between them, forms an effective allos-
tratigraphic method to map and model the structural architec-
tures across the Trend.
Lithogeochemistry:
The use of lithogeochemistry provides a repeatable quan-
titative approach to the identification of chemical marker hori-
zons in drill holes that can be preserved even with the effects of
alteration. The standard collection of multi-element data since
2010 on the legacy Newmont properties has provided a large
geochemical dataset across most of the Carlin Trend. These
data are extremely helpful, although analyses are locally lim-
ited by elemental concentrations that are below or close to the
detection limit. In addition, lithogeochemical-alteration studies
also show patterns of elemental flux in Ca, As, Au, Sb, Hg), Se,
Ba, and Mg concentrations into and out of Carlin type deposits
(e.g. Cline and others, 2005). Consequently, while helpful in
defining alteration footprints, it is best practice to avoid these
elements for stratigraphic analysis, although in certain instanc-
es they aid in stratigraphic definition. For example, the Ca con-
tent of a partly decalcified rock would still indicate the calcare-
ous nature of the protolith. The largest handicap in the data to
date is due to the previous use of aqua regia partial digestion.
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV
This technique renders analyses for elements such as Zr, Hf,
U and the rare earth elements ineffective. It also limits the use
of elemental ratios in some lithologies to address the constant
sum effect of elemental abundance in open or partially open
systems (Aitchison, 1986). Moving forward, the use of 4-acid
digestion has now been adopted as standard practice along the
Carlin Trend, to partly overcome these issues.
Despite the issues in alteration effects and methodology,
several elemental concentrations and ratios have proven effec-
tive to develop a lithogeochemical-stratigraphic approach to
identify and track stratigraphic marker horizons on the Carlin
Trend. Effective use has been made of the following elements
and elemental suites in particular:
1. Ca and Sr: During original deposition, carbonate sediment
production is reduced or even terminated on the platform
during a low-stand sea level tract (Cook, 2015). Ca and Sr,
the latter which substitutes in the carbonate lattice, track
low-stand intervals (Arndt and others, 2016).
2. Al, Be, Ga and Li: A local tectonic event can generate to-
pography and can increase the relative siliciclastic contri-
bution to the sediments as well as a change in the sea level.
Al is present in many silicates and clay minerals and is im-
mobile (conserved) during alteration (Hofstra and Cline,
2000). Consequently, it represents the best candidate to
track primary siliciclastic input even in altered areas. Be,
Ga and Li are less abundant but display a similar trend as
Al, as they have similar ionic radiuses and therefore also
occur in the lattice of these minerals.
3. Elements associated with organic C: The deposition of black
mudstones during a sea level highstand is associated with en-
richment of V, As, Mo, Se, Ni, Ag and Zn, because the rela-
tively high amount of organic C acts as chemical trap (Large
and others 2010). While As and Ag are useable outside of
alteration zones, subsequent alteration and mineralization
mobilize them, rendering them incapable of reflecting the
primary rock signature (Cline and others 2005). During dia-
genesis, V accumulates in illite, Zn in sphalerite, and Ni, Mo,
and Se in pyrite. These minerals appear to have remained
immobile since then (Large and others 2010). Therefore, the
use of a “V-score” (V + Mo + Se + Ni + Zn) has been utilized
to recognize sea level high stands. The use of immobile (dur-
ing alteration) element ratios such as V/Cr or Ni/Co shows
similar trends, making their use more reliable than individual
elements variations in highly altered zones.
4. P: The solubility of P in the water column is sensitive to sea
level changes because upwelling of cold phosphorous-bear-
ing waters during sea level lowstand systems results in radio-
larian blooms (Blatt and others, 1980 and references therein),
thereby resulting in the accumulation of phosphate nodules
at the sediment/water interface (Cook, pers. comm., 2016).
For example, P blebs and nodules are visible at the top of
the Vinini, Popovich Upper Mud, and Planar members, the
top and base of the Silurian Roberts Mountains Formation,
147
and with the chert at the top of the Ordovician Hanson Creek
Formation (Figure 3).
5. V-Mg ratio: The abundance in V relative to Mg empirically
correlates with radiolarian cherts of Rodeo Creek member
3. A V-Mg ratio [Mg/(Mg + V)] has been utilized to iden-
tify this lithology (Arndt and others, 2016). This ratio is
extremely useful in RC holes where logging calls are highly
inconsistent because chert and silicified mudstones can be
visually difficult to distinguish.
6. Rare-earth elements: Rare-earth elements, most notably
Ce, prove to have a robust signal that, based on observed
patterns during this study, defines the contact between the
Rodeo Creek and Popovich formations (where detection
limits allow), specifically at 4-Corners in the Leeville area
(Figure 2).
Geochemical patterns and profiles using these criteria have
proven effective in refining and confirming structural models,
and ultimately in the construction of 3D models for resource
estimation and exploration targeting. Where discrepancies be-
tween historical drill hole logging and new mapping have been
apparent, the geochemical markers have often allowed a much
more effective structural interpretation, which locally has dra-
matically changed the geologic understanding.
Applications of the Combined Structural and
Lithostratigraphic Approach
Spur Sub-District
Rhys and others (2015) provided, at the time, a signifi-
cantly improved surface mapping and structural interpretation
for the Spur District, which is located in the northern portion
of the Carlin Trend and encompasses the Exodus Underground
and Genesis Open Pits (Figure 2). This 2015 work identified
multiple low-angle thrusts, overturned folds, and repeated stra-
tigraphy that had not been identified previously (Figure 6A).
Combined with lithogeochemical interpretation of drill holes,
this work has allowed projection of map and cross section in-
terpretations along strike, and at depth.
The initial application of the lithogeochemical signatures
in the Spur District focused on drill holes with multi-element
data located along two cross sections produced by Rhys and
others (2015) across the Genesis and Beast pits (Figure 6B). To
remove bias, lithogeochemical interpretation took place initial-
ly without referencing the cross sections. Utilizing ioGas soft-
ware, downhole drill plots of lithogeochemical signatures and
logging information were evaluated and reinterpreted. Samples
with logged igneous rocks were removed from the interpreta-
tion to allow focus on the primary sedimentary signature.
Rodeo Creek member 3, Popovich Upper Mud and Pla-
nar, and Ordovician Hanson Creek have easily identifiable geo-
chemical signatures in this area. The distinct V-Mg ratio (< 0.8)
of Rodeo Creek member 3 is thicker in multiple holes compared
148 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg
to documented stratigraphic thicknesses. When compared to the
Rhys and others (2015) surface mapping interpretation, drill-
ing geochemical patterns confirm a mapped fold and thrust se-
quence in the Rodeo Creek Formation west of the Genesis pit
in “Goldstar” (Figure 6B). Highs in the V-score and Ni/Co, V/
Cr ratios are diagnostic of the Popovich Upper Mud and Planar
units. V-score highs that define these stratigraphic patterns cor-
relate with folding that over-thickens the Popovich Upper Mud,
outlining the trends of the fold axes, and extending the patterns
of the previous interpretation to the north (Figure 6B).
The dolomitic Hanson Creek Formation does not crop out
at the surface in the Genesis area, and was not identified in
the original drill hole logging. The dolomite has distinct Mg
and Ca concentrations compared to the overlying siltstone and
limestone units. The Mg and Ca levels in drill holes imply the
existence of dolomitic Hanson Creek formation here below the
Silurian Roberts Mountain formation (Figure 6B), an observa-
tion that is supported by drill core photos. New mapping in the
footwall of the Post-Gen fault also displays overturned debris
flow channel scour of the Popovich Wispy unit, confirming the
overturned nature of the Genesis anticline (Caddey, 2004). Col-
lectively these observations confirm the inferred thrust (named
the Nova thrust) proposed in Rhys and others (2015) (Figures 5,
6A) and constrain the fold geometries at depth.
Ongoing open-pit mining in the Genesis area continues to
provide new exposures in areas with supporting lithogeochemical
information, thus enabling better interpretation. Along the eastern
portion of the Genesis pit, in the hanging wall of the Gen fault,
V-Mg ratios in drilling identified the presence of the Rodeo Creek
Formation where it had not been previously mapped or logged
(Figure 6B). Subsequent mapping confirms the presence of Ro-
deo Creek that was interpreted from lithogeochemistry, and defines
southeast dipping, structurally imbricated siliceous mudstone and
chert interpreted as Vinini and Rodeo Creek Formations within the
RMT zone. The southeast dip of the shear zone indicates the RMT
is folded. Previous surface interpretation placed a thicker Vinini
directly over Popovich. These new lithogeochemical and field in-
terpretations inform the 3D model to include the Rodeo Creek, and
raise the elevation of the RMT on the hanging wall of the Gen
fault, implying less separation along the Gen fault than was previ-
ously interpreted in this area. This implies that fault offset may be
accommodated over multiple structures in a stair-stepping fashion,
folding may account for the offset of matching formations drilled
in Little Boulder Basin at depth, or both if the fault zone is local-
ized along the steep fold limb.
Application of a lithogeochemical approach to the iden-
tification of stratigraphic marker units is problematic, and in
some cases impossible, in the metamorphic aureole around the
Goldstrike stock in the north and northeastern portion of the
Spur District. A suppressed geochemical signature is common
in many drill holes with significant hornfels contact metamor-
phism and/or metasomatism associated with the development
of calc-silicate mineral assemblages around the stock. Elemen-
tal peaks and ratios that are normally present in units such as
the Popovich Upper Mud and Planar units are subdued or non-
existent in this area. Overall, the concentration levels of most
elements are lower than in areas outside of the thermal aureole
of intrusion, suggesting that the alteration associated with the
stock resulted in silica lockup, thus amplifying the incomplete
digestion of the aqua regia analysis. Another hypothesis is that
depletion only affects certain elements during the metamor-
phism; however, this is less likely because all marker ratios and
elements in this area have suppressed signatures.
The lithogeochemical interpretation in the Genesis pit cor-
relates extremely well with the Rhys and others (2015) structural
interpretation. Notably, this locale is outside of the intense con-
tact metasomatism related to emplacement of the stock. Further
work in this area will include: additional ratios, utilizing 4-acid
digestion analytical results in areas with intense silicification, and
tracking of patterns from less affected rocks into their equivalents
within zones of hornfels and contact metasomatism.
Bluestar Ridge is a small oxide pit that was mined in 2017
and 2018 southwest of the Silverstar pit and east of the Castle
Reef fault (Figure 2). Historical surface mapping suggests the
area contains a structurally thinned section of west-dipping,
moderately folded stratigraphy from the Roberts Mountain to the
Rodeo Creek Formations. New exposures in the Bluestar Ridge
pit display intense polyphase fold and fault relationships, with
both upright and inverted Rodeo Creek and Popovich stratigra-
phy. The east half of the wall displays an inverted stratigraphy,
with north-northwest plunging, tightly folded Popovich units
above Rodeo Creek units (Figure 7). On the west pit wall stra-
tigraphy is upright, and also folded into a north-northwest plung-
ing orientation. The newly recognized “Challah” fault is steeply,
west-southwest dipping and juxtaposes and truncates folds. We
interpret the Challah fault to be a Phase 3 reverse fault, and the
tight to isoclinal folds in the footwall of Challah as Phase 2 fea-
tures that are structurally above the projected trace of the Revela-
tion thrust (Figures 5, 7). The steep nature of the axial planes
here suggest steepening during Phase 3 shortening, although we
do not observe any west-vergent structures east of these folds to
accommodate the steepening.
Prior to these observations along the Challah fault in Blue-
star Ridge, the effects of Phase 3 deformation had not been rec-
ognized this far west. The Challah fault is parallel to, and roughly
along strike of the Phase 3 West Bazza reverse fault to the north
in the Goldstrike pit (Figure 2). This observation implied that if
ore-controlling or hosting folds and faults are continuous along
this trend, exploration targets may lie in the connection between
them.
Leeville-Four Corners
The Leeville deposit contains tabular ore bodies that are
typically stratabound within favorable host lithologies. Analy-
sis of lithogeochemical signatures in this area began in 2016 in
an effort to improve upon the existing structural model, where
intense alteration and highly fractured rock have contributed to
inconsistencies in lithologic core logging. These inconsisten-
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV 149

cies in turn steered the geological model of Leeville toward the sion of structural patterns implied by Rhys and others (2015)
conclusion that numerous faults of various orientations were into this area.
present. However, with increased amounts of drilling it became The Jerry’s thrust is a mineralized, continuous, west-dip-
clear that the existing 3D model could be improved to be better ping feature exposed in the Dee Pit and Storm portal that is in
predictive of lithology and mineralization distribution. the footwall of the Dee fault, and which has emplaced Bootstrap
In the Four Corners area (Figure 2), lithogeochemical pat- Limestone-breccia-Rodeo Creek sequence over the RMA (Fig-
terns have proven to be especially effective in defining strati- ure 9). The footwall of the fault hosts gold at Dee and Storm;
graphic patterns despite strong metasomatism that has obscured however the fault was not previously projected east of the Dee
sedimentary features, thus resulting in inconsistent lithological deposit due to multiphase brecciation obscuring interpretations
logging of drill holes. The lithogeochemical patterns show sig- in logging. New core drill holes, relogging, and evaluation of
nificantly greater continuity of ore hosting lithologies than had historical logs in this breccia display the pattern of limestone
been previously interpreted, allowing removal of unnecessary over siliciclastic rocks that defines the thrust. This observation
normal fault complications in the deposit modelling. Subse- extends the thrust farther east than previously interpreted, to
quent drill hole results showed high-grade Au mineralization the Phase 3 area of the Arturo pit, and suggests it continues as a
in places that were not predicted by the previous model, which favorable mineralization trap (Figure 9).
was based solely on core logging (Figure 8A), but which are New mining exposures in the Phase 2 pit of the Arturo De-
more consistent with the presence of continuous lithological posit show that the upper plate Elder and Vinini Formations of
units in laterally continuous fold limbs and thrust panels. the RMA are in thrust contact along the Phase 1 RMT above
Utilizing the presence of Ce (>15 ppm) that is diagnostic the Rodeo Creek. The structural contact changes from west to
of the basal Rodeo Creek Formation contact with the underly- northeast dipping, indicating that the RMT is overturned (Fig-
ing Popovich Formation, the structural model of Four Corners ure 9). This observation is confirmed by new and historic drill
was re-interpreted to have a large fold in place of several nor- holes northeast of the pit that show the limb steepening to near
mal faults, with the outcome being highly predictive of lithol- vertical. The Rodeo Creek in this area above the Bootstrap
ogy and mineralization (Figure 8B). The reinterpretation al- platform margin is a highly deformed cataclasite interpreted as
lows the modelling of favorable stratigraphy without multiple
fault offsets, resulting in a significant increase in the continuity
of modelled Au mineralization, with a reduction of structural
complications. The patterns also imply that some areas that are
interpreted as faulting may instead represent the effects of fri-
ability related to alteration or drilling conditions, rather than the
presence of offsetting faults.
In addition to the work at Four Corners, other areas of the
Leeville deposit have effectively utilized Ni/Co, P, V-Mg ra-
tio, and locally U and Re, to define lithologies and improve the
structural model. The resulting model has enhanced the under-
standing of the deposit and generated new exploration targets
to expand the known footprint of the deposit. The patterns also
indicate that a model in favor of longer fold-thrust limbs and
panels, with reduced emphasis on younger high angle faults is
compatible with the geology at Leeville-Four Corners, which
was also an important interpretation of the Rhys and others
(2015) study of the Carlin Trend as a whole.

Northern Carlin Trend

At the northern extent of the Trend is the historic Dee Mine,
which was mined in the 1990s, the Storm underground portal
mine (mined between 2010 and 2013), and the Arturo deposit,
where open pit production began in 2015 and underground de-
velopment is underway (Figure 2). These deposits are east of
isochron 6 (Figure 2), hosted in the tectonized and brecciated
interface of Devonian Bootstrap Limestone ± Popovich Upper
Mud and Rodeo Creek (Figure 3). Newly exposed highwalls, Figure 8. Cross sections from the Four Corners area of Leeville, showing lithol-
continued exploration drilling, and reinterpretation of historical ogy and Ce concentration. A: previous interpretation with original log call and
data allowed new opportunities to assess the potential exten- Ce. B: New folded interpretation with log reinterpretation and Ce.
150 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg

Figure 9. Compilation map and cross section of the Dee-Arturo area, north Carlin Trend. Upper plate formations include
Devonian Slaven, Silurian Elder, and Ordovician Vinini. Post mineral cover includes Tertiary Carlin Formation, Quater-
nary alluvium, and mine dumps. Covered faults represent the trace of the fault at the erosional Carlin Formation-bedrock
contact based on 3D model projections built from drilling and mapping. Non-projected mine grid in feet

broad damage zone associated with the RMT. Highwall map-
ping shows the tectonic foliation is asymmetrically folded;
folds are overturned, tight to isoclinal, moderately northeast-
plunging, with southeast vergence. At the lower contact with
the Bootstrap Limestone, the lower sandy to silty portion of
the Rodeo Creek Formation is less deformed, and the Upper
Mud unit of the Popovich is locally preserved. Multi-meter-
scale slivers of Bootstrap Limestone are locally thrust into, and
imbricated with basal portion of the Rodeo Creek Formation.
The orebody is controlled by the southeast-dipping Hendrix
fault, and is offset along the east-dipping East Bounding nor-
mal fault (Figure 9). We interpret these observations to indicate
that Jerry’s thrust is a Phase 2 feature with significant reverse
imbrication of the RMT and the immediate lower plate below.
We also interpret the folding of the RMT to be accommodated
during this Phase 2 shortening, and the steep limb of the fold
controls the location of the East Bounding normal fault. These
are comparable geometries to those observed in the Genesis-
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV
Goldstrike area along the Post-Gen fault system, indicating that
these patterns may repeat and form ore-controlling geometries
that can be predictable in new target areas.
Maggie Creek Sub-District: Tusc Pit
The Tusc pit is northwest of Gold Quarry along strike of
the Good Hope fault, a northwest-trending Phase 3 reverse
feature (Figure 2) with at least 300 m of apparent offset (Har-
lan and others, 2002; Powell, 2007). Historical pit mapping of
the Tusc pit interpreted the Good Hope fault to juxtapose the
Roberts Mountain and Rodeo Creek Formations as a steeply
northeast-dipping reverse fault. New mapping of the histori-
cal exposures within the pit indicate a more complex history
that generates multiple interpretations. The dominant feature
that defines the long (~1 km) axis of the pit is a steeply north-
east-dipping fault. A half graben of Miocene Carlin Formation
volcaniclastic rocks which is preserved in the hanging wall of
this fault in the northwest corner of the pit indicates syn- or
post-Miocene displacement. All workers agree the footwall of
the fault is Rodeo Creek Formation steeply (> 80°) northeast-
dipping bedding. The Roberts Mountain Formation in the hang-
ing wall displays broad northwest-trending upright folds in the
upper northeast highwall, and cm- to m-scale asymmetric re-
cumbent southwest-vergent folds in the southeast corner of the
pit. Below these folds is a highly tectonized gouge zone with
two newly recognized exposures of the Rodeo Creek-Popovich
contact structurally beneath the Roberts Mountain Formation
(Essman, 2016; Figure 10). The Rodeo Creek–Popovich con-
tact has been structurally repeated, and the tectonized zone has
a mylonitic foliation that has been folded (Rhys and others,
2015). Mapping indicates that the thrust and mylonite are shal-
lowly northeast-dipping and cut by the aforementioned high-
angle, northeast-dipping fault (Figure 10). Au mineralization in
blast and drill holes indicates that both the high- and low-angle
northeast-dipping faults control mineralization (Figure 11) (Es-
sman, 2016).
The interpretation of the features described above is debat-
ed among the authors: interpretation 1 or 2. In interpretation 1
the high-angle fault with Miocene sediments in its hanging wall
is the Good Hope reverse fault, that was inverted in the Mio-
cene (this is compatible with the historic interpretation). The
low-angle deformation in its hanging wall that places the Si-
lurian Roberts Mountain Formation over the Devonian Rodeo
Creek-Popovich contact is an older, likely a Phase 1 or 2 thrust
feature. In interpretation 2 the high-angle fault is a normal fault,
parallel and proximal to the Hewetite normal fault that proj-
ects near the Tusc pit, and the low-angle features represent the
Good Hope fault and splays thereof. Arguments that favor in-
terpretation 1 are: the folded mylonitic nature of the low-angle
deformation is more compatible with Phase 1 or 2 deformation,
and the high-angle feature is mineralized (the Good Hope is
mineralized in Gold Quarry). Arguments that favor interpreta-
tion 2 are: the mappable trace of the Good Hope fault correlates
well with drilling and projects into the southeast corner of the
151
Tusc pit, and the normal offset mapped in the pit is traceable in
the drill logs south of Tusc towards Gold Quarry. This normal
fault is parallel to the Hewetite normal fault; however, Hewetite
is post-mineral at Gold Quarry.
Original pit mapping and earlier publications identified a
southeast-dipping, unnamed normal fault (Harlan and others,
2002), herein named the “Misfit” fault (Figure 10). The newly
recognized map patterns described above require the Misfit to
have reverse offset, as drill logs in the footwall interpret Rob-
erts Mountain structurally above Popovich about 180 meters
below the bottom of the pit (Figure 11B). If the Misfit inter-
pretation is correct, and the low-angle thrust is the Good Hope
fault, it represents an anomalous observation along the Carlin
Trend: a reverse sense structure offsetting a Phase 3 fault. The
fact that this is an anomaly may actually be the strongest evi-
dence that the low-angle feature may not be the Good Hope.
Another possibility is that the drilling within the footwall was
misinterpreted, because most holes are RC, and there is no geo-
chemistry data; with this misinterpretation, the Misfit could be
a normal fault. The Good Hope fault, and associated folds are
critical mineralization controls in the Maggie Creek sub-dis-
trict. Resolving cross-cutting relationships such as this one is
critical to understanding the structural architecture and tectonic
history, and therefore exploration potential in the Maggie Creek
sub-district. More work is needed to resolve these conflicting
interpretations.
DISCUSSION
The formation of the Nevada Gold Mines joint venture be-
tween Newmont Goldcorp and Barrick took place at the begin-
ning of this compilation update. The Rhys and others (2015)
study was compiled with separate input from Barrick and New-
mont co-authors. With the recent consolidation of operations,
the newly formed company now has access to all of the geo-
physics, geochemistry, mapping, and drilling along the entire
Carlin Trend. Furthermore, the merged geological teams are
now actively sharing their ideas and interpretations, inspiring
new discussions that integrate geological understanding ob-
tained from not only the trend, but across Nevada. The merging
of two world-class data sets into a singular entity is an enor-
mous task that at the time of this writing has only just begun. It
has spawned a renewed excitement to further the interpretations
and exploration applications of key ore-controlling features to
the identification of new orebodies.
One of the first steps to obtaining a unified interpretation
along the Carlin Trend is the application of allostratigraphy,
through sequence stratigraphy principles, to develop a correla-
tive stratigraphic column for all of the newly merged sites. In
conjunction with this, the lithogeochemical approach which
has proven useful at some of the legacy Newmont properties,
will be expanded across the entire trend. To avoid the limita-
tions of the aqua regia partial digestion, 4-acid digestion for
geochemical analysis has now been implemented for all proj-
152 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg

Figure 10. Geologic map of the Tusc pit (modified from Essman, 2016). Mine grid is a state plane NAD 27 projection,
converted to feet, with digits truncated.

ects moving forward. These data will support consistent inter-
pretation across all sites, and help see through intense areas of
alteration that obscure primary lithological features. Unravel-
ling the stratigraphic complications and inconsistencies will aid
in structural interpretations, and identification of favorable ore
hosts in future exploration efforts.
Two of the new compilation maps presented herein are
adjacent to historic company property lines, the Genesis area
map (Figure 5) abuts next to the Goldstrike deposit, and the
Arturo-Dee map (Figure 9) lies immediately north of the Boot-
strap-Capstone pit (Figure 2). Up to this time, the only map
interpretation across these zones has been at district-scale, such
as the compilation map by Harlan and others (2002). The newly
merged data set allows deposit-scale map data to be used in 3D
model interpretations in conjunction with drilling and geophys-
ics. These efforts are currently underway, but still in their infan-
cy; questions regarding structural and mineralization trends are
being answered and raised. Key deposit- to sub district-scale
ore-controlling structures that project between the Genesis and
Goldstrike areas include: 1) the west-southwest dipping J-Series
Jurassic dikes of the Screamer deposit and the Reindeer, Lobo,
and “Number” dikes (Nos. 3, 6, 9) of the Genesis area, 2) the
Post-Gen fault system, 3) the West-Bazza reverse fault in the
Goldstrike pit, and 4) the Stellar and Revelation thrust faults in
 Carlin Trend, Elko/Eureka Counties, NV 153

the Spur sub-district. Drilling is sparse on some of these struc-
tures along the former property line, and these areas may of-
fer growth opportunities. Key ore-controlling structures which
project between Bootstrap-Tara, Dee-Arturo and Goldstrike ar-
eas include: (1) west-southwest dipping dikes of Capstone and
Arturo, (2) the Jerry’s thrust fault at Dee-Arturo, and 3) the Tara
and Dee faults of the Tara and Dee pits. Better understanding of
the connections between, and the larger scale geometry of these
structures may identify new ore targets.
In the Genesis area (Figure 2), mining in the Goldstar pit
has further exposed the Stellar and Revelation thrust faults, cre-
ating new exposures which have helped reconcile some of the
historical interpretations with the Rhys and others (2015) inter-
pretation. The historically published No. 3, 6, and 9 dike-filled
faults (Harlan and others, 2002) exploit the steep overturned
limbs and/or axial planes of the Revelation and Ridge anticlines
within the pit, while the Lobo and Reindeer dike-filled faults
are correlative to the J-series dikes in the Screamer portion of
the Betze-Post pit to the north. The intersections of these dikes
with thrust planes are favorable sites for mineralization devel-

Figure 11. Cross section A-A′ and B-B′ showing interpretation 2 (see Figure 10 for section locations and stratigraphy leg-
end) in the Tusc pit (modified from Essman, 2016).
154 Gerry Griesel, Franck Valli, Jim Essman, David Rhys, Erin Hart, Allison Phillips, and Edward Berg
opment in Genesis area, just as the Jurassic dike intersections
with northwest-dipping normal faults are critical ore controls at
Screamer (Rhys and others, 2015). Work is currently underway
to evaluate the northern and southern extent of these features
for a unified map and model. A large amount of this area is
underlain by the Goldstrike stock; however, the full extent and
geometry of the stock are not completely understood. The rheo-
logical contrast between the stock and surrounding carbonate
rocks can result in changes in fault geometries and linkages,
and massive brecciation within the carbonates as strain is parti-
tioned into the weaker rock. Understanding the patterns of these
structures and the stock may aid in identification of high-grade,
small footprint deposits such as Deep Star, which are proximal
to the stock (Figure 2).
At the northern Carlin Trend in the Bootstrap window, the
Arturo area has been an active region for growth and develop-
ment over the past 15 years, while the Tara-Bootstrap-Capstone
area (Figure 2) has been landlocked and dormant for over 20
years. At Arturo-Storm-Dee the intersection of normal faults,
the Jerry’s thrust, and Jurassic dikes are key players for min-
eralization. Preliminary evaluation of drill and blast hole data
from the long-ago backfilled Capstone deposit shows similar
patterns of dikes and a Jerry’s-like thrust fault, suggesting simi-
lar controls. The integration of these structural features may
facilitate the development of down-dropped targets in the adja-
cent basins of the Bootstrap window.
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS
Ongoing work along the Carlin Trend demonstrates that
while the structural geology of the Trend is extremely complex,
the overall structural architecture and sequencing in any one
area are remarkably similar. Additionally, while the rocks can
be highly altered and tectonized, the primary sedimentary inputs
to stratigraphy are controlled by allostratigraphic patterns that
are also consistent and correlative at a sequence stratigraphic
level to other parts of northern Nevada. In the future, as we con-
tinue to refine our understanding of the Trend, the integration of
structure and lithogeochemistry is paramount to improving the
3D models, and therefore exploration targeting. The integration
of two mapping, drilling, and 3D modelling data sets derived
from the recent amalgamation of the mining properties offers
growth potential along a newly removed property line. Beyond
the incremental growth opportunities, the hope is that the in-
tegration of these data will illustrate a more complete picture,
like two halves of a jigsaw puzzle that are connected for the
first time. Using all these data will be key to understanding the
deeper, under-explored regions of Carlin Trend that exist below
thick Miocene cover and/or >300 meters of upper plate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Newmont Corporation, Barrick
Gold Corporation, and Nevada Gold Mines for access to data and
permission to share these data and conclusions presented here.
This compilation is the product of the efforts of numerous people
that have worked on the Carlin Trend over the years, and offered
countless hours of discussion, geologic knowledge and data, in-
cluding: Kerry Hart, Harry Cook, Kiel Arndt, Doug Eck, Paul
Dobak, Scott Briscoe, Kevin Creel, Rachel Burgess, Jon Powell,
Jerry Potter, Wilson Bonner, Dean Heitt, and Charles Weakly.
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