INTRODUCTION TO

STEEL
ARC136 STEEL & TIMBER DESIGN

PREPARED BY: ENGR. NESLYN LOPEZ

The structural design of
buildings, whether of structural
steel or reinforced concrete,
requires the determination of
the overall proportions and
dimensions of the supporting
framework and the selection of
the cross sections of individual
members.
Idealized structure
• The horizontal members AB and BC are subjected primarily to
bending, or flexure, and are called beams.
• The member BD is subjected only to axial compression arising
from the vertical loads; referred to as columns.
The two vertical members, AE and CF, must resist not only axial
compression from the vertical loads but also a significant amount of
bending. Such members are called beam-columns.
Assume dimensions, structural conditions and cross sections

Structural Analysis

Selection of cross sections to satisfy structural requirements

Does the design violate the initial assumptions?

YES NO

Final Design
 Strength
Serviceability

Optimal design

Economy
Structural Loads
LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the
weight of all building materials, occupants and their
possessions, environmental effects, differential
movements, and restrained dimensional changes.

Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over

time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are
variable loads.
Structural Loads
• DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and
fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other
structure.

• LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by the use and

occupancy of the building or other structure and do not
include dead load, construction load, or environmental
loads such as wind load, earthquake load and fluid load.
Structural Loads
• WIND LOADS are in the form of pressure or suction on
the exterior surfaces of the building. They cause
horizontal lateral loads (forces) on the structure, which
can be critical for tall buildings. Wind loads also cause
uplift of light roof systems.

• ROOF LIVE LOAD are live loads on the roof caused

during the design life by planters, people, or by workers,
equipment, & materials during maintenance.
• D = dead load.
• E = earthquake load set forth in
Section 208.5.1.1.
• Em = estimated maximum
earthquake force that can be
developed in the structure as set
forth in Section 208.5.1.1.
• F = load due to fluids with well-
defined pressures and maximum
heights.
• H = load due to lateral pressure of
soil and water in soil.
• L = live load, except roof live load,
including any
• permitted live load reduction.
• Lr = roof live load, including
any permitted live load
reduction.
• P = ponding load.
• R = rain load on the undefected
roof.
• T = self-straining force and
effects arising from contraction
or expansion resulting from
temperature change,
shrinkage, moisture change,
creep in component materials,
movement due to differential
settlement, or combinations
thereof.
• W = load due to wind pressure.
Building Codes & Design Specifications
• Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, American

Concrete Institute (ACI)

• Manual of Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel Construction

(AISC)

• Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO)

• National Design Specification for Wood Construction, American

Forest and Paper Association (AFPA)

Building Codes & Design Specifications
• Manual for Railway Engineering, American Railway Engineering

Association (AREA)

• National Building Code of the Philippines

• National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)

Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• Steel exhibits desirable physical properties that makes it

one of the most versatile structural material in use.

• Its great strength, uniformity, light weight, ease of use,

and many other desirable properties makes it the
material of choice for numerous structures such as steel
bridges, high rise buildings, towers, and other structures.
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

Bridge Warehouse
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

Sports Complex Transmission

Towers
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• High Strength
✓the weight of structure that made of steel will be
small

• Uniformity
✓ properties of steel do not change as oppose to
concrete.
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• Ductility
✓Steel can withstand extensive deformation without
failure under high tensile stresses.

• Toughness
✓ Strong
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• Additions to Existing Structures

✓New bays or even entire new wings can be added to

existing frame buildings

✓Steel bridges may easily be widened

Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material
• Maintenance Cost
✓Susceptible to corrosion when exposed to air, water,
and humidity.
✓Must be painted periodically.

• Fireproofing Cost
✓ Steel is incombustible, but its strength is reduced at
high temperatures due to common fires.
Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• Susceptible to Buckling
✓As the length and slenderness of a compressive
column is increased, its danger of buckling
increases.

• Fatigue
✓ the strength of structural steel member can be
reduced if this member is subjected to cyclic loading.
Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• Brittle Fracture

✓Steel may lose its ductility at very low

temperatures, brittle fractures may occur at places

of stress concentration.
Early Uses of Iron and Steel
• 1777-1779 : Metal as structural material began with cast
iron, used on a 100 ft (30 m) arch span, which was built in
England

• 1780-1820 : A number of cast iron bridges was built

during this period.

• 1840 : Wrought iron began replacing cast iron soon.

• 1846-1850 : The Brittania Bridge over Menia Strait in

Wales was built.
Early Uses of Iron and Steel
• 1855 : Development of the Bessemer process, which help
producing steel in large quantities and at cheaper prices.

• 1989 : Steel shapes having yield strength of 24,000 to

100,000 psi were produced.
Steel Classifications
• Built-Up
➢produced by plates welding together into the desired
shape and are limited to the use of plates having a
thickness greater than or equal to 6 mm.

• Cold-Formed
➢Formed by passing the flat steel products in rolls or by
press brake bending.
➢Divided into two classes: plate & light gage
Steel Classifications
• Cold-Formed
➢Cold-Formed Plate:
• Thickness greater than or equal to 6 mm.
• The following thickness (mm) were adopted:
6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32, 40, 45
➢Cold-Formed Light Gage:
• Thickness less than or equal to 6 mm.
• The following thickness (mm) were adopted:
2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6
Steel Classifications
• Rolled
➢produced by passing red-hot blooms or billet steel
through rolls until the desired shape is attained

• Metal Decks or Panels

➢Roofing, siding or wall and floor panels of various
profiles, coating, and base materials, belong to this
classification.
➢Materials used are normally steel, aluminium and
sometimes stainless steel.
Steel Classifications and designation
Steel Section and Properties
Stress-Strain Relationships
Stress-Strain Relationships in
Modern Structural Steel
 Yield Point of Modern Steels
➢ In the past, a structural carbon steel designated as
A36 ( Fy = 36 ksi ) was the commonly used
structural steel.
➢ Today, a steel having Fy = 50 ksi can be produced
and sold at almost the same price as 36 ksi steel.
➢ Structural steels are generally grouped into several
major ASTM classifications:
Stress-Strain Relationships in
Modern Structural Steel
 Yield Point of Modern Steels
➢ The carbon steels A36, A53, A500, A501 and A529.
➢ The high-strength low alloy steels A572, A618, A913,
and A992.
➢ The corrosion resistant high-strength low-alloy steels
A242, A588, and A847
Properties Modern Structural Steel
 The properties of steel used can be greatly changed by
varying the quantities of carbon present and adding
other elements such as
➢ Silicon
➢ Nickel
➢ Manganese, and
➢ Copper
A steel having a significant amount of these elements is
referred to as an alloy steel.
Properties Modern Structural Steel:
Uses of High-Strength Steels
 Factors that Lead to the use of high-strength steels:
➢ Superior corrosion resistance
➢ Possible savings in shipping, erection, and
foundation costs caused by weight savings.
➢ Use of shallow beams permitting smaller floor
depths
➢ Possible savings in fireproofing because smaller
members can be used.
Different grades of structural steel are identified by the
designation assigned them by the American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM).
Standard cross-sectional shapes
Standard cross-sectional shapes
Standard cross-sectional shapes
Built-up sections
Steel Sections
Design philosophies
• Required strength ≤ available strength

• In allowable strength design (ASD), a member is selected that has

cross-sectional properties such as area and moment of inertia that
are large enough to prevent the maximum applied axial force, shear,
or bending moment from exceeding an allowable, or permissible,
value. This allowable value is obtained by dividing the nominal, or
theoretical, strength by a factor of safety.
Allowable strength design (ASD)
Allowable strength design (ASD)
• This approach to design is also called elastic design or
working stress design.

• Working stresses are those resulting from the working

loads, which are the applied loads. Working loads are
also known as service loads.

• Plastic design is based on a consideration of failure

conditions rather than working load conditions.
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD)

It is similar to plastic design in that strength, or the failure

condition, is considered. Load factors are applied to the
service loads, and a member is selected that will have
enough strength to resist the factored loads. In addition,
the theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the
application of a resistance factor.
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD)

Factored load ≤ factored strength

LOAD FACTORS, RESISTANCE FACTORS,
AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR LRFD
Load Combinations for LRFD
Safety factors and load combinations
for ASD
Load Combinations for ASD
END ☺
Next Topic: TENSION MEMBERS