Oaga `amrl

`amr
pcrc trcmciiccr `cs
l
Hugdalgns
Nindutavcs
 d l g ea d al g ns
Uároagls y
en usl
Nstn prleudtl punen snr uta`azcel plr `c pnrslgc qun `l ensdcrbun sl`l
pcrc usl pnrslgc` l ng su d`csn.

Gagbugc pcrtn en nstn trcmcil punen snr rnprleudaec, eastramuaec l

trcgsoataec sag n` pnroasl plr nsdratl en `ls cutlrns en dcec cdtavaece,
nstl agd`uyn `c pum`adcdaôg en nstn octnrac` ng agtnrgnt en duc`quanr hlroc
(nxdnptl
(nxdnptl ng pãbagcs en
e n trcmcil dlg n` c`uogcel).

¡Nspnrcols qun nstn octnrac` tn rnsu`tn ouy ùta`!

qun jcg pcrtadapcel

Vnrslgcs
Nstn oaga `amrl jc sael ocquntcel plr Fprlhndrastagc pnrl `cs cdtavaecens
jcg sael drncecs plr oudjcs pnrslgcs dlg bcgcs en dlopcrtar sus aencs y
rndursls. Ng `c nsquagc aghnralr azquanrec en dcec cdtavaece plerãs vnr
quaág `c jc n`cmlrcel, y sa dlopcrtns tus rnsu`tcels ng `cs rnens, enmnrãs
ongdalgcr`c y jcdnr rnhnrngdac c su aenc lrabagc`.

@cs pnrslgcs qun jcg pcrtadapcel ng `c drncdaôg en nstn `amratl GL TLOLT

NZVN]UCT
NZVN]U CT ng hugdalgns nindutavcs, sagl prlhnsalgc`ns en `c neudcdaôg, qun
jnols agtngtcel enscrrl``cr ugc snran en cdtavaecens qun dlgtramuycg c`
trcmcil en nstls prldnsls dlbgatavls.
 ¼Suá slg<
Hugdalgns
Nindutavcs
N` tároagl hugdalgns nindutavcs jcdn rnhnrngdac c ug dlgiugtl en prldnsls
dlbgatavls gndnscrals pcrc rnc`azcr tcrncs dlop`nics earabaecs c ug lmintavl
(Crãg, =633) y qun hcda`atcg `c cecptcdaôg en` ageavaeul c satucdalgns gunvcs
y dlop`nics (]lssn``a, Iurcel y Octutn, =66:).
C`bugcs en `cs hugdalgns nindutavcs slg (]lssn``a nt c`., =66:; Crãg, =633;
]nstrnptl, Dc`vcdja, Dcgl y ]uaz, =63:)9
- V`cga󰁨adcdaôg9 dcpcdaece pcrc aengta󰁨adcr y lrbcgazcr ugc tcrnc dlg n` 󰁨ag
en `lbrcr ugc ontc nspndï󰁨adc.
- H`nxama`aece dlbgatavc9 jcma`aece pcrc olea 󰁨adcr rãpaecongtn `cs
rnspunstcs l nstrctnbacs nop`ncecs cgtn ugc satucdaôg.
- H`uaenz vnrmc`9 jcma`aece en cddnsl c` `áxadl y prleuddaôg en pc`cmrcs.
- Dlgtrl` ctngdalgc`9 ctngdaôg sn`ndtavc y ocgtngaec, csï dlol `c
dcpcdaece pcrc agjamar dloplrtcoangtls cutloãtadls n arrn`nvcgtns.
- Onolrac en trcmcil9 ondcgasol en c`ocdngcoangtl qun ocgtangn `c
aghlrocdaôg c `c qun n` ageavaeul jc ctngeael, plr ug mrnvn tanopl, pcrc
qun punec prldnscrsn (Ctkagslg y Tjastrag, 318:; datcel ng N``as, =66>).

]NHN]NGDACT
N``as, I. (=66>). Cprngeazcin juocgl
juocgl. Ocerae9 Vncrslg Neudcdaôg.

Ha`appntta,
ng X. C.`ctaglconradcgc
X.
psadl`lbïc (=633). Hugdalgns (3), 1:󰀯334 ng gaóls nsdl`crazcels9 nhndtls en `c nece y en` nstrctl sldalndlgôoadl. Cvcgdns
, =1nindutavcs
]nstrnptl, B., Dc`vcdja, @., Dcgl, A.D. y ]uaz, C.@. (=63:). @cs hugdalgns nindutavcs y `c `ndturc9 rnvasaôg sastnoãtadc en `c
`atnrcturc. Aghlrons Vsadl`ôbadls, 1(=), :3󰀯15.
]lssn``a, O., Iurcel, O.M., y Octutn, N. (=66:). @cs hugdalgns nindutavcs c trcvás en `c vaec. ]nvastc Gnurlpsadl`lbïc,
Gnurlpsaquactrïc y Gnurldangdac, : (3), =4󰀯58.
 Ïgeadn
en c d ta v ae
a ec ens
Tlols entndtavns 3y=

¡Cddaôg! 4

¼H`ltc l sn jugen< 5

Onolrac y lrbcgazcdaôg en aencs >y8

Entndtavns en… 2
¼Suaág ns n` ongtarlsl<
ongtarlsl< :

Oãxaol dlgtrl` 1 y 36

¡Ctngdaôg! 33

Ylrrl en pcparlh`nxac 3= y 34

^gc dcrtc pcrc ta 35 y 3>

Onolry 38

Jlrcral 32 y 3:

Dcec oldjun`l c su l`avl 31 y =6

@ls cstnrlaens =3

Dlgstruddaôg en pc`cmrcs == y =4
 Ïgeadn
en c d ta v ae
a ec ens
Taoôg eadn =5 y =>

Tá n` oãs rãpael =8

Ns l gl ns =2 y =:

Tuelku9 Tupnr Ocral Mrls =1

Vc`cmrcs enspastcecs 46

Cyuec c `ls cgaoc`ns 43

Ctrcpc `ls gùonrls

gùonrls 4=

Ninrdada
inrdadals
ls en sndungda
sndungdacdaôg
cdaôg 44

Liatls cmanrtls qun oarcg ctngtls 45

Onolry en sa`untcs 4>

Gls vcols en dloprcs 48 y 42

@ctnrc`azce 4:

Urns ng rcyc 41

Dl`lrnc dlol Ãgbn`c 56

¼Onolrazcr y lpnrcr< 53 y 5=
 Ïgeadn
en c d ta v ae
a ec ens

Cdtavc rutagc 54 y 55

Vrnpcrcols
Vrnpcr cols n` nqua
nquapc
pcin
in 5> y 58

¡C plr `c ontc! 52 y 5:

Lsl enslrenglsl 51

Elmm`n en hrutcs >6 y >3

¼Eôgen nstãg `ls olgstruls< >= y >4

¡Xcolss c dlgt
¡Xcol dlgtcr
cr ugc
ugc jastlrac! >5 y >>

Dl`lrns, gùonrls y hlrocs >8 y >2

Ucrintcs en onolrac >: y >1

¡C mca`cr! 86 y 83

V`cgncgel oa tcren 8=

Tabun `cs agstruddalgns 84

Ucrnc snocgc` 85 y 8>

Aocbagc, aocbagc 88
 Tlols entndtavns
En > c 1 cóls 3> - =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Csldacdaôg en aencs, agjamadaôg y tloc en endasalgns.

nindutavcs

- Aopraoar n` crdjavl ceiugtl (pagdjc ng `c gumn)

- ]ltu`celr l ml`ïbrchl.
Ta quanrns rnuta`azcr n` octnrac`9
- Hugec en p`ãstadl trcgspcrngtn l ery nrcsn pldknt.
- ]ltu`celrns pazcrrc m`cgdc y mlrrcelr.

Vcrc rnc`azcr nstc cdtavaece, enmáas dlgvnrtarls ng entndtavns pcrc ngdlgtrcr

y dlgtcr n` gùonrl en n`nongtls qun sn ls paeng, pnrl duaecel, jcy c`bugl
qun agtngtcrã ngbcócrls.

Aopraon n` crdjavl ceiugtl y prnpcrc n` octnrac`.

3= Ta quanrns vl`vnr c uta`azcr n` octnrac`, ontn `c jlic aoprnsc ng ugc

hugec en p`ãstadl trcgspcrngtn l ng ug ery nrcsn pldknt pcrc plenr
pagtcr ngdaoc sag ngsudacr `c 󰁨adjc.

4 Hïictn ng quá n`nongtls slg abuc`ns c `ls qun gls ageadc `c 󰁨adjc ng `c
pcrtn aghnralr.

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fcu`cenbcoa󰁨adcdalg

 Tlols entndtavns
]leác`ls y plstnralrongtn, duágtc`ls pcrc plgnr ng `c dcsa``c en

cmcil n` gùonrl tltc`.

5
> Ducgel jcycs tnroagcel `c praonrc 󰁨adjc, pcsc c `c sabuangtn y, csï
sudnsavcongtn.

8 Ta dlgsabuns ngdlgtrcr tlels, jcmrãs enolstrcel snr ug brcg

entndtavn. ¡Ngjlrcmungc!

trl y du ngtl
Mu sdl ngdung
ls entn dtavns Tlols
Tlo entndtav
ns  Musdl
ngdungtr
l y dung
tl 

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fcu`cenbcoa󰁨adcdalg

 ¡Cddaôg!
Ulecs `cs necens = - 4 oagutls

Hugdalgns Agadacdaôg en tcrnc.

nindutavcs

Gl sn gndnsatc gagbùg octnrac` pcrc nstc cdtavaece.

Vrnpcrcols c gunstrc ongtn y dunrpl pcrc rnc`azcr duc`quanr cdtavaece,

dlgsastn ng rn`cicrgls y prnpcrcrgls pcrc n``l. Taop`nongtn dngtrcols
gunstrc ngnrbïc ng `cs ocgls y ecols pnqunóls bl`pndatls c `c onsc
dlgtcgel dcec bl`pn dlg dcec enel, oangtrcs rnsparcols pcuscecongtn,
dlgtcols jcstc eanz y yc nstcols `astls pcrc dlongzcr.

3 Dlgdágtrctn ng ta y tu rnsparcdaôg.

= Vlg `cs ocgls slmrn ugc supnr 󰁨adan p`cgc.

4 Nopanzc c ecr tlquns dlg `ls enels nopnzcgel plr `ls onóaquns en
dcec ocgl, oangtrcs rnsparcs prlhugecongtn.

Dungtc eanz rnsparcdalgns, `l qun suplgng els bl`pns dlg dcec

enel en comcs ocgls. Vunen cyuecr qun ug ceu`tl dungtn jcstc

5 eanz ng vlz c`tc.

4

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdn`acscgdjlpsadlpnecblbc

 ¼H`ltc l sn jugen<
Ensen = cóls 3> - =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Uloc en endasalgns, p`cga 󰁨adcdaôg y 󰁨`nxama`aece

nindutavcs dlbgatavc.

- Dungdl
- Cbuc
- Lmintls eavnrsls (``cvns, jlics, tcplgns, olgnecs...)

Nxpnraongtcols quá n`nongtls dcsnrls 󰁨`ltcg y duã`ns sn jugeng.

Vlenols uscr tlels `ls n`nongtls qun qunrcols.

@`ngcr n` dungdl dlg cbuc y musdcr lmintls

3= Agtrleudar `ls lmintls ng n` cbuc.

4 Cgc`azcr sa 󰁨`ltcg l gl.

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr F`cd`csnenaghcgta`ng

F`cd`csnenaghcgta`ngab
ab
Cdtavaece
Cdtava ecens
ns pcrc `c onolrac
onolrac
y lrbcgazcdaôg en aencs.
Ulecs `cs necens = oagutls dcec cdtavaece.

Hugdalgns Onolrac y lrbcgazcdaôg en aencs.

nindutavcs

Enpngen en `c cdtavaece pnrl gcec ng dlgdrntl (`nn mang

`cs agstruddalgns en dcec ugc en `cs cdtavaecens).

Nstcs mrnvns cdtavaecens prneasplgng c `c onilrc en `c dcpcdaece en

onolrac y `c lrbcgazcdaôg en `cs aencs pltngdacgel en nstc ocgnrc hcda`atcr
`ls eahnrngtns tapls en onolrazcdaôg.

Cdtavaece ouy sngda``c, cmraols ug crocral l agd`usl `c gnvnrc, n`

3 gaól enmn onolrazcr 4 prleudtls c` ongls y dcec vnz ar

cuongtcgel n` gùonrl en lmintls. Cenoãs plenols
plstnralrongtn lrengcr`cs c`hcmátadcongtn.

Nstn ninrdadal
oneacdlgsastn ng pcscel
vasuc`azcr eahnrngtns aoãbngns c ugc

= vn`ldaece dlgstcgtn, ug oagutl n` gaól/c enmn nsdramar

`c ocylr dcgtaece en eamuils l aoãbngns, (sa n` gaól/c gl scmn
nsdramar plenols jcdnr nstc cdtavaece eadangel `cs aoãbngns qun
rndunrec).

4 En `c oasoc ocgnrc qun n` ninrdadal cgtnralr, pnrl dlg pc`cmrcs

nsdratcs ng els dl`uogcs, ug oïgaol en 36 pc`cmrcs. Dlg ug oagutl
en tanopl pcrc onolrazcr`cs.

>

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdn`acscgdjlpsadlpnecblbc

Cdtavaecens
Cdtavaecens pcrc `c onolrac
onolrac
y lrbcgazcdaôg en aencs.
Tn ounstrcg ugc snran en lmintls eahnrngtns, dlg nstls lmintls
iubcrnols c lrengcr`ls(plr tcocóls, plr dl`lrns, plr hlrocs, plr
lreng c`hcmntadl... (Duc`quanr prnoasc qun sn gls ldurrc).
5
> Dlg ug `ïoatn en tanopl pnear`n c` gaól/c qun ngdungtrn agtrusls ng
ugc snran en pc`cmrcs l eamuils, nstc cdtavaece ns ouy mungc tcomaág
pcrc gaóls dlg UECJ, onilrc `c dlgdngtrcdaôg y ctngdaôg.

^ta`azcgel drudabrcocs l slpcs en `ntrcs, `aoatcdaôg en tanopls

pltngdacgel cenoãs en `c dcpcdaece en onolrac, `c ctngdaôg y
8 dlgdngtrcdaôg.

2 Eamuils en ugar plr gùonrls, ns ugc cdtavaece ouy hcvlrndnelrc

pcrc `cs hugdalgns nindutavcs y jcy brcg vcranece en plsama`aecens y
en eahnrngtns gavn`ns ng Agtnrgnt.

Olstrcr ug lmintl eurcgtn ugls 46 snbugels, nsdlgenr`l y enspuás

: prnbugtcr`n c`bl dlgdrntl (en quá dl`lr ns, quá gùonrl cpcrndn,
tangn `ntrcs,...) ng hugdaôg en `c nece en` gaól/c sn puneng dlop`adcr
oãs l ongls `cs prnbugtcs.

N` gaól/c dlg `ls lils dnrrcels, ducgel `ls cmrn, `n olstrcols ugc
dcgtaece entnroagcec en lmintls, (dnrrcols `ls lils en gunvl) y

1 plenols jcdnr vcracs dlscs9 3. Enslrengcr`ls y n` gaól/c enmn

lrengcr`ls ng `c plsadaôg agadac`. =. Suatcols c`bùg lmintl y
prnbugtcols duã` hc`tc. 4. Cóceaols c`bùg lmintl y prnbugtcols
duc` slmrc... (jcy c`bugc plsama`aece oãs, ns vã`aec duc`quanr
vcranece) 8

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdn`acscgdjlpsadlpnecblbc

 Entndtavns en…
En 4 c 3= cóls Ensen > oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil n agjamadaôg en rnspunstc.

nindutavcs

Gl sn gndnsatc gagbùg octnrac` pcrc nstc cdtavaece.

Lpdalgc`9 sn punen uscr ugc `upc n`cmlrcec plr n` prlpal
gaól/c.

Dlol mung entndtavn jcmrã qun musdcr sabuangel `cs dlgsabgcs.

3 Ecr `c dlgsabgc pcrc `c mùsqunec. Ni9 lmintls dlg hlroc rnelgec,

lmintls en dl`lr rlil...

Musdcr n`nongtls qun duop`cg `c dlgsabgc y cbrupcr`l l jcdnr`ns

= hltls l cpugtcr`ls ng ug pcpn`...

Gavn` oneal-eahïda`9 enpngeangel en `c nece l gavn` en enscrrl``l en`

4 gaóF sn punen cuongtcr `c ea󰁨adu`tce en `c cdtavaece cop`acgel n`

gùonrl en dlgsabcs en `c mùsqunec. Ni9 n`nongtls dlonstam`ns en
dl`lr vnren, lmintls rndtcgbu`crns en dl`lr m`cgdl, lmintls sucvns y
rlils...

Vcrc ocylr ea󰁨adu`tce sn punen plgnr tanopl `ïoatn c `c tcrnc y

dlgtcma`azcr n` gùonrl en n`nongtls ngdlgtrcels.
5
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr F`lktndungtl.pt
2
 ¼Suaág ns n` ongtarlsl<
En 8 c : cóls =6 - 46 oagutls

Hugdalgns Vnrsastngdac earabaec c `c ontc.

nindutavcs

- Ml`ïbrchl l rltu`celr
rltu`celr..
- VEH en agstruddalgns (pagdjcr ng `c gumn pcrc ensdcrbcr).

Iunbl pcrc trcmcicr `c dlgdngtrcdaôg, ctngdaôg y easdraoagcdaôg en lmintls,

gùonrls y `ntrcs.

3 @nnr `cs agstruddalgns en` elduongtl ng VEH qun sn ceiugtc.

= Aopraoar l ensdcrbcr n` elduongtl.

4 @nnr `ls ngugdacels en `cs tcrintcs.

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fgneudcc

 Oãxaol
Oãx aol dlg
dlgtrl
trl``
8 cóls l oãs 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Agjamadaôg en dlgeudtc, cutlrrnbu`cdaôg, ctngdaôg y

nindutavcs onolrac en trcmcil.

- Oôva`, tcm`nt u lrengcelr elgen punecs vnr `c

prnsngtcdaôg.
- Ensdcrbc `c prnsngtcdaôg en eacplsatavcs pagdjcgel ng
`c gumn.
- Vrnsngdac en ug ceu`tl l c`buang ocylr
ocylr..

Vcrc rnc`azcr nstc cdtavaece enmnrãs dlgtrl`cr c` oãxaol tus aopu`sls. @nn
ctngtcongtn `cs agstruddalgns, c oneaec qun cpcrnzdcg aoãbngns, enmnrãs
rnc`azcr `l qun sn tn ageadc. Vunens prcdtadcr ugcs ducgtcs vndns cgtns en`
ninrdadal. N` pcern/ocern/jnrocgl/jnrocgc… pcscrã `cs eacplsatavcs en `c
prnsngtcdaôg. Ulels puneng pcrtadapcr.
pcrta dapcr.

Cmrar `c prnsngtcdaôg.
3
= @nnr `cs agstruddalgns.

Vrcdtadcr ug pldl.

4
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fgnurlgnctn
1

Mcscec ng9 Lrangtcdaôg Cgeùicr

 Oãxaol
Oãx aol dlg
dlgtrl
trl``
Tnbuar `cs agstruddalgns c oneaec qun cpcrndng `cs aoãbngns.

5
> ¡Vunen pcrtadapcr tlec `c hcoa`ac!

Enspuás en jcmnr rnc`azcel `c

cdtavaece ugc l els vndns, sn
punen cuongtcr `c ea󰁨adu`tce
8 cbrnbcgel tanopl c `c oasoc.
Vlr ninop`l9 n` qun tnroagn ng
ongls tanopl, bcgc.

36

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fgnurlgnctn Mcscec ng9 Lrangtcdaôg Cgeùicr

 ¡Ctngdaôg!
En 8 c 3= cóls > - 46 oagutls

Hugdalgns Agjamadaôg en rnspunstc y onolrac en trcmcil.

nindutavcs

Gl sn gndnsatc gagbùg octnrac` pcrc nstc cdtavaece.

Ng nstc cdtavaece enmnrãs nstcr ouy ctngtl c `cs pc`cmrcs l bnstls d`cvns y
rnc`azcr`ls ducgel dlrrnsplgec.

3 Nstcm`ndnr `cs pc`cmrcs l bnstls "d`cvns" cgtn `ls qun jcy qun
rncddalgcr (jcdnr l endar c`bl) y quá jcy qun jcdnr. Ninop`l9 ducgel
eabc pnrrl jcy qun `cercr
` cercr,, ducgel `nvcgtn `c ocgl sn ec ug sc`tl, ntd.

Lpdaôg 39 dlgtcr l `nnr ugc jastlrac agtrleudangel `ls bnstls l

= pc`cmrcs d`cvns cdlrecels c` agadal en` iunbl. Ng n` olongtl ng qun

sn eabcg `cs pc`cmrcs l sn jcbcg `ls bnstls enmn/enmng jcdnr l endar
`c cddaôg l pc`cmrc/s
pc`cmrc/slgael
lgael cdlrecels.

4 Lpdaôg =9 ar eadangel `cs pc`cmrcs "d`cvns" l jcdangel `ls bnstls

"d`cvns" jcstc qun gl sn cdanrtn. Ta sn iunbc dlg vcrals iubcelrns
punen arsn n`aoagcgel c `ls iubcelrns snbùg vcycg hc``cgel.

33

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr F`lktndungtl.pt

 Ylrrl en pcparlh`nxac
En 1 c 3= cóls =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil y 󰁨`nxama`aece.

nindutavcs

- ^g hl`al.
- ^g rltu`celr.

Dlg `c pcparl󰁨`nxac plenols drncr `l qun qunrcols. Vnrl vcols c

dlongzcr drncgel ug zlrrl. @c ea 󰁨adu`tce nstã ng qun sl`l tn ecrá `cs
agstruddalgns pcrc jcdnr`l.

3 @nn ctngtcongtn `cs agstruddalgns

agstrudd algns cgtns en nopnzcr.

Dlbn ug hl`al y rnc`azc `cs agstruddalgns qun tangns c dlgtagucdaôg

(pagdjc slmrn `c aocbng pcrc vnr oãs brcgen).

= =. Elm`

4. D
 DG 

l b
`c

n `
n  
CAH@NAC

3. Jc g dcel en 36 l3 dlg `c

 a gc 
aghnal. Un nec g
c
agb`l.
n
 p n 

agc pnal 
a
6 do.

l ng n`
elm`c` j c cmciill, ii
c 
mlen.
5. Elm`c `c nagc enndj c jcdac
c  a mc 16 b  c e l .
c jcdac
>. Elm`c `c nagc aan.e
cmciill 16 bcel
adn
8. Ec`n `c n`c, ng n` ca 
aghnal e am  c
ic
i  g c g
ngdaoc gl liill.
2. Qc a ng n   ll en pcpalh`nac

Ducgel jcycs cdcmcel, pcsc c `c sabuangtn jlic y dloprunmc sa `l

jcs rnc`azcel mang.
4
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fensenugdrc
3=

Mcscec ng9 Ougel Vraocrac

 Ylrrl en pcparlh`nxac

C JS L^]N CJDCLTOJVN]D^JN LM C
MANG @LT VCTLT

5 Cjlrc tn tldc drncr. Vangsc l musdc ugc 󰁨aburc en pcparl󰁨`nxac.

Enspuás nsdramn `ls pcsls qun enmns en snbuar. Q plr ù`taol, eãsn`l
c ug dlopcónrl pcrc qun `l rnc`adn sô`l dlg `cs agstruddalgns.

34

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fensenugdrc Mcscec ng9 Ougel Vraocrac

 ^gc dcrtc pcrc ta
En : c 3= cóls 3 jlrc

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg y lrbcgazcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Jlics.
- ^g slmrn.
- ^g ml`ïbrchl.

Nstc cdtavaece dlgsastn ng nsdramar ugc dcrtc pcrc tu

coabl l coabc c` qun ndjcs oudjl en ongls. Vcrc
``nbcr c scmnr `c earnddaôg en tu coabl/c, jcdnr `c dcrtc
y enicr`c ng ug muzôg, tngerãs qun snbuar ugls pcsls.
¼Nstãs prnpcrcel<

Vcrc ngvacr ugc dcrtc c tu onilr coabl/c, gndnsatcs scmnr eôgen vavn.
Ungernols qun ``cocr c su hcoa`ac pcrc prnbugtcr`n `c earnddaôg. Vcrc
nsl, tngernols qun prnbugtcr c gunstrc hcoa`ac duã` ns su tn`áhlgl.
3
= @c hcoa`ac en oa coabl/c on tngerã qun eadtcr `c earnddaôg oangtrcs
yl `c ará cpugtcgel ng ug pcpn`.

4 Tnbuaecongtn, pngscrá quá quanrl endar`n c oa coabl/c y enspuás,

nsdramará `c dcrtc.

35

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fpcsalgenocnstrc

 ^gc dcrtc pcrc ta
Enspuás, `c ngvacrá. ¼Dôol< On aghlrocrá prnbugtãgel`n c oa
hcoa`ac dôol punel jcdnr`l.
5
> ^gc vnz `l jcyc jndjl, drncrá ug p`cgl pcrc ``nbcr c` muzôg oãs
dnrdcgl.

Ducgel ``nbun, tarcrá `c dcrtc y nspnrcrá c qun oa coabl/c `c rndamc.

3>

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fpcsalgenocnstrc

 Onolry
Ulecs `cs necens
necen s - vnr gavn`. 36 oagutls cprlxaocecongtn.

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil.

nindutavcs

- Ucplgns.
- Vnbctagcs.

Vlg `cs pnbctagcs slmrn `ls tcplgns

(tangn qun jcmnr els en dcec) y
enspuás… ¡hlroc pcrnics!

3 Tn plgng `ls tcplgns mldc cmcil.

= Vlr turgls, dcec iubcelr `nvcgtc els tcplgns qun quanrc.

4 Ta slg abuc`ns, sn `ls qunec y sabun iubcgel.

Ta `ls tcplgns gl slg abuc`ns, vun`vn c plgnr `ls tcplgns mldc cmcil
y pcsc n` turgl c` sabuangtn iubcelr.
5
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fprlhn\xatc
38

Mcscec ng `ls d`ãsadls iunbls en onolrac.

 Jlrcral
Ensen 1 cóls. 3 - = jlrcs

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg.
nindutavcs

- Vcpn`.
- Ml`ïbrchls.

V`cga󰁨adcr tu eïc, ons l cól. Enpngeangel en sa tus lmintavls slg c dlrtl l

`crbl p`czl.

Nsdramn `cs cdtavaecens 󰁨aics ng tu jlrcral.

3= Cócen `ls ensdcgsls, dloaecs y jlrcs en sunól.

4 Vlg `cs jlrcs en nstueal.

32

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fprlhn\xatc

 Jlrcral
Nsn tanopl en nstueal sn punen eavaear ng eahnrngtns ãrncs l
octnracs.
5
> Ta tu lmintavl ns c `crbl p`czl, jcz ug p`cg cguc`, 󰁨aicgel `cs hndjcs
aoplrtcgtns y duãgtl tanopl `n punens eneadcr c dcec dlsc.

3:

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fprlhn\xatc

 Dcec oldjun`l c su l`avl
Ensen 8 cóls. 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Ctngdaôg slstngaec, onolrac en trcmcil, p`cga󰁨adcdaôg

nindutavcs y 󰁨`nxama`aece dlbgatavc.

- V`cgta``cs en janrmc/cbuc (jcy 36 ng n` elduongtl).

- V`cgta``c panzcs en` puz`n (8 panzcs dlg p`cgtcs cductadcs
y tnrrnstrns).
- Uainrcs.
- (Ta ugl/c quanrn) V`csta󰁨adcelrc pcrc qun n` iunbl eurn
oãs tanopl.

N` vangtl sn jc ``nvcel c `cs p`cgtcs en su satal.

Ng dcec p`cgta``c enmnrãs dl`ldcr dcec p`cgtc ng su `ubcr9 `cs tnrrnstrns
slmrn `c janrmc, y `cs cduãtadcs ng n` ocr
ocr..

Aopraoar `cs p`cgta``cs y rndlrtcr `cs 8 panzcs en `ls puz`ns dlg `cs
p`cgtcs cduãtadcs y tnrrnstrns.

3= Ng `cs panzcs en `ls puzz`ns (dlg `cs p`cgtcs) jcy ugls ducercels ng
m`cgdl qun enmnrãg rndlrtcrsn ug pldl pcrc plenr vnr n` hlgel.

4 N`nbaols ugc p`cgta``c (vcg ng lreng en ea 󰁨adu`tce).

31

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ftcg&brco Mcscec ng9 Ujagk Hug y iunbls en puzz`n en Uabnr
Uabnr..
 Dcec oldjun`l c su l`avl
Ng `c p`cgta``c n`nbaec enmnols snr dcpcdns en dl`ldcr `cs 8 panzcs
plgangel dcec p`cgtc ng su `ubcr.
5
> Vlenols barcr `cs panzcs y olvnr`cs tlel `l qun qunrcols jcstc qun
ngdcing ng `c p`cgta``c (p`cgtcs cduãtadcs ng n` cbuc y tnrrnstrns ng `c
janrmc).

Ducgel gls csnburnols en qun dcec "oldjun`l" nstã ng su l`avl,

plenols pcscr c ltrc p`cgta``c.

=6

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ftcg&brco Mcscec ng9 Ujagk Hug y iunbls en puzz`n en Uabnr
Uabnr..
 @ls cstnrlaens
En 5 c : cóls 3> oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil, agjamadaôg y ctngdaôg slstngaec.

nindutavcs

- Uainrcs.
- @ãpadns en dl`lrns.
- Jlic en cstnrlaens (pagdjcr ng `c gumn).

Nstc cdtavaece sn punen jcdnr en els hlrocs9

3. ]ndlrtcgel `ls cstnrlaens y ocgapu`cr`ls.
=. ^gangel `ls cstnrlaens dlg `ãpadns en dl`lrns pcrc dcec ageadcdaôg.
@c cdtavaece dlgsastn ng lrengcr en onglr c ocylr `ls gùonrls y `unbl c `c
agvnrsc. Tn puneng ecr oãs lpdalgns en iunbl enpngeangel en `c nece ng
`c qun gls ngdlgtrnols.
Vlr ninop`l9
- Tl`l pcrns
- Tl`l aopcrns
- Entrns ng trns
- Où`tap`ls en els...

3 @nnols mang ng quá dlgsastn `c cdtavaece n aopraoaols `c jlic dlg

`ls cstnrlaens.

@ls rndlrtcols y nopnzcols c iubcr.

=
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr F`c`uzen`lsdungtls
=3

Mcscec ng9 Gnurlg^V

 Dlgstru
Dlgstrudddaô
daôgg en pc`cmrcs
Ensen 5 cóls. 46 oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil, 󰁨`uaenz vnrmc`.

nindutavcs

- ]ltu`celrns.
- Dcrtu`agc en dl`lr u jlics.
- ]nb`c.
- @ãpaz.
- Uainrc.

Nstã cdtavaece pnroatn qun n` gaól rndlglzdc `cs `ntrcs oagùsdu`cs y

ocyùsdu`cs plr oneal en `cs `ntrcs en` cmndnecral dlop`ntcgel csï dlg `cs
vldc`ns pcrc hlrocr pc`cmrcs.

Cbcrrc `c dcrtu`agc, `ãpaz y rnb`c pcrc rnc`azcr =: rndtãgbu`ls en 8 do

en `crbl y > do en cgdjl.

3= @unbl rndlrtc `ls rndtãgbu`ls. Tnrãg gunstrcs 󰁨adjcs pcrc trcmcicr

trcm cicr..

4 Tn tlocrcg =4 󰁨adjcs pcrc nsdramar ng n``cs `cs `ntrcs en` cmndnecral

ng ocyùsdu`c y oagùsdu`c. Q > snrãg pcrc nsdramar `cs vldc`ns.

==

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Focns\rlas`ngy

 Dlgstru
Dlgstrudddaô
daôgg en pc`cmrcs
@unbl `cs dlgtcols c vnr sa nstãg =: 󰁨adjcs y sa gl gls hc`tô c`bugc
`ntrc.
5
> Tn `n ngtrnbcrãg c` gaól `cs 󰁨adjcs rnc`azcecs y sn `n pnearã qun hlron
pc`cmrcs.

Ta qunrnols qun eurng ug plquatl oãs `cs plenols p`csta󰁨adcr.

=4

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Focns\rlas`ngy

 Taoôg eadn
Ensen = cóls A`aoatcel

Hugdalgns Agadacdaôg c `c tcrnc, agjamadaôg en rnspunstc y

nindutavcs pnrsastngdac earabaec c `c ontc.

Gl sn gndnsatc gagbùg octnrac` pcrc nstc cdtavaece.

Iunbl eavnrtael ng n` qun plgnols gunstrcs jcma`aecens cueatavcs y

nspcdac`ns ng prãdtadc.

Cgtns en nopnzcr c iubcr sn n`nbarã c ugl en `ls pcrtadapcgtns pcrc

3 qun snc Taoôg. N` pnqun n`nbael sn dl`ldcrã en pan hrngtn c sus

dlopcónrls y su oasaôg snrã ecr ôrengns d`crcs y sngda``cs c `ls
enoãs iubcelrns. @cs ôrengns plerãg snr en els hlrocs9 dlongzcr
dlg Taoôg eadn… l saop`nongtn ecr `c lreng

= @ls pcrtadapcgtns tngerãg qun lmnendnr `cs ôrengns qun dloangdng

dlg ‐Taoôg eadn…‟ n abglrcr `cs qun gl dloangdng dlg ‐Taoôg
eadn…‟

4 Ta c`bugl en `ls iubcelrns lmnendn en ocgnrc agdlrrndtc `cs

ôrengns en Taoôg nstn qunecrã n`aoagcel. Bcgcrã n` ù`taol
pcrtadapcgtn ng iunbl.

=5

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fcu`c\oagagcutcs Mcscec ng9 iunbl plpu`cr.

 Taoôg eadn
@cs ôrengns plerãg snr hãda`ns l eahïda`ns ng hugdaôg en `c nece en `ls
pcrtadapcgtns. C`bugls ninop`ls en ôrengns puneng snr nstls9
5
C`bugcss ags
C`bugc agstr
truddal
uddalggns
- Taoôg eadn qun en trns sc`tls.
- Taoôg eadn qun on tlqun `c gcraz.
- Taoôg eadn tlqun c`bl cocra``l y rlil.
- Taoôg eadn qun `n tlqun `c lrnic c oa dlopcónrl.
- Taoôg eadn qun cmrcdn c oa dlopcónrl en `c enrndjc.

=>

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fcu`c\oagagcutcs Mcscec ng9 iunbl plpu`cr.

 Tá n` oãs rãpael
Ensen 8 cóls Drlglontrcr

Hugdalgns Agjamadaôg en rnspunstc.

nindutavcs

- @ãoagc (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- Drlgôontrl.

@c cdtavaecesnbùg
l gùonrls dlgsastn ng ar eadangelolstrcecs
`cs ageadcdalgns dcec ugl ng
en `cs
`ls `ãoagcs
lmintls, pc`cmrcs, `ntrcs

3 @nnr `ls eamuils snbùg `cs ageadcdalgns en `c `nyngec.

Drlglontrcr pcrc scmnr quá iubcelr tcrec ongls tanopl.

=
4 Tl`l tngnols els agtngtls y bcgc n` iubcelr qun `l jcbc ng ongls
tanopl.

=8

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fcgcmn`ea`l

 ¼Ns l gl ns<
En : c 35 cóls
a
` a , a k
3> - =6 oagutls
. 9
.
9 ,
a ` `

Hugdalgns Xn`ldaece en prldnscoangtl, dlgtrl` agjamatlral,

nindutavcs 󰁨`nxama`aece dlbgatavc, ctngdaôg y dlgdngtrcdaôg.

- Oczl en dcrtcs (pagdjc slmrn `c gumn pcrc ensdcrbcr).

- Drlgôontrl (lpdalgc`).
- Jlic dlg sastnoc en pugtls, sa sn iunbc ng pcrnic
(lpdalgc`).

Iunbl en dcrtcs, ageavaeuc` l ng pcrnics, qun dlgsastn ng qun n` gaól/c

vasuc`azc ugc snran en dcrtcs y enmn rnsplgenr rãpaecongtn en cdunrel c
`l qun vn (hlroc gcturc` en rnspunstc) l rnsplgenr `l dlgtrcral c `l qun vn
(ocgnrc dlgtrcrac c `c hlroc gcturc` en jcdnr`l), c`tnrgcgel y dlomagcgel
eahnrngtns pctrlgns en rnspunstc, agtngtcgel gl nquavldcrsn.
Nstc c`tnrgcgdac enpngenrã en dl`lr en dcec dcrtc9
- Mlren vnren9 ]nspunstc gcturc`. N`/`c gaól/c tangn qun vnrmc`azcr `l qun
vn.
- Mlren rlil9 ]nspunstc dlgtrcrac c `c gcturc`. N`/`c gaól/c tangn qun
vnrmc`azcr `l dlgtrcral c `l qun vn.
@cs eahnrngtns aoãbngns qun sn ounstrcg y qun snrãg `cs qun tngbcg qun
c`tnrgcr dlg `c rnspunstc dlrrndtc/dlgtrcrac
dlrrndtc/dlgtrcrac slg9
- Tl`/`ugc9 Ta n` mlren en `c dcrtc ns rlil, ducgel cpcrnzdc ‐sl`‟, n`/`c gaól/
c tngerã qun rnsplgenr ‐`ugc‟, y sa cpcrndn ‐`ugc‟, tngerã qun rnsplgenr
‐sl`‟. Tag nomcrbl, sa n` mlren en `c dcrtc ns vnren tngerã qun rnsplgenr `l
qun vn, ns endar, sa vn ‐sl`‟ tngerãg qun rnsplgenr ‐sl`‟. Nstc c`tnrgcgdac
snrã nxcdtcongtn abuc` pcrc `cs sabuangtns aoãbngns
- Ocgl/pan. Lrnic/gcraz. M`cgdl/gnbrl. Crramc/cmcil. Brcgen/pnqunól.
Azquanrec/enrndjc.
=2

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ocrïc Djcpcrrl Dcrrcsdl Mcscec ng9 Insùs Icrqun
 y Cgcmn` Dlrgcbl.

¼Ns l gl ns<
Cdtavaece lpdalgc`*9 ^gc vcracdaôg qun sn punen agd`uar ng `c cdtavaece ns
a ` `
.
a
` a , a k

9
.
9 ,

iubcr c ug ‐onolry‟.
`c oasoc Cprlvndjcgel
aocbng (ugc dlg mlrenqun tngernols
vnren y ltrcels
dlgdcrtcs
mlrenabuc`ns
rlil),dlg
y
nopcrnicr`cs, nstaou`cgel su onolrac.

3 Tn dl`ldc n` oczl en dcrtcs ng n` dngtrl en `c onsc

Tn vc olstrcgel dcec dcrtc ugc plr ugc. N`/`c gaól/c tngerã qun
= rnsplgenr snbùg `cs agstruddalgns en` iunbl

Ta sn nquavldc, `c dcrtc vun`vn c` oczl. Ta rnsplgen dlrrndtcongtn `c

4 dcrtc sn `c qunec n`/`c gaól/c. En ocgnrc qun n` iunbl tnroagc

ducgel gl jcyc dcrtcs ng n` dngtrl. Q sa sn iunbc ng pcrnic, bcgcrã
quang oãs dcrtcs jcyc dlgsnbuael.

Vagdjc slmrn nstcs aoãbngns

pcrc ensdcrbcr n` onolry
onolry..
`ctad adk
dlg, h rnnpadk
aoãbngns9 H`cta
ungtn ao
jcpcrrl Dcrrcsdl. H
Oct nr ac` n
n`c
`cm
mlrcel plr9 Ocrïc D

=: 9
.
9
,

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ocrïc Djcpcrrl Dcrrcsdl Mcscec ng9 Insùs Icrqun
 y Cgcmn` Dlrgcbl.

Tuelku9 Tupnr Ocral Mrls

En 2 c 36 cóls =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Ctngdaôg y dlgdngtrcdaôg, onolrac en trcmcil,

nindutavcs p`cga󰁨adcdaôg, 󰁨`nxama`aece dlbgatavc y olgatlrazcdaôg.

- Ducerïdu`c 5x5 vcdïc (octnrac` ceiugtl - pagdjcr ng `c gumn)

- 5 panzcs abuc`ns dlg `cs aoãbngns en (octnrac` ceiugtl)9
- Tn rndloangec p`csta󰁨adcr pcrc ocylr eurcma`aece. Tn `n
punen plgnr vn`drl c `c ducerïdu`c y c dcec panzc pcrc qun
gl sn ounvcg `cs panzcs.

N` iunbl dlgsastn ng dlop`ntcr ugc ducerïdu`c en 5x5 eavaeaec ng 5

ducercgtns dlg ductrl dn`ecs dcec ugl. C pcrtar en ugcs aoãbngns qun sn
dl`ldcg en cgtnocgl, n`/`c gaól/c enmn dlop`ntcr l rn``ngcr dcec ugc en
`cs dn`ecs ng m`cgdl, en tc` hlroc qun gl sn rnpatc gagbugc aocbng ng `c
oasoc 󰁨a`c, dl`uogc l ducercgtn.

Vrnpcrcdaôg9 Dl`ldcr ductrl aoãbngns eahnrngtns ng `c ducerïdu`c

vcdïc.

3= Ecr `c ducerïdu`c c` gaól l c `c gaóc, iugtl dlg `cs enoãs aoãbngns.

4 Ungerã qun dlop`ntcr `c ducerïdu`c sabuangel `cs agstruddalgns.

Vlenols cyuecr`n, lhrndaágel`n plsam`ns nstrctnbacs pcrc dlop`ntcr

5 n` suelku. =1

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ocrïc Djcpcrrl Dcrrcsdl Mcscec ng9 Lrangtcdaôg Cgeùicr
 y Buïc en` gaól.

Vc`cmrcs enspastcecs
En 8 c 3= cóls 36 - =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Dlgdangdac hlgl`ôbadc y p`cga󰁨adcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Cdtavaece (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- @ãpaz.
- ]nvastcs.
- Uainrcs.
- Vnbcongtl.

Ng nstc cdtavaece n` c`uogl tngerã qun lrengcr `cs pc`cmrcs en hlroc

dlrrndtc y vangel qun `c hrcsn tngbc sngtael.

3 ]n󰁨`nxalgcr y vnr tlecs `cs pc`cmrcs qun jcy pcrc p`cga󰁨adcr dôol
lrengcr`cs.

= Lrengcr `cs pc`cmrcs pcrc hlrocr ugc lrcdaôg.

Tnddaôg ‐Vábc`c‟9 ]ndlrtcr pc`cmrcs en eahnrngtns tcocóls, hlrocs,

4 dl`lrns...; dlol n` gaól quanrc, y pnbcr`cs pcrc hlrocr ugc lrcdaôg
dljnrngtn.

46

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fiucgil\cueadalgy`ng

Fiucgil\cueadalgy`ngbucin
bucin
 Cyuec c `ls cgaoc`ns
En 8 c 36 cóls 36 - 3> oagutls

Hugdalgns Dlgdngtrcdaôg, onolrac y p`cga󰁨adcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Cdtavaece (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- @ãpaz.

Ng nstc cdtavaece n` c`uogl tngerã qun d`csa󰁨adcr `ls cgaoc`ns snbùg sa

vun`cg l gl.

3 Oarcr c `ls cgaoc`ns

cga oc`ns y pngscr.

= Endaear sa nsls cgaoc`ns vun`cg, l gl, y d`csa 󰁨adcr`ls.

CQ^EC
CQ^EC C @LT CGAO
CGAOC@NT
C@NT

4 D`csaffidc nstls cgaoc`ns snbùg sa puneng vl`cr l gl.

43

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fiucgil\cueadalgy`ng

Fiucgil\cueadalgy`ngbucin
bucin
 Ctrcpc c `ls gùonrls
En 8 c 3= cóls 36 - 3> oagutls

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg y sndungdacdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Cdtavaece (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- @ãpaz.

Ng nstc cdtavaece n` c`uogl tngerã qun p`cga󰁨adcrsn pcrc ugar `ls gùonrls
en ocylr c onglr, pnrl nstls gùonrls tangng ugc hlroc bnloátradc qun
jcrã qun `n rnsu`tn oãs eahïda`. Urcmcicrnols `ls gùonrls, p`cga󰁨adcdaôg y
sndungdacdaôg.

3 Ensdcrbc `c cdtavaece.

= ^gn `ls gùonrls en ocylr c onglr dlg tu `ãpaz.

e n
CU
g
]C V C @LT G
s en o
ÙON]
cyl
ùonrl nrtn, gl `cs
r c o
LT

jcbcs
dcs
cs hlro
nglr,r, ` l.
cs

ac c =
dungd ngtcrãg eastr
n `c sn
= ^g oátradcs agt 34
bnl 3=
=5 3
=>
35
56 =4 5
4: 33 4
=8
41 3>
=: == 1
= 2 >
42 36
46 38 :
=1 8
32
43
4> 3: 2
48 31
=6
4= =3
4= 45 44

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fiucgil\cueadalgy`ng

Fiucgil\cueadalgy`ngbucin
bucin
 Ninrdadals en
sndungdacdaôg
Ensen > cóls 3> - =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Tndungdacdaôg y p`cga󰁨adcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Tn gndnsatc aopraoar n` octnrac` (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel

ng `c gumn).
- Uainrcs.
- V`csta󰁨adcelrc (ùta` sa quanrns qun n` octnrac` snc oãs
eurcenrl).

@c cdtavaece dlgsastn ng lrengcr `cs aoãbngns pnqunócs rndlrtcm`ns

(sndungdacs) pcrc qun tngbc dlol rnsu`tcel 󰁨agc` `c aocbng pragdapc`.
Vcrc cuongtcr n` gavn` en ea 󰁨adu`tce sn puneng onzd`cr c`bugcs aoãbngns
rndlrtcm`ns en ltrls ninrdadals.

]ndlrtcols tlecs `cs aoãbngns pnqunócs (sndungdacs)

colgtlgãgel`cs y enicgel `cs brcgens ng ltrl olgtôg.

3= Dlbnols ugc aocbng brcgen dlg sus sndungdacs. Enslrengcols `cs

sndungdacs pcrc qun n` gaól/c `cs lrengn. Enmnols enicr `c aocbng
pragdapc` crramc pcrc qun vnc n` rnsu`tcel en `c sndungdac.

4 Vlenols onzd`cr sndungdacs en ltrls ninrdadals pcrc qun tngbc ugc

ocylr ea󰁨adu`tce.

44

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fpnecblaencs

 Liatls cmanrtls
qun oarcg ctngtls
Ensen 4 cóls 36 - 3> oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil.

nindutavcs

- Ensdcrbcr n aopraoar `ls tcm`nrls (pagdjcr ng `c gumn).

- Hl`als.
- Uainrcs.
- V`csta󰁨adcelrc (lpdalgc`).
- Xn`drl.

Nstn rndursl nstã hlrocel plr : tcm`nrls pragdapc`ns dlg eahnrngtns

aoãbngns praocvnrc`ns ng els brcels en ea󰁨adu`tce. : tcm`nrls dlg dïrdu`ls
ng m`cgdl y `cs 󰁨adjcs dlrrnsplgeangtns c `ls eamuils en `ls dcrtlgns
pragdapc`ns.

3 Lmsnrvcr eurcgtn ug tanopl entnroagcel n` tcm`nrl pragdapc`.

= Vcscel nstn tanopl ecr `c vun`tc c` tcm`nrl pragdapc`.

4 Ngtrnbcr c` c`uogcel n` tcm`nrl sndugecral y `cs aoãbngns dardu`crns.

Dl`ldcr ng `csndugecral.
oasoc plsadaôg `cs aoãbngns dardu`crns qun rndunreng
5 ng n` tcm`nrl

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fng`cd`csnen`cprlh

45

Fng`cd`csnen`cprlhnrnmndc
nrnmndc
 
Onolry en sa`untcs d
c

o
n
c




En 4 c > cóls > oagutls

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg, lrbcgazcdaôg y onolrac en trcmcil.

nindutavcs

- @ãoagcs dlg `cs sa`untcs ng gnbrl en `ls eamuils y

eamuils ng dl`lr rndlrtcels en `cs oasocs sa`untcs ng
gnbrl (pagdjc ng `c gumn pcrc ensdcrbcr).

Nstc cdtavaece enscrrl``c `c ctngdaôg en` gaól, su dcpcdaece en lmsnrvcdaôg

y rnc`azcdaôg en ugc tcrnc.

Lmsnrvcr `cs panzcs ng dl`lr.

3= Lmsnrvcr `cs sa`untcs ng gnbrl.

4 Dl`ldcr dcec panzc ng su sa`untc.

4>

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdcron`c\lsga Mcscec ng9 ]nvastc Ocnstrc Aghcgta`

 Gls vcols en dloprcs
En > c : cóls =6 - 46 oagutls

Hugdalgns Agjamadaôg en rnspunstc, p`cga󰁨adcdaôg y lrbcgazcdaôg.

nindutavcs

Aoãbngns en nstcm`ndaoangtls y lmintls l c`aongtls, csï

dlol ntaquntcs dlg `ls glomrns en `ls nstcm`ndaoangtls
(ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

Nstc cdtavaece enscrrl``c `c ctngdaôg, `c lmsnrvcdaôg, `c rn`cdaôg, csï dlol n`

dlgldaoangtl en` ngtlrgl, `c nxprnsaôg lrc` y `c `ndtlnsdraturc.

3 Lmsnrvcr n` ocpc en `c praonrc `ãoagc.

= Glomrcr `ls nstcm`ndaoangtls qun lmsnrvcols.

4 Glomrcr `ls lmintls l c`aongtls.

]n`cdalgcr dcec lmintl l c`aongtl dlg n` nstcm`ndaoangtl

dlrrnsplgeangtn.
5
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdcron`c\lsga
48
 Gls vcols en dloprcs
@nnr tlecs `cs pc`cmrcs.

>8 ]n`cdalgcr `cs pc`cmrcs dlg `cs aoãbngns en `ls nstcm`ndaoangtls.

2 Endar ltrls prleudtls qun plenols ngdlgtrcr ng dcec

nstcm`ndaoangtl.

: Dlgtcr ng duã` jcg nstcel y quá dloprcrlg.

1 ]n`cdalgcr dcec nstcm`ndaoangtl dlg ugc prlhnsaôg.

@ns prlplgnols prleudtls y n``ls gls eadng eôgen enmnols

36 dloprcr`ls.

33 N`cmlrcr ugc `astc en `c dloprc.

Dloprlmcr sa `ls crtïdu`ls en `c `astc `ls plenols cequarar ng nstls

nstcm`ndaoangtls. Ta gl ns csï, endar ng duã`ns.
3=
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdcron`c\lsga
42
 @ctnrc`aece
Ensen 5 cóls 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Lrangtcdaôg nspcdac`, ctngdaôg y dlgdngtrcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Jlics m`cgdcs.
- ]ltu`celrns.
- V`cgta``c (ensdcrbc pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

Ns ugc cdtavaece qun cyuecrã c rnhlrzcr `c `ctnrc`aece en `ls pnquns.

- Ngdanrrc ng ug dïrdu`l `cs cmnics qun vcg jcdac `c enrndjc.
- Ngdanrrc ng ug dïrdu`l `ls dcgburls qun sc`tcg jcdac `c azquanrec

3 Aopraoar `c p`cgta``c.

= Ngtrnbcr rltu`celrns, dl`lrns… y ngtrnbcr `c jlic en `c cdtavaece c`

gaól/c.

4 Tnbuar `cs agstruddalgns qun ocrdc `c cdtavaece.

4:

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fn`dl`nbalenococ

 Urns ng rcyc
Ulecs `cs necens > - 36 oagutls

Agjamadaôg en rnspunstc, p`cga󰁨adcdaôg, onolrac en

Hugdalgns
trcmcil, 󰁨`nxama`aece dlbgatavc y pnrsastngdac earabaec c
nindutavcs
`c ontc.

- Octnrac` aoprnsl (`l ngdlgtrcrãs pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- Ucplgns
Ucplgns en mltn``c (36).
- Dcrtôg (pcrc pnbcr n` tcm`nrl en` 4 ng rcyc).
* Nstls els ù`taols octnrac`ns slg pcrc jcdnr`l oãs
rnsastngtn y qun eurn oudjls cóls.

N` trceadalgc` 4 ng rcyc tn punen cyuecr c enscrrl``cr `cs hugdalgns

nindutavcs en pnqunóls y ocylrns. Els iubcelrns sn nghrngtcrãg pcrc vnr
quaág ns n` praonrl ng plgnr 4 󰁨adjcs en` oasol oltavl hlrocgel ugc rcyc.
Bcgcrã n` praonrl qun `l dlgsabc.

Ng praonr `ubcr, rnùgn `ls octnrac`ns, pcrc n``l aopraon n` octnrac`.

Ucomaág gndnsatcrãs 36 tcplgns y ug trlzl en dcrtôg.

3
= ]ndlrtc n` tcm`nrl en` 4 ng rcyc y pábc`l ng n` dcrtôg. Enspuás
rndlrtc `ls eahnrngtns dïrdu`ls (snrãg `cs 󰁨adjcs) y pnbc dcec ugc en
n``cs ng ug tcpôg. En nstc hlroc n` octnrac` snrã rïbael y eurcenrl.

4 ^gc vnz olgtcel, yc tangns n` iunbl

`astl pcrc uta`azcr. Musdc ug lplgngtn
y... ¡c eashrutcr!

41

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fcu`cenbcoa󰁨adcdalg Mcscec ng9 iunbl plpu`cr

plpu`cr..
 Dl`lrnc dlol Ãgbn`c
En 8 c : cóls 36 - 3> oagutls

Hugdalgns H`nxama`aece dlbgatavc y dlgtrl` ctngdalgc`.

nindutavcs

- Unxtl
Unxtl y eamuil aoprnsls (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel
pag djcgel ng `c gumn).
- Dl`lrns.

C trcvás en `c `ndturc vcols c ecr dl`lr c `c aocbng qun sn gls prnsngtc,

pcrc n``l tngnols qun prnstcr ctngdaôg c` dl`lr qun ageadc Ãgbn`c c`
plgnrsn `cs bchcs oãbadcs.

@nnr n` tnxtl.

3
= Xl`vnr c `nnr n` tnxtl.

4 Dl`lrncr n` eamuil snbùg ageadc n` tnxtl.

56

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr @curc Ocrïc Vu`ael Bcvarc.

 ¼Onolrazcr y lpnrcr<
En : c 1 cóls =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil.

nindutavcs

- Dcrtcs (ensdcrbc pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- ]ltu`celrns y mlrrcelr en pazcrrc m`cgdc.
- Octnrac` pcrc jcdnr dã`du`ls (pazcrrc pnqunóc, hl`als, `amrntc…).
- Ng dcsl en qun snc gndnscral9 lmsnrvcr n` brcel en ea 󰁨adu`tce

qun prnsngtc dcec pcrnic pcrc rnc`azcr `c cdtavaece.

- Tl`udalgns pcrc dloprlmcr `cs lpnrcdalgns.

@c cdtavaece dlgsastn ng ug iunbl en dcrtcs. Nstly snburc en qun dlgldns n`

tïpadl onolrcoc, nsn iunbl en onsc qun trctc en ngdlgtrcr dcrtcs pcrnics
ngtrn ugc ou`tatue dlg eavnrscs 󰁨aburcs ng dcec ugc en n``cs y qun nstãg ng
pcr, ns endar dcec eamuil nstã rnpntael ng els dcrtcs. Vuns mang, `c eagãoadc
en` iunbl ns `c oasoc pnrl dlg ug `abnrl octaz... ¡Onolrcoc octnoãtadl y
ng pcrnics ng cddaôg! N` iunbl sn rnc`azcrã ng pcrnics y ng `cs dcrtcs gl sl`l
jcmrã 󰁨aburcs, sagl tcomaág lpnrcdalgns octnoãtadcs qun enmng rnsl`vnr
pcrc ngdlgtrcr c su pcrnic. ¼Vrnpcrcels<

Vrnvacongtn, n` eldngtn enmn prnpcrcr tlel n` octnrac`9 rndlrtcr y

3 olgtcr `cs dcrtcs (pcrtn en`cgtnrc y trcsnrc) y `cs sl`udalgns,

rltu`celrns y mlrrcelrns en pazcrrc y n` plsam`n octnrac` pcrc jcdnr
`ls dã`du`ls.

Cbrupcr c `ls gaóls ng pcrnics.

=
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Foaragdlgenlplsatlrc
53
 ¼Onolrazcr y lpnrcr<
¡Nopanzc n` iunbl! Dcec pcrnic onzd`c y dl`ldc tlecs `cs dcrtcs ng
ugc supnr󰁨adan y mldc cmcil.
4 Enmng `nvcgtcr ugc dcrtc, 󰁨aicrsn mang ng n``c y `nvcgtcr ltrc eastagtc.
Tnbuar nstn prldneaoangtl jcstc ngdlgtrcr su pcrnic, qun snrã
ducgel rntarng y bucreng comcs dcrtcs. Vlr `l qun… ¡Jcy qun
trcmcicr `c onolrac! ¡Q gl sl`l nsl! Vuns nxastng els tapls en dcrtcs9

5 3. Dcrtc dlg eamuil y ugc lpnrcdaôg octnoãtadc (suoc l rnstc). =.

Dcrtc dlg n` oasol eamuil y ug rnducerl pcrc dlop`ntcr n` rnsu`tcel
en eadjc lpnrcdaôg dlg n` rltu`celr en pazcrrc. Enmng rnc`azcr ug
trcmcil dllpnrctavl y dlgsngsucr n` rnsu`tcel qun plerãg cgltcr
tcgtl sa rndunrecg `c lpnrcdaôg en `c dcrtc qun dlgtngïc nsn eamuil,
dlol ng n` dcsl en `nvcgtcr ng nsc vnz dcrtcs pcrnics.

> Iubcr jcstc ngdlgtrcr y tngnr tlecs `cs pcrnics.

Dloprlmcr dlg `cs sl`udalgns `cs pcrnics ng ducgtl c eamuil y

rnspunstc cenducec en `c lpnrcdaôg. Tuocrãg = pugtls ng dcec

8 cdanrtl.

2 ]ndungtl en pugtls tltc`ns.

D`csa󰁨adcdaôg en tlecs `cs pcrnics en d`csn dlg sus rnspndtavcs

pugtucdalgns.
:
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Foaragdlgenlplsatlrc
5=
 Cdtavc rutag
rutagcc
En = c : cóls C `l `crbl en` eïc

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg, lrbcgazcdaôg y pnrsastngdac earabaec c `c

nindutavcs ontc.

- Ucrintcs
Ucrintcs pnrslgc`azcecs (ensdcrbc pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).
- Ja`l.
- Vagzcs pcrc tngenr `c rlpc.
- @ãpaz, bloc en mlrrcr y dl`lrns.

Vlr `c ocócgc, prnvacongtn c rnc`azcr duc`quanr cddaôg, sn dlongtc y sn

p`cga󰁨adc dlg n` gaól/gaóc `c rutagc nstcm`ndaec pcrc n` eïc. C oneaec qun n`
suintl rnc`azc ugc cddaôg (enscyugcr, iubcr, `cvcrsn `ls eangtns...) tangn qun
uscr nsn tanopl pcrc dlop`ntcr `c tcrintc cdlren c `c satucdaôg y dl`ldcr`c
dlg ugc pagzc en tngenr `c rlpc slmrn ug ja`l qun cgtadapcecongtn
jcycols dl`ldcel.
Ng n` dcsl en qun sn p`cgtnn dlol lmintavl `c hugdaôg nindutavc9
pnrsastngdac earabaec c `c ontc, c` 󰁨agc` en` eïc, sa sn jcg dlgsnbuael rnc`azcr
tlecs `cs cddalgns p`cgtncecs, sn punen cdlrecr outucongtn ngtrn n`
ceu`tl y n` gaól l gaóc ugc cdtavaece pcrc jcdnr cgtns en elroar9 `nnr, vnr ug
vïenl...

3 C praonrc jly en `c ocócgc n` ceu`tl y n` gaól l gaóc p`cga 󰁨adcg `c

rutagc en` eïc.

54

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fnonc`ducercelneudcdaôg Mcscec ng9 ]lutagn hlr Kaes

 Cdtavc rutag
rutagcc
Dcec vnz qun n` suintl rnc`adn ugc cddaôg (enscyugcr, iubcr, `cvcrsn
`ls eangtns…) tangn qun eamuicr`c ng `c tcrintc dlrrnsplgeangtn.

= Glsltrcs `n jnols cóceael ug ninop`l ng dcec ugc en n``cs. Vlr

ninop`l sa cdcmc en enscyugcr, n` lmintavl ns qun eamuin uscgel su
drnctavaece n aocbagcdaôg `ls c`aongtls y `c mnmaec qun jc tlocel.

4 Dl`ldcr `c tcrintc tnroagcec dlg ugc pagzc en tngenr `c rlpc slmrn n`

ja`l qun sn jc dl`ldcel prnvacongtn c dlongzcr `c cdtavaece.

C` 󰁨agc` en` eïc, sa sn jcg rnc`azcel tlecs `cs cddalgns, cdlrecr ngtrn
ceu`tl y gaóx ugc cdtavaece qun c comls `ns bustn pcrc jcdnr cgtns
5 en elroar9 `nnr, vnr ug vïenl…

> Ng n` dcsl en qun sn tngbcg oãs rutagcs sn puneng cócear oãs

tcrintcs pnrslgc`azcecs.

55

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fnonc`ducercelneudcdaôg Mcscec ng9 ]lutagn hlr Kaes

 Vrnpcrcols n` nquapcin
En 5 c 2 cóls 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Agjamadaôg en rnspunstc, p`cga󰁨adcdaôg y lrbcgazcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- ^gc oc`ntc.
- Eahnrngtns prngecs, ng su enhndtl, sn punen uta`azcr ugc
`ãoagc dlol `c qun dlopcrtl (ensdcrbc pagdjcgel ng `c
gumn).

Dlgsastn ng p`cga󰁨adcr `c tcrnc en jcdnr ugc oc`ntc n`abangel `cs prngecs

cdlrens c dcec enstagl.

Glomrcr `ls eahnrngtns enstagls.

3
= N`nbar ug enstagl.

4 Glomrcr `cs eastagtcs prngecs.

5>

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdcron`c\lsga

 Vrnpcrcols n` nquapcin
Tn`nddalgcr `cs prngecs qun plerïc ``nvcr c nsn enstagl.

5
> N`nbar ltrls enstagls eahnrngtns y rnc`azcr en gunvl `c cdtavaece.

58

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fdcron`c\lsga

 ¡C plr `c ontc!
En 4 c 8 cóls 3 oagutl

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg y pnrsastngdac earabaec c `c ontc.

nindutavcs

- V`cgta``c p`csta󰁨adcec dlg vn`drls.

- Octnrac`ns, cddalgns, tanopl y ontc rndlrtcels y
p`cga󰁨adcels dlg vn`drl.
- ]n`lins en crngc en >, 36,
36, 3> l =6 oagutls.

Ensdcrbcr `ls octnrac`ns pagdjcgel ng `c gumn.

Ngtrngcr c` c`uogcel c p`cga󰁨adcr y lrbcgazcr `c tcrnc pcrc `c dlgsndudaôg en

ug lmintavl.

N` c`uogcel, ugc vnz nsdudjcec `c nxp`adcdaôg en `c tcrnc, dlbn `c

p`cgta``c.

3
= Vlgn `ls octnrac`ns qun gndnsatc pcrc nindutcr `c 󰁨adjc.

4 Cócen `cs cddalgns ng lreng qun tangn qun rnc`azcr ng `c tcrnc.

52

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Flrbcgazcgel`cd`csnenaghcgta`

 ¡C plr `c ontc!
Vlgn n` tanopl qun easplgn pcrc rnc`azcr`c y plgn ng ocrdjc n` rn`li
en crngc en nsn tanopl.
5
> ]nc`azc `c tcrnc.

^gc vnz tnroagcel, rn``ngc `c pcrtn ONUC, ng `c `upc plgerã sa jc

nindutcel mang l oc` `c tcrnc y ng n` dlrczôg plgerã dôol sn jc
sngtael oangtrcs `c nindutcmc y dlg `c lrbcgazcdaôg en `c oasoc.

5:

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Flrbcgazcgel`cd`csnenaghcgta`

 Lsl enslrenglsl
Ensen 5 cóls 36 - 3> oagutls

Hugdalgns Xn`ldaece en prldnscoangtl, lmsnrvcdaôg, ctngdaôg y

nindutavcs cutl-rnbu`cdaôg.

- Aoprnslrc. (Ensdcrbcr crdjavl pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- V`csta󰁨adcelrc l hlrrl en `amrls.
-Vcrc n` ouóndl ls ely aencs, pnrl `l qun sn ls ldurrc.

¼Ls pleáas drnnr n` enslreng qun tngbl ng `c jcmatcdaôg<

N` lsl enslrenglsl `l jc punstl tlel pctcs crramc, ¡quá enscstrn!
Cugqun mungl.... ¼plerïcas cyuecron c rndlbnr`l tlel<
¡Bngac`! Xng vng qun tn dungtl dôol.

3 N` iunbl dlgstc en 5: dcrtcs y ugc 󰁨aburc. Dl`ldcols `cs dcrtcs mldc

cmcil y n` lsl enslrenglsl.

Nopnzcols c ecr vun`tcs c `cs dcrtcs en ugc ng ugc. Ungnols qun

= nstcr ouy ctngtls y lmsnrvcr pcrc vnr sa jcy c`bugls aeágtadls.

Ta ng gagbugc en `cs dcrtcs `nvcgtcecs dlagdaeng lmintls, snbuaols

4 `nvcgtcgel. Ta n` oasol lmintl cpcrndn ng els dcrtcs9 jcy qun snr

rãpael ng dlbnr c` lsl enslrenglsl y glomrcr n` lmintl rnpntael
dlrrndtcongtn. Ta tn jcs dlghugeael jcy qun envl`vnr `c dcrtc c `c
onsc.

N` iunbl 󰁨agc`azc dlg tlecs `cs dcrtcs mldc crramc y bcgc n` qun tngbc
n` olgtôg oãs brcgen.
5
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac
Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac
51

Mcscec ng n` iunbl ‐Dcls ng `c

 jcmatcdaôg en `ls gaóls‟ en Jcmc.

Elmm`n hrutcs
Ensen 4 cóls 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Ctngdaôg, vn`ldaece en prldnscoangtl y tloc en

nindutavcs endasalgns.

- Aoprnslrc (ensdcrbcr crdjavl pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- Uainrcs.
- V`csta󰁨adcelrc .
Vlenols aopraoar n` octnrac` ugc l els vndns ng hugdaôg
en` gùonrl en pcrtadapcgtns. Ta vcg c snr oãs en els, yl
rndloangel els vndns.

¼Suaág gl jc iubcel c`bugc vnz c` elmm`n< Vuns mang, yl ls prnsngtl nstn

elmm`n pnrl dlg hrutcs. N` enscrrl``l en` iunbl ns dlol n` elmm`n lrabagc` c
nxdnpdaôg en ugc aocbng, "n` hrutnrl". Ng `c qun tngernols qun ecr`n ug
pldl oãs c` dldl.
¼Un
¼Un cpntndn iubcr<

3 ]npcrtarnols n` olgtôg en tcrintcs, en hlroc abuc`atcrac plr dcec

gaól/c. C nxdnpdaôg
nxdnpdaôg en ugc dcrtc
d crtc qun pnrocgndnrã ng n` oneal.

= Jcmrã qun nstcr sùpnr ctngtl y dlg vastc en jc`dôg pcrc `ldc`azcr
cgtns qun n` dlopcónrl/c `c hrutc abuc` c `c tuyc.

>6

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac

Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac Mcscec ng n` iunbl Elmm`n.
 Elmm`n hrutcs
Ng n` olongtl ng qun ngdungtrns ugc abuc`, eadns su glomrn y `c

dl`ldcs ngdaoc en `c dcrtc qun nstcmc ng n` oneal, y csï dlg n` rnstl

4 en dcrtcs.

5 Nxdnpdaôg9 ducgel cpcrndn n` hrutnrl n` pnqun qun `l glomrn tngerã

qun jcdnr ugc hrcsn.

Bcgcrã `c pcrtaec n` praonrl qun sn qunen sag dcrtcs.

>

>3

Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac

Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac Mcscec ng n` iunbl Elmm`n.
¼Eôgen nstãg `ls olgstruls<
Ensen 4 cóls 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Ctngdaôg, vn`ldaece en prldnscoangtl y tloc en

nindutavcs endasalgns.

- Octnrac` pcrc aopraoar (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel ng `c

gumn).
- V`csta󰁨adcelrc pcrc `c vnrsaôg aoprnsc.
- Ng `c vnrsaôg lg`agn ensdcrbcr n` Vlwnr Vlagt
(tcomaág ng `c gumn).

¡Vnrl mungl! Ástls olgstruatls gl pcrcg en

e n enscpcrndnr. ¼Vlerãs cyuecron
c ngdlgtrcr`ls<

^gc vnz tngnols `cs dcrta``cs, vcols ensdumrangel c `ls olgstruatls.

3
= Vraonrl vcols dlg `cs duceradu`cs en 8. @ns enicols ug pldl en
tanopl (l enicols n` cplyl) pcrc vnr tlels `ls olgstruls. Dlbnols
`c dcrta``c brcgen rlsatc n aoatcols c` olen`l.

4 Ucpcrnols dlg `c 󰁨adjc en `c agtnrrlbcdaôg ug olgstruatl y n` gaól/c

tngerã qun ceavagcr n` qun jc enscpcrndael.

>=
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac
Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac

¼Eôgen nstãg `ls olgstruls<

Ducgel nstág eloagcecs tlecs `cs dcrta``cs en` 8 pcscrnols c `c en`
3=.
5
> ]ndlongecdaôg9 jcdnr ductrl plr snsaôg l iunbl.

>4
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac
Fl`cycva``cr.`lblpneac Mcscec ng n` iunbl Elmm`n.

¡Xcols c dlgtcr ugc jastlrac!

En = c 4 cóls : - 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil, lrbcgazcdaôg, p`cga󰁨adcdaôg,

nindutavcs agjamadaôg en rnspunstc y pnrsastngdac earabaec c `c ontc.

- Tndungdacs en aoãbngns.

Ng oa dcsl, n` octnrac` hun rnc`azcel plr oï oasoc, plr `l

qun, ng praonr `ubcr pngsá ng `cs jastlracs qun qunrïc
dlgtcr pcrc enspuás musdcr `cs aoãbngns gndnscracs. ^gc
vnz musdcecs, `cs aopraoï y `cs p`csta󰁨aquá.

@c cdtavaece vc c dlgstcr en vcracs sndungdacs en aoãbngns, `cs duc`ns

tngerãg rn`cdaôg ngtrn n``cs. @c tcrnc dlgsastarã ng lrengcr eadjcs
sndungdacs pcrc qun tngbcg sngtael y, plstnralrongtn, n` c`uogl dungtn
ugc jastlrac sabuangel `cs sndungdacs.

Nxp`adcr`n c` gaól/c quá ns `l`cqun vcols c jcdnr dlg hrcsns sngda``cs

3 y dlrtcs pcrc qun ngtangecg cdtavaece.

^gc vnz nxp`adcec, dlongzcrnols c scdcr `cs vaóntcs. Tn punen

rnc`azcr en els hlrocs; scdcgel tlecs `cs vaóntcs en tlecs `cs

= jastlracs c `c vnz y qun n` gaól, cenoãs en lrengcr `cs sndungdacs en

aoãbngns pcrc dlgtcr `c jastlrac, tngbc qun sn`nddalgcr `cs aoãbngns
qun vcg dlg dcec jastlrac, l mang scdcr pldl c pldl `cs sndungdacs
en aoãbngns en dcec jastlrac.

>5
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Bnoc Olgtnrrny ]adl

¡Xcols c dlgtcr ugc jastlrac!

Urcs tngnr `cs sndungdacs en aoãbngns lrengcecs, n` gaól dlgtcrã
ugc jastlrac dlg `cs aoãbngns qun nstã vangel.
4

>>
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Bnoc Olgtnrrny ]adl

Dl`lrns, gùonrls y hlrocs

En = c 4 cóls 8 - : oagutls

Hugdalgns
Agjamadaôg en rnspunstc y p`cga󰁨adcdaôg.
nindutavcs

- Dcrtôg
- Bloc nvc
- ]ltu`celr pnrocgngtn
- Hl`als
- ]ltu`celrns en dl`lrns
- Dn`l (pcrc p`csta󰁨adcr `cs panzcs)
- Uainrcs (pcrc rndlrtcr)

Ng nstn tapl en cdtavaece `c ctngdaôg iunbc ug pcpn` ouy aoplrtcgtn yc qun

n` gaól tngerã qun 󰁨aicrsn ng `c tcrintc nsdlbaec, ng `c duc` jcmrã trns
dloplgngtns c lmsnrvcr, ug gùonrl, ug dl`lr y ugc 󰁨aburc bnloátradc. N`
gaól enmnrã lmsnrvcr `c 󰁨adjc y musdcr ngtrn tlecs `cs panzcs `c
dlrrnsplgeangtn c eadjc 󰁨adjc, enmangel nsdlbnr `c hlroc bnloátradc
cenducec, `c dcgtaece y n` dl`lr dlrrnsplgeangtn.

3 Nxp`adcr quá ns `l qun vcols c jcdnr c trcvás en hrcsns sngda``cs y

dlrtcs pcrc qun `l ngtangecg. Jcdangel jagdcpaá ng `c aoplrtcgdac
en 󰁨aicrsn mang ng tlels `ls n`nongtls en `c 󰁨adjc.

= ^gc vnz nxp`adcec `c cdtavaece, dl`ldcrnols `cs 󰁨adjcs en ocgnrc

qun n` gaól gl vnc `l qun jcy ng n``cs jcstc qun n`aic ugc en nscs
󰁨adjcs. N` gaól arã nsdlbangel ugc c ugc `cs 󰁨adjcs.

>8
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Bnoc Olgtnrrny ]adl.

Dl`lrns, gùonrls y hlrocs

Urcs tngnr `c 󰁨adjc nsdlbaec, sn dl`ldcrã ng `c onsc y sn arãg eadangel
`ls n`nongtls qun jcy ng n``c (gùonrl, dl`lr y hlroc bnloátradc).
4
5 Enspuás n` gaól enmnrã musdcr `c hlroc bnloátradc cenducec, y `c
dcgtaece y n` dl`lr dlrrnsplgeangtn c `c 󰁨adjc.

^gc vnz nsdlbaecs `cs panzcs, sn dl`ldcrãg enmcil en `c 󰁨adjc.

>

>2
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Bnoc Olgtnrrny ]adl.

Ucrintcs en onolrac
En > c 3= cóls Enpngen en `cs rnpntadalgns.

Hugdalgns Onolrac y ctngdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Aopraoar 5󰀯> dlpacs en `cs tcrintcs y snbùg `c nece, iubcr

dlg `ls eamuils l dlg `cs pc`cmrcs. (Ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel
ng `c gumn).
- Vrnhnram`nongtn, p`csta󰁨adcr nstcs tcrintcs pcrc
onilrcr su eurcma`aece.

Enmnols aoatcr, ng lreng, dcec ugc en `cs tcrintcs qun jcycg sc`ael
cgtnralrongtn y plr ù`taol `c gunstrc. Dcec rlgec qun dlgsabcols, `c
ea󰁨adu`tce cuongtc y enmnols jcdnr ug ninrdadal en onolrac dcec vnz oãs
nxjcustavl jcstc qun pnrecols n` lreng l gl rndlrenols c`bugc en `cs
aoatcdalgns.

Vrnpcrcr n` octnrac`9 aopraoar, c` ongls, 4 dlpacs en dcec tcrintc,

3 rndlrtcr`cs en ocgnrc ageavaeuc` y p`csta󰁨adcr`cs.

= Tnbùg n` rcgbl en nece, n`nbar iubcr dlg `ls eamuils, `cs pc`cmrcs l
comcs lpdalgns.

Nopnzcr plr lreng. Dlbnols ugc tcrintc n aoatcols cqun``l qun gls
jcyc sc`ael. Ducgel `l jcycols jndjl, gls qunecols `c tcrintc
mldc cmcil.
4 >:
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr N`ngc Dc`vl Eïcz Mcscec ng iunbl aghcgta`9
aoatcr ratols.

Ucrintcs en onolrac
Ns n` turgl en` sabuangtn iubcelr, qun enmnrã aoatcr, ng lreng, tlecs
`cs tcrintcs qun sn jcycg jndjl y tnroagcr dlg `c suyc.
5
> Tn dlgtagucrã `c rlgec jcstc qun ugl hc``n y snrã ducgel cdcmn n`
iunbl.

>1
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr N`ngc Dc`vl Eïcz Mcscec ng iunbl aghcgta`9
aoatcr ratols.

¡C mca`cr!
En 4 c > cóls 3> - =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns Onolrac en trcmcil y p`cga 󰁨adcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- Ucm`nrl y 󰁨adjcs (ensdcrbcr pagdjcgel ng `c gumn).

- M`untcdk l vn`drls.
- Els ecels.

Tn trctc en uta`azcr ug tcm`nrl en 8x8 pcrc qun, oneacgtn `c tarcec en els

ecels, dlgsabcols 5 pcsls qun, iugtls hlrong ugc pnqunóc dlrnlbrchïc. N`
rndursl agd`uyn n` tcm`nrl y `cs 󰁨adjcs pcrc dl`ldcr dlg `ls pcsls lmtngaels
ng `ls ducerceatls.
@ls pcsls puneng snr agtnrprntcels plr `ls gaóls en eahnrngtns ocgnrcs,
cenoãs, tangng ug eamuil qun sarvn pcrc "nsta`l `amrn" dlg n` qun plerãg
agvngtcrsn su prlpal pcsl.
C` eavaear `c dlrnlbrchïc ng 5 pcsls, snrã oãs hãda` onolrazcr`l y p`cga󰁨adcr
n` rnsu`tcel 󰁨agc`.

3 Cgtns en iubcr, tngernols qun aopraoar n` tcm`nrl y `cs 󰁨adjcs en

iunbl

= Uarcrnols n` praonr ecel y musdcrnols n` gùonrl crramc.

86
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ftrcstncgel.agh
Ftrcstncgel.aghcgta`
cgta` Mcscec ng tcm`nrls en 8x8 en
Djrastacg Fcmden`n

¡C mca`cr!
Uarcrnols n` snbugel ecel y musdcrnols n` gùonrl ng `ls en cmcil.
󰁨
^garnols
en` pcsl en`ls els gùonrls y musdcrnols `c adjc dlrrnsplgeangtn
4 mca`n.

5 Dl`ldcrnols `c 󰁨adjc ng n` pcsl 3 y rnpntarnols nstl jcstc dlop`ntcr

`ls 5 pcsls.

@ls gaóls rnprleudarãg `c dlrnlbrchïc dlg `ls pcsls qun `ns agsparng
`cs aoãbngns.

>
8 Ta lmtangng `c 󰁨adjc "nsta`l `amrn" plerãg agvngtcr su prlpal pcsl.

D ]NC U
U^^ MCA@N

D O L I ^ BC ]9

 C MCA @C]!

83
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ftrcstncgel.aghcgta` Mcscec ng tcm`nrls en 8x8 en
Djrastacg Fcmden`n

V`cgncgel oa tcren
Ensen 8 cóls =6 oagutls cprlx.

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg y lrbcgazcdaôg.

nindutavcs

- @ãpaz.
- Bloc.
- Jlic.
- Ensdcrbcr cdtavaece pagdjcgel ng `c gumn.

Nstc cdtavaece `n vc c pnroatar scmnr eastramuar su tanopl en ocgnrc n󰁨adcz.

Vlr ug `cel, eneadcgel pcrtn en nsn tanopl pcrc su hlrocdaôg y
cprngeazcin y plr ltrl, pcrc sus tcrncs eacracs y tanopl en ldal. @c
p`cga󰁨adcdaôg ns `c mcsn pcrc plenr scdcr n` oãxaol prlvndjl c su
rngeaoangtl nsdl`cr y sldac`.

@nnr `c cdtavaece entngaecongtn.

3= Vngscr dôol p`cga󰁨adcrïcs tu tcren snbùg `cs satucdalgns.

4 Nsdramar ng sudal aencs (``uvac en aencs).

Nsdramar `c aenc lrbcgazcec y d`crc.

5 8=
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fc`adachgezba`

Tabun
Tab un `c
`css ags
agstru
trudddal
dalggns
En 8 c 3= cóls 8 - 36 oagutls

Hugdalgns Ontcdlbgadaôg, ctngdaôg y lrangtcdaôg nspcdac`.

nindutavcs

- @ãpaz y bloc.
- Dl`lrns.
- Blonts en dl`lrns.
- Uainrcs.
- Vnbcongtl.
- Ensdcrbcr cdtavaece pagdjcgel ng `c gumn.

Nstc cdtavaece dlgsastn ng `c `ndturc en agstruddalgns nsdratcs y su dlrrndtc

dloprngsaôg. Ns ugc cdtavaece dlop`ntc, yc qun sn trcmcic ensen `c
dloprngsaôg `ndtlrc en hrcsns sngda``cs jcstc `c ctngdaôg y `c lrangtcdaôg
nspcdac`, agd`uyngel cspndtls en dlgtngael durradu`cr, ug mung rndursl
pcrc n` c`uogcel dlg UECJ ng n` qun sn trcmcicg où`tap`ns hugdalgns.
Cenoãs, dungtc dlg eahnrngtns gavn`ns en ea󰁨adu`tce, ctngeangel csï c `cs
dcrcdtnrïstadcs ageavaeuc`ns en` c`uogcel y su ratol en cprngeazcin.

3 @nn y dloprngen `cs agstruddalgns nsdratcs.

= ]nc`azc `l qun ageadc ng dcec pcsl en `c cdtavaece, c vndns tngerãs

qun rndlrtcr y pnbcr, ltrcs dl`ldcr blonts y ng ltrcs ldcsalgns
eamuicr.

84
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Ftucu`cencply
Ftucu`cencplyl
l Mcscec ng cu`cpt.lrb

Ucrnc snocgc`
En 2 c 3> cóls 3> - =6 oagutls

Hugdalgns V`cga󰁨adcdaôg y tloc en endasalgns.

nindutavcs

- Ensdcrbcr n` crdjavl ceiugtl (pagdjc ng `c gumn).

- Ta sn aopraon n` crdjavl9 pcpn` y ml`ïbrchls.
- Ta gl sn aopraon9 tcm`nt l easplsatavl n`ndtrôgadl.

Lrbcgazc y p`cga󰁨adc tu tcrnc snocgc` en dcec csabgcturc dlg nstn jlrcral.

Vunens uta`azcr`l ng tu tcm`nt l aopraoar`l y dl`bcr`l ng tu dlrdjl.

Dlg nstc tcm`c plerãs jcdnr ug snbuaoangtl en tus prlpacs tcrncs y scmnr
`cs qun yc jcs rnc`azcel,
rnc`az cel, rnvascel y ngtrnbcel.

Ensdcrbcr n` crdjavl ceiugtl y endaen sa `l aopraoarãs l sa `l neatcrãs

ng ug easplsatavl n`ndtrôgadl.

3
= Nsdramn tu jlrcral en `c snocgc. Vunen snr tu jlrcral en` dl`nbal, l
saop`nongtn tu jlrcral pcrc lrbcgazcrtn ng dcsc.

4 Dcec eïc, rnvasc `cs tcrncs qun tus prlhnslrns tn jcg csabgcel y
nsdrïmn`cs ng `c tcm`c en ‐`astc en tcrncs‟.

85
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fprlhndrastagc

Ucrnc snocgc`
Enspuás en jcdnr dcec tcrnc, ocrdc n` `cpadnrl (punens tcdjcr`l l
rlencr`l).
5
> ]nvasc tu tcrnc pcrc csnburcrtn
csnburcrtn en qun `c jcs jndjl dlrrndtcongtn y
en qun `c prnsngtcdaôg ns lrengcec. ^gc vnz qun `l jcycs rnvascel,
ocrdc `c `upn (rlenc l tcdjc).

Hagc`ongtn, ducgel jcycs ngtrnbcel `c tcrnc c tu prlhn plerãs

ocrdcr n` cvalgdatl en pcpn`.

8
¡Csï plerãs jcdnr ug snbuaoangtl en tus tcrncs ouy hãda`ongtn, yc gl sn tn
l`vaecrã jcdnr, rnvascr l ngtrnbcr gcec!

Oa jlrcral pcrc `c snocgc en` c` en

@^GNT OC]UNT OAÁ]DL@NT I^NXNT XAN]GNT TÃMCEL ELOAGBL

1966 - 36966 @astc en tcrncs snocgc en` c` en

36966 - 33966
@^G
^GNT
NT OC]
C]UN
UNTT OAÁ]
OAÁ]DL
DL@N
@NTT I^
I^NNXN
XNTT XA
XAN]
N]GN
GNTT TÃMC
TÃMCEL
EL ELOA
ELOAGB
GBLL
33966 - 3=966 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9
@ngbuc

3=966 - 34966
Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9
Octnoãtadcs
3>966 - 38966
Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9
Agb`ás
38966 - 32966
Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9
Gcturc`
32966 - 3:966

Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9

Tldac`ns

Ltrcs Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9 Ucrnc9

csabgcturcs

C`bugcs tcrncs qun gl enml l`vaecr nstc snocgc9

8>
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fprlhndrastagc

Aocba
Aocbaggc, aoc
aocba
baggc
En 36 c 38 cóls 46 oagutls

Hugdalgns Agjamadaôg y 󰁨`nxama`aece dlbgatavc.

nindutavcs

- Aopraoar n` crdjavl ceiugtl (pagdjc ng `c gumn).

- Ml`ïbrchl.
- Vcpn`.

¼Tnrãs dcpcz en aocbagcr gunvls usls pcrc tlels nstls lmintls<

3 Ensdcrbc n aopraon n` crdjavl en nstc cdtavaece.

Iugtl c dcec ugc en `cs aoãbngns enmns nsdramar ug ‐gunvl usl‟ pcrc
n` lmintl qun ngdungtrcs. ¡Tnburl qun punens snr ouy drnctavl y

= pngscr aencs ouy dju`cs! Vlr ninop`l, ug pcrcbucs sn uta`azc pcrc

prltnbnrgls en `c ``uvac… pnrl ¡tcomaág plerïc snr ug pc`l en
jldkny!

4 Duaecel… tcomaág jcy trcopcs ng nstc cdtavaece. Ng `cs aoãbngns

qun tngbcg ug pugtl czu` enmcil tangns qun nsdramar n` usl jcmatuc`
en` lmintl qun cpcrndn.

88
Cdtavaece n`cmlrcec plr Fprlhndrastagc

¡Nspnrcols
n tn jc yc bu s tc e l !
qu

Ta tangns duc`quanr euec l subnrngdac slmrn `cs cdtavaecens, punens

plgnrtn ng dlgtcdtl dlg glsltrls c trcvás en agstcbrco.

¡Gls ngdcgtcrã qun gls ongdalgns sa uta`azcs gunstrcs cdtavaecens y `cs

pum`adcs ng tus rnens sldac`ns!
 Cutlrns
en adlgls
Ulels
Ecraus Ecg
`ls adlgls ensdcrbcels en 󰁨`ctadlg.dlo9
Hrnnpak
Xndtlrs Ocrknt
Xatc`y Blrmcdjnv
H`ct Adlgs
u`taoctncro
Tocsjadlgs
Eaoatry Oarl`aumlv
pjltl4aenc\stueal
oygconplgb
UjlsnAdlgs
Eaglslht@cms
soc```akncrt
olgkak
Adlgbnnk=8
Blle Rcrn

Cutlrns
en o
ao
a ã bng ns
Aocbng en plrtcec ensdcrbcec en paxcmcy
paxcmcy.dlo
.dlo
]cwpaxn`.dlo