LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS

PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

MAP PROJECTION

• A map is a representation of all or part of the Earth drawn on a flat surface at a specific scale.

• It is a visual representation of an area - a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between

elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.

• It is a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface or part of it, showing the geographical
distributions, positions, etc, of natural or artificial features such as roads, towns, relief, etc.

• Cartography is the study and practice of making maps and one who make maps is called a
cartographer.

SCALE

Map scale refers to the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding
distance on the ground.

For example, on a 1:100 000 scale map, 1cm on the map equals 1km on the ground.

The map scale may be expressed in three ways and the pictorial representation of these three types is
shown in the figure.

6 = 30m
2 = 60m
5 = 300m
2 = 600m
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PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

• A systematic projection of all or part of the surface of a round body, especially Earth, on a plane
(Snyder, 1987)

• Function is to define how positions on the Earth’s curved surface are transformed into a flat
map surface

• It is the representation of the objects and information on a curved surface in a plane using
mathematical and geometric relations.

• Required because of the need to produce a map of the Earth on a flat, 2-dimensional surface

The term 'projection' comes from the notion of placing a light source inside transparent globe and
projecting shadows of the meridians, parallels and other geographic features onto a sheet of paper
placed tangent to the globe.

Position of light source can be…..

Gnomonic -light source is at the centre

Stereographic- light source is at the antipode of the point of tangency

Orthographic- light source is at an infinite distance from the point of tangency.

LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

WHEN TRANSFERRING THE IMAGE OF THE EARTH AND ITS IRREGULARITIES ON PLANE SURFACE OF THE
MAP: 3 FACTORS
I. Geoid: Rendition of irregular spheroidal shape of the earth.

II. An ellipsoid: Geoids are then transferred to a regular geometric reference surface

III.Projection: Geographical relationship of the ellipsoid, still three dimensional form, are transformed
into two dimensional plane of a map.

PROPERTIES OF MAP PROJECTION

CONFORMALITY: shapes of small features on the Earth are preserved; scale and direction of Earth and
map are equal for small areas
-Useful for navigation and topographic mapping

Equal Area :areas on the map are always proportional to areas on the Earth’s surface
-Useful for area computation applications

Equidistant: -preserves distances between points; constant scale

Azimuthal -true directions are preserved; direction measurements on the map are the same as those
made on the ground
- Useful for air and sea navigation
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MAP PROJECTIONS

The map projection are classified according to five criteria:

1.Nature of the projection surface as defined by geometry

2. Coincidence or contact of the projection surface with the datum surface

3. Position or alignment of the projection surface with relation to the datum surface

4. Properties of cartographic requirements, and

5. Mode of generation of datum surface and coordinate systems.

TYPES OF MAP PROJECTION

1.CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

Wrap a sheet of paper around the globe in the form of a cylinder, transfer the geographic features of the
globe on to it. Then unroll the sheet and lay it.

To achieve projection, the graticule would be rectangular, the cylinder tangent to one line on the globe
or intersects two line of the globe.

The three different cylindrical projection are;

LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

1. Normal (using the lines of latitute as lines of contact - e.g. Mercator)

2. Transverse (using meridians - e.g. Transverse mercator)

3. Oblique (using any other great circle lines)

2.CONIC PROJECTION

Wrap a piece of paper around the globe to form a cone. Shine a light from the center of the earth, trace
the image that is projected onto the paper, and then take the paper off for a conic projection.

-A method of projecting maps of parts of the earth's spherical surface on a surrounding cone, which is
then flattened to a plane surface having concentric circles as parallels of latitude and radiating lines from
the apex as meridians

3.Planar or Azimuthal

features/positions on the Earth are projected to a plane

1. Polar (using either north or south pole)

2. Equatorial (using a point somewhere on the Equator)

3. Oblique (using any other point)

-A map projection in which a globe, as of the Earth, is assumed to rest on a flat surface onto which its
features are projected.

• It is a one of the important projection result from projecting a spherical surface in to plane.

• In this projection a flat paper is suppose to touch the globe at one point and project the lines of
latitude and longitude on a plane. This type of projection usually tangent to the globe at one point, but
may be secant.

• The point of contact may be north pole, south pole, a point on the equatorial or any point in between.
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

ASPECTS

OTHER COMMONLY USED MAP PROJECTION

1. MERCATOR PROJECTION
• The Mercator projection has straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles.

-Scales can be used to measure distances and are true only along equator or at two standard parallels
equidistant at the equator.

• This projection is often used for navigation for maps of equatorial regions.
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

2.UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) GRID

• The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) geographic coordinate system uses a 2-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system to give locations on the surface of the Earth. It is a horizontal
position representation, i.e. it is used to identify locations on the Earth independently of vertical
position.

• Divides the Earth into sixty zones, each a six-degree band of longitude, and uses a secant
transverse Mercator projection in each zone.

3.LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC

• The projection seats a cone over the sphere of the Earth and projects conformally onto the cone.
The cone is unrolled, and the parallel touching the sphere is assigned unitary scale in the simple
case.

• It is based on infinite number of cones tangent to an infinite number of parallels. The central
meridian is straight whereas others are complex curves.
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

4. ALBER EQUAL-AREA CONIC

• The Albers equal-area conic projection, or Albers projection (named after Heinrich C. Albers), is a
conic, equal area map projection that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and shape are
not preserved, distortion is minimal between the standard parallels.

5. Philippine Transverse Mercator

National coordinate system adopted by. Philippines to give definite location of a ground
point (whether it is a lot corner, traverse point, control point, etc.) that is unique and most suitable
to the locality of the Philippines.
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

Importance of Map Projections in GIS

-Necessary for combining data with different projections into a single GIS by means of
transformations
-Consideration of the effect of the Earth’s curvature is necessary for GIS projects at a global or
regional scale
-Transforming features on a curved surface to a plane is necessary for displaying data

Coordinate Systems

• Constructed on the basis of map projections

• Superimposed on the surface, resulting from the map projection, to provide the referencing
framework by which positions are measured and computed

Types of Coordinate Reference Systems

Plane Rectangular Coordinate System

1. Cartesian Coordinate System

2. Simplest coordinate system
3. Position of a point is fixed by two distances measured perpendicularly from the point to the axes
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

Axes of the coordinate system

– two straight lines intersecting at right angles

– used to define the geographic space

Origin – intersection of the axes

X-axis (Easting) – horizontal axis

Y-axis (Northing) – vertical axis

Quadrants – partitioning of the coordinate system; four quadrants in a coordinate system

Plane Polar Coordinate System

• Position of a point is fixed using an angular measurement and a linear measurement

• Position of a point is determined by its direct distance from the pole and the angle it forms with
respect to the polar axis
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

Geographic Coordinate System

• Three-dimensional spherical coordinate system of the Earth

• Takes into account the shape of the Earth

• Uses a network of latitudes and longitude (called graticules) to fix the position of a point on the
Earth
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

North and South Geographic Poles – primary reference points on the Earth

– points of intersection of the axis of rotation and the E

Earth Equator – an imaginary line halfway between the poles; great circle perpendicular to the axis of
rotation Meridian – great circle which contains the poles

Latitude (Φ) – vertical angle measured from the equatorial plane to the point

Longitude (λ) – horizontal distance from the prime meridian (zero meridian) to the point

Spatial Reference Framework of the Philippines

Components of a Reference Framework

Projection

• There is not a 'best projection,' the one most commonly used in the Philippines, is the
Transverse Mercator because the country stretches primarily in N-S direction

Model representing the shape of the Earth

• Earth is not a perfect sphere due to rotational forces created which causes flattening at the
north and south poles and bulging along the equator.

Model representing the shape of the Earth (cont’n)

LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

Points of elevation are identified through a vertical network based upon another sphere known
as geoid

Datum

Using the ellipsoid the horizontal datum is developed

In the Philippines, there are two basic datums

Datums used in the Philippines

WGS 84

commonly used worldwide datum from satellite measurements of the earth.

The origin is the center of the earth

Luzon 1911

Most commly used datum for the Philippines Uses Clark 1866 ellipsoid and its origin is located just
south of Luzon at Balanacan.

PRS 92

Created by NAMRIA,not a new datum but an adjustment of the Luzon datum

Luzon Datum

Not a a separate datum, it is the Luzon Datum with different WGS 84 transformation parameters

Coordinate Systems and Projections

Geographic Coordinate System

- Also known as latitude and longitude

- Comprised of angular measurements

Projected Coordinate System

UTM-The earth is divided into 60 north and south zone by six degree wide. “Transverse Mercator“
method is projected as baseline that center of each zone. Each zone has a scale factor of 0.9996 and a
false easting of 5000,000 meters. Zones south of the equator have a false northing of 10,000,000 meters
to ensure that all values are positive. The Philippine is included in the zone50North and the zone
51North.

PTM-The Philippine is divided into 5 zone two degrees wide. As well as UTM, “Transverse Mercator”
method is projected as baseline that center of each zone. Zambales province is included zone3. Database
of the Geographic Information System (GIS) for this study, the projection is PTM (Philippine Transverse
Mercator projection) zone 3
LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO

Detail of the PTM is enumerated below

1) Datum: Luzon 1911

2) Ellipsoid: Clarke of 1866 (a=6378206.4 , b=6356583.8 ,1/f=294.978698214)

3) Projection: Transverse Mercator Projection 4) Latitude of Origin: 0N

5) Central Meridian: 117E (zone1), 119E (zone 2), 121E (zone 3), 123E (zone 4), 125E (zone 5)

6) False Northing: 0 (unit: m)

7) False Easting: 500,000 (unit: m)

8) Scale Factor: 0.99995

CONCLUSION

• Map is a visual representation or diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface or part of it,
showing the geographical distributions, positions, etc, of natural or artificial features.

• It has different scale and base on the range scale of the map it can be either large, medium or
small map.It has different scale and base on the range scale of the map it can be either large,
medium or small map.

• A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations on

the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane.

• There are mainly three main categories or classification of map projection i.e cylindrical, conic
and planar/Azimuthal projection.

• Map projection is thus the basic principle of map making.

LECTURE 2: MIDTERMS
PREPARED BY: RICK ALLESTER G. ARELLANO