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General Surveying 2
• Familiarized with the
concept of positioning

• Integrate concepts of
Horizontal and Vertical
Positioning for the purpose
of control surveyin

• Know Control Survey

Accuracy standards
Gather
• Position
• Distance
• Direction
• Area
• Elevation
Gather Turn them Into
• Position • Plans
• Distance • Maps
• Direction • Charts
• Area • Tables
• Elevation
A method for extending horizontal control
for topographic and similar surveys which
require observations of triangular figures
whose angles are measured and whose
sides are determined by trigonometric
computations.
 consists of a series of triangles in which
one or more sides of each triangle are also
sides of adjacent triangles.
are the vertices of the triangles in a
triangulation system
is one of the lines in a triangulation system
whose length is also precisely measured
and may be located at regular intervals or
at the end of triangulation system.

It serves as a check for triangulation

computation involving lengths of lines
 a method used for horizontal control
surveys which is based exclusively on
measured horizontal distances.

IT CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF JOINED OR

OVERLAPPING TRIANGLES WHERE SIDES
ARE MEASURED AND THE ANGLES ARE
COMPUTED
 a method of adjustment used in
triangulation systems and other types of
traverse surveys.

It is based on the theory of probability and

is used to simultaneously adjust the angular
and linear measurements to make the sum
of the squares of the residuals a minimum
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General Surveying 2
Determination of the precise position of a number of
stations distributed over an area to serve as origin or
for checking of other subsequent surveys to be used
in engineering projects.
• To prevent the accumulation of errors, by connecting
surveys to a consistent geometrical system of points which
are accurate enough for the task.

• Essential as reference framework for giving locations of

data entered into Land Information Systems LIS) and
Geographic Information Systems GIS).

• Required to augment photogrammetric and remote

sensing methods of mapping.
1 Horizontal Control Surveys
2 Vertical Control Surveys
• A horizontal control is provided by two or more points in
the ground, permanently or semi-permanently
monumented, and precisely fixed in position horizontally
by distance and direction, or coordinates.
• A horizontal position is the location of a point relative to
two axes:
⚬ the equator and the prime meridian on the globe,
⚬ or x and y axes in a plane coordinate system.
• Horizontal control surveys over
extensive areas generally establish
geodetic latitudes and longitudes of
stations.
Horizontal Control Surveys

1. Control by Triangulation -
survey consists of networks of
geometric figures with almost
all of the angles measured
directly in the field and with
relatively few sides measured.
Horizontal Control Surveys

2. Control by Trilateration -
more accurate in establishing
horizontal control because
distances are measured
more accurately than angles.
Horizontal Control Surveys

3. Control by Traversing - series

of horizontal distances and
directions are observed to
connect points whose
positions are to be determined.
• A vertical control is provided by benchmarks in or near
the track to be surveyed, and it becomes the basis for
all elevations and in portraying the relief of the area.
• It is usually established by running lines of differential
levels.
• In rugged areas, trigonometric leveling has been a
common and practical method.
• GPS surveying may also be used, but
elevations must be converted to
orthometric heights first.
Basis of classifying control surveys :
• Accuracy of measuring lengths and azimuths
• Extent of the survey
• Determines accurate geographic position of points on the
earth's surface taking into account the curvature of the earth

• It shall be made in accordance with the general instruction

contained in the special publications of CGSD (HD) of
NAMRIA for the different orders of the control work:
• First Order Geodetic Control
• Second Order Geodetic Control
• Third Order Geodetic Control
• Determines the position of control points between
stations with geodetic accuracy over an area of limited
extent.

• Classes of Project Controls:

⚬ Primary Control
⚬ Secondary Control
⚬ Tertiary Control
 A small mark set immovably into the ground
such that the instrument can be set up above it,
to an accuracy of I mm in the horizontal plane.

Includes the horizontal control points, vertical

control points, gravity values, and in sometimes,
crustal motion values.
In the past, vertical and horizontal control points
are separately and independently established.
Control points in the survey must be consistent
with all other points in the geodetic control and
not just within that particular survey.
Location of Control Stations must consider:
• Relevance of the place/can be easily found
• Secured from local disturbance
• Visible from two or more stations (if conventional
method of positioning is used)
• Open area (if GPS)
• Well-conditioned shape (network)
The type of marker is dependent on:
• Type of soil or material at the market site
• Degree of permanence required
• Cost of replacement
• Precision requirements
The process involved in carrying out the survey can
be itemized as follows:

1. Reconnaissance — a careful reconnaissance of the area is

first carried out to establish the most suitable positions for
the survey stations (intervisible, well-conditioned triangles
with angles >45d).
2. Laying the sections — appropriate markers are laid out
depending on the location, environment and necessary
permanency of the control points.
3. Measurements
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General Surveying 2
20 000N, 20 000E
That are commonly used in Geodetic Engineering
We refer the Local Coordinates of Each Corners
from the
 Grid Coordinates
2 Dimensional – Same with Local Coordinates
Horizontal Datum
- Luzon Datum (triangulation network)
- Balanacan and Baltazar stations
Vertical Datum
- MSL (19 years average of tides)
–
Section 1. Control Surveys shall be fixed in a position on
the surface of the earth by monuments of permanent
nature. As per Sections 4 and 28, DAO No. 2007-29, the
control surveys are defined and classified into geodetic
and project control surveys. The manner of conducting
survey for the aforementioned types of survey is
described below.
Control Surveys – shall refer to the survey conducted
to determine the horizontal and vertical positions of
points which will form part of a geodetic network or
project controls over an area which will subsequently
become the basis in determining the rectangular
coordinates in an area.
 Geodetic Control Surveys
Shall refer to the surveys conducted
covering extensive areas which take
into account the curvature and the
geoid-spheroidal shape of the earth
at sea level for the purpose of
establishing basic network of
reference points, covering the first
and second order controls.
Project Control Surveys
Shall refer to the surveys conducted to
establish the positions of points of
reference for projects with a limited
geographic coverage such as a
municipality, a large isolated tract of
land, group settlement, a barangay or
group of municipalities, covering
primary control (3rd order), secondary
control (4th order) and tertiary control.
 Section 2. All Geodetic Control Surveys shall be
conducted in the Philippine Reference System of
1992 (PRS 92) using survey grade GNSS Receivers.
The calibration/testing and registration of the
instrument prior to their use shall be in accordance
with section 22, DAO No. 2007-29.
• All conventional survey instruments, GNSS receivers
and smart stations shall be properly calibrated by and
registered to the LMB/LMS before it can be used for
any kind of survey covered by this regulation. Surveys
made with instruments without valid registration
shall not be accepted for verification and approval.
a. Original Certificate of Instrument Registration (CIR) shall be issued
by the LMB after the calibration. A National Database on survey
instruments shall be established and maintained/updated by the
LMB.
The Validity of registration shall be:
1. For steel tapes: two (2) years up to three (3) breaks, whichever
comes earlier;
2. For engineer’s transits and optical and electronic theodolites: 3
years
3. EDM/ETS: 2 years
4. GNSS Receivers: 2 years
b. Renewal of CIR may be issued by the LMS
concerned after the usual recalibration thereof. A
copy of renewed CIR shall be furnished to the
LMB for updating the National Database on
Surveying Instruments.
c. A copy of the CIR shall be furnished the LMS at
the start of every year for indexing purposes.
• Section 3. The conduct of Geodetic Control Survey shall be in
accordance with the following conditions;
–The project area selected shall be based on the
recommendation of the Regional Executive Director (RED)
concerned.
–The person to be authorized to conduct the survey shall be a
qualified professional pursuant to RA 8560, otherwise known
as the Philippine Geodetic Engineering Act of 1998, as
amended. Moreover, Sections 9 and 13 of DAO 2007-09 shall
be applied in the process.
Sections 9 of DAO 2007-09
Sections 13 of DAO 2007-09
–Survey Order as defined in section 15 of DAO No.
2007-29 shall be issued by the NAMRIA
Administrator.
– A copy of the Contract with the Notice to
Proceed shall be transmitted to the contractor and
shall signal the start of survey activities. The date
when the contractor received the said documents
shall serve as the official date of commencement
of the project.
• The network of controls covering the project site shall be
plotted on the map as mentioned in Section 5.b of this
Manual. The network design shall be composed of
recovered/new control points and shall serve as guide in
the conduct of actual ground survey.
 Section 9. Baseline Length – the conduct of survey shall start from an
established PRS 92 control point and shall end at another PRS 92 control point
(check base) for checking purposes. In order to ensure their correctness, the
following shall be taken into consideration:
Section 10. Designing Network of Controls – The inter-visibility of
stations are not necessary in order to have a good Network
Geometry in the GNSS observations. However, in the preparation of
the Network Design, it is necessary that the points selected can be
occupied, located in a stable ground and shall not be affected by
any construction activities in the near future. Swampy or loose soil
areas should be avoided.
Section 12. The following shall apply in the preparation of the map of the
project site: a. The available NAMRIA Topographic Map on the area shall be
used as base map;
b. All the fixed controls (Old Control Points) based on the available records
shall be plotted;
c. The Points to be established shall be approximately plotted on the selected
locations;
d. Caution shall be taken in order to scale the map correctly. The distance
between points is an important factor;
e. Each station shall be numbered in accordance with Section 16 of this
Manual; and
f. The Network Design’s final map may be modified upon the conduct of Field
Reconnaissance.
 - The position of reference points shall be
defined and marked on the ground by monuments of permanent nature in
the form of a square base frustum illustrated in Annex III.A.1 of this Manual
and in accordance with the following standards:
 Concrete monuments shall be fabricated with reinforced
steel bar (10 mm in diameter for vertical bars and 8 mm in
diameter for ties) and satisfying the requirements of class
A concrete specifications in the ratio of or translated
into a concrete mixture such as

. Sand and gravel must

be clean, free from dust or mud or other organic matter.
1. Geodetic Control Monuments
Municipal Boundary Monument
Barangay Boundary Monument:
Standard Lot Corner Monument
Province Code
1) Ilocos Norte ILN
2) Ilocos Sur ILS
3) la Union LUN
4) Pangasinan PNG
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
Province Code
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General Surveying 2
20 000N, 20 000E
20 000N, 20 000E
20 000N, 20 000E
20 000N, 20 000E
20 000N, 20 000E
20 000N, 20 000E
20 000N, 20 000E
20 000N, 20 000E