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01

PART 5
WIND LOAD CALCULATION FOR
DESIGN
Revised (2019.07.17)

WIND LOADS 02

Flow Chart For Wind Load Analysis

(Note :- References , unless otherwise stated , refer to CP 3:Ch:V Part 2
1972-Basic data for the design of buildings – wind loads)

START

1.Determine Basic wind speed , V

In UK – Fig 1
In Sri Lanka – See Table A in this chapter

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2.Determine modification factors 03

S1 , S2 , S3
S1 - A function of Topography
(3 possible cases)
usually S1 = 1.0
(clause 5.4 Table 2)
S2 -A function of – Ground roughness
( 4 categories)
- Building size (A , B & C)
(3 classes)
- Height above ground
(Clause 5.5 , 5.5.1 , 5.5.2 , Table 3)
S3 – A statistical factor , based on design life and acceptable
level of risk
Usually S3 – 1.0 (C1.5.6 Fig.2)

04
3.Determine Design Wind speed

= V.S1 . S2 . S3

4.Determine Dynamic Pressure of Wind

q=K
In UK – Clause 6 , Tables 4 & 5

In Sri Lanka – See Table 3 in this chapter

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5 . Determine Forces on a Structure? 05

a Panel ?

Structure Panel

6.A. Determine the force coefficient, 6.B. Determine external and internal
- Clause 7.3 Table 10 & 14 pressure coefficient Cpe & Cpi
- Clause 8 (Bridge & Tower Structures) Cpe - Clause… Tables 7 , 8
Cpi - In UK …7.2,
In Sri Lanka
See Table C This chapter
7.A. Determine the wind load on structure
F = Cf.q.Ae 7.B. Determine the …load on panel
Ae = effective wind area of structure F= (Cpe-Cpi)q.Ae
Ae = effective wind area of panel

STOP

Note : 06
In Sri Lanka, the Ministry of Local Government , Housing and
Construction have published a Manual on Design of Buildings for High
winds, Sri Lanka.This classifies Sri Lanka into three zones and classified
structures as ‘normal’ and ‘post disaster’, the latter having to be designed to
withstand cyclonic wind loads. The following tables and figures (referred to
in the flowchart) are extracts from this manual.
Zone Post disaster Normal
(m/s) (m/s)
1 54 49
2 47 43
3 38 33
Table A – Basic wind speeds

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06a

Temperature Pressure Density Constant 07

Location (0C) (Mb) (kg/m3) (SI units)

Sri Lanka
Zone 1 25 950 1.103 0.5552
Zone 2 25 975 1.1395 0.5698
Zone 3 25 1013 1.1840 0.5920
UK
( CP3:Ch:V 15 1013.25 1.2260 0.613
Part 2)
Table 3 (Dynamic pressure coefficient)
Note: Dynamic pressure
Dynamic pressure (N/m2) = K x ( Design wind velocity – m/s)2

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Table C- Internal Pressure Coefficients , Cpi 08

a) Post Disaster structure - Zones 1,2, & 3
Normal Structures – Zone 1
- Dominant opening assumed
Max. Cpi = +0.6 Min. Cpi = - 0.3
b) Normal structures – Zone 2
- Breakage of 1 door or 2 small windows resulting in permeability ratio
of 1.5
Max. Cpi = +0.3 Min. Cpi = - 0.3
c) Normal structures – Zone 3
- Negligible probability of a dominant opening occurring
Max. Cpi = +0.2 Min. Cpi = -0.3

Note : 09
The manual is fact intended to cover all aspects of design for wind loading
in Sri Lanka , and hence replace the use of CP3:Ch:V: Part 2.

Reference Calculation Results

Frame Analysis
Lateral forces are critical along the short direction of
the building.Columns and beams are the elements
which resist lateral loads.Therefore a frame analysis
is required to design columns for both vertical and
horizontal loads.

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8.5m 10
8.5m

4.0
θ= 250
5 10 15 20 25
3.6
2nd floor
4 9 14 19 24
3.9 h= 11.2m
3 8 13 18 23 1st floor

4.2

2 7 12 17 22
1.0 1 6 11 16 21
12 12a 14 14a 15a

SECTION

11
W = 14.5m Frame
considered
C(0.35x0.35)

α=0

Slab thickness = 125mm PLAN

C = 350x350
Beam = 300 x 400
Bk (9”) wall ~ 5.0 kN/m2

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Wind Analysis (Pressure Coefficient Method) 12

This building is a Hospital building in Baticaloe district.
Design of Hence , Zone 1, Post Disaster
buildings
for the Basic wind speed V = 53.5 ms-1
highwind The Design wind speed Vs = VS1S2S3
Table3.1
C1.3.5 CP3
Chapter V S1 = Topography Factor = 1.0
Part 2
C1 4.3
Table 2 S3 = Statistical Factor = 1.0
C1.5.4
C1.5.5
C1.5.6 S2 = Combined effect of ground roughness. The variation of
wind speed with height above the ground and the size of the
building.

a) Ground Roughness 13

Open country with no obstruction.

b) Size of building
According to the horizontal & vertical dimension building
falls under class C
Dynamic pressure of the wind
CP3. q = KVs2 Where K is a constant, for Sri Lanka K = 0.59
Chapter V
C1.4.3 (N/m2 of m/s)

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14

Wind Load
The wind force (F) acting in the direction normal to the
individual element is given by,
F = (Cpe – Cpi) q A

Cpe = External Pressure Coefficient

Cpi = Internal Pressure Coefficient
q = Dynamic Pressure of the Wind
A = Surface Area

Pressure Coefficient 15
CP3 a) Building Height Ratio (h/w)
Chapter V
Part 2 h = Height to eaves = 11.2m
Table 7 w = Lesser Horizontal Dimension = 14.5m
h/w = 11.2/14.5 = 0.77
Hence 1/2 < h/w < 4
b) Building Plan Ratio (l/w)
l = Greatest Horizontal Dimension = 56.5m
l/w = 56.5/14.5 = 3.89
Hence 3/2 < l/w < 4
- 0.7 + 0.7

+ 0.7 - 0.3 - 0.5 - 0.5

Cpe for α = 00 Cpe for α = 900

- 0.7 - 0.1

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Pressure Coefficient Cpe for Pitch Roofs 16

CP3 Roof Pitch 250
Chapter V
Part 2
Table 8 - 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.8 - 0.7 -0.8

Cpe for α = 00 Cpe for α = 900

CP3
Internal Pressure Coefficient (Cpi)
Chapter V Assume four faces equally permeable Cpi = - 0.3
Appendix E (Cpe – Cpi )
Combination of Cpe & Cpi values to get (Cpe – Cpi)
α = 00 α = 900
- 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.8 - 0.7 -0.8

+ 0.7 (- 0.3) (- 0.3) - 0.3 - 0.5 (- 0.3) (- 0.3) - 0.5

Cpi Cpi

17

1.0 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2

From (Cpe-Cpi) values , it can be seen that the resultant wind

force (F) should be checked for both α = 0 & α = 900
cases

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Case I :- Wind Flows From Front Side of the Building 18

(Windward Direction), When α =0

Panel Height Above S2 Vs = VS1S2S3 Q=KVSs2 (Cpe – Cpi) F=(Cpe – Cpi) q A

Ground Level ms-1 (kN/m2) kN/m
(m)
2-3 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 1.0 5.7
3-4 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 1.0 7.3
4-5 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 1.0 8.4
22-23 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 0 0
23-24 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 0 0
24-25 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 0 0
5-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.2 -1.8
25-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.2 -1.8

(Windward Direction), When α =900 19

Panel Height Above S2 Vs = VS1S2S3 Q=KVSs2 (Cpe – Cpi) F=(Cpe – Cpi) q A

Ground Level ms-1 (kN/m2) kN/m
(m)
2-3 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 -0.2 -1.1
3-4 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 -0.2 -1.5
4-5 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 -0.2 -1.7
22-23 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 -0.2 -1.1
23-24 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 -0.2 -1.5
24-25 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 -0.2 -1.7
5-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.5 -4.5
25-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.4 -3.6

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Case II :- Wind Flows From Rear Side of the Building 20

(Leeward Direction), When α =0

Panel Height Above S2 Vs = VS1S2S3 Q=KVSs2 (Cpe – Cpi) F=(Cpe – Cpi) q A

Ground Level ms-1 (kN/m2) kN/m
(m)
2-3 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 0 0
3-4 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 0 0
4-5 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 0 0
22-23 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 1.0 5.7
23-24 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 1.0 7.3
24-25 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 1.0 8.4
5-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.2 -1.8
25-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.2 -1.8

(Leeward Direction), When α =900 21

Panel Height Above S2 Vs = VS1S2S3 Q=KVSs2 (Cpe – Cpi) F=(Cpe – Cpi) q A

Ground Level ms-1 (kN/m2) kN/m
(m)
2-3 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 -0.2 -1.1
3-4 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 -0.2 -1.5
4-5 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 -0.2 -1.7
22-23 4.2 0.75 40.12 0.95 -0.2 -1.1
23-24 8.1 0.85 45.48 1.22 -0.2 -1.5
24-25 11.7 0.91 48.69 1.40 -0.2 -1.7
5-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.4 -3.6
25-27 15.7 0.94 50.29 1.49 -0.5 -4.5

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Summary 22
Suction

8.4 kN/m 8.4 kN/m

0 0

7.3kN/m 7.3kN/m
0 0

5.7kN/m 0 0 5.7kN/m

(Pressure) (Pressure)

Wind Flows From Front Side Wind Flows From Rear Side

Notional Horizontal Load 23

All building should be capable of resisting a notional
C1.3.1.4.2 design ultimate notional load applied at each floor level
BS 8110
Part 1 simultaneously equal to 1.5% of the characteristic dead
weight of the structure between mid height of the storey
below and either mid height of the storey above or the roof
surface.
0.015GK4

R/F Concrete
So we have to compare 1.4WK
0.015GK3
Design to 1.4Wk or 1.2Wk with or
BS 8110 (1.5/100)Gk and take the
A.H. ALLEN 0.015GK2
1.2WK
C1.2.3.1 Larger value.
0.015GK1

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Calculation of Notional Horizontal Load 24

Frame along grid C,
Consider 2nd floor level
a) Weight of beams
(0.3)(0.4)(14.5)(24)+(0.3)(0.4)(6.0)(24)(5.0) = 128.1 kN
b) Weight of slab & Finishes
(0.125)(24)(6.)(14.5)+(2)(6)(14.5) = 435.0 kN
c) Columns
. .
(0.35)(0.35)( )(24.0)(5.0) = 55.1 kN
d) Brick walls
. .
(5.0)(14.5)( )+ (5.0)(3.75)(6.0)(5.0) = 562.5 kN
Total = 1,180.7kN

Therefore notional horizontal loads at 2nd floor level , H 25

H = (1.5/100) x Characteristic Dead Weight
= (1.5/100) x 1180.7
= 17.7 kN

Consider 1st floor level

a) Weight of Beams = 128.1 kN
b) Weight of Slab & Finishes = 435.0 kN
c) Columns = 55.1 kN
d) Brick Walls = 562.5 kN
Total = 1180.7kN

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Therefore notional horizontal loads at 1st floor level , 26

H = (1.5/100) x 1,180.7
= 17.7 kN
Comparisons of Horizontal Loads
Case I :- Wind From Front Side
Node Nodal Total 1.2Wk 1.4Wk NHL
Wind Wind (kN) (kN) (kN)
Load Load NHL = Notional
3 25.4 Horizontal Load
23 0 25.4 35.6 41.5 17.7
4 29.4
24 0 29.4 35.3 41.2 17.7
5 11.2
25 3.9 11.2 13.4 15.7 1.6

Case II :- Wind From Rear Side - Similar to Case I

27

11.2 kN 3.9 kN 3.9 kN 11.2 kN

5 25 5 25

29.4 kN 0 0 29.4 kN

4 24 4 24

25.4 kN 0 0 25.4 kN

3 23 3 23

Case I Case II

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Friction Drag 28
For rectangular clad building this additional force is necessary
only where e ratio (d/h) or (d/b) is greater than 4
h = Height to Eaves
b = Dimension normal to wind
d = Dimension of the building measured in the direction of
wind
d/h = 14.5/11.2 = 1.29 < 4
d/b = 14.5/56.5 = 0.25 < 4
Friction drag is not necessary

29

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31

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32

33

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34

35

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36

37

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38

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