"FIRE AND ASH:

UNDERSTANDING
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS"
 Objectives:

Introduce what is volcano.

Define a volcanic eruption.
Recognize and indentify signs of an
impending volcanic eruption.
Determine the potential volcano-
related hazards.
Apply appropriate measures/
interventions before, during, and
after volcanic eruption.
Volcanoes are openings in Earth’s crust that
allows the energy from the interior of Earth to
escape to the surface. The energy in the
magma (composed of molten rocks from
from Earth’s mantle) that goes out are in the
form of lava, ash, and gas.
 A VOLCANO KNOWN FOR ITS BEAUTY IS
ALSO A KILLER

GUINOBATAN, Philippines
— Mount Mayon, one of the
Philippines’ most active
volcanoes, is as renowned for
its beauty as it is feared for its
destructiveness.
Volcanic Eruption
an eruption of molten rock, hot
rock fragments, and hot gases
through a volcano, which is a
vent in a planet’s or satellite’s
crust.
Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with

rumbling sounds

Occurence of volcanic tremors.

 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

2. Increased steaming activity

change in color of steam from white to
gray due to entained ash.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the

crater
Crater glow can be observed when the
magma finally reaches the surface, and
thus referred as lava.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground

fissuring due to magma intrusion
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground

fissuring due to magma intrusion

5. Localized landslide, rock falls and landslides from the

summit area that are not attributed to heavy rains.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground

fissuring due to magma intrusion

5. Localized landslide, rock falls and landslides from the

summit area that are not attributed to heavy rains.

6. Noticeable increase in drying up vegetation

around the volcano’s upper slopes
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

7.Increase in temperature of hot spring, wells and

crater lake near the volcano
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

7.Increase in temperature of hot spring, wells and

crater lake near the volcano
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

7.Increase in temperature of hot spring, wells and

crater lake near the volcano

8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of

springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

7.Increase in temperature of hot spring, wells and

crater lake near the volcano

8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of

springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano.

9. Drying up of springs or wells around the

volcano.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption

10. Developmentt of new thermal areas or

reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Potential volcano-related
hazards
June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo in the
LAHAR
Philippines exploded in the second
largest volcanic eruption on Earth this
century. is an Indonesian term that describes
a hot or cold mixture of water and
rock fragments that flows down the
slopes of a volcano and typically
enters a river valley. Small seasonal
events are sometimes referred to as
"debris flows", especially in the
Cascades.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
refers to the fast-moving
fluidized mass of rock
fragments and gases.
are the most deadly of
all volcanic hazards
Mt. Pinatubo eruption in
1991, some pyroclastic
flow had temperatures
about 750°C.

the gases that come with

the pyroclastic flow can
explode and may even
cause acid rain.
Pyroclastic flow during the Mt. Pinatubo (1991) eruption.
 ASH FALL
composed of bits and pieces
of pulverized rock, minerals,
and volcanic glass.

known as volcanic ash fall is

consists of tiny jagged
particles which can range to a
larger pieces of debris, are
carried by the wind and can
fall to the ground over a wide
area surrounding the volcano.

The most common health risk associated with ash fall is respiratory diseases related to asthma, broncitis, and emphysema.
Dehydration, starvation, and poisoning, on the other hand, are among problems of animals exposed to ash fall.
BALLISTIC PROJECTILE
is rock fragment that is ejected
from a volcano during its explosive
eruption.
like cannonballs, can be bombs or
blocks, depending on their state.
They pose serious hazards to
humans, plants, animals, and
properties, with the potential to
travel up to 5 km.
BLOCKS - the projectile or rock fragment is solid when ejected.
BOMB - launched in a partially molten or molten state.
 VOLCANIC GAS
•The most common and harmless volcanic
•
gas is water vapor. However, volcanoes also
release large amounts of sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide which are poisonous and
hazardous to organisms

•These are the primary components of the

magma that erupts and is released. Acid
rain is a result of these compounds'
excessive amounts in the atmosphere.

•In addition to numerous health hazards,

volcanic gas can induce respiratory issues.
 LAVA FLOW
outpourings of molten rock from a vent
onto Earth's surface during an effusive
volcanic eruption. Fluid basaltic lava
flows may travel great distances from
their vent. But more viscous (less fluid)
types of lava are not able to travel as
far, and form shorter and thicker lava
flows

A lava flow or lava dome is a body of lava that forms during an

eruption, or main eruptive episode. Lava flows are outpourings of
fluid, relatively low-viscosity molten rock, whereas a lava dome is a
pile of relatively viscous lava that cannot flow far from the vent.
Volcanic eruptions can be dangerous,
Measures/ interventions before,
during, and after volcanic eruption.
 WHAT TO DO BEFORE AN ERUPTION:

1. Stay updated with the local news.

2. Learn about your community warning systems and emergency plans. Have
a meeting with all family members and make a family emergency
preparedness plan.
3. Prepare an emergency supply kit that should include the following: first aid
kit, clean clothes, food and water, flashlight with extra batteries, battery
operated radio, dust masks, goggles, and prescribed medicines.
4. Pack all important and essential items in light and waterproof containers.
5. Secure livestock in enclosed shelters.
6. Listen to public safety announcements of local authorities. Follow the
authorities instructions if they tell you to evacuate the area.
 WHAT TO DO DURING AN ERUPTION:

1. Follow evacuation orders issued by local authorities and remind family

members of your disaster plan. Stay in the evacuation center until further
instructions are given by authorities.
2. If told to stay indoors, place a damp cloth over your windows and, if possible,
over your doors. Make sure all windows, doors, and other vents are kept closed
to prevent entry of ash and other materials spewed out by the volcano.
3. Wear long sleeved shirts and long pants.
4. Use goggles to protect your eyes.
5. Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to prevent inhalation of
ashes and other volcanic particles.
6. Avoid low-lying regions and river areas near the volcano. Volcanic debris will
be carried by the wind and gravity.
7. Listen to a battery operated radio for the latest emergency information.
 WHAT TO DO AFTER AN ERUPTION:

1. Continue listening to a NOAA weather radio or TV for the latest information.

2. Remain inside your home until officials declare it is safe to leave.
3. When outside, avoid volcanic ash fall. Cover your skin, nose, eyes and
mouth.
4. Clear roofs of ash fall. Ash can be very heavy and cause roofs to collapse.
5. Use a mask or a damp cloth and eye protection when cleaning up. Moisten
the ash with a sprinkler before cleaning.
6. Check for damage to walls, the roof, the foundation, the electrical system
and water lines.
 H AN K YO U
T so much!