Chapto i; PLilo sephy of meagument

# Meakutment
Tt is a proce #p, o4 Compari_on
between a stamdavd amd unknom
regulti
in ter knaing the magnitude ot the mknown
the &tanderd s ing trument i$
4 device factlitatep this com parigon
measuYment ip the process is
by obich Cam Comvert phyical patometert
to meamingte
It he meaparmet
two ba gíc xeguitemet.
ae
meandngtl, these qre

) the tamd ard uped foy compiBon p4rpo e mst be

ace LYately deel and shoufd be
commin)} ataptet
9 he appata fup aened and the
method adop ted
must be provable .
 Mithd

quite

phy
3ir.
em
b:dia
t

charatttrgtic:
dyarnic b) a)
instunt
elsetricel
ingtremert
itetrrnicp ) b )
static
Ihre
Charactesstice Mschanito instrumtpes t
chera are
l
ctrsticE too
ingtrnet
e
typep
: ingtrun prefernd
character8ticg rts
i

t
insmt
 ’ ?
# lity )Resolutiom
Repreducibi i ) AccuTacY
precitiom i) )
Meou TYue hete, (Acu It 1'- characBerpicp
tatic A)
mea
red
nptvument
The the
AccuYacy
ugntitiep
The mot do
Ip
n volue- ta i
volue:- c accura the mmaim
it (A) defined
i to
= Cy yeading de i
m vaue the qree tatic
the Threhad
Linearity ) ix) dead
vi) &atic
zont erroYvi)drift vi) uith
varymot
True tor
actuell o
oerct 9 cbaretr
value opproachep
clopemegp the
oriable meapyrment time..
Aoith
valu tryo n_trumentbich
9ticp
ap Measured value tkoith
o bileramce
axip) xi) ebilityXi) qY
dicated a indicato true
of which
voríoble. value3 voe
the on
by quemtity. the ameakure
bt

3;-
precien i-
Aohee. (repemp) en 19 can Ihe adimgre Prrcizion
fo
Rego
Stedy recipon sho
tngitiuity(k)
AVo = tity called Jmalle
be lu
tiorn
dtat deteeted difter.mit do the ip
Ip (P)
comditi
toardpdefined tincheamint
repo o meaBM Ye defined
Bqme
dipcriminati tn
lutien
Meaared Yeading
on. tha qp with ap
ci repea the
chong the certoinly
criminatin. value taohen copo
inratio bikity
bi
ptd lity
inpu measured Moasure ie.
b4 tach
npt chnge deceessive
the inptrumrnt
time. qn
tBatputin value valu
inptrum
 7:- eYOY:
tatic
6i- drift
2ero i)
7 ’ Drti S:-
Deod Error = dritfponor Chamgefocrplikedrift indico The
The
ingtvuneit volue Dead drit vorioblep
utput titn drift
manimtun foy Zon in
it mydees ove
Measure tmperaturc, is
i which i clopifitd be
net a de
gengitivity fintd
zere char d cauped
Chong
the eloc
p valun a
mehanical ectyic becauke the
ralled in true
ito
) fieldp, radual
mo
deod pit
im
va Zomal -thzer af
le envioymmt
visratisn
ett.
cate thermal 3hkift
for dri7t
ohich qoviep in
! Pmf the

4. 3
kiuitey Jo
which
with fi|etity. uan a
nd line.3tdevia
raigkt
Dymomie tity oprating tion
for ef
chaiectereticp : which lite abilityThe s fhe
quanditj
&truAn The thveugh
ip calibra
an
minimnn called
et, m
inptv eut tion mettt
an
a ita point
regponte me mea
t Babity
mavimnm instrumt
spieifrd uhe
is from
ropithde a tt
t 4eigmed
Value idealthe
the slorn to he

t se
getain maimum
changes t
irfe
 -
ngtrament
scondary
) Uofue device
ánptumot
Giemeyallyae
Absu two
energy
Lte.
Me
tru

otwhich asuking amd

te cate
ingtAment goiep the
we mea
uontity cam
Inptrum Buy
i edThe
can determihe
di-feremee
value
be te
voltag, be
oith
classtfiiti meaSured. the
betweem
repomk
means
curret, magtude mo
3ltaic
T
poor he

Examle 7
kcondoyY
gtandard pariom
aneth oithCom
Gencyaly these 2ecomdg H intrumtdThi Eh. Am
:-
measuYment. Thes inptrumnt
the ronda
Jaboratery Thee kime inptruntnt
Absolute
abgolute
th inp
Voltmtr, Luontity typp
typep Tanqert value trumt
in2tument de t inptrumnt
a inptrument golda inpstvu pakumte.
t
Ammuter,
intrmertinptynment the
absolutt o be nomet
ment mm
men eahuring dteimnmty
wattmete ae
\u
termincp et ae
inptrument.
au
colibrntd rel
Lui
direct tobltr
e wontint *hu
suitoble
t Valthne
ly. on
by qnitt
 inptrumet:
Tndicating +Ricevdin) >iromdotuj
7Jndico i) i)
2
aßume
ed I inptumet:
Rding
Kecokding Exomy- Tndica {hyee
mcasured
being
tar hich
es to ting pay
tperiod qwontty.
Volmett, nkneo ting
apecified indicate t
a ingts mte ánpstrumot <nptrumtnt af
angt
pen
umests Ammte,
eto. the mot
to
scoyd
ive poin mitudegmi&f
theeat on
Contimous A be
the wattonat, te
meatuired foY
divided
ontity
inptrumt
miauYment a into
powl quontity
to
be

Limitti # Eaam. toxam'-

’
GAYntt
erroY.
defind
Value
ate The meajured be
to
mOnjacture
may
*he Evey isEorp in electrical
ingthument
measuhment The ntineptgret
Iteqroling rument
ing :Yoph,
ma
limitp ceetrin
Emesgy 4peeifird
outpt
deviatep
icall 0 memok
meteqwonti
{he ot
GuQYamtee
yonge
ie,
knptrumentpF
is
the rid
from pto ty 1
Limi de Ampere ot eto.
viatien which ot produett
tinglimittinp tyu titn
me
ersor apteified
aceu by
(rrY
trem valt heYhey
houY oto.gep
con 3.
mia~uhod metr
be the t by n
exp quontity within
thet ett. eventz
Tepsed sptci4ed nd
value
as an oyes
 1. error(f)
liwmiting
Relative Abgolutt #
(
Then ti'o Sum
Combinotion Neminat)
the Aa
ot Ey
SA
uontitie
ohich
te q the oY
gultant the Yated
valee
maqmitude Yotio Yel
tivea o
X spseiktcd
quon of
uontitiep ef
as tiie Ap
S the Aimitnf
efyor
Q' Measured st froctiomal
ore : eyroY
to oith TYue
vol
be (uontity
value
to
aded limiting kimitting
the
true
to speited
obtain
valu
er eret
;

foY e . Wow
yalue e,=t{+2.
-2) de
d ditteremce
Ia DoYpt limitin
B0
king above
41-2
6
conditreng
ot essot
leg the
q
da
lwstn ha
tn n
csey 6 d quanitiep;
beth Ycpu
may
ske taken trm
be - Lwhes -
condtr a m
ay
t
be
{hesee mxi
writtea
mun
 de

dilfere»tia dikheren
das
da t d
dedaj
dg
n
{ete tating
tng the X
+

,oikh both X
oith
-
d d rep
ide regprct
puet
t
2' to
Q,

RRRRRAARAAAAA

t PowerS:- a (on
Jor
|T masiun Aovpt
the d fide da
=
produet
e t red
= pupible
m d ap
Valuse
(e) der !
(me) be
+like:
facto - cndititn
o d
mes)| above
G=
()x
eqwa error
t1
(4/a en a
aken
ma

be a
its
 7 y
CrreY
Ychp 1)
qome error. Th Rondom Stys
niauhmt
elul. inptrume 4
) tma
rnperimentes human obervatHo
or
tie
diicul nt residu
lobperveY eto
and nal
ip l
mainiy AicoAding oy error under
toengi ompiep}gement, mainty
mi_take actidental
y
deteet reppinpible
detec ond in
t.
ted Aioding
coleaka emoY

whike for .
thik, WwwwwwwwwIww
ting

obpervatfoml
erroYfi iy n)
e ’
alulmd erYor
Thee Emviommentel Jnptrumental
errorf i sror e
OccurpS4sfematte
Occarrs nomi- Cate
liheOccuYp Theie
magutte
tieldp
ate. Systrmatie ad
Jaken tuo
oY
hwmidity due due due Calcula e
foy hyeeSecad Boy
to to to impreper
bservey.thef- at ti the Cn
extemal eYro mipshot on ing oY
cau upe quantity md bt
Btd dupt, r9 q mip Ven
- Coming
e closaifiod ppllca Aake, avoide
iut enviremntal
vibraHenp the tion YrcoxHi
more ng
incoskt ndey d
inptrumestthe ¢n by
becout nptment
int t Yndingt
dhaik be
inptyumt mau'emst taking
h
ot three data
tacto adustment
the 1Yeat
rp types: Aie
 Varia CantKandmn Romdem

mpa3UYmtnt. titnp
be
erg oY
in
cstahlithed
Re
gidual
the aic

pto thole or
becae Qccidental
moty errcr
o
the t dho
erroY
Yandom
s3te coupp
-
m

b) a) 7
uYYentfoYmer
oMan meaAmmt Jo t Current
tranp Poten CurreTnstrument Ae LmptYument
Inptrument
tronp partptwc
redu 2uY la
func tiel/volta nt Ammeters are ed
form tranp measuring
ARtermnHu
th is trinp CuYre ta
the tfo
connetd
ye the formis trampformerp tranp trang
high duced former/ and for
t g-/
hi sh nptrument forme
crent curent Current Pa Ac en forrmer
cuYrent: a re/lel periep tt
(he with alterma devic velttmeterp nding
are ats
rent. tnn tront tronp :
and C.T fer Bd
clatsitidinte te
fermer Hrve ehich
by which formk formr:r
kanqz au Kn
sing current is
ltd ure
if
e,t
 rimaYy
(Npl
Nomlmall t becauc
= step
=
M
NA primory
Curre
up meY
nt(
ErWumbek
Numbe RatedRated CuYrent ope
ma
Rotio
oad ra am
tHon
scoPrima o ) -
of at nda it K-currndtranp
(N)
forme Line ter.
tusi turnp
turms ykuy (ode cuYre
Loinding
voltage
kojndinq
in roto ndoit pe nt
in
conda prima volta (m)
codavy
oy. ry g<

1. # AR
=
error
Ratio o AR=\Aimaky
phapok |
Ratio
Errorp |4scomda
phasorl ry
TPrimasy
phapo| |econda Actunl
erroY
Ratio -
RcFcorrocti PT
:
key
in pha
Rotto(AR)
ARx|o NR- Nomimal on
AR curret NRAR
po
factoy R-
= ]
O4
Actrl
RatioRatio R
tranpformer| (RcF)
R Adul tvmpf"yma
Actul
primarywnt
Actul
Ae
twal ecedary ptimary tion
Ratio
eT) Ratio
ond
vol se
ta nd (R)
: vo
ta current
qe
 compomntt
lagrtiging
3J4=

Primary primaYy
Cusrent.
-Ve 19 primny phaioy angephnz
turmp
Yatio
Angle SIu the
Current. when
bJo coCuYYen.
3 4
8-Iw
reveased
ange
3condYy reverped
$inS by
kohich
dittrs ,
inducd sconda
I. ry CuTrentKoad 0eo
(No cuyrent in
mday
vel
toga lead phae
(¬a) Cusrén
arent) og from
8
the

+
o 6).
a

1x
Te ATu primary
ratid Yated
rYnl
AR
tio
Ka NJ, R N,
= HT bat -
=Phapoy = thatiGive n A
| eYYoY Ng 1 for
Pbapr co pri Soo
So
2SoAT , bay {
prim)
nda ma may
= vy t A)
N, ne
$lcondaryprimayy Cctrent SA
= tija the ecordar
1 The
AR |
c tion, n So
| | N, magnetic md Hz
NK T. th
currentonpformeh
it
(Nm)
R percomtage
No Core druasburden
ninal
req
Ratto uires isa
ratio
pYe
4
So has
 So)
eror
Ratio /
Thocurrent Awith AR
:
AR
thati.
Given
phate
amgl
mgmetg A
Sos So
Take as
int
taYnp Hz,
bay NR-AR
blo bar
pr ampere
puvcly
th .
myr primary
The
CT) primary Yepiptive 111-8
trn
condary CT
3seeondar hap
burden
lp
supplitp
o0
of
uYret The
SA
p

Vors 4.( m
 omgle
Phase The P
Given pha
CT
eYYOYto
Ra
|ooo hat
meapuring
ex /ooo/
N hibi
At 3.
4-98 t 1.
A,
N thia cTSVA
mint
AR /ooT=A
AR ope bap
minal
rato No aa
X 4-3
3-
ting when looo
a
mt~0-]/. onditimpprlmarYthe ndory
tunBco poloer
and,
0}. -

facfor

the br

afte
Then ) PT 3.43 3
degeo) t(
by fotential
po aedhat ipotential
line.otDT
4-33.9
eutrol Awatt voltage mint) =
ip the i
Commee a
heus help tyonp
at8tep tromp
Tu 3.438
3.
4
tecd safe dowm forme X 3
metoe 2*

in
to former dog re
voltme
. valus. T}F mea
pa
Yollel which s :
re a
to, ecsiley tpe
the
o' Ye
th wattmeto ye duces ot /So X
phase dueod
the inptyumont|
and
o trge
vol htgh