ABSTRACT

1
ABSTRACT

As we know the most of the families earns by the means of farming in

rural are & most them don’t know have enough land & water resources. As we
know that about the water shortage in many states in India we all are concerned
about the water supply. Hydroponic uses water but it use very less water & we
can reuse it as well. So this system helps in growing different types of plants
and fodder for cattle. This system does not need soil it also consumes 80% less
water as compare to old method. This system is made to allow cool air to flow
and also glow light to simulate sunlight along with water tosimulate best
condition for growth.

2
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

3
CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

According to data 870 million people in the world do not have access to
enough food. this problem occurs due toincreasing population unpredictable
weather condition. droughts and low level production and povertyConventional
agriculture are struggling to overcome obstacles to feed the world due to growth
of populationover the years the agriculture load is overcome by residual needs
and unpredictable weather condition are alsoresponsible for leaving
conventional form expect and financial withdrawalLow land productivity is
overcome by overwork of soil to full fill quotes which eventually leads to
degradationof soilTo overcome all the problems new agricultural techniques are
being developed and to meet the need of thefuture generation one process is
known as hydroponic where plant are grown without soil in water nutrients are
mixed this nutrient rich solution which leads to less use of water.

1.2 PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY

The proposed methodology is based on robust technology meets safety

reliability and fastest in operation. It consists of a sensing system, signal
conditioning electronic circuit, controller. It is installed at the transformer site
and the finding parameters recorded using the analog to digital converter of the
embedded system. The acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the
system memory. System will help the system to run under reliable condition and
identify problems before any failure. For above result we are using a small step
down transformer of 12 V, 1 Amps rating and small bulb are connected as a
load. In this project we are using CT transformer for measuring load current.
Also we are using Temp. Temperature Sensor for giving any rise of

4
temperature, oil level sensor is also used which detects any fall of oil level. The
values of voltage, current and temperature and level of oil of the transformer is
directly applied to one of the input ports of the microcontroller. Along with this,
a display is connected in the input port of the microcontroller value then the
transformer will automatically shut down and in this way transformer life will
be increased. We also designed Two-way communication here by which we can
ask system about given parameter value just by sending Wireless Data to it so
that we can have watch over transformer for this it is not necessary for the
operator to sit in the system premises which was the case at conventional
system.

5
 CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

6
CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

7
 CHAPTER-3

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

8
CHAPTER-3

3.1EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software

and additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An
embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame,
repeatedly, without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system in a real-time environment, that is, a real time operating system.
(RTOS). Frequently, embedded system does not have a user interface.

Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense

systems, telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing,
broadcast, automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical
electronics, consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an
embedded system are microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs.
The combination of micro-controller and ICs are application specific.
Commonly used microprocessors include the following. Motorola 680XX
series, IBM PowerPC series processors, MIPS processors, Intel 386 and
compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC series, etc. Embedded systems
need memory for storing programs and data, and usually programs are stored in
ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial port network interface, I/O
interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in the case of process
controlling systems.

9
3.2 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built CPU,

Memory and peripherals, which make it, function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU, microprocessor needs
many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one or two codes are
enough.

 Microcontrollers have many bit-handling instructions, but microprocessors

have only one or two.

 Microcontrollers have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessors lack in-

built peripherals.

 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement

of bits within the chip.

 Microcontrollers have simple circuit structure compared to microprocessor.

 Microcontrollers have only 35 instructions whereas microprocessors have

75.

 Microcontrollers are costly when compared with microprocessor.

 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional

parts.

 Microcontroller instructions are simple, single word instructions.

10
 CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY

11
CHAPTER-4

4.1 METHODOLOGY
An indoor hydroponic fodder grow chamber is a controlled environment
where you can efficiently cultivate nutritious fodder for livestock or other
animals. Here's a general guide on how to set up such a system:

DESIGN AND STRUCTURE:

Choose a suitable location for your grow chamber, ensuring easy access
to water and electricity.Construct or purchase a chamber that can accommodate
your desired capacity. It could be a simple shelving unit with trays or a more
complex chamber with automated systems.

HYDROPONIC SYSTEM:

Set up a hydroponic system suitable for growing fodder. This typically involves
trays or racks with a constant flow or flood-and-drain system.You can use
materials like PVC pipes, trays, and a water reservoir to build your hydroponic
setup.

LIGHTING:

Install appropriate lighting for the growth of the fodder. LED grow lights are
commonly used for indoor hydroponic systems.Ensure the lighting setup
provides the necessary spectrum for optimal plant growth.

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CONTROL:

Maintain optimal temperature and humidity levels within the chamber.

This may involve installing fans, heaters, or humidifiers depending on your
climate and the needs of the plants.

12
NUTRIENT SOLUTION:

Prepare a nutrient solution suitable for the specific type of fodder you're
growing. Commercial hydroponic nutrient solutions are available, or you can
prepare your own.Monitor and adjust the nutrient solution regularly to ensure
proper growth.

SEEDING AND GERMINATION:

Seed your chosen fodder crop onto the trays or racks of the hydroponic
system.Ensure proper spacing and density to avoid overcrowding and promote
healthy growth.

:MAINTENANCE:

Monitor the growth of the fodder regularly, adjusting lighting, nutrient

levels, and other parameters as needed.Keep the system clean to prevent the
buildup of algae or pathogens.Harvest the fodder when it reaches the desired
maturity, typically within 7-10 days depending on the crop.

SCALING UP:

If needed, you can scale up your hydroponic fodder production by adding

more chambers or expanding your existing setup.Ensure that your infrastructure
can support the increased demand for water, electricity, and other resources.

MONITORING AND OPTOMIZATION:

Continuously monitor the performance of your hydroponic system and

make adjustments to optimize growth and efficiency.Keep records of key
metrics such as growth rates, yield, and resource consumption to inform future
improvements.By following these steps, you can create an efficient and
productive indoor hydroponic fodder grow chamber to provide nutritious feed
for your animals year-round.

13
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

14
CHAPTER-5

5.HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1 MICROCONTROLLERS

The ATMEGA-328 is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC

single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel. It uses on-chip
flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time
programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other
microcontrollers at the time.

FEATURES:

32KB of flash memory for program storage.

2KB of SRAM for data storage.

1KB of EEPROM for non-volatile data storage.

23 general-purpose I/O pins.

6 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC).

Several communication interfaces including UART, SPI, and I2C.

Internal oscillator and the ability to use an external crystal for clocking.

DEVELOPMENT TOOLS:
15
 To program the ATmega328P, you'll typically use an in-circuit serial
programmer (ICSP) or a bootloader.Popular development environments for
programming the ATmega328P include Atmel Studio, Arduino IDE, and
various third-party IDEs that support AVR microcontrollers.

You can use various hardware platforms for programming and development,
such as the Arduino Uno, Arduino Nano, or custom-made development boards.

PROGRAMMING:

Write your code in C/C++ or assembly language using the chosen development
environment.

Compile the code into a hex file.

Program the ATmega328P using an ICSP programmer or upload the hex file
using a bootloader and a USB-to-serial adapter.

You can also program the ATmega328P using the Arduino IDE by selecting the
appropriate board (e.g., Arduino Uno) and uploading your sketch via USB.

PERIPHERAL INTERFACING:

Utilize the GPIO pins for interfacing with external components such as sensors,
actuators, displays, and communication modules.

Configure the ADC to read analog sensor values.

Implement serial communication protocols (UART, SPI, I2C) to communicate

with other devices.

POWER MANAGEMENT:

The ATmega328P can operate at voltages ranging from 1.8V to 5.5V,

making it suitable for battery-powered applications.Utilize sleep modes and
low-power techniques to minimize power consumption and prolong battery life.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES:

16
Embedded systems: IoT devices, home automation, data loggers, etc.

Robotics: Motor control, sensor interfacing, etc.

DIY projects: LED displays, temperature sensors, motion detectors, etc.

RESOURCES:

The datasheet for the ATmega328P provides detailed information on its

features, electrical characteristics, and programming.

Online communities and forums, such as the Arduino forums and AVR Freaks,
offer support, tutorials, and code examples for working with the ATmega328P.

Overall, the ATmega328P is a versatile microcontroller suitable for a wide

range of embedded applications, from simple hobby projects to more complex
commercial products. Its popularity in the maker community is largely due to its
ease of use, extensive documentation, and robust ecosystem of development
tools and resources.

5.2LCD DISPLAY

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's
HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this
project document, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing
with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming,
special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can
give a new look to your application.

17
 Usually these days single controller LCD modules are used more in the
market. So in the project document we will discuss more about the single
controller LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double
controller too.

5.3 TEMP SENSOR LM35

The LM35 is a precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor whose

output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
It operates over a temperature range of -55°C to 150°C and provides an output
voltage linearly proportional to the temperature. The LM35 does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1/4°C at room
temperature and ±3/4°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range.

18
 The LM35 sensor is straightforward to use with microcontrollers like the
ATmega328P. It requires minimal external components, typically only a
decoupling capacitor for stability. The output voltage of the LM35 increases by
10 mV per degree Celsius rise in temperature. Therefore, to convert the output
voltage to temperature in Celsius, you simply need to multiply the output
voltage by 100 (or 200, depending on your reference voltage) to get the
temperature in Celsius directly.

5.4 HUMIDITY SENSOR

It seems like there might be a typo in your request. I assume you meant to
ask about a humidity sensor and its integration into a program or system. One
commonly used humidity sensor is the DHT series, such as the DHT11 or
DHT22. These sensors provide accurate humidity and temperature readings.
Here's how you can integrate a DHT sensor, such as the DHT22, into an
ATmega328P-based system:

WIRING:

Connect the DHT22 sensor to the ATmega328P microcontroller. The

sensor typically has three pins: VCC, data, and ground (GND).Connect the
VCC pin to a 5V power source, the data pin to one of the digital pins of the
microcontroller, and the GND pin to ground.

19
5.5 MOISTURE SENSOR

First, you'll need to select a suitable moisture sensor based on your

project requirements. The FC-28 soil moisture sensor is a popular choice,
offering analog output proportional to soil moisture levels. Once you have the
sensor, wire it to the ATmega328P. Typically, this involves connecting the
VCC pin to a 5V power source, the analog output pin to an analog input pin on
the microcontroller (such as A0), and the ground pin to ground.

In your programming, you'll use the analogRead() function to read the

voltage level from the sensor connected to the analog input pin. Then, based on
your sensor's calibration and specifications, you'll convert this voltage value
into a meaningful moisture level reading. Calibration may be necessary to
ensure accurate readings, and you may need to correlate moisture levels in
different soil conditions with sensor readings.

5.6 WATER LEVEL SENSOR

20
 First, you need to select a water level sensor suitable for your application.
There are various types available, including float switches, ultrasonic sensors,
and capacitance-based sensors. Consider factors such as accuracy, reliability,
and environmental conditions when choosing the sensor.

Once you have the sensor, wire it to the ATmega328P microcontroller.

The wiring configuration will depend on the type of sensor you're using. For
example, if you're using a float switch, you would typically connect one
terminal to a digital input pin of the microcontroller and the other terminal to
ground. If you're using an ultrasonic sensor, you may need to connect multiple
pins for power, ground, and data.

In your programming, you'll need to read the sensor's output and interpret
it to determine the water level. This may involve using digitalRead() or
analogRead() functions to read the sensor's output pins and applying calibration
if necessary to obtain accurate readings. Depending on the water level threshold
you're monitoring, you can then implement logic to trigger actions such as
activating a pump or sending alerts when the water level crosses a certain point.

5.7 RELAY

The first step involves selecting the appropriate relay based on factors
such as voltage and current ratings, switching speed, and the type of load to be
controlled, whether it's AC or DC. Once the relay is chosen, it needs to be wired
to the microcontroller and the device you want to control. This typically
21
involves connecting the relay coil to a digital output pin of the microcontroller
and wiring the relay's switch contacts to the load.

In programming, you'll use digital output commands to control the relay.

By setting the appropriate digital pin as an output and toggling its state, you can
activate or deactivate the relay as needed. Additionally, you may implement
conditional logic to control the relay based on specific conditions or user input,
adding flexibility and functionality to your project.

5.8 WATER PUMP

The process begins with selecting an appropriate water pump suited to the
specific requirements of the project, considering factors such as flow rate, head
pressure, and power supply compatibility. Once the pump is selected, it needs to
be wired to the microcontroller and power source. Typically, this involves
connecting the pump's positive and negative terminals to a power supply, while
a transistor or relay controlled by a digital output pin of the ATmega328P is
used to switch the pump on and off.

In programming, the microcontroller sends signals to the transistor or

relay to control the pump's operation. By toggling the state of the digital output
pin connected to the transistor or relay, the microcontroller can activate or
deactivate the pump as needed. Additional logic can be implemented to control
the pump based on sensor inputs, time schedules, or user commands, enhancing
the system's functionality and automation capabilities.

22
 CHAPTER-6
PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER-6

23
6.PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software

(IDE)).The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol.

6.2 POWER

The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter

(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be
inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

Arduino Power Supply

6.3 MEMORY

24
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM

6.4 ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT "IDE"

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need
to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface

Developer(s) Arduino Software

Stable release 1.0.3 / December 10, 2012; 3months ago

Written in Java, C and C++

25
Operating system Cross-platform

Type Integrated development environment

Website arduino.cc

Arduino programs are written in C or C++ The Arduino IDE comes with
a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which
makes many common input/output.

Operations much easier. Users only need define two functions.

To make a run able cyclic executive program:

 Setup (): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize
settings.

 Loop (): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

26
 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-7
27
CONCLUSION
The system designed in this project fulfills the primary need of every
person’s indoor farming need. As we see, now a day’s drought is major problem
in front of us. In this condition, this system will be more helpful as it uses less
amount of water and gives more yield in less time interval. This system also
help crops to grow where soil is unsuitable and also Reduces plant disease
generated due to soil. If automation is introduced in hydroponics, no more
attention is required. Thus using this system will be considered wise.
Hydroponics is the fastest growing sector of agriculture, and it could very well
lead food production in the future. As population increases and arable land
declines due to poor land management, people will turn to new technologies
like hydroponics and vertical farming to create additional stations of crop
production. The system can be made completely automated for food industries
where freshly prepared yield can be provided directly to the industries.

28
 CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

29
[1] AI in Hydroponics: The Future Of Smart Farming March 1, 2021 by Anju
Nambiar .https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-in-hydroponics-the-future-of-smart-
farming.
[2] A. Asuvaran& S. Senthilkumar, “Low delay error correction codes to correct
stuck-at defects and soft errors”, 2014 International Conference on Advances in
Engineering and Technology (ICAET), 2014. doi:10.1109/icaet.2014.7105257
[3] 2. Cong, M.Z. and F.C. Seman, Automated Hydroponic System for Indoor
Plant Growth in Urban Area. Evolution in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, 2020.
[4] 3. A review on Seeed Studio pH and EC Sensor Kits July 2, 2020
https://www.e-tinkers.com/2020/07/a-review-on-seeed-studio-ph-and-ec-sensor-
kits-part-1.
[5] S. Suganya, R. Sinduja, T. Sowmiya& S. Senthilkumar, “Street Light Glow
on Detecting Vechile Movement Using Sensor”, International Journal for
Advance Research in Engineering and Technology, ICIRET-2014.
[6] 4. Megantoro, P. and A. Marif. Nutrient Film Technique for Automatic
Hydroponic System Based on Arduino. in 2020 2nd International Conference
on Industrial Electrical and Electronics (ICIEE). 2020. IEEE.

30