AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN USING NATURAL ADMIXTURES AS AN

ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE

A Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
K. DEVI 21NT5A0125
B. CHANDU 21NT5A0105
D. DINAKARAN 21NT5A0113
K. TULASI 21NT5A0123
M. DEMUDU 21NT5A0173
S. JAYANTH 21NT5A0177

Under the esteemed guidance of

CH. SAI KIRAN, M. Tech
(PhD) ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR

Department of Civil Engineering

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU VIZAYANAGRAM)

NARAVA, VISAKHAPATNAM

2020-2024
1
 Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU VIZAYANAGRAM)

NARAVA, VISAKHAPATNAM

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project report entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN USING
NATURAL ADMIXTURES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICALADMIXTURES IN
CONCRETE “submitted by B.CHANDU (21NT5A0105), K.DEVI (21NT5A0125),
D.DINAKARAN (21NT5A0113), K.TULASI (21NT5A0123), M.DEMUDU (21NT5A0173),
S.JAYANTH (21NT5A0177)” In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree
of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in "CIVILENGINEERING" from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Vizianagaram is an authentic work carried out by them under our
guidance and supervision

Place: Visakhapatnam

Date:

PROJECT GUIDE H.O.D

Mr. CH. SAI KIRAN, M.Tech ARUN KUMAR,(Ph.D.)
Assistant professor Head of the department
Department of civil engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology. Visakha Institute of Engineering
and Technology

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
2
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project work entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN
USING NATURAL ADMIXTURES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL
ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE” under the guidance of Mr. CH.SAI KIRAN, Assistant
Professor of civil department, is a Bonafide work carried out by us and the result embodied in this
project have not been reproduced/ copied from any other source. The result embodied in this project
report has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any other degree.

BY

B.CHANDU 21NT5A0105
K.DEVI 21NT5A0125
D.DINAKARAN 21NT5A0113
K.TULASI 21NT5A0123
M.DEMUDU 21NT5A0173
S.JAYANTH 21NT5A0177

3
 Department of Civil Engineering
Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology

PROJECT ELALUATION REPORT

This project entitled " AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN USING NATURAL ADMIXTURES

AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE” is an authentic
record of project work done by B.CHANDU (21NT5A0105), K.DEVI (21NT5A0125),
D.DINAKARAN (21NT5A0113), K.TULASI (21NT5A0123), M.DEMUDU (21NT5A0173),
S.JAYANTH (21NT5A0177)” of 2021-2024 batch, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of Bachelor Of Technology in Civil Engineering at Visakha Institute
of Engineering and Technology has been approved.

Examiners:
Project guide

 ……………. Mr.CH. SAI KIRAN, M.Tech

 ……………. External Examiner

 ……………. Head of civil department

(Mrs Arun kumar)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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We express our deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Mr.CH. SAIKIRAN, Assistant
Professor in civil department. In the Civil engineering for their valuable suggestions and timely
advice given to us at every stage in the project that enable us to carry out the project work
successfully.

We express our sincere thanks to Mrs. V.BHARGAVI, Head of Civil Engineering

Department, Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Narava for her constant
encouragement and guidance to bring this project successfully within the prescribed time.

We are grateful to express our thanks to Dr. V. SRIDHAR PATNAIK, Principal of Visakha
Institute of Engineering and Technology, for providing facilities for the successful completion
of the project.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Sri G. SATYANARAYANA, Chairman,

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, for encouraging and providing sufficient
facilities for the completion of our project in successful manner.

We also convey our gratitude to all faculty members of Civil Engineering department who
helped directly and indirectly for the completion of this project successfully.

We sincerely thank my classmates and friends for their kind help and cooperation during my
course of study.

Finally, we thank our Parents for their possible assistance during course of project.

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 ABSTRACT

Concrete is effectively used for construction work on a large scale, as it has basic
characteristics such as high compressive strength, high flexural strength, tensile strength,
durability. Concrete may get easily hardened as it required a proper water-cement ratio. The
durability. Workability and compressive strength of the concrete are the focused properties if the
quality of the construction is taken into view. The concrete gets hardened due to the exothermic
process that takes place due to the reaction between water and ingredients in the concrete mix.
As the concrete age grows strength also increases. The cost of the cement is touching the sky
every passing day. So, the cement is not eco- friendly and harms the environment during the
manufacturing of cement. This review paper expressed the significance of jaggery and aloe Vera
on strength behavior of a new concrete composition. Experimentation carried out for determining
strength properties of a new concrete for M30 grade nominal concrete using jaggery and aloe
vera as natural admixtures.
Based on previous study, jaggery is an unrefined sugar product and it is easily available
market; the main function of jaggery is to increase the initial setting time of concrete and it also
influencing the properties of concrete. Aloe Vera increase the workability and compressive
strength of concrete and this is crucial and most prominent material for designing and
construction, aloe Vera mainly used as a water reducing agent in concrete. Natural admixtures
are easily available and cheap in cost when compared to chemical admixtures. Preferably this
type of admixtures is used in different construction sites like deep foundations, piers and long
piles. Different percentages of admixture were chosen into the experimentation at 0%, 0.5%,
1%, 1.5%,2%,2.5% and 3% by weight of cement, finally it is accomplished that the workability
of concrete is being superior with jaggery and aloe Vera as admixtures.

6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 GENERAL
Admixture is substances introduced into concrete mixes to alter or
improve properties of fresh and/or hardened concrete. The admixture is
generally added in a relatively small quantity ranging from 0.005% to 3%
by weight of cement. According to the ASTM C- 494 standard, admixture
is a material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cement that is used
as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and is added to the batch
immediately before or during mixing. The widespread use of admixture is
due to the many benefits made possible by their application. The usage of
chemical admixtures in concrete is a common practice in modern
construction, and the addition is to reduce water demand or improve
concrete properties. Although the use of chemical admixtures provides
better concrete properties, they are responsible for environmental pollution.
The admixture can lead to pollution of the environment by production,
transport, storage, or handling, uses in concrete, service life of concrete
structure, recycling of concrete from demolition, and disposal of building
waste and residues. Over use of admixtures has a detrimental effect on the
properties of concrete. While the impact of chemical admixture on the
environment can occur when chemical admixtures are exposed to the
environment or when dumping concrete granulate containing admixtures
after the demolition of a structure or when concrete granulate is used as
gravel replacement in construction and as the concrete admixtures are very
readily soluble in water, hence create an environmental problem due to
leaching besides the environmental pollution, some of the chemical
admixtures are

1.2 AGGREGATES
Aggregates are the inert materials that are mixed in fixed
proportions with a binding material to produce concrete these acts as fillers
or volume increasing components on the hand and are responsible for
strength, hardness and durability of the concrete on other hand. Most
important constituents of the concrete which occupy 70 to 80% of the total
volume of concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and
effect economy; one of the most important factors for producing workable
concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a
sample fractions of aggregates in required proportion such that sample
contains minimum voids. So, we can say that one should know definitely
about the aggregates in depth to study more about concrete. Aggregates in
concrete prove to be a valuable building material in technical, environment
and economical respect. Aggregates can be classified in many ways. But,
classification of aggregates based on shape and size are as follows.

1. Coarse aggregate

2. Fine aggregate

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1.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATES
When the Aggregates is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained on the
sieve is called coarse aggregates. It is well recognized that coarse aggregates play an
important role in concrete, we have gravel and cobble and boulders come under this category.
The maximum size aggregate used may be Depend upon some conditions Coarse Aggregates
typically occupies over one-third occupy of volume of concrete Coarse aggregates occupy 70
to 80% of the concrete. In general, 40 mm size aggregate used for normal strength and 20 mm
size is used for high strength concrete. So, the aggregates have to be strong and enough
strength to bear the loads. And, the quantity of the concrete increases because of the presence
of the coarse aggregates. To predict the behavior of concrete under general loading requires an
understanding of the effects of aggregate type, aggregates size, and aggregates content. The
size ranges of various coarse aggregates. so, depending upon the type of construction the size
of the coarse aggregates may be used according to the Indian standards codes.

1.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE

When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75 mm sieve, the aggregates passed through
the sieve, it is called fine aggregates. Natural sand is generally used as fine aggregates, sit and
clay are also comes under this category the soft deposit consisting of sand, sit and clay are
termed as loam. The main purpose of the fine aggregates to fill the voids in the coarse
aggregates and to act as a workability age, and also for economy as reflected by use of less
cement, the fine aggregate should have a rounded shape Fine aggregates content ally 35 to
45% by mass or volume of total aggregates. So, depending upon the type of construction, the
size of the fine aggregates may be used according to the Indian standards codes.

1.3 CEMENT
Cement, in general is the binding material used in building and civil engineering works.
Cements are finely grounded powders that when mixed with water set to hard mass. Concrete
is a mixture of paste and aggregates, the paste composed of cement and water, coats the
surface of course and fine aggregates, through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste
hardens and gains strength to form the rock like mass known as concrete, cement mainly
consists of the following ingredients.
• Lime (calcium oxide, Cao)
• Silica (silicon dioxide, Sio2)
• Alumina (Aluminum oxide, A1203)
• Iron oxide (Fe203)
• 2 to 3% of Gypsum

1.3.1 TYPES OF CEMENT

There are different types of cement and depending on the usage in the construction field
these different types of cement are used:
 Rapid hardening cement
 Low heat cement

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  White cement
 Portland pozzolana cement
 Hydrophobic cement
 High alumina cement etc.
 So, by using the above ingredients manufacturing of cement is done.
Which is the main material used for the construction purpose. It is
always desirable to use the best cement in constructions. Therefore, the
properties of cement must be investigated. Although desirable cement
properties may vary depending on the type of construction, generally a
good cement possesses the following properties:
 Provides strength to masonry
 Stiffens or hardens early
 Possesses good plasticity
 An excellent building material
 Easily workable
 Good moisture resistant

1.4 WATER
The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together. When
it is mixed with dry composite, which produces a semi-liquid material that workers can shape
into any form. Water is needed to chemically react with the cement and to provide
workability with the concrete, when the water is added the concrete solidifies and hardens to
rock-hard strength through a chemical process called hydration The amount of water in the
mix compared with the amount of cement is called the water/cement ratio. The good quality
of water should be used that means potable water which is free from chemicals and organic
materials.

1.5 ALOE VERA

Aloe Vera pulp was made into liquid form by using a Mixer grinder. Aloe vera liquid
and super plasticizers were added to gauged water. The liquid mixture was then added to the
dry mixture and mixed well till homogeneous consistent porous concrete mix was obtained.
Mixture of Aloe Vera Gel showed good results on the properties of concrete in both
workability and compressive strength at 2.5% addition to the water. Workability of concrete
up to 57% along with 10% increment in compressive strength of concrete.

10
Fig 1.5 Aloe Vera

11
Advantages of aloe Vera using in concrete
1. environmentally friendly
2. present important attributes,
3. such as low density,
4. light weight,
5. low cost,
6. high tensile strength
1.6 JAGGERY
Jaggery increases efficiency, durability, and compression strength as your volume in
the concrete mix increases. After adding jaggery to the concrete the hydration process is
reduced and therefore the drying time of the concrete is increased. Increases efficiency,
durability, and compression strength as your volume in the concrete mix increases. After
adding jaggery to the concrete the hydration process is reduced and therefore the drying time
of the concrete is increased.

Fig 1.6.1 jaggery Fig 1.6.2 jaggery powder

Advantages of jaggery using in concrete
1. Improved Workability
2. Retardation of Setting Time
3. Reduced Water Demand
4. Improved Resistance to Sulfate Attack
5. Potential for Cost Savings

1.7 NECCESSITY OF ALOE VERA AND JAGGERY IN CONCRETE

The use of aloe Vera and jaggery as admixtures in concrete is not a common or widely
recognized practice in the construction industry. Traditional concrete mixtures typically
consist of cement, water, sand, and aggregate. Aloe Vera and jaggery are not known for their
properties that enhance the strength or durability of concrete. While there is ongoing research
in the field of concrete technology to explore new and innovative additives, these specific
ingredients are not widely accepted or studied for concrete applications. It's essential to rely
on proven and established admixtures that have undergone rigorous testing and research to

12
ensure the structural integrity and safety of concrete structures.

1.9 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK

 To study and test the properties of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and cement.
 To study and test the properties of admixtures (aloe Vera and jaggery) with concrete.
 To study different strength properties of M30 grade concrete that is mixed by adding of
natural admixtures like aloe Vera and jaggery and chemical admixture. The obtained
values are compared.
1.10 SCOPE OF THE WORK
In this present study, an attempt is made by adding of natural admixture and chemical
admixture. The concrete specimens of M30 grade are casted by adding of natural admixture
and chemical admixture at different mix proportions i.e., 0% ,0.5%,1% ,1.5%,2%,2.5%,3%.
After curing, the specimens are tested for compressive strength and split tensile strength. The
obtained results are compared with conventional concrete mix to know the strength
characteristics.

13
 CHAPTER II
LITRATURE REVIEW
S. Mani Raj et al (2019) This project leads to the retired traditional concept of
additional admixture of concrete. Our project helps the construction industry towards the
sustainable development. Portland cement was first used in place of lime during the
nineteenth century due to the easy use, quick setting and compressive strength. In this study
we utilized the ancient admixture such as egg albumen, jaggery powder, egg shell & aloe
vera. Concrete with natural admixtures provides greater qualities such as stickiness, ease of
applications, moisture resistance, natural antiseptic, durability, low thermal conductivity, solar
production. Traditional eco concrete not only improves the strength but also proves its
durability for centuries.
Hersh F. Mahmood et al (2022) There is a general belief that admixture can improve
some important properties of concrete, and different kinds of admixtures are in use
worldwide. In the current investigation, a comparative experimental study has been
performed on using grape and mulberry extracts as a natural admixture and chemical
admixture for concrete. Increasing of workability and reduction in water absorption were
observed due to the addition of natural admixtures to concrete. There was an enhancement of
concrete compressive strength tested at 3, 7, and 28 days and the 28 days modulus of
elasticity as a result of using different admixtures, but reduction of splitting tensile strength
was observed. In general, using the two natural admixtures has a beneficial effect to improve
both fresh and hardened properties of concrete and they have a superiority on the chemical
admixture with regard the cost and producing environmental-friendly construction material.
Suhail Ahmed et al (2022) In this research Aloe Vera Gel is used in concrete at the
proportion of 0% ,0.5%,1% ,1.5%,2%,2.5% to analyze its promising effects on workability
and compressive strength of concrete. Mixture of Aloe Vera Gel showed good results on the
properties of concrete in both workability and compressive strength at 2.5% addition to the
water. workability of concrete up to 57% along with 10% increment in compressive strength
of concrete.
R. Sathvika et al. studied about a new non-conventional concrete which should be
with easily available and accessible materials presented in this concrete system. A composite
material is made up of two or more constituent materials. The constituent materials differ in
their physical and chemical composition. Aloe Vera fibers are environmentally friendly and
present important attributes. This kind of waste has a greater chance of being utilized for
different applications in construction and building materials. This focused on the use of aloe
Vera gel and its effect on the compressive and workability of concrete.
A.S. Shalini et al (2021) Have studied the behavior of concrete by adding Aloe vera
as a natural admixture in it. They scrapped the pulp from aloe vera plant and extracted the gel
by scooping it by a spoon. Then they grinded it and made juice without any addition of water.
This extracted juice was then measure using a measuring jar in 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.0% of
cement weight and kept aside. They mixed the concrete in 3 batches with each concentration
of aloe vera per batch. The concrete mixture was tested for workability using a slump cone.
This test was done for each batch of varying proportion. The slump values for various mix
14
ratios were noted. The main aim of the slump test is to show how the different concentration
of Aloe Vera juice alters the workability of concrete. Thus, from the above analysis and
results workability of concrete increases with but as they increase the concentration of aloe
vera gel, the compressive strength of the concrete decreases which can be inferred from the
graphical result analysis. It is observed that at 0.5% proportion of aloe vera gel, we can see a
high compressive strength of 34.63 N/mm2. at 28th day observation, but as the concentration
of aloe vera juice increases there is a slight and steady decrease in the compressive strength.
This experiment with Aloe Vera juice in the concrete is done to study that the natural
ingredients can also be used to increase the workability of the concrete They are ecofriendly
and not harmful to the environment.
S. THIROUGNANAME & Dr. G. RAMAKRISHN have said that several additives
and admixtures are used to change the composition of concrete or to accelerate or retard its
hardening, curing, workability etc., Chemical and mineral admixtures commonly used in
production of concrete are too expensive and also polluting the environment. Sisal is a fiber
yielding plant whose botanical name is Agave Sisalana. It occupies sixth place among fiber
plants, representing 2% of the world’s production of plant fiber. A vast quantity of sisal leaf
juice (Extract) is generated during processing of sisal leaves for fiber production, which
remain unutilized. It has caused negative environmental impact from its disposal. Research
programmers already done to utilize the sisal leaf extract in medical industry, but not in the
construction industry so far, even though it is produced large in quantity. This study aims to
use the extract of Sisal leaf, as bio-admixtures in making concrete. The properties of concrete,
namely workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for the
three grades viz., M20, M25 and M30 were determined in the presence of 0.50 to 2.0% of
sisal leaf extract as admixture in concrete. As the SLE percentage increases, workability
increases in all the three concrete grades M20, M25 and M30.Compressive strength (cube and
cylinder) of SLE cement concretes for all four percentage (0.50%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) at 28
days, yields more strength than that of reference concrete, for all grades of concrete M20,
M25 and M30. It is due to presence of lignin, cellulose and hemi cellulose that improves the
binding properties.
V. Ganesan et al. has learned about exploratory investigations on strength of concrete
by somewhat supplant cement with sugarcane stick bagasse fiery debris. The examination
program incorporated the incomplete replacement of cement by bagasse powder by 10%,
15% and 20% and found that expansion in compressive strength and flexural strength of RC
concrete for 15 % replacement of cement with bagasse slag.
Yogesh. R. Suryawanshi et al. Have studied on impact of sugar powder on Strength
of cement. Sugar powder content is taken in different proportions as 0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15,
and 0.2 % by weight of cement. The cubes of various proportions have been casted and was
water cured and testing is improved the situation 3 days, 7 days and 28 days. The measure of
sugar powder 0.1% of the aggregate weight of cement gives expanded introductory and last
setting time. The measure of sugar powder 0.1% of the aggregate weight of cement gives
enhanced outcomes in compressive strength. The compressive strength of cement and
concrete is expanded up to 15 - 20%.
Mani Raj et al. (2019) in their project lead to the retired traditional concept of

15
additional admixture of concrete. Their project helps the construction industry towards the

16
sustainable development. Portland cement was first used in place of lime during the
nineteenth century due to the easy use, quick setting and compressive strength. The rapid
development of construction industry led to huge utilization of cement, this leads to emission
of greenhouse gas (CO2) into environment and that causes the global warming. To reduce the
emission of CO2, the supplementary cementitious material was introduced and vast
investigation is going on over those materials. In the ancient times they had utilized the
materials like egg, blood, animal fat, cactus extract in the concrete as admixtures. Generally,
the admixtures having specific characteristics as accelerating, retarding, air entraining and
water reducing abilities. In this study we utilized the ancient admixture such as jaggery
powder.
A. V. Pavan Kumar et al. (2015) has perform about effect of Sugar, Jaggery and
Sugar Cane Ash on Properties of Concrete. The admixtures (sugar and jaggery) are
incorporated into concrete at the estimation levels of 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1% with 5.10,15, 20,
25% Ash is and cement up to 15% to improve the distinctive properties of concrete. Collapse
To slump was seen in both the admixtures at a measurement of 0.1%. Workability increments
when the measurement of admixture was increased. Compressive strength of concrete
improves when dose of mixture is expanded.
B. Muhu Malini (2018) Concrete is today the largest consumable material in the
world that utilizes the natural resources such as sand, crushed stone and water. Due to the
depletion of these natural resources for concreting, research is being carried out now a day to
reduce the consumption of these resources. In our project, we tend to use natural resin aloe
vera, a plant derived resin used as an admixture in casting of concrete along with the jute
fibre to enhance its strength properties. The concrete is cast in cubes and cylinders and it is
tested for compressive strength and tensile strength to find the optimum percentage of their
replacement.
P. Manonmani (2019) The paper presents an experimental investigation conducted
to study on the natural of aloe vera Fiber in concrete. The effect of Fiber weight fraction (10–
20–30%) and Fiber. Fly ash is not highly reactive, the hydration can be reduced.

17
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, methodology, materials and their properties used in concrete and tests conducted on
different materials were observed and mentioned.

Cement Coarse aggregates Fine aggregates

Collection of materials Water Jaggery

Aloe Vera
Mixing of concrete by adding of natural admixture

0% 0.5% 1% 1.5% 2% 2.5% 3%

Casting of cubes & cylinders

Curing of specimens

Water
Testing ofCuring
specimens

Compressive strength test Split tensile strength

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3.2 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIE
The Raw materials that are used in the production of concrete are mentioned below.
3.2.1 Coarse aggregates
3.2.2 Fine aggregates
3.2.3 Cement
3.2.4 Water
3.2.5 Aloe Vera
3.2.6 Jiggery

3.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATE

The material whose particles are of size are retained on IS sieve of size 4.75mm is
termed as coarse aggregate and containing only so much finer material as is permitted for the
various types described in IS: 383-1970 is considered as coarse aggregate. Aggregates are the
major ingredients of concrete. They constitute 70-80% of the total volume, provide a rigid
skeleton structure for concrete, and act as economical space fillers. Because at least three-
quarters of the volume of the concrete is occupied by aggregate, it is not surprising that its
quality is of considerable importance. The properties of aggregate greatly affect the durability
and structural performance of concrete.
Aggregate was originally viewed as an inert material dispersed throughout the cement
paste largely for economic reasons. It is possible, however, to take an opposite view and to
look on aggregate as a building material connected in to a cohesive whole by means of the
cement paste, in a manner similar to masonry construction. In fact, aggregate is not truly inert
and its physical, thermal and sometimes also chemical properties influence the performance
of concrete. Aggregate is cheaper than cement and it is, therefore, economical to put in to the
mix as much of the former and as little of the later possible. But economy is not only the
reason for using aggregate, it confers considerable technical advantages on concrete, which
has a higher volume stability and better durability than hydrated cement paste alone.
Aggregates should be of uniform quality with respect to shape and grading. The size of coarse
aggregated depends upon the nature of the work. The coarse aggregate used in this
experimental investigation is 20mm and 10mm size, crushed and angular in shape as shown
in Figure 3.4. The aggregates are free from dust before used in the concrete.

19
 Fig 3.2.1: coarse aggregates of 20 and 10mm size
The following tests have been conducted on coarse aggregates.
3.2.1.1 Specific Gravity
3.2.1.2 Fineness modulus
3.2.1.3 Sieve analysis
3.2.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COURSE AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same
volume of water at the stated temperature. The experiment was conducted as per IS 2386-
1963 and the values are tabulated in Table.

3.2.1.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE

The process of dividing a sample of aggregate into fraction of same particle size is
known as a sieve analysis and its purpose is to find fineness. The sieve analysis was carried
out using locally available river sand and tabulated in Table.

Fig 3.2.1.2: sieve analysis of course aggregate

20
 Table 3.1: properties of coarse aggregates
S.NO Property values
1 Specific gravity 2.67
2 Fineness modulus 6.01
3 Nominal maximum size 20mm

3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE

The size of the fine aggregate is below 4.75mm. Fine aggregates can be natural or
manufactured. The grade must be throughout the work. The moisture content or absorption
characteristics must be closely monitored. The fine aggregate as shown in Figure 3.2 used is
natural sand obtained from the river Godavari conforming to grading zone-II of Table 3 of IS:
10262-2009. The results of various tests on fine aggregate are given in Table 3.2. The fine
aggregate shall consist of natural sand or, subject to approval, other inert materials with
similar characteristics, or combinations having hard, strong, durable particles. The use of
concrete is being constrained by urbanization, zoning regulations, increased cost and
environmental concern.

Fig 3.2.2: Fine aggregates

The following tests have been conducted on fine aggregates.
3.2.2.1 Specific Gravity
3.2.2.2 Sieve analysis (fineness modulus)

21
3.2.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same
volume of water the stated temperature. The experiment was conducted as per IS: 2386- 1963
and the values are tabulated in Table 3.2.

Fig 3.2.2.1 : Specific gravity of Fine aggregates

Table 3.2: properties of fine aggregates
S.NO Property values
1 Specific gravity 2.62
2 Fineness modulus 2.32
3 Nominal maximum size Zone-

3.2.2.2: SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE

Sieve analysis is the method of dividing a sample of aggregates into various fractions
each consisting of particles of same size. The sieve analysis is carried out to determine the
particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate, which we call Gradation. The aggregate
fraction from 4.75 to 75 micron is referred to as fine aggregates. Fine aggregate is the sand
used in mortars, coarse aggregates is the broken stone or gravel, and all in one aggregate is
the combination of fine and coarse aggregates. The coarse aggregates unless mixed with fine
aggregates do not produce good quality of concrete.
Grading pattern of a sample is found out by sieving a sample successively through the
entire sieve set mounted one over the other in order of size, with largest sieve on the top. The
material retained on each sieve after shaking, represents the fraction of aggregates coarser
than the below sieve. Sieving can be done either manually or mechanically. Fineness modulus
is just a numerical index value of fineness giving some idea of the mean size of particles in
22
the entire body of aggregates. Determination of fineness modulus may be considered as a
method of standardization of the grading of aggregates. It is calculated by sieving a known
mass of given aggregates on a set of standard sieves and by adding the cumulative
percentages of mass of material retained on all the sieves and divide the total
percentage by 100.

Fig 3.2.2.2: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

3.2.3 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement is used for general constructions. The raw materials
required for manufacture of Portland cement are calcareous materials, such as Time stone or
chalk and argillaceous materials such as shale or clay. The manufacture of cement consists of
grinding the raw materials, mixing them intimately in certain proportions depending upon
their purity and composition and burning them in a kiln at a temperature of about 13000C to
15000C at which temperature, the material sinters and partially fuses to form nodular shaped
clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to a fine powder with addition of about 2 to 3% of
gypsum. The product formed by using the procedure is a "Portland Cement". In the present
experimental work KCP 53 grade ordinary Portland cement was used.

3.2.3.1 CEMENT
The cement is to be tested in the laboratory for its quality The cement used was
ordinary Portland cement of OPC 53 grade (KCP 53 grade) as shown in Figure 3.1
requirement limitations as per Indian Standards. firming to IS: 12269-2013. Various tests are
conducted to know the physical properties of cement and the results are tabulated below in
Table 3.1. All 16 the tests conducted are as standard specifications.

23
3.2.3.2 TESTING OF CEMENT
The following tests as per IS: 4031-1988 is done to ascertain the physical properties
of the cement. The results of the tests are compared to the specified values of IS: 4031-1988.

Fig 3.2.3.2: cement

3.2.3.3 CONSISTENCY
The standard consistency of cement paste is defined as consistency, which will permit
the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5-7 mm from the bottom of the could this test is done
to determine the quantity of water required to produce cement paste of standard consistency.
For determining the setting in compressive strength and soundness, the percentage of water
required to produce cement paste of normal consistency is used. Consistency depends upon
the composition of cement; this test was conducted as per the procedure given in IS: 4031-
1988. The consistency value obtained is shown in Table 3.1.

3.2.3.4 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

Lower the needle gently and bring it in contact with the surface of the test block and
quickly release. Allow it to penetrate into the test block. In the beginning, the needle will
completely pierce through the test block. But after some time when the paste starts losing its
17 plasticity, the needle may penetrate only to a depth of 33-35mm from the top. The period
elapsing between the times when water is added to the cement at the time of which the needle
penetrates the test block to a depth equal to 33-35mm from the tup is taken as initial setting
24
time. Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by a circular attachment. The cement shall be
considered as finally set when, lowering the attachment gently cover the surface of the test
block, the center needle makes an impression, while the circular edge of the attachment bills
to do so. In other words, the paste has attained such hardness that the center needle does not
pierce rough the paste more than 0.5mm.
Table 3.3: properties of cement

S.NO Property values

1 Normal consistency 31%
2 Specific gravity 3.14
3 Initial setting time 94 minutes
4 final setting time 197 minutes

3.2.4 POTABLE WATER

This is the least expensive but most important ingredient of concrete. The quantity
and quality of water is required to be looked in to very carefully. In practice very often great
control on the properties of all other ingredients is exercised, but the control on the quality of
the water is often neglected. Since quality of the water effects strength, it is necessary for us
to go in to the purity and quality of water. The water, which is used for making solution,
should be clean and free from harmful impurities such as oil, alkali, acid, etc. in general, the
distilled water should be used for making solution in laboratories. Water containing less than
2000 milligrams per liters of total dissolved solids can generally be used satisfactorily for
making concrete. Although higher concentration is not always harmful, they may affect
certain cements adversely and should be avoided where possible. A good thumb rule to
follow is, if water is
pure enough for drinking it is suitable for mixing concrete and the physical prosperities of the
water as shown in Table.
Table3.4: physical properties of water
S.NO property values

1 PH 7.2

2 Taste Good

3 Appearance Clear

4 Turbidity 1.67

25
3.2.5 ALOE VERA
Aloe Vera pulp was made into liquid form by using a Mixer grinder. The three
structural components of the Aloe Vera pulp are the cell walls, the degenerated organelles
and the viscous liquid contained within the cells. The raw pulp of Aloe Vera contains
approximately 98.5% water, while the mucilage or gel consists of about 99.5% water. Aloe
Vera liquid and super plasticizers were added to gauged water. The liquid mixture was then
added to the dry mixture and mixed well till homogeneous consistent porous concrete mix
was obtained. Mixture of Aloe Vera Gel showed good results on the properties of concrete in
both workability and compressive strength at 2.5% addition to the water. Workability of
concrete up to 57% along with 10% increment in compressive strength of concrete.
Aloe Vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An ever-green perennial, it
originates from the Arabian Peninsula but grows around the world. Aloe Vera is a short stem
plant that has almost 98% of water in its leaves. Each leaf is full of a slimy tissue which
possesses water. This slimy water is called as “Gel”. It is good for making readily mix
concrete that is more flowing as compared to conventional concrete. It also helps in the
compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete.

3.2.5 Aloe Vera

3.2.6 JAGGERY
Jaggery increases efficiency, durability, and compression strength as your volume in
the concrete mix increases. After adding jaggery to the concrete the hydration process is
reduced and therefore the drying time of the concrete is increased. Increases efficiency,
26
durability, and compression strength as your volume in the concrete mix increases. After
adding jaggery to the concrete the hydration process is reduced and therefore the drying time
of the concrete is increased.

Fig m 3.2.6.1 jaggery Fig 3.2.6.2 jaggery powder

27
 CHAPTER 4
MIX DESIGN
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter concrete mix design calculations for M30 grade concrete in detail were presented.
4.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are
• The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration
• The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
• Maximum water-cement ratio to give adequate durability for the particular site conditions.
• Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle
in mass concrete.
4.3 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN
• The grade designation, (the characteristic strength requirement of concrete) The
type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of
concrete.
• Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as
possible within the limits prescribed by IS: 456-2000
• The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
• The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to
the size, shape, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for
transportation, placing and compaction.
4.3.1 Design of M30 Grade Concrete Stipulations for Proportioning
a) Grade designation :M30
b) Type of cement : OPC53gradeconfirmingIS:12269
c) Minimum Cement content :320kg/m³
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate :20 mm
e) Maximum water–cement ratio :0.45
f) Workability :70 mm(slump)
g) Exposure condition : Moderate
h) Method of concrete placing : Non-Pumpable
i) Degree of supervision : Good
j) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement content :450kg/m3

Test Data for Materials

a) Cement used : OPC53gradeconfirmingIS:12269(1987)

28
 b) Specific gravity of cement :3.14
c) Mineral admixture : ----------
d) Specific gravity : ----------
1) Coarse aggregate :2.67
2) Fine aggregate
:2.60
e) Water absorption
1) Coarse aggregate :0.5%
2) Fine aggregate : 1.0%
f) Free (Surface)moisture
1) Coarse aggregate : NIL
2) Fine aggregate : NIL
g) Sieve analysis
1) Coarse aggregate :6.01
2) Fine aggregate :2.32
(Confirming to grading Zone of Table 2 of IS:3831970)
Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

f¢ck =fck+1.65S

= 30+1.65×5

= 38.25N/mm²

Where

f'ck =target average compressive strength at 28days

fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days

fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days

S = standard deviation
From Table 1 of IS 10269:2009, standard deviation (s) =5N/mm²
Target strength =38.25N/mm²
Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
FromTable5 of IS 456-1959, maximum water cement ratio=0.45
Selection of Water Content From Table2
of IS
29
 10262:2009
maximum water = 0.717×0.368×2.60×1000
50 mm Slump = 686.02kg
range) for 20 mm
aggregate
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump
(6/100) X186
=197.16
As super plasticizer is used, the
water content can be reduced
upto18%percent and above.
Actual water content for
100mmslump
=161.67itres
Mix Proportions 1m3 Concrete for Trail
Cement =367.00 kg/m³
Water =161.67litre
Fine aggregate =686.02kg
Coarse aggregate =1209.89kg
Water Cement ratio =0.44

Quantities of materials used in concrete

mix
Type of Mix Water Cement Fine Coarse Natural
3
concrete Grade (Lts) (Kg/m ) Aggrega Aggreg add
te ate mixtures
(Kg/m ) (Kg/m3)
3
(Aloe vera,
Jaggery)
Nominal 162 687 1210 367 367 0
Mix 0.44 1.86 3.29 1

0.5% 162 687 1210 367 365.1 1.835

M30 0.44 1.86 3.29 1 65
1% 162 687 1210 367 363. 3.67
0.44 1.86 3.29 1 33
1.5% 162 687 1210 367 361.4 5.505
0.44 1.86 3.29 1 95
2% 162 687 1210 367 359. 7.34
0.44 1.86 3.29 1 66

30
Calculation of Cement Content
Based on experience we have adopted as Water-cement ratio =0.44
Cement content = 161.67/0.44=367kg/m³
From Table 5 of IS 456 minimum cement content for ‘Moderate’ exposure condition is
=320kg/m³, (367kg/m³>320kg/m³) hence, O.K
Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate
Content from Table 3 of IS: 10262-2009 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to
20 mm size aggregate & fine aggregate (Zone II) For water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62
But our water content is 0.44 Therefore water cement ratio lowers by 0.06, the
proportion of Volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.02 (@ of -/+ 0.01 for every
change in w/c ratio)
Corrected volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement ratio 0.44 = 0.632
Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.632 = 0.368

MIX CALCULATIONS

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

a) Volume of concrete = 1m³
Mass of cement 1
b) Volume of cement X
= Specific gravity of cement
1000

= (367/3.14) X1/1000 =0.116m3

c) Volume of water
d) Volume of admixture
Mass of Water 1
= X
Specific gravity of Water 1000
= (161.67/1) X (1/1000) =0.161m3
Mass of Admixture 1
= X
Specific gravity of admixture 1000

e) Volume of all in aggregate
f) Mass of coarse aggregate
CA x 1000
g) Mass of fine aggregate
× 1000
= (7.34/1.145) X (1/1000) =0.006m3
= [a– (b +c + d)]
=1-(0.116+0.161+0.006)
=0.717m3
=f × Volume of CA × Specific gravity of
= 0.717×0.632×2.67×1000=1209.89kg
=f × Volume of FA × Specific gravity of FA
 References
1) A. S Shalini, B. Eisha Yokinya, R. Sathvika, M. Malini Gayathri (2021), experiment
with Aloe vera juice in the concrete is done to study that the natural ingredient can
also be used to increase the workability of the concrete.
2) V. Ganesan. (2015), Effect of sugar, Jaggrey & Sugar cane Ash on properties of
concrete. International journals of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
4(51), 11000-11006.
3) Yogesh. R. Suryawanshi. (2014) Experimental Study on Effect of Sugar Powder on
Strength of Cement. International Journal of Research in Engineering &
Technology,2(4), 249-252, ISSN (e): 2321-8843; ISSN (p): 2347-4599.
4) A. V. Pavan Kumar, J. Ritesh, P. Divya Bharathi, B. Radhamma “Experimental
Analysis on strength properties of concrete by using Aloe Vera and juice fiber”
International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering and
Science, Volume 5, issue 05 May 2015.
5) S. Mani Raj, C. Karthick Raja, M. Karuthapandi, MS V. Saranya “Experimental
study on Eco concrete using Natural Admixtures” International Journal of Civil
Engineering, issue march 2019.
6) S. Thirounaname & Dr. G. Ramakrishna “Experimental Study on properties of
pervious concrete with Aloe vera”, International Journal of Science Technology and
Development, Volume IX issue XI November 2020.
7) Suhail Ahmed, Dr. Fareed Memon, “Experimental Study on properties of pervious
concrete with Aloe vera” International Journal of Science Technology and
Development, Volume IX issue XI November 2020.
8) Mrs. S. Sri Geetha, Ms. S. Induja Varshini, Ms. D. Indumathi, MS P.
Geethalakshmi, Mr. R. Naveen Kumar “Performance and Study of Corrosion
inhibitor by using Aloe Vera Gel” International Research general of Engineering and
Technology, Volume issue march 2019.
 CHAPTER-5

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, concepts of experimental work are presented. Objective of testing, i.e.
ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, potable water, aloe Vera and
jaggery in process of manufacturing of concrete, workability of fresh concrete and testing of
hardened concrete procedures are explained in details.

5.2 OBJECTIVE OF TESTING

It was proposed to investigate the properties of concrete, cast with partial replacement of
chemical admixtures with natural admixtures like aloe Vera and jiggery, fly in the ratio of
0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5 and 3% cured in Sea water. In this experimental work, Physical
properties of materials used in the experimental work were determined. Grade of concrete M30
were mixed and cured by using two methods. The specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days and
tested for Compressive strength, spilt tensile strength.

5.3 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE

5.3.1 Aggregates

The coarse aggregate was kept completely immersed in clean water for 24 hours for
water absorption. After 24 hours, the aggregate was gently surface dried. It was then spread out
and exposed to the atmosphere until it appears to be completely surface dry. For fine aggregate,
considering the huge time to be taken to become surface dry from wet condition, it was not
immersed in water. Instead the water was sprinkled then it was spread out and exposed to the
atmosphere until it appears to be completely surface dry.

5.3.2. Batching

Batching means measuring the quantities of constituents of concrete required for the
preparation of concrete mix. Weight batch method is adopted to measure the quantities. The
quantities of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, water and Super plasticizer and adding
ricehusk ash for each batch were measured by a weighing balance according to the mix
proportions obtained by the mix design.
5.3.3. Mixing

The object of mixing is to coat the surface of all aggregate particles with Cement paste
and toblend all the ingredients of concrete into a uniform mass. Though mixing of the material
sis essential for the production of uniform concrete. The mixing should ensure that the mass
becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour and consistency. In this study the process of machine
mixing was adopted.

Fig 5.3.3: mixing of concrete

5.3.4 Casting of Concrete Cubes and cylinders

The test moulds were kept ready before preparing the mix.Moulds were cleaned and
oiled on all contacts surfaces then fixed on vibrating table firmly. The concrete is filled into
moulds in three layers and then vibrated. The top surface of concrete is struck off to level with a
trowel. The number and date of casting were put on the top surface of the cubes as
shown in Figures

5.4 STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

5.4.1 Compressive Strength Test

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size,
while in tension, size elongates.

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30
MPa (4400 psi) and higher in commercial and industrial structures. Compressive strength of
concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of
concrete material, and quality control during production of concrete etc.

Compression test was conducted on 150mm×150mm×150mm cubes as shown in Figure.

Concrete specimens were removed from curing tank and cleaned. In the testing machine, the
cube is placed with the cast faces at right angles to that of compressive faces, then load is
applied at a constant rate of 1.4 kg/cm³/minute up to failure and the ultimate load is noted. The
load is increased until the specimen fails and the maximum load is recorded. The compression
tests were carried out at 7 days, 28 days and days. For strength computation, the average load of
three specimens is considered for each mix. The average of three specimens was reported as the
cube compressive of strength.

Load
Cube compressive strength =
Area of cross section

5.4.2 Split Tensile Strength Test:

The cylinder specimen is of the size 150 mm diameters and 300mm length. The test is
carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of
compression testing machine as shown in Figure 5.3 and the load is applied until failure of
cylinder, along its longitudinal direction. The cylinder specimens are tested at 7 days, 28 days
and90 days. The average of three specimens was reported as the split tensile strength.

2xP
Split tensile strength =Where
Π×D×L

P=compressive load on the cylinder.

L = Length of the cylinder.

D = diameter of the cylinder.

5.5 SUMMARY

In this chapter experimental works are presented. Objective of testing, i. e. Ordinary

Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, sea water and crumb rubber is used in
process of manufacturing of concrete andtesting of hardened concrete procedures are explained
in detail. The method described will be used to study the observations of fresh and hardened
concrete properties. In the next chapter observations and discussions are presented.