OBJECTIVES

I. Describe sampling procedure and the sample

PURPOSE
To approximate a larger population on characteristics
relevant to the research question, to be representative so
that researchers can make inferences about the larger
population.

CONCEPT DISCOVERY
Sample
A smaller set of data that a researcher chooses or selects
from a larger population using a pre-defined selection
method

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING - Drawing randomly from a
list of the population (e.g.:names from a hat, using a
matrix of random numbers).
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - Taking ever kth element in
the population as a sample. Where k=N/n

Sampling
- is the process of selecting individuals or entities from a
given population

Probability sampling.
- with probability sampling, every element of the
population has a know probability of being included in the
sample.

POPULATION
A population is an entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about. A sample is a specific group that you
will collect data from. The size of the sample is always
less than the total size of the population. In research, a
population doesn’t always refer to people.
EXAMPLE OF STRATIFICATION
Suppose a research team wants to determine the grade
point average (GPA) of College students. The research
team has difficulty collecting data from all 10,000 students;
it decides to take a random sample of the population by
using 4,000 students.

Now assume that the team looks at the different attributes

of the sample participants and wonders if there are any
differences in GPAs relative to students’ majors or
strands. Suppose it finds that 2260 students are English
majors, 2735 are science majors, 2800 are computer
science majors, 1190 are engineering majors, and 1015
are math majors. The team wants to use a proportional
stratified random sample where the stratum of the sample
is proportional to the random sample in the population.

CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

How to cluster sample
Step 1: Define your population. As with other forms of
sampling, you must first begin by clearly defining the
population you wish to study. …
Step 2: Divide your sample into clusters. …
Step 3: Randomly select clusters to use as your sample.
…
Step 4: Collect data from the sample.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING - a process in which
certain subgroups, or strata, are selected for the sample
in the same proportion as they exist in the population
CLUSTER SAMPLING - The selection of groups, or
clusters, of subjects rather than individuals
STRATIFIED SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
When to use stratified sampling.
Step 1: Define your population and subgroups.
Step 2: Separate the population into strata.
Step 3: Decide on the sample size for each stratum
Step 4: Randomly sample from each stratum.

EXAMPLE OF CLUSTER
An example of cluster sampling would be a survey
conducted by a company to better understand the
preferences and needs of their costumers. The company
could divide its costumer base into clusters based on age,
gender, location, etc., and then select a random sample
from each cluster for further analysis

English 2260 x .4 = 904

Science 2735 x .4 = 1094
Computer 2800 x .4 = 1120
Engineering 1190 x .4 = 476
Math 1015 x .4 = 406

COMPUTATION
4000/10000 = 0.4 or 40%

Qouta Sampling - the number of samples is decided by

the researcher and selection is also made out of
availability of the respondent
Purposive Sampling - Using researcher’s judgment to
select a sample that they believe, based on prior
information, will provide the data they need.
Snowball Sampling - One sample leads on to more of the
same kind of sample

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Convenience Sampling: is selecting a group of
individuals who are conveniently available for study