Research and Development

INPUT DATA

Material Properties
Concrete Strength fc'
Rebar Yield Stress fy

Load Properties
Unit Weight of Soil δs
Unit Weight of Water δw
Surcharge qu

Wall Properties
Height of Wall H
Thickness of Wall h
Angle of friction Ø

ANALYSIS

1. Input Data on Retaining Wall Template

Simply Supported

Types of Analysis
1. Simply Supported Propped Supported
2. Propped Supported
3. Cantilever Supported

Number of Spans
1. One Span (Single Basement)
2. Multiple Spans (Multiple Basements)

Seismic Loading on Walls

Mononobe-Okabe

Cantilever Supported
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Force Distribution on Muti-level Basement

Designers Note:

Maximum Shear and Moments for multi-level

basements are obtained using any structural
engineering software. Values are encoded to the
template to determine the required number and
spacing of rebars.

Rules of Thumb:
1. Cantilevered walls approximate thickness
T = H/ 10 to 14
2. Basement walls approximate tapered thickness
T = 250+ H/50.

Note:
H = Height of the wall (mm)

For case of retaining wall embedded unto thick mat,

bottom support should be fixed.

DESIGN ACI 318 Sec. 11.4.6.1

A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be
2. Verify if thickness is adequate. Provide minimum provided in all concrete flexural members
steel area required. (prestressed and nonprestressed) where Vu exceeds
0.5ΦVc.
Vu ≥ 0.5 Φ Vc Increase depth to
avoid shear reinf. ACI 318 Sec. 11.2.1.1
For members subject to shear and flexure only

Vc = λ √f'c bw d
6

ACI 318 Sec. 10.5.1

At every section of a flexural member where tensile
reinforcement is required by analysis, except as
provided in section 10.5.2, 10.5.3, and 10.5.4,
As provided shall not be less than that given by:

Asmin = √ fc' bw d
4 fy
and not less than 1.4 bw d / fy

Compute for required flexural reinforcement based on

subjected moments.
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where:
Ru = Mu
Øbd2

3. Investigate the layout, spacing, and number of extra
bars required.
ACI 318 Sec. 14.3.2
Minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross
concrete area, ρ, shall be:
1. 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than Ø 16 mm
with a specified yield strength not less than 415
Mpa; or
2. 0.0015 for other deformed bars; or
3. 0.0012 for welded wire reinforcement (plain or
deformed) not larger than MW200 or MD200

ACI 318 Sec. 14.3.3

Minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross
concrete area, ρ, shall be:
1. 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm
diameter with a
2. 0.0025 for orther deformed bars; or
3. 0.0020 for welded wire reinforcement ( plain or
deformed) not larger than MW200 or MD200

DETAILS ACI 318 Sec. 14.3.4

Walls more than 250 mm thick, except basement walls,
shall have reinforcement for each direction placed in
two layers parallel with faces of wall in accordance
with the following:
1. One layer consisting of not less than one half and
not more than two-thirds of total reinforcement
required for each direction shall be placed not less
than 50 mm or more than one-third the thickness of
wall from exterior surface.
2. The other layer, consisting of the balance of required
reinforcement in that direction, shall placed not less
than 20mm or more than one-third the thickness
of wall for interior surface.

ACI 318 Sec. 14.3.5

Vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall not be
spaced farther apart than three times the wall
thickness, nor farther than 450mm.
Foundation Design for Propped and
Cantilvered Supports
Designers Note:
Resulting moment at the supports will be resisted by
supporting soil. Footing will be designed with combined
Axial and Bending Stresses.

Permissible Bearing Pressure

q = P ± Mc
A I
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Stability of Cantiliver Retaining Wall Recommended values by Terzaghi for stabillity on

retaining walls.
1. Factor of Safety against Overturning

FS = Resisting Moment Factor of Safety ≥ 2.0

Overturning Moment Overturning

2. Factor of Safety against Sliding

FS = Resisting Force Factor of Safety ≥ 1.5

Sliding Force Sliding

Seismic Analysis and Design of Basement Walls

STEPS: Mononobe-Okabe Analysis is based on Coulombs'

active earth pressure equation modified to take into
1. Determine horizontal and vertical earthquake acceleration. account the vertical and horizontal coefficients of
Use kh=0.4 & kv=0 if no data is available. acceleration induced by an earthquake.

2. Solve for inclination of horizontal acceleration

3. Solve active coefficient with seismic effect.

3. Solve for Active Seismic Force on the wall

Active Force with Earthquake Effect

4. Total Force acting on the wall

Pt = Pstatic + Pdynamic

Where:
Pstatic = Static Force using Coulombs' equation
Pdynamic = Mononobe-Okabe equation
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Using Excel Templates

Encode the following data

a. Height of the Retaining Wall
b. Soil Density
c. Angle of Friction of Soil
d. Angle of Friction between Soil and Abutment
e. Backfil Slope Angle
f. Slope of Soil Face
g. Seismic Angle of Soil
h. Acceleration Coefficient

Solving for static force using Coulomb's equation

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Solving for Dynamic and Equivalent Pressure