Mixtures

A mixture is

However, the physical properties of the mixture may be

such as

Examples of mixtures :

However, mixing of vinegar and

They react and produce

Mixing an acid

1. Separating Mixtures

The components in a mixture can be separated by physical means

because

In order to

we need to know the

Then, we can choose a suitable separation method to separate them.

There are some separation methods such as:

(a). (d)

(b). (e)

(c) (f)
a). Evaporation
/

Evaporation is the process

Evaporation is a way to separate

For example,

During evaporation,

b). Crystallization

Crystallization is

An impure solid is

The solution is

When most of the solvent is. , the hot solution

The dissolved solid will

The impurities remain in the solvent. Then, the cold solvent is

Filtration followed by crystallization is

such as Sugar is
c). Simple distillation

Simple distillation is

In this process, the mixture of liquids is

Remember that different liquids have

At this moment, the temperature of the vapor is.

The vapor is then

which is called.

In the lab, usually a is used to

If more than one liquid in a mixture of liquids is needed to be

Fractional distillation uses a

For example :
d). Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is

Example :

A drop of ink is placed onto the

Then, the paper is dipped into a

The solvent travels

The ink dissolves in

Different colored components travel at

Therefore the colored components’ll appear

The movement of a component of an ink or dye during chromatography,

relative to , is measured by calculating its

that can be calculated using this formula:

Calculating the Rf value allows scientists to

because

. The Rf values are always between

e.) Solvent extraction
Solvent extraction is also known as

It involves

A solvent dissolving only that

Therefore, choosing the right solvent is important in order to dissolve that

particular component and it must not be. (able to mix freely)

with the other solvent.

For example, in order to extract iodine from the mixture of salt and iodine

in water, tetrachloromethane is added. Water is

Salt does. in tetra chlaromethane but iodine

Therefore, of iodine in tetra cholera methane is formed.

These two solution. . By using a separating funnel, these two

solutions can be . The solvent are the evaporated to obtain the

salt and iodine off separately.

f.) Steam distillation
Steam distillation is used mainly to

such as

These components decompose at.

Steam distillation works similar to

Simple distillation requires

However, in steam distillation,

The volatile component together with water is

Upon settling, the extracted component will and

later is by filtering out the water from below.