ISSN : 2250-0081 (Print)

ISSN : 2250-009X (Online)

INDIA
Journal
Vol. 10, No. 2 - July 2021 (Half Yearly Journal)

Join CIGRE
The World Forum for Electric Power System
India
 
,6 SDUW  6KHLVSRVWHGDVWKH([HFXWLYH(QJLQHHU
 Ǧ ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ –‘

,(& SUHYLRXVO\,(& 
4XDOLILFDWLRQ07HFK 3RZHU6\VWHP %(+RQ
+RQV (OHFWULFDO 

$OVWRP¶V1HWZRUN3URWHFWLRQDQG$XWRPDWLRQ*XLGH
&,*5(¶,QGLD+H KDG EHHQ DZDUGHG D SODTXH E\ WKH
–Š‡‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ

$OVWRP¶V0DQXDORI0L&20 
([SHULHQFH DQGH[SHUWLVH
(QJLQHHUV ,QGLD .RONDWD LQ 2FW LQ
6KHKDVULFKNQRZ
UHFRJQLWLRQ RI KLV H
3URWHFWLRQ6KHKDVH[RHULHQFH
FRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHSURIHVVLRQRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJDWWKH1DWLRQ
Restricted Earth Faults -A Complementary Protection to WURXEOHVKRRWLQJ RIDOOWKH+9D
 7KH$XWKRUV OHYHO DQGWKHLU3URWHFWLRQ
the Differential Protection
%\..0XUW\5HWG&( 7HVWLQJ &RPPPXQ &,*5( ,QGLD 0HPE1R
 ..0XUW\
 1XWDQ6KDUPD  3UDQD\-RVKL
6PW1XWDQ6KDUPD([HFXWLYH(QJLQHHU  N9'Q,QGRUH


3UDQD\-RVKL $VVWW(QJLQHHU 7HVWLQJ  N9 66 1DJGD 0337&/

 6\QRSVLV 0RVW YLWDO DQG LPSRUWDQW 3URWHFWLRQ WR SURWHFW WKH 7UDQVIRUPHU LV
WKH %LDVHG 'LIIHUHQWLDO 3URWHFWLRQ ZKLFK SURYLGHV H[FHOOHQW SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW 3K WR
3K IDXOWV DQG SKDVH WR HDUWK IDXOWV IRU WKH IDXOWV ZLWKLQ WKH 'LIIHUHQWLDO ]RQH
SURWHFWLQJ WKHZLQGLQJ FRYHULQJ IURPWKHEXVKLQJ KRZHYHULWLVQRWFDSDEOHRI
SURYLGLQJ SURWHFWLRQ
K.K.Murty 1 DJDLQVW 6LQJOH
Smt6KHLVSRVWHGDVWKH([HFXWLYH(QJLQHHU
3KDVH
Nutan WR (DUWK IDXOWV
Sharma 2 QHDU WKH QHXWUDO
Pranay Joshi3LQ D VWDU N966'Q,QGRUH
+HKROGVD%DFKHORU¶VGHJUHH +RQV LQ(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJREWDLQHGIURPWKH
FRQQHFWHG 7UDQVIRUPHU ZLWK VROLGO\ 4XDOLILFDWLRQ07HFK
HDUWKHG JURXQGHG3RZHU6\VWHP 1HXWUDO EHFDXVH%(+RQV (OHFWULFDO
RI LWV
+HLVDQ$VVLVWDQW(QJLQHHU 'LSORP
7HVWLQJ N9 6
Abstract 8QLYHUVLW\ RI -DEDOSXU LQ WKH \HDU  +H ZDV D IRUPHU &KLHI (QJLQHHU DQG
IHDWXUH RI ELDVLQJ 7R DGGUHVV 
+HDGRI'HSDUWPHQW 7HVWLQJWKLV FRQVWUDLQW
&RPPXQ 5()
+RQVSURWHFWLRQ
(OHFWULFDO LV
 WKH RQO\ DQVZHU
LQ033RZHU7UDQVPLVVLRQ&R/WG
4XDOLILFDWLRQ %(Protection
(OHFWULFDODQG(OHFWURQLFV )UR
Most7KXV
vital and
5() important Protection
3URWHFWLRQ PD\ to protect
EHDFDOOHGthe Transformer
DVRI
D WKH
([SHULHQFH is
&RPSOHPHQWDU\ the
DQGH[SHUWLVH Biased Differential
3URWHFWLRQ WR WKH which
%LDVHG
6KHKDVULFKNQRZOHGJHRI3RZHUV\V
-DEDOSXU ,QGLD  KH ZDV PHPEHU SDQHO RI ([SHUW 3URIHVVLRQDOV DW
DQG0(
provides excellent protection against Ph to Ph faults and phase to earth faults for the faults within the WKH
'LJLWDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ )
'LIIHUHQWLDOSURWHFWLRQ
&HQWUDO 3RZHU DVWKLVSURWHFWLRQWRRLVEDVHGRQ0HU]SULFH
5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH &35,  %DQJDORUH IURP PHWKRGRORJ\
3URWHFWLRQ6KHKDVH[RHULHQFHRI7HVWLQJ
 WR  >@
([SHULHQFHDQG([SHUWLVH+HKDVULFKNQRZOH &RPP
Differential zone protecting the winding covering 80% from the bushing, however it is not capable of
3UHYLRXVWRWKLVKHZRUNHGDVDQ$GYLVRU
providing protection against Single Phase to Earth faults near WURXEOHVKRRWLQJ
7HVWLQJ
the neutral in a starRIDOOWKH+9DQG(+9HTXLSPHQW
DW6287+&2D',6&20LQ
DQG WURXEOH
connected VKRRWLQJ RI 3URWH
Transformer,
with solidlyWKH 6WDWH
earthed RI 2ULVVD
(grounded) D PHWHULQJ
Neutral because FRQVXOWDQW
of its feature WR
of 0
OHYHO 3 (OHFWULFLW\
biasing. To address5HJXODWRU\
DQGWKHLU3URWHFWLRQ this constraint REF
5HDFWRUVDQGDVVRFLDWHGHTXLSPH
 5()3URWHFWLRQ&RQFHSW
protection is the only answer.
&RPPLVVLRQ DQGThus REF Protection
D &RXUVH
 'LUHFWRU may
3UDQD\-RVKL be called
IRU WKH as a Complementary
*UDGXDWH Protection to the
(OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ
Biased Differential protection as this protection too is based on Merz-price methodology. [1]
7UDLQHHVDWWKH7UDLQLQJ,QVWLWXWHRI033RZHU7UDQVPLVVLRQ&R/WG-DEDOSXU
5()LVWKHDFURQ\PIRU5HVWULFWHG(DUWKIDXOW7KHDUHDRISURWHFWLRQLV UHVWULFWHG
+HKDVSXEOLVKHGPDQ\WHFKQLFDODULFOHVLQWKHQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDOV 7KHHQG
1. REF WRZKROHZLQGLQJIURPEXVKLQJWXUUHWVWRQHXWUDORIWKH6WDUFRQQHFWHGWUDQVIRUPHUV
Protection Concept from bushing turrets to neutral of the Star connected
DQGSUHVHQWHGWHFKLFDOSDSHUVDWYDULRXVQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHV
1.1 REF ZLWKVROLGO\HDUWKHG transformers with solidly earthed Neutral.
is the SHUWDLQLQJWRWKH3RZHU7UDQVIRUPHUVDQGRWKHUHTLSPHQWVRISRZHUVHFWRU+HLV
acronym for Restricted
1HXWUDO Earth fault.
The area of protection is restricted to whole winding
DPHPEHURI,QGLD¶V6RFLHW\RI3RZHU(QJLQHHUV 063( D)HOORZRI,QVWLWXWLRQ
RI(QJLQHHUV,QGLD ),(  D&KDUWHUHG(QJLQHHU &( DQGD0HPEHU

WĂŐĞϭϮ ŽĨϭϯ

+HLVDQ$VVLVWDQW(QJLQHHU 7HVWLQJ N9 6V1DJGD0337&/


4XDOLILFDWLRQ %( (OHFWULFDODQG(OHFWURQLFV )URP0,78MMDLQLQ<H
DQG0( 'LJLWDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ )URP0,78MMDLQLQ<
([SHULHQFHDQG([SHUWLVH+HKDVULFKNQRZOHGJHRI7HVWLQJ &
DQG WURXEOH VKRRWLQJ RI 3URWHFWLYH UHOD\V RI
5HDFWRUVDQGDVVRFLDWHGHTXLSPHQW XSWR N9

7KHHQG
Fig.1 : Depicting unprotected15-20% of winding of Star connected transformers near the QHDU
)LJ'HSLFWLQJXQSURWHFWHGRIZLQGLQJRI6WDUFRQQHFWHGWUDQVIRUPHUV
neutral against Phase to Earth Fault
WKHQHXWUDODJDLQVW3KDVHWR(DUWK)DXOW
1.1.1 Type of REF Protections
(1) Low Impedance (2) High Impedance

1. Retd. C.E. (Testing & Commmun.)

2. Executive Engineer, 400 kV Dn, Indore
WĂŐĞϭ ŽĨϭϯ
3. Asstt.Engineer (Testing), 400kV S/S Nagda, MPPTCL

Volume 10 v No. 2 v July 2021 32

HRI5()3URWHFWLRQV
PSHGDQFH Restricted Earth Faults - A Complementary Protection to the Differential Protection 33
,PSHGDQFH
PSHGDQFH5()3URWHFWLRQ
2. Low Impedance REF Protection
7\SHRI5()3URWHFWLRQV
The directional element compares the angular difference
between polarizing current (3Io derived from line/turret
/RZ,PSHGDQFH 7KHGLUHFWLRQDOHOHPHQWFRPSDUHVWKHDQJXODUGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQSRODUL]LQJF
CTs) with the operating current (In from Neutral CT) and
+LJK ,PSHGDQFH ,R GHULYHGIURPOLQHWXUUHW
indicates forward &7V (internal)
ZLWKWKHRSHUDWLQJFXUUHQW
fault location when ,Q angular
IURP1HXWUDO&7
RZ,PSHGDQFH5()3URWHFWLRQ LQGLFDWHVIRUZDUG LQWHUQDOisIDXOWORFDWLRQZKHQDQJXODU
difference < 90 degrees or reverse (external) GLIIHUHQFH fault
LV   GHJUH
location,
UHYHUVH H[WHUQDO  IDXOWif ORFDWLRQ
the angular difference
LI WKH DQJXODUisGLIIHUHQFH
> 90 degrees.
LV ! The
 GHJUHHV
forward/internal indication occurs if the fault is within
IRUZDUGLQWHUQDOLQGLFDWLRQRFFXUVLIWKHIDXOWLVZLWKLQWKHSURWHFWHGZLQGLQJEHW the
protected winding, between
WKHOLQHWXUUHW HQG&7VDQGWKHQHXWUDO&7 >@ the line/turret- end CTs and
the neutral CT. [2]

Fig. 2 : Schematic diagram of Low Impedance REF

)LJ 6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRI/RZ,PSHGDQFH5()3URWHFWLRQ
Protection.
)LJ 6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRI/RZ,PSHGDQFH5()3URWHFWLRQ

Fig. 3 : Graphical representation of Internal or

)LJ*UDSKLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI,QWHUQDORUH[WHUQDOIDXOW >@
external fault[3]
+LJK,PSHGDQFH5()3URWHFWLRQ
2.1 High Impedance REF Protection;
7KH RSHUDWLQJ TheSULQFLSDO
operatingRI WKH KLJK LPSHGDQFH
principal of the high 5() LV WR EDODQFH
impedance REFWKH VXP R
UHVLGXDOSKDVHFXUUHQWV ZLWKWKHRXWSXWRIDFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHULQWKHQHXWUD
is to balance the sum of the residual phase currents
&7FRQQHFWLRQVRIWKHVFKHPHDUHVKRZLQ)LJXUH
with the output of a current transformer ZKHUHWKHWUDQVIRUPHULVV
in the neutral.
HDUWKHGVLJQLILFDQWSDUWRIWKHZLQGLQJLVSURWHFWHG
The CT connections of the scheme are )RUH[WHUQDOIDXOWVWKHVHFR
show in Figure
FXUUHQW RI DIIHFWHG
4 whereOLQHWXUUHW &7 LV EDODQFHG
the transformer is solidlyDJDLQVW
earthedWKH VHFRQGDU\ RI Q
significant
part of the
FXUUHQW LQ RSSRVLWLRQ winding
FDXVLQJ QRisFXUUHQWWR
protected.IORZForLQexternal
WKH +LJKfaults theUHOD\ WKX
= 5()
secondary current of affected
SURWHFWLRQLVVWDEOHKRZHYHUIRULQWHUQDO line/turret
(DUWK CT is balanced
IDXOWV QHDUWKHQHXWUDOWKH5()
VKDOOVHQVH WKH against the secondary of neutral current in opposition,
VHFRQGDU\RIWKHIDXOWFXUUHQWWKURXJKWKHQHXWUDODQGRSHUDWH
)LJ
Fig. $
2A : %LDV&XUYH
Bias Curve. causing no current to flow in the High Z REF relay thus
SURWHFWLRQ LVZLGHO\XVHGDVLW KDVEHWWHUVHQVLWLYLW\DJDLQVW&7VDWXUDWLRQ
Low impedance REF relay is a numerical relay it has this protection is stable, however for internal Earth faults
PSHGDQFH 5() UHOD\ LVD QXPHULFDO UHOD\ LW
percentage bias function like differential relay. KDV SHUFHQWDJHThis ELDV IXQFWLRQ
near theOLNH
neutral the REF relay shall sense the secondary
5()3URWHFWLRQ±2XWRI]RQHIDXOW
QWLDO UHOD\ 7KLV )LJ
IXQFWLRQ $ 
IDFLOLWDWHV %LDV&XUYH
XVH RI GLIIHUHQW
function facilitates use of different ratio CTs in$V UDWLR
the&7V
line/ LQ WKH
ofOLQHWXUUHW
the fault current through the neutral and operate.
SHU WKH +LJK
This ,PSHGDQFH
protection 5()
is VFKHPH
widely used WKH
as itVHFRQGDU\
has betterRI (DUWK IDXOW FXUUH
sensitivity
HXWUDO7KHUDWLRGLIIHUHQFHVDUHWDNHQFDUHLQWKH/RZ,PSHGDQFH5HOD\LWVHOI
turret and neutral. The ratio differences are taken care
HQWHULQJWKHVRXUFHWKURXJKWKH1HXWUDOLVEDODQFHGDJDLQVWWKHVHFRQGDU\ FXUU
K VFDOLQJ IDFWRU
LowZKLFK KDV WR EH VHOHFWHG ,W KDV against CT saturation.
QFH5() in the
UHOD\ Impedance
LVD Relay
QXPHULFDO itself
UHOD\ LW LQ
through WKH UHOD\
scaling factor
KDVSHUFHQWDJH
WKHDIIHFWHG&7
DFFHOHUDQW
ELDV IXQFWLRQ OLNH
$OOWKH6HFRQGDU\ZLQGLQJV RIWKHSKDVH &7V OLQHWXUUHW  FRQQ
which has to be selected in the relay .It has accelerant
YLW\DQGVWDELOLW\DJDLQVW&7VDWXUDWLRQGXHWRKHDY\WKURXJKWUDQVLHQWIDXOWVE\ 2.1.1
HOD\ 7KLV IXQFWLRQ
sensitivity andIDFLOLWDWHV XVH RI
stability against
DWLFDOO\VHOHFWLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHSHUFHQWDJHELDV CTGLIIHUHQW
saturation UDWLR
LQSDUDOOHO
due to &7V LQ WKHREF OLQHWXUUHW
Protection –Out of zone fault;
LHDOOWKH6WHUPLQDOVDQGDOOWKH6WHUPLQDOVDUHFRQQHFWHGLQSDUD
heavy through transient faults by automaticallyIRUP
7KHUDWLRGLIIHUHQFHVDUHWDNHQFDUHLQWKH/RZ,PSHGDQFH5HOD\LWVHOI As per&LUFXLW
WKH UHVLGXDO
selecting the High Impedance
SOHDVH UHIHU REF scheme,
)LJ  DQGthe
DUHsecondary
EDODQFHG DJDLQV
JK DFWXDOthe/RZ LPSHGDQFH
appropriate 5() PD\
percentage of Earth fault
VHFRQGDU\FXUUHQWRIWKH1HXWUDO&7
GLIIHU LQ DOJRULWKP IURP UHOD\ PDNH WR current ‘In’ entering the source through the
OLQJ IDFWRU ZKLFK KDV WR EHbias. VHOHFWHG LQ WKH UHOD\ ,WNeutral KDV DFFHOHUDQW
is balanced against the secondary current of the
LQ JHQHUDO EXW /RZ ,PSHGDQFH 5() SURWHFWLRQ FRPPRQO\ XVHV D GLUHFWLRQDO
Although actual Low impedance REF may differ in
QGVWDELOLW\DJDLQVW&7VDWXUDWLRQGXHWRKHDY\WKURXJKWUDQVLHQWIDXOWVE\ affected CT. All the Secondary windings of the phase CTs
QW WKDW FRPSDUHV WKH relay
algorithm from GLUHFWLRQ
makeRI to DQ
makeRSHUDWLQJ
in general,FXUUHQW
but Low GHULYHG IURP WKH WĂŐĞ
\VHOHFWLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHSHUFHQWDJHELDV (line/turret) connected in parallel ie all the S1 terminals
UUHWHQG&7VZLWKWKHSRODUL]LQJFXUUHQWREWDLQHGIURPWKHQHXWUDO&7
Impedance REF protection commonly uses a directional and all the S2 terminals are connected in parallel to form
element that compares the direction of an operating the residual Circuit (please refer Fig. 4) and are balanced
WXDO /RZ LPSHGDQFH
current derived from5() thePD\ GLIIHU LQCTs,
line/turret-end DOJRULWKP
with theIURP UHOD\
WĂŐĞϮ ŽĨϭϯPDNH WR
against the secondary current of the Neutral CT.
QHUDO EXW /RZ ,PSHGDQFH
polarizing current obtained 5() from SURWHFWLRQ
the neutral FRPPRQO\
CT. XVHV D GLUHFWLRQDO
W FRPSDUHV WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI DQ RSHUDWLQJ FXUUHQW GHULYHG IURP WKH
QG&7VZLWKWKHSRODUL]LQJFXUUHQWREWDLQHGIURPWKHQHXWUDO&7 Volume 10 v No. 2 v July 2021
34 CIGRE India Journal

In case of through earth fault the direction of the secondary of the winding only. High Impedance REF protection
loop current of ‘3Io’ from the affected phase line/turret CT takes care of the faults between phase winding and earth
would be from S2 to S1and the secondary of the Neutral against the unprotected 20% of the winding close to
current ‘In’ entering the Transformer through Neutral in neutral. In a star connected transformer the voltage also
the opposite direction shall have the direction from S1 reduces in proportion to the remaining turns (distance)
to S2.Since the loop currents are in opposition to each from the neutral.
other therefore shall cancel each other and there shall Thus whenever Phase to Earth fault occurs within 20%
not be any current though REF relay 64 R. distance from the neutral, the driving voltage of earth-
For clarity please refer to Fig. 4, the earth fault occurs fault current very low. The secondary replica of this low
in LV ‘B’ at the location ’F’. The secondary loop current earth fault current (3Io) is sufficient to activate the REF
(in pink colour) ‘Ib’ is balanced against ‘In’. relay 64 R.
Note : In this High impedance REF scheme it is essential to LV B Phase to earth fault occurs at a location F of the
have same ratio and characteristics of line/turret CTs and the winding in the vicinity of 15-20% of the winding from the
Neutral CT ie the knee-point voltage should be same and the neutral .The zero sequence
,QFDVHRIWKURXJKHDUWKIDXOWWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHVHFRQGDU\ORRSFXUUHQW earth
RIµ,R¶ fault current (3Io) shall
IURP
CTs should be of PS Class confirming to IS :2705(part-4) of
follow
WKH DIIHFWHG SKDVH OLQHWXUUHW &7 ZRXOG EH IURP inWR
6 the pathWKH
6DQG shown in red RI
VHFRQGDU\ coloured
WKH dotted lines and
Indian standard or PX class confirming to IEC 61869( Earlier
1HXWUDOFXUUHQW µ,Q¶ HQWHULQJWKH7UDQVIRUPHU shall enter
WKURXJK1HXWUDOthe source through the
LQWKHRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ Neutral N (please refer
IEC 600440)/IEEE Std. C57.13 class C of International
VKDOO KDYH WKH GLUHFWLRQ IURP 6 WR 66LQFH
to WKH ORRS FXUUHQWV
fig.5).The DUH LQ RSSRVLWLRQ
secondary replica of WR
zero seq.
Standards.[4,5]
HDFK RWKHU WKHUHIRUH VKDOO FDQFHO HDFK RWKHU DQG WKHUH VKDOO QRW EH DQ\ FXUUHQW
Primary Earth fault current IN (3Io) is (In) and is in the
2.1.2 REF protection-WKRXJK5()UHOD\5
In-zone fault (20% of unprotected
opposite direction of it (as per characteristic of a CT).
winding)
This’In’
)RU FODULW\ SOHDVH UHIHUWR ILJ  WKH HDUWK IDXOW shall
RFFXUV circulate
LQ /9 µ%¶ DW WKHinORFDWLRQ
the loop
¶)¶ actuating the REF
The % Bias Differential relay with 20% bias setting and 64R relay and
7KHVHFRQGDU\ORRSFXUUHQW LQSLQNFRORXU µ,E¶LVEDODQFHGDJDLQVWµ,Q¶ in-turn give a trip command to the Circuit
with operating current setting of 0.2PU can cover 80-85% breaker.

Fig. 4 : Schematic
)LJ diagram of circuit for out of zone fault in REF Protection
6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRIFLUFXLWIRURXWRI]RQHIDXOWLQ5()3URWHFWLRQ

1RWH ,QWKLV+LJKLPSHGDQFH5()VFKHPHLWLVHVVHQWLDOWR KDYH VDPHUDWLRDQG

FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOLQHWXUUHW&7VDQGWKH1HXWUDO&7LHWKHNQHHSRLQWYROWDJHVKRXOG
EHVDPHDQGWKH&7VVKRXOGEHRI36&ODVVFRQILUPLQJWR,6 SDUW RI,QGLDQ
VWDQGDUG RU3;FODVVFRQILUPLQJWR,(& (DUOLHU,(& ,((( 6WG
&FODVV& RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUGV>@

5()SURWHFWLRQ ,Q]RQHIDXOW RIXQSURWHFWHGZLQGLQJ 

7KH  %LDV 'LIIHUHQWLDO UHOD\ ZLWK  ELDV VHWWLQJ  DQG ZLWK RSHUDWLQJ FXUUHQW
VHWWLQJ RI 38 FDQ FRYHU  RI WKH ZLQGLQJ RQO\ +LJK ,PSHGDQFH 5()
SURWHFWLRQWDNHVFDUHRIWKHIDXOWVEHWZHHQSKDVHZLQGLQJDQGHDUWKDJDLQVWWKHXQ
SURWHFWHG  RI WKH ZLQGLQJ FORVH WR QHXWUDO ,Q D VWDU FRQQHFWHG WUDQVIRUPHU WKH
YROWDJHDOVRUHGXFHVLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKHUHPDLQLQJWXUQV GLVWDQFH IURPWKHQHXWUDO
7KXVZKHQHYHU3KDVHWR(DUWKIDXOWRFFXUVZLWKLQGLVWDQFHIURPWKHQHXWUDOWKH
GULYLQJYROWDJH RI HDUWKIDXOWFXUUHQWYHU\ORZ 7KHVHFRQGDU\UHSOLFDRIWKLVORZHDUWK
IDXOWFXUUHQW ,R LVVXIILFLHQWWRDFWLYDWHWKH5()UHOD\ 5
Fig. 5 : Schematic )LJ
diagram depicting
6FKHPDWLF High Impedance REF fault with in 15-20% of the Star winding nearer to the neutral
GLDJUDPGHSLFWLQJ+LJK,PSHGDQFH5()IDXOWZLWKLQRIWKH
6WDUZLQGLQJQHDUHUWRWKHQHXWUDO

Volume 10 v No. 2/9%3KDVHWRHDUWKIDXOWRFFXUVDWDORFDWLRQ)RIWKHZLQGLQJLQ

v July 2021 WKHYLFLQLW\RI
WĂŐĞϰ ŽĨϭϯ
 RI WKH ZLQGLQJ IURP WKH QHXWUDO 7KH ]HUR VHTXHQFH HDUWK IDXOW FXUUHQW ,R 
 Restricted Earth Faults - A Complementary Protection to the Differential Protection 35

A question comes to mind that why there is no contribution
of the secondary currents from the turret CT? This is
because the induced EMF from the HV Source winding
B-Y , rises from LV Neutral to the LV B Phase bushing in
a healthy Transformer but in this instant case it is getting
earthed at point “F”, thus there is no contribution from
the Turret CT of LV -B phase.
It is not out of place to mention here that the Star
connected Transformer windings have graded insulation
ie insulation level decreases vis-à-vis decrease in
voltage of the winding as it approaches to the neutral
ie number of turns reduce. This concept is used in the
REF relay.
2.2.1 Protection of Delta winding in conjunction with
Zig-zag Transformer;
The delta winding is protected in conjunction with the Zig-
zag Transformer as depicted in the schematic diagram
in Fig. 6.
2.2.2 REF Protection in an Auto-transformer:
The difference between an Auto transformer and 2
winding Star/Star transformeris an Auto transformer has
only one Neutral and 2 windingStar/star transformer has
2 neutrals.ie one each in the HV side and LV side.
In this protection secondary replica of neutral current
’3Io’ is balanced against the secondary of HV turret CTs
paralleled together and also secondary IV Turret CTs
paralleled together against the High Z REF relay as
shown in the figure 7.

)LJ 6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRISURWHFWLRQRI'HOWD ZLQGLQJ DVDZKROHDQGDOVR

=LJ]DJ7UDQVIRUPHU ZLQGLQJV

 5()3URWHFWLRQLQDQ$XWRWUDQVIRUPHU
7KH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DQ $XWR WUDQVIRUPHU DQG  ZLQGLQJ 6WDU6WDU WUDQVIRUPHULV
DQ$XWRWUDQVIRUPHUKDVRQO\RQH1HXWUDODQGZLQGLQJ6WDUVWDUWUDQVIRUPHUKDV
QHXWUDOVLHRQHHDFKLQWKH+9VLGHDQG/9VLGH
,Q WKLV SURWHFWLRQ VHFRQGDU\ UHSOLFD RI QHXWUDO FXUUHQW ¶,R¶ LV EDODQFHG DJDLQVW WKH
VHFRQGDU\ RI +9 WXUUHW &7V SDUDOOHOHG WRJHWKHU DQG DOVR VHFRQGDU\ ,9 7XUUHW &7V
SDUDOOHOHG WRJHWKHU DJDLQVWWKH+LJK=5()UHOD\DVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH 
)LJ
Fig. 6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRISURWHFWLRQRI'HOWD
6 : Schematic ZLQGLQJ
diagram of protection of Delta winding as a whole DVDZKROHDQGDOVR
and also Zig-zag Transformer windings.
=LJ]DJ7UDQVIRUPHU ZLQGLQJV

 5()3URWHFWLRQLQDQ$XWRWUDQVIRUPHU
7KH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DQ $XWR WUDQVIRUPHU DQG  ZLQGLQJ 6WDU6WDU WUDQVIRUPHULV
DQ$XWRWUDQVIRUPHUKDVRQO\RQH1HXWUDODQGZLQGLQJ6WDUVWDUWUDQVIRUPHUKDV
QHXWUDOVLHRQHHDFKLQWKH+9VLGHDQG/9VLGH
,Q WKLV SURWHFWLRQ VHFRQGDU\ UHSOLFD RI QHXWUDO FXUUHQW ¶,R¶ LV EDODQFHG DJDLQVW WKH
VHFRQGDU\ RI +9 WXUUHW &7V SDUDOOHOHG WRJHWKHU DQG DOVR VHFRQGDU\ ,9 7XUUHW &7V
SDUDOOHOHG WRJHWKHU DJDLQVWWKH+LJK=5()UHOD\DVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH 

Fig.7 : Schematic diagram of REF protection in Auto$XWRWUDQVIRUPHU>@

&ŝŐ6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRI5()SURWHFWLRQLQ transformer.[6]

Volume 10 v No. 2 v July 2021

36 CIGRE India Journal

3. CT saturation and its effect on 3.1.1 Purpose of Stabilizing register;

REF protection The stabilizing register ”Rst” is connected in series
Severe transient earth faults in the out of zone region with the REF relay 64R.This is provided to offer larger
may cause the CT of the affected phase to get saturated. resistance to the path of secondary Differential current.
(Fig.8).When fully saturated, the CT secondary provides This large secondary Differential current is experienced
no current. It behaves like a very low impedance(almost due to the saturation of the affected phase CT on account
7KLVODUJHVHFRQGDU\'LIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQW LVH[SHULHQFHGGXHWRW
zero Ω) between S2 and S1 terminals in the secondary of out of zone heavy earth fault.
circuit thus the driving voltage developed across S2-S1 DIIHFWHGSKDVH&7RQDFFRXQWRI RXWRI]RQHKHDY\HDUWKIDXOW
shall be zero .The Differential current in the secondary Sample Calculation of stabilizing regiater;[7]
circuit ‘In’ is nothing but the secondary replica of the 6DPSOH&DOFXODWLRQRIVWDELOL]LQJUHJLDWHU>@
Say it is a 50 MVA 132/33kV transformer with
primary Zero sequence Current 3Io which enters the %Z=10.10,RCT=0.5Ω & RL=1.4Ω,
6D\LWLVD09$N9WUDQVIRUPHUZLWK= 5&7 
Transformer through its neutral. Since there is no current DQGWKH&75DWLR$
to oppose this ‘In’, it would have two paths, either through
ହ଴ൈଵ଴଴଴
the impedance of the affected Saturated CT or through ,IOF )XOO ORDG&XUUHQW ൌʹͳͺǤ͹
the REF relay. A stabilizing register is connected in series ξଷൈଵଷଶ
with the REF relay 64R (voltage operated relay) to ensure ˆŽ ʹͳͺǤ͹
ˆŽ–ሺ ƒ—Ž– —””‡–ሻ ൌ ൌ ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷ 
that the operating voltage at current setting is greater ’— ͲǤͳͲͳͲ
than the maximum voltage which can appear across  •‡
the REF relay + stabilizing register during maximum • ൌ ˆŽ– š ሺ ൅ ʹሻǡ
 ’”›
assigned through fault current.
ͳ
To understand this phenomena, the figure 8 may be • ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷš ሺͲǤͷ ൅ ʹšͳǤͶሻ ൌ ͳ͹Ǥͺ͸ 
referred to; ‘In’ has two paths in parallel, one through ͶͲͲ
C-G and the other through C-D-F-G .Since a Stabilizing ,Iµ,6¶ &XUUHQWVHWWLQJIRURSHUDWLRQ LV$
register of appropriate value is connected in series with
the REF relay the current will bypass the C-G path and • ͳ͹Ǥͺ͸
would follow the lower resistance path ie C-D-F-G and •– ൌ ǡൌ
• ͲǤͳ
complete the loop A-B-C-D-F-G-A .The relay has to be set ൌͳ͹ͺǤ͸π
above &7VDWXUDWLRQDQGLWVHIIHFWRQ5()SURWHFWLRQ
the maximum voltage that would appear against 7KHUHIRUHDVSHUFDOFXODWLRQWKH 6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWHUZRUNVR
C-D at the opted current setting in mill amperes.

1RWH 3OHDVHVHHWKHILJ6WDELOLVLQJ UHJLVWHUV PRXQWHGLQD5HOD

WKHUHLQ

3XUSRVHRI0HWURFLO 1RQ/LQHDU5HJLVWHU 
,W LV 9ROWDJH OLPLWLQJ 1RQ/LQHDU 5HJLVWHU ,W LV FRQQHFWHG LQ SD
5HOD\ DQG WKH 6WDELOL]LQJ 5HJLVWHU WROLPLW WKHSHDN YROWDJHGHY
DQG  WR VDIHJXDUG QRW RQO\ WKH 5() UHOD\ DQG WKH 6WDELOL]LQJ 5
FRQQH
)RUPXODDQGVDPSOH&DOFXODWLRQ >@
‫ ܘ܄‬ൌ ૛ඥ૛‫ܓ܄‬ሺ‫ ܎܄‬െ ‫ܓ܄‬ሻǡ
 •‡
ˆ ൌ ˆ ൈ ሺ ൅ ʹ ൅ ”ሻ ™Š‡”‡ ˆ ‫–‡””— –Ž—ƒ ׷‬ǡ
 ’”›
 ‫‰‹†‹™  ˆ‘ ‡ ƒ–•‹•‡ ׷‬ǡ  ‫ ‡ ƒ–•‹•‡” †ƒ‡ ׷׷‬Ƭ”
‫‡ ƒ–•‹•‡” ›ƒŽ‡ ׷‬
 ൌ ‡‡ ’‘‹– ˜‘Ž–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ 
 •‡
ˆ ൌ ˆ ൈ ሺ ൅ ʹ ൅ •– ൅ ”ሻǡ
 ’”›
™Š‡”‡ǡ
 ‫‰†™  ˆ‘ ‡ ƒ–•‹•‡ ׷‬ǡ ǣ Ž‡ƒ† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ •–ǣ –ƒ„‹Ž‹
)LJ6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRI+LJK=5() 3URWHFWLRQ
Fig. 8 : Schematic diagram of High Z REF Protection for Out of ZoneIRU2XWRI=RQHVHYHUIDXOW
sever fault causing CT saturation.
‫‡ ƒ–•‹•‡” ›ƒŽ‡ ׷‬ሺƒ••—‡† ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ሻ
FDXVLQJ&7VDWXUDWLRQ
6HYHUH
Volume 10 v No.WUDQVLHQW
2 v JulyHDUWK
2021 IDXOWV LQ WKH RXW RI ]RQH UHJLRQ PD\ FDXVH WKH &7 RI WKH
DIIHFWHG SKDVH WR JHW VDWXUDWHG )LJ :KHQ IXOO\ VDWXUDWHG WKH &7 VHFRQGDU\
  •‡
• ൌ ˆŽ– š ሺ ൅ ʹሻǡ
 ’”›
ͳ
• ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷš ሺͲǤͷ ൅ ʹšͳǤͶሻ ൌ ͳ͹Ǥͺ͸ 
ͶͲͲ
Restricted Earth Faults - A Complementary Protection to the Differential Protection 37
,Iµ,6¶ &XUUHQWVHWWLQJIRURSHUDWLRQ LV$

Therefore as•per calculation

ͳ͹Ǥͺ͸ the Stabilising resister works 4. True calculation of a 132/33kV,50
•– 178.6
out to be ൌ ǡ ൌΩ. )LJ0HWURVLOV 6WDELOL]LQJUHJLVWHUVPRXQWHGLQD5HOD\SDQHO
• ͲǤͳ MVA )LJ0HWURVLOV
Transformer; 6WDELOL]LQJUHJLVWHUVPRXQWHGLQD5HOD\SDQHO
ൌͳ͹ͺǤ͸π
Note: Please see the fig.7 Stabilising registers mounted
7KHUHIRUHDVSHUFDOFXODWLRQWKH 6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWHUZRUNVRXWWREH(1) 132/33 KV 50 MVA Two Winding Transformer with
ͳ͹ͺǤ͸πǤ
in a Relay panel is shown therein. 7UXHFDOFXODWLRQRIDN909$7UDQVIRUPHU
HV CTR-400/1 , LV CTR-1200/1A ,% Z= 10.10 and
7UXHFDOFXODWLRQRIDN909$7UDQVIRUPHU
3.1.2 Purpose of Metrocil (Non-Linear Register);
1RWH 3OHDVHVHHWKHILJ6WDELOLVLQJ UHJLVWHUV RCT+
PRXQWHGLQD5HOD\SDQHOLVVKRZQ  RW = 3.3 Ω.
.909$7ZR:LQGLQJ7UDQVIRUPHUZLWK+9&75
WKHUHLQ  .909$7ZR:LQGLQJ7UDQVIRUPHUZLWK+9&75/9
&75$ =  DQG5&7 5:  Ÿ
It is Voltage limiting Non-Linear Register. It is connected I. For&75$
High Impedance
= REF
DQG5protection
&7 5:  Ÿwe have to
in3XUSRVHRI0HWURFLO
parallel with the REF Relay1RQ/LQHDU5HJLVWHU
and the Stabilizing Register set the ,value of Variable Resistance or stabilising
)RU+LJK,PSHGDQFH5()SURWHFWLRQZHKDYHWRVHWWKHYDOXHRI9
 , )RU+LJK,PSHGDQFH5()SURWHFWLRQZHKDYHWRVHWWKHYDOXHRI9DULDEO
to,Wlimit the peak
LV 9ROWDJH voltage
OLPLWLQJ developed
1RQ/LQHDU 5HJLVWHUacross them and
,W LV FRQQHFWHG to
LQ SDUDOOHO
resistance
ZLWK WKH 5()
(Rs) on the basis of current setting on
5HVLVWDQFHRUVWDELOLVLQJUHVLVWDQFH 5V RQWKHEDVLVRIFXUUHQWVH
5HVLVWDQFHRUVWDELOLVLQJUHVLVWDQFH 5V RQWKHEDVLVRIFXUUHQWVHWWLQJ
safeguard not6WDELOL]LQJ
5HOD\ DQG WKH only the5HJLVWHU
REF relay
WROLPLWand the YROWDJHGHYHORSHGDFURVV
WKHSHDN Stabilizing which
WKHPwe want to operate the REF.
RQZKLFKZHZDQWWRRSHUDWHWKH5()
RQZKLFKZHZDQWWRRSHUDWHWKH5()
Resister but alsoQRW
DQG  WR VDIHJXDUG theRQO\
conneWKH 5() UHOD\ DQG WKH 6WDELOL]LQJ 5HVLVWHU EXW DOVR WKH ୚ୱ
FRQQH II. Stabilising Resistance Rs = here
,, 6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5V ୚ୱ
୍ୗ
Vs is
KHUH9VLV9ROWDJHDFURVV5()
Formula and sample Calculation [7] ,, 6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5V KHUH9VLV9ROWDJHDFURVV5()
)RUPXODDQGVDPSOH&DOFXODWLRQ >@ Voltage across REFelement ୍ୗand ‘Is’ is the current
HOHPHQW DQGµ,V¶ LVWKHFXUUHQWVHWWLQJRSWHGIRU5()
‫ ܘ܄‬ൌ ૛ඥ૛‫ܓ܄‬ሺ‫ ܎܄‬െ ‫ܓ܄‬ሻǡ settingHOHPHQW
optedDQGµ,V¶
for REF.
LVWKHFXUUHQWVHWWLQJRSWHGIRU5()
େ୘ ୱୣୡ
 •‡ ,,, 9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQW• ൌେ୘ˆ ୱୣୡ
ൈ ሺ – ൅ ™ሻ
ˆ ൌ ˆ ൈ ሺ ൅ ʹ ൅ ”ሻ ™Š‡”‡ ˆ ‫–‡””— –Ž—ƒ ׷‬ǡ III. Voltage across Element ; • ൌ ˆ ൈ େ୘୮୰୧ େ୘୮୰୧
,,, 9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQW ሺ – ൅ ™ሻ
 ’”› :KHUH µ,I¶ LVWKHPD[LPXPWKURXJKIDXOWFXUUHQWDQG5FW 5ZDUH
 ‫‰‹†‹™  ˆ‘ ‡ ƒ–•‹•‡ ׷‬ǡ  ‫ ‡ ƒ–•‹•‡” †ƒ‡ ׷׷‬Ƭ” Where:KHUH
‘If’ is µ,I¶
theLVWKHPD[LPXPWKURXJKIDXOWFXUUHQWDQG5FW
maximum through fault current and 5ZDUH&7
FRUHDQGOHDGUHVLVWDQFH
‫‡ ƒ–•‹•‡” ›ƒŽ‡ ׷‬ Rct &Rw are CT core and lead resistance.
FRUHDQGOHDGUHVLVWDQFH
IV. RctWKHRUHWLFDOO\DVSHUWKHFRUHUHVLVWDQFH
 ൌ ‡‡ ’‘‹– ˜‘Ž–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ,9 5FW 5Z DUHHLWKHUFDOFXODWHG & Rw are either calculated theoretically as per
 •‡ the core resistance mention at CT secondary name
ˆ ൌ ˆ ൈ ሺ ൅PHQWLRQDW&7VHFRQGDU\QDPHSODWHDQGOHDGFDEOHRUGLUHFWO\
ʹ ൅ •– ൅ ”ሻǡ
 ’”› plate and lead cable or directly measures on the WĂŐ
where,
™Š‡”‡ǡ PHDVXUHVRQWKH&7WHUPLQDODW& 5SDQHOZKHUHWKH5()OHDGVDUH
CT terminal
,9 5FW 5Z DUHHLWKHUFDOFXODWHG at C&R panel where the REF leads are WĂŐĞϵ ŽĨ
WKHRUHWLFDOO\DVSHUWKHFRUHUHVLVWDQFH
RC:‫ ׷‬Resistance
‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆofCT wdg,
™†‰ǡ leadFRQQHFWHG
RL: ”‡•‹•–ƒ
ǣ Ž‡ƒ† ,9 5FW
resistance,
‡ǡ •–ǣ 5Z
Rst:
–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‹‰ connected
DUHHLWKHUFDOFXODWHG
”‡‰‹•–‡” Ƭ ” WKHRUHWLFDOO\DVSHUWKHFRUHUHVLVWDQFH
PHQWLRQDW&7VHFRQGDU\QDPHSODWHDQGOHDGFDEOHRUGLUHFWO\
Stabilizing register & Rr : ‡ሺƒ••—‡†
‫ƒ–•‹•‡” ›ƒŽ‡ ׷‬ Relay9resistance(assumed
‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ሻ
7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW 3ULPDU\
Throughµ,I¶ Fault current(Primary)
PHQWLRQDW&7VHFRQGDU\QDPHSODWHDQGOHDGFDEOHRUGLUHFWO\
V.
PHDVXUHVRQWKH&7WHUPLQDODW& ‘If’
5SDQHOZKHUHWKH5()OHDGVDUH
negligible) ”ƒ–†
PHDVXUHVRQWKH&7WHUPLQDODW& 5SDQHOZKHUHWKH5()OHDGVDUH
FRQQHFWHG ˆ ൌ Iratd
Say If = 7873 A, RCT = 0.5Ω, RL = 0.98Ω, RstFRQQHFWHG = 455Ω If =  ’—
&ƒ›
Rr −ˆ negligible,
ൌ ͹ͺ͹͵ ǡCT  ൌ ͲǤͷȳǡ
400/1. ൌ ͲǤͻͺȳǡ 9 7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW 3ULPDU\ Z pu µ,I¶
ratio 9 •– ൌ Ͷͷͷȳ Ƭ ” െ3ULPDU\
7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ǡ µ,I¶ ”ƒ–‹‘ͶͲͲȀͳǤ
ͺ͹͵ ǡ  ൌ ͲǤͷȳǡ  ൌ ͲǤͻͺȳǡ •– ൌ Ͷͷͷȳ ”ƒ–†
A 9, Ƭ ” െ ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ–‹‘ͶͲͲȀͳǤ
1RZ&DOFXODWLRQVIRU+95() DUHDVIROORZV
VI.WĂŐĞϴ
Now Calculations ”ƒ–†
for HVˆ ൌREF are as follows:
ŽĨϭϯ ˆൌ  ’—
ͳ D &XUUHQW3LFNVHWWLQJ (a) DGRSWHU IRU5()  ’— $PS
UHOD\µ,V¶
ሺͲǤͷ Current Pick setting adopter for REF relay ‘Is’
ͳ ˆ ൌ ͹ͺ͹͵ ൈ ൅ ʹ ൈ ͲǤͻͺ ൅ Ͷͷͷሻ ൌ ͻͲͲͶ
͵ൈ ͶͲͲ
ሺͲǤͷ ൅ ʹ ൈ ͲǤͻͺ ൅ Ͷͷͷሻ ൌ ͻͲͲͶ E 5FW  5Z =
PHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\DW&
9, 1RZ&DOFXODWLRQVIRU+95() 0.1 Amp.
5SDQHORQ7HUPLQDOZKHUH
DUHDVIROORZV
ͶͲͲ 9, 1RZ&DOFXODWLRQVIRU+95() DUHDVIROORZV
‫ ܘ܄‬ൌ ૛ඥ૛‫ܓ܄‬ሺ‫ ܎܄‬െ ‫ܓ܄‬ሻǡ 5()&DEOHLV&RQQHFWHG (b) Rct + Rw measured
7KLVLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ
D &XUUHQW3LFNVHWWLQJ DGRSWHUUHOD\µ,V¶directly at C&R
RI +97XUUHW
IRU5() UHOD\µ,V¶ panel on
$PS
૛‫ܓ܄‬ሺ‫ ܎܄‬െ ‫ܓ܄‬ሻǡ D &XUUHQW3LFNVHWWLQJ DGRSWHU IRU5() $PS
Terminal where
&7DQG+91HXWUDO7XUUHW&7 ZKLFKFRPHVWR 2KP REF Cable is Connected (This
ൌ ʹඥʹ ൈ ʹͲͲሺͻͲͲͶ െ ʹͲͲሻ ൌ͵͹ͷ͵ E 5FW E 5Z 5FW  5Z PHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\DW&
PHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\DW& 5SDQHORQ7HUPLQDOZKHUH
5SDQHORQ7HUPLQDOZKHUH
ʹͲͲሺͻͲͲͶ െ ʹͲͲሻ ൌ͵͹ͷ͵ is the combination
F 7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW,I  +95DWHGFXUUHQW  ,PSHGDQFH 
of HV Turret CT and HV
Note: 5()&DEOHLV&RQQHFWHG
5()&DEOHLV&RQQHFWHG 7KLVLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ
Neutral7KLVLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ
Turret CT) which comesRI +97XUUHWRI +97XUUHW
to 3.3 Ohm.
 ൈ ͳͲͲͲ ͷͲ ൈ ͳͲͲͲ
• 1RWH
Since this value is above >3000V therefore Non &7DQG+91HXWUDO7XUUHW&7
”ƒ–† ൌ&7DQG+91HXWUDO7XUUHW&7
(c) Through ൌ ZKLFKFRPHVWR
Fault current
ʹͳͺǤ͹If2KP
ൌZKLFKFRPHVWR
= (HV Rated 2KP
current)/
ξ͵ ൈ  ͳǤ͹͵ʹ ൈ ͳ͵ʹ
linear resistance is required.
x 6LQFHWKLVYDOXHLVDERYH!9WKHUHIRUH1RQOLQHDUUHVLVWDQFHLVUHTXLUHG(% Impedance).
F 7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW,I
F 7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW,I  +95DWHGFXUUHQW  ,PSHGDQFH
 +95DWHGFXUUHQW 
 ,PSHGDQFH 
QFHWKLVYDOXHLVDERYH!9WKHUHIRUH1RQOLQHDUUHVLVWDQFHLVUHTXLUHG
• Vk value should be actual value as per name plate
x 9NYDOXHVKRXOGEHDFWXDOYDOXHDVSHUQDPHSODWHGHWDLOVRI7KH&7
”ƒ–†”ƒ–†ʹͳͺǤ͹ ൈ ͳͲͲͲ
 ൌൈ
ͷͲ ൈ
ͳͲͲͲͳͲͲͲ ͷͲ ൈ ͳͲͲͲ
YDOXHVKRXOGEHDFWXDOYDOXHDVSHUQDPHSODWHGHWDLOVRI7KH&7
details of The CT. ˆൌ ൌ ൌ ”ƒ–† ൌ
ξ͵ൌൈʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷ
 ξ͵ ൈ ’ ൈ ͳ͵ʹ
ͳǤ͹͵ʹ ൌ ൌ ʹͳͺǤ͹ ൌ ʹͳͺǤ͹
1RWH 3OHDVHVHHWKHILJ 0HWURFLOV DUH VKRZQPRXQWHGLQD5HOD\SDQHO
’— ͲǤͳͲͳͲ  ͳǤ͹͵ʹ ൈ ͳ͵ʹ
3OHDVHVHHWKHILJ
Note: Please see 0HWURFLOV
the Fig. DUH VKRZQPRXQWHGLQD5HOD\SDQHO
9 Metrocils are shown mounted ”ƒ–† ʹͳͺǤ͹
in a Relay panel. G 9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQWˆൌ ൌ ”ƒ–† ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷ
’— ˆ ൌͲǤͳͲͳͲ ൌ
ʹͳͺǤ͹ ’
ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷ ’
’— $PS
+9&7SULP $PSDQG&7VHF ͲǤͳͲͳͲ
(d) Voltage
େ୘ ୱୣୡacross
G 9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQW Element
• ൌ ˆ ൈ ሺ – ൅ ™ሻǡ
G 9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQW
HV CT prim = 400
େ୘୮୰୧
+9&7SULP $PSDQG&7VHF Amp and CT sec = 1 Amp
$PS
+9&7SULP $PSDQG&7VHF
ଵ
େ୘ ୱୣୡ
$PS
ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷ
• ൌ ˆ ൈൈ ቀ ሺ ቁ ൈ–େ୘
͵Ǥ͵
൅ୱୣୡ
™ሻǡ
ସ଴଴
େ୘୮୰୧
• ൌ ˆ ൈ ሺ – ൅ ™ሻǡ
େ୘୮୰୧
ൌ ͳ͹Ǥͺ͸ ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷ ൈ ቀ ଵ ቁ ൈ ͵Ǥ͵
ସ଴଴ ଵ
ൌ ʹͳ͸ͷǤ͵Ͷ ൈ ቀ ቁ ൈ ͵Ǥ͵
ൌ ͳ͹Ǥͺ͸  ସ଴଴

H 7KHUHIRUH6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5VW
(e) ThereforeൌStabilising
ͳ͹Ǥͺ͸  Resistance Rst;
୚ୱ ଵ଻Ǥ଼଺
ൌ ଴Ǥଵ
H 7KHUHIRUH6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5VW
୍ୱ
Fig. 9 : Metrosils& Stabilizing registers mounted H 7KHUHIRUH6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5VW
୚ୱ ଵ଻Ǥ଼଺
)LJ0HWURVLOV
in a Relay panel = 178.6 Ωൌ ଴Ǥଵ
6WDELOL]LQJUHJLVWHUVPRXQWHGLQD5HOD\SDQHO
)LJ0HWURVLOV 6WDELOL]LQJUHJLVWHUVPRXQWHGLQD5HOD\SDQHO Ÿ
୍ୱ ୚ୱ ଵ଻Ǥ଼଺
I Ÿ ൌ
+HQFHZHKDYHWRVHWWKH6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWRUDWŸIRU
୍ୱ ଴Ǥଵ
+95()3URWHFWLRQZLWK$PS&XUUHQWSLFNXS 10VHWWLQJ
I +HQFHZHKDYHWRVHWWKH6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWRUDWŸIRU
Volume v No. 2 v July 2021
Ÿ
HFDOFXODWLRQRIDN909$7UDQVIRUPHU
7UXHFDOFXODWLRQRIDN909$7UDQVIRUPHU
+95()3URWHFWLRQZLWK$PS&XUUHQWSLFNXS VHWWLQJ
 38 CIGRE India Journal

(f)Hence we have to set the Stabilising resistor at CTS It can work with CTs Requires all
178.6 Ω for HV REF Protection with 0.1 Amp of unequal Ratios. Identical CT ratios
Current pick up setting. Free of any need and turns ratio.
VII. Now Calculations for LV REF are as follows :- of matched CT knee point voltage
5FW 5Z PHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\DW&
(a) Adopting Current 5SDQHORQ7HUPLQDOZKHUH
Pick setting for REF relay ‘Is’ characteristics or and the winding
= 0.1 Amp. ratio or resistance. resistance of the
5()&DEOHLV&RQQHFWHG 7KLVLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ+97XUUHW&7
EPHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\DW&
5FW 5Z PHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\DW& 5SDQHORQ7HUPLQDOZKHUH Turret CTs and the
5FW5FW
5Z5Z (b) Rct +Rw measured
PHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\DW& 5SDQHORQ7HUPLQDOZKHUH
directly at C&R panel on
5SDQHORQ7HUPLQDOZKHUH
QG+91HXWUDO7XUUHW&7 ZKLFKFRPHVDVŸ neutral CT should
Terminal
5()&DEOHLV&RQQHFWHG
5()&DEOHLV&RQQHFWHG where REF Cable
5()&DEOHLV&RQQHFWHG is Connected(This
7KLVLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ+97XUUHW&7
7KLVLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ+97XUUHW&7
7KLVLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ+97XUUHW&7 be same.
is the combination
୐୚ ୍୰ୟ୲ୢ HV Turret CT and HV
KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW
DQG+91HXWUDO7XUUHW&7 ˆ ൌZKLFKFRPHVDVŸ
DQG+91HXWUDO7XUUHW&7
DQG+91HXWUDO7XUUHW&7 ZKLFKFRPHVDVŸ
ZKLFKFRPHVDVŸ
Neutral Turret CT Low-impedance REF High-impedance
୞୮୳CT) which comes as 3.3 Ω
୐୚ ୍୰ୟ୲ୢ
୐୚ ୍୰ୟ୲ୢ ୐୚ ୍୰ୟ୲ୢ
Saturation protection has low REF protection
7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW ˆ ൌൈ
ˆͷͲ ͳͲͲͲ
F (c)7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW
7KURXJK)DXOWFXUUHQW
Through
ൌ
ൌ Fault
୞୮୳ current
୞୮୳ ൊ ͳͲǤͳͲΨ ˆ
If ൌ
= and inherent stability has high inherent
୞୮୳
ξ͵ ൈ ͵͵ Stability against CT saturation stability against
ൌͷͲͷͲൈൈͳͲͲͲ
ͳͲͲͲ
ൊ ͳͲǤͳͲΨ for external faults. CT saturation for
ൌ ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹’
ξ͵ ൈ ͵͵ ൊ ͳͲǤͳͲΨ
ͷͲ ൈ ͳͲͲͲ
ξ͵ ൈ ͵͵ ൌ ൊ ͳͲǤͳͲΨ external faults.
9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQWൌ ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹’ ξ͵ ൈ ͵͵
=ൌ8661.37Amp
ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹’ Burden Imposes less burden I m p o s e s
9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQW
  ’”› ൌ(d)ͳʹͲͲ ’across
Voltage ƒ† Elementൌ ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹’
•‡ ൌ ͳ ’ on CTs. comparatively
9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQW
high burden on
  ’”›G ൌ9ROWDJHDFURVV(OHPHQW
ͳʹͲͲ ’
LV CT pryƒ† 
•‡ •‡
= 1200
 Ampൌ and
ͳ ’
CT sec = 1 Amp
  ’”› ൌ ͳʹͲͲ ’ ƒ†  •‡ ൌ ͳ ’ CTs.
• ൌ ˆ ൈ  •‡ ሺ – ൅ ™ሻ
 • ൌ’”›
ˆ ൈൌ ͳʹͲͲ
•‡ ሺ’
’”‹
 ƒ†  •‡ ൌ ͳ ’References
– ൅ ™ሻ
• ൌ ˆ ൈ ’”‹ሺ ଵ– ൅ ™ሻ
’”‹ൈ ቀ
ൌ ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹ ଵ ቁ ൈ 
͵Ǥ͵ •‡ (1) Mohammad Gholami,Ehsan Hajipour & Mehdi
ൌ ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹ ൈ•ቀଵଶ଴଴
ൌ ˆ
ቁ ൈ
ൈ ͵Ǥ͵ ሺ – ൅ ™ሻ Vakikian of Sharif University of technology, Tehran,
ൌ ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹ ൈ ቀ
ଵ
ଵଶ଴଴
ቁ ൈ ’”‹
͵Ǥ͵ Iran-High Impedance REF Protection: Fundamental
ൌ ʹ͵Ǥͺ  ଵଶ଴଴
ൌ ʹ͵Ǥͺ  ଵ concepts,Design and performance.International
ൌ9V,V
ൌ ʹ͵Ǥͺ Stabilising
KHUHIRUH6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5VW
(e) Therefore ͺ͸͸ͳǤ͵͹ Rst
Resistance ൈ ቀ= Vs/Is
ቁ ൈ ͵Ǥ͵ Conference on Electrical Engineering inTehran Iran-
7KHUHIRUH6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5VW 9V,V ଵଶ଴଴
2016.
୚ୱ ଶଷǤ଼
7KHUHIRUH6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5VW 9V,V
୚ୱൌ ଶଷǤ଼ ൌ ʹ͵Ǥͺ  (2) In consultation with Er. Sthitaprajnyan Sharma,
୍ୱ୍ୱ ൌଶଷǤ଼
୚ୱ ଴Ǥଵ
଴Ǥଵ
ൌ
H 7KHUHIRUH6WDELOLVLQJ5HVLVWDQFH5VW
୍ୱ =଴Ǥଵ 238.18 Ω 9V,V
Application manager, Schweitzer Engineering
Ÿ
Ÿ Laboratories Inc.
(f) Hence theŸ ୚ୱresistor
Stabilising ଶଷǤ଼works out to be (3) Meyer Kao and Garry Cobet(Tennessee Valley
+HQFHWKH6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWRU
+HQFHWKH6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWRU ൌ
ZRUNVRXWWREH
238.18 Ω for LVZRUNVRXWWREH
ŸIRU
REF ProtectionŸIRU
୍ୱ
with 0.1 Amp
଴Ǥଵ ŸIRU Authority):Considerations and Experiences in
+HQFHWKH6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWRU ZRUNVRXWWREH
95()3URWHFWLRQZLWK$PS&XUUHQWSLFNXS
/95()3URWHFWLRQZLWK$PS&XUUHQWSLFNXS
Current pick up. implementing ground Differential protection for
/95()3URWHFWLRQZLWK$PS&XUUHQWSLFNXS
5. Comparisons betweenŸ Low Z and Transformer protection at TVA.
QV EHWZHHQ/RZ=DQG+LJK=5()SURWHFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ/RZ=DQG+LJK=5()SURWHFWLRQ
I High Z REF protection
+HQFHWKH6WDELOLVLQJUHVLVWRU
EHWZHHQ/RZ=DQG+LJK=5()SURWHFWLRQ
(4)ŸIRU
ZRUNVRXWWREH IS: 2705 (part4).
/2:,035()
Details
/2:,035() +,*+,035()
LOW IMP. REF HIGH IMP. REF
+,*+,035() (5) IEC 61869.1(previously IEC 60044.1).
/95()3URWHFWLRQZLWK$PS&XUUHQWSLFNXS
9HU\ORZ 9HU\KLJK
9HU\ORZ
/2:,035()
Input Very low 9HU\KLJK
+,*+,035()
Very high (6) Alstom’s Network Protection and Automation
/RZ,PSHGDQFH5() 7KHRSHUDWLQJSULQFLSDORI
/RZ,PSHGDQFH5()
9HU\ORZ
Impedance 7KHRSHUDWLQJSULQFLSDORI
9HU\KLJK Guide.
PSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ/RZ=DQG+LJK=5()SURWHFWLRQ
SURWHFWLRQXVHVD
SURWHFWLRQXVHVD
/RZ,PSHGDQFH5()
WKHKLJKLPSHGDQFH5()
WKHKLJKLPSHGDQFH5()
7KHRSHUDWLQJSULQFLSDORI
GLUHFWLRQDOHOHPHQWWKDW
Principle Low Impedance LVWREDODQFHWKHVXPRI
REF T h e o p e r a t i n g (7) Alstom’s Manual of MiCOM 642
SURWHFWLRQXVHVD
GLUHFWLRQDOHOHPHQWWKDW
FRPSDUHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRI WKHKLJKLPSHGDQFH5()
LVWREDODQFHWKHVXPRI
WKHUHVLGXDOSKDVH
protection
GLUHFWLRQDOHOHPHQWWKDW uses a principal
LVWREDODQFHWKHVXPRI of the
/2:,035()
FRPSDUHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRI
DQRSHUDWLQJFXUUHQW WKHUHVLGXDOSKDVH+,*+,035()
FXUUHQWVZLWKWKHRXWSXWRI
directional element
FRPSDUHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRI high impedance
WKHUHVLGXDOSKDVH
DQRSHUDWLQJFXUUHQW
SHGDQFH 9HU\ORZ FXUUHQWVZLWKWKHRXWSXWRI
GHULYHGIURPWKH
t h
DQRSHUDWLQJFXUUHQW a t c o m p a r e s REF is to 9HU\KLJK
DFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHULQ
balance
FXUUHQWVZLWKWKHRXWSXWRI
H GHULYHGIURPWKH
OLQHWXUUHWHQG&7VZLWK
/RZ,PSHGDQFH5()DFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHULQ
WKHQHXWUDO 7KHRSHUDWLQJSULQFLSDORI
GHULYHGIURPWKH the direction
OLQHWXUUHWHQG&7VZLWK
WKHSRODUL]LQJFXUUHQW
of an the sum
DFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHULQ
WKHQHXWUDO of the
SURWHFWLRQXVHVD
operating
OLQHWXUUHWHQG&7VZLWK current, residual WKHKLJKLPSHGDQFH5()
phase
REWDLQHGIURPWKHQHXWUDO WKHQHXWUDO
WKHSRODUL]LQJFXUUHQW
GLUHFWLRQDOHOHPHQWWKDW
derived from the line/ currents with
WKHSRODUL]LQJFXUUHQW
&7 LVWREDODQFHWKHVXPRI
the
REWDLQHGIURPWKHQHXWUDO
FRPSDUHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRI
turret-end
REWDLQHGIURPWKHQHXWUDO
&7,WFDQZRUNZLWK&7VRI CTs, with output of aWKHUHVLGXDOSKDVH
current
5HTXLUHVDOO,GHQWLFDO&7
&7 DQRSHUDWLQJFXUUHQW
the polarizing
XQHTXDO5DWLRV)UHHRI
,WFDQZRUNZLWK&7VRI current transformer FXUUHQWVZLWKWKHRXWSXWRI
UDWLRVDQGWXUQVUDWLR in the
5HTXLUHVDOO,GHQWLFDO&7
,WFDQZRUNZLWK&7VRI
obtained
DQ\QHHGRIPDWFKHG&7 5HTXLUHVDOO,GHQWLFDO&7
from
GHULYHGIURPWKH
XQHTXDO5DWLRV)UHHRI the neutral.
NQHHSRLQWYROWDJHDQG
DFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHULQ
UDWLRVDQGWXUQVUDWLR
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRUUDWLRRU
XQHTXDO5DWLRV)UHHRI WKHZLQGLQJUHVLVWDQFHRI
neutral CT. UDWLRVDQGWXUQVUDWLR
OLQHWXUUHWHQG&7VZLWK WKHQHXWUDO
DQ\QHHGRIPDWFKHG&7 NQHHSRLQWYROWDJHDQG
UHVLVWDQFH
DQ\QHHGRIPDWFKHG&7 WKH7XUUHW&7VDQGWKH
NQHHSRLQWYROWDJHDQG
WKHSRODUL]LQJFXUUHQW
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRUUDWLRRU WKHZLQGLQJUHVLVWDQFHRI
QHXWUDO&7VKRXOGEH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRUUDWLRRU WKHZLQGLQJUHVLVWDQFHRI
UHVLVWDQFH REWDLQHGIURPWKHQHXWUDO
WKH7XUUHW&7VDQGWKH
VDPH
UHVLVWDQFH WKH7XUUHW&7VDQGWKH
&7 QHXWUDO&7VKRXOGEH
QHXWUDO&7VKRXOGEH
VDPH
,WFDQZRUNZLWK&7VRI
VDPH 5HTXLUHVDOO,GHQWLFDO&7
WĂŐĞϭϭ ŽĨϭϯ
XQHTXDO5DWLRV)UHHRI UDWLRVDQGWXUQVUDWLR
Volume 10 v No. 2 v July 2021
DQ\QHHGRIPDWFKHG&7 WĂŐĞϭϭ
NQHHSRLQWYROWDJHDQG
WĂŐĞϭϭ ŽĨϭϯ
ŽĨϭϯ