MEC457-AutomobileEngineering

STEERING
SYSTEM
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 Automobile

Auxiliary
Unit
Battery
System

Starting
System

Charging
System

Chassis Electronics
ControlSystem

TransmissionUnit BasicStructure
PowerUnit ControlUnit
(Power Train) Unit

Engine Steering
GearBox Frame System

Transmission Braking
FuelSystem Shaft Body System

Differential Axel&
Lubrication
System Wheel

Cooling
Suspension
System
System
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STEERINGSYSTEM?
Steering is a system consists of steering wheel, gears, tie rod, linkages, etc.
that allows a vehicle to follow a desired course. The primary purpose of the
steering system is to allow the driver to guide the vehicle.

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STEERINGSYSTEM?

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PURPOSESTEERINGSYSTEM:
Itpurposeisto:
• Allowsthedrivertocontrolthedirectionofvehicletravel.
• Bylinkagethesteeringwheeltosteerablewheelsandtiresto
control the direction of the vehicle travel.

STEERINGSYSTEMCOMPONENTS:
Steering wheel and steering shaft
transmit the driver’s movement to
the steering gear.
Steering gear increases the
mechanical advantage changing
the rotary motion of the steering
wheel to linear motion.
Steering linkage carries the linear
motion to the steering arm
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TYPESofSTEERINGSYSTEM:
1. Rack-and-pinionsteeringgear
(a) Mechanical
(b) Power(hydraulic/electronic)
2. Recirculating–ballsteeringgear

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TYPESofSTEERINGSYSTEM:
Rack-and-pinionsteeringgear(Mechanical)
• Rack-and-pinion steering is the most common
type of steering.
✔ Itisactuallyaprettysimple mechanism.
✔A rack-and-pinion gear set is enclosed in a
metal tube, with each end of the rack stick-
outer from the tube.
✔ The pinion gear is attached to the steering
shaft.
✔When you turn the steering wheel, the gear
spins, moving the rack.
✔The tie rod at each end of the rack connects
to the steering arm on the spindle
✔The rack-and-pinion gear set does two
things:
• It converts the rotational motion of the
steering wheel into the linear motion
needed to turn the wheels.
• It provides a gear reduction, making it
easier to turn the wheels. 7
POWERSTEERINGSYSTEM:
Power steering helps the driver to steer by directing someof its
power to assist in swiveling the steered road wheels about their
steering axes. As vehicles become heavier and switched to front-
wheel drive, particularly using negative offset geometry, along
with increases in tire width and diameter, the major physical
effort needed to turn the wheels about their steering axis increased
and power assistance required. To alleviate this, auto makers have
developed power steering systems, or more correctly power-
assisted steering, since on road-going vehicles there has to be a
mechanical linkage as a fail-safe. There are two types of power
steering systems: 1.hydraulic and 2. electric/electronic.
Hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also possible.

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POWERSTEERINGSYSTEM:

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TYPESofPOWERSTEERINGSYSTEM:
Power(Rack-and-pinion)steeringgear(hydraulic)

• A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses

hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-
driven pump to assist the motion of
turning the steering wheel.

• PowerRack-and-pinion
✔When the rack-and-pinion is in a
power-steering system, the rack has a
slightly different design.
✔ Partoftherackcontainsa cylinder with a
piston in the middle.
✔ The piston is connected to the rack.
✔There are two fluid ports, one on either
side of the piston.
✔Supplying higher-pressure fluid to one
side of the piston forces the piston to
move, which in turn moves the rack,
providing the power assist.
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TYPESofPOWERSTEERINGSYSTEM:
Power(Rack-and-pinion)steeringgear(hydraulic)
• Thehydraulicpowerforthesteeringisprovidedbya rotary-vanepump
(seediagram below).
• Thepumpismountatthefrontoftheengine
• Thispumpisdrivenbythecar'sengineviaabeltand pulley.
• Itcontainsasetofretractablevanesthatspininsideanoval.
• Thepumpcanproduceupto13,800kPatopressurizedfluidoutthrough the pressure
fitting to the pressure hose.
TYPESofPOWERSTEERINGSYSTEM:
Power(Rack-and-pinion)steeringgear(electronic)
Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient
than hydraulic power-steering, since the electric
power-steering motoronly needs to provide
assistance when the steering wheel is turned,
whereas the hydraulic pump must run
constantly. In EPS, the amount of assistance is
easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed,
and driver preference. An added benefit is the
elimination of the environmental hazard posed
by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power-
steering fluid. In addition, electrical assistance
is not lost when the engine fails or stalls,
whereas hydraulic assistance stops working if
the engine stops, making the steering doubly
heavy as the driver must now turn not only the
very heavy steering—without any help—but
also the power-assistance system itself.

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 TYPESofPOWERSTEERINGSYSTEM:
Recirculating–ballsteeringgear:
• The recirculating-ball steering gear contains a
worm gear.
✔The first part is a block of metal with a threaded
hole in it.
✔Thisblockhasgearteethcutintothe outside of it,
which engage a gear that moves the pitman arm
✔The steering wheel connects to a threaded
rod,similartoabolt,thatsticksintothehole in the
block.
✔When the steering wheel turns, it turns the bolt.
✔Instead of twisting further into the block the way a
regular bolt would, this bolt is held fixed so that
when it spins, it moves the block, which moves
the gear that turns the wheels.

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STEERINGSYSTEMBASICGEOMETRY:

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STEERINGSYSTEMBASICGEOMETRY:
Ackermannsteering:

As a result of track width the tires

on the inside and outside of a
vehicle in a turn roll on different
radii.
A vehicle with Ackermann
steering will produce differing
steer angles. The inside tire is
steered at a greater angle than the
outside tire of the steered axle if
Ackermann steer is achieved.
Varying amounts of Ackermann Ackermannsteering
areachievedandarepresentedas a
% of true (100%) Ackermann.

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Ackermannsteering:
STEERINGSYSTEMBASICGEOMETRY:

Bell-cranksteering

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STEERINGSYSTEMBASICGEOMETRY:

Rack-and-pinionsteering

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STEERINGSYSTEMBASICGEOMETRY:

Shortrack-and-pinionsteering

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STEERINGRATIO:
Steering ratio is the ratio of the output force to the input force applied to a mechanical
device. Also, Steering ratio is the number of degrees that the steering wheel must turn
to pivotthe front wheels one degree
• With mechanical advantage, a small input force on the steering wheel can produce
a large output force to the wheels.
• Mechanicaladvantageisalsocalledmechanicalamplifier.Forexample,a
44.5 n force applied to the steering wheel may produce up to 1201 N or higher at
the wheels.
• For the steering ratio 17.5:1, The steering wheel must turn 17.5 degree to pivot the
front wheels 1 degree.
• Ifonecompleteturnofthesteeringwheel(360degrees)causesthewheels to turn 24
degrees, then the ratio is 15:1 (360/24=15).
• Steeringratiovary,dependingonthetypeofvehicleandoperation.

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STEERABILITY:
For a car to turn smoothly, each wheel must follow a different circle. Since
the inside wheel is following a circle with a smaller radius, it is actually
making a tighter turn than the outside wheel. If you draw a line
perpendicular to each wheel, the lines will intersect at the center point of the
turn. The geometry of the steering linkage makes the inside wheel turn less
than the outside wheel to make turn.

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WheelCamber:

• DesignVariablesaffectingCamber
✔ Lateral (In-out) locations of the individual
wheel pivots (upper, lower pivots)
• Inclination of the Steer Axis(Front
view) NegativeCamber
✔ Heightoftheindividualwheelpivots
✔ Wheeloffset
✔ Spindle height relative to wheel pivot
heights.

PositiveCamber
TheFutureofPowerSteering
✔ Sincethepower-steeringpumponmostcarstodayrunsconstantly,pumpingfluidallthe time, it wastes
horsepower. This wasted power translates into wasted fuel.
✔ Oneofthecoolestideasonthedrawingboardisthe"steer-by-wire"or"drive-by-wire"system.
• Thesesystemswouldcompletelyeliminatethemechanicalconnectionbetweenthe
steeringwheelandthesteering,replacingitwithapurelyelectroniccontrolsystem.
• Essentially,thesteeringwheelwouldworkliketheoneyoucanbuyforyourhome computer to
play games.
• Itwouldcontainsensorsthattellthecarwhatthedriverisdoingwiththewheel,and have some
motors in it to provide the driver with feedback on what the car is doing.
• Theoutputofthesesensorswouldbeusedtocontrolamotorizedsteeringsystem.
• Thiswouldfreeupspaceintheenginecompartmentbyeliminatingthesteeringshaft. It would also
reduce vibration inside the car.

✔ General Motors has introduced a concept car, the Hy-wire, that features this type of driving system.
One of the most exciting things about the drive-by-wire system in the GM Hy-wire
isthatyoucanfine-tunevehiclehandlingwithoutchanginganythinginthecar'smechanical components --
all it takes to adjust the steering is some new computer software.
✔ Infuturedrive-by-wirevehicles,youwillmostlikelybeabletoconfigurethecontrolsexactly to your liking
by pressing a few buttons, just like you might adjust the seat position in a car today.
✔ Inthepastfiftyyears,carsteeringsystemshaven'tchangedmuch.Butinthenextdecade, we'll see advances
in car steering that will result in more efficient cars and a more comfortable ride.