CE443 Handout - 5.3.24

CE 443 (NEW)
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES

Dr. Tahmeed M. Al-Hussaini
Room No. 537, Civil Building
• 1 Class/week
If you have questions, you are welcome to have

discussions after class hours
Lecture Schedule (T.M. Al-Hussaini):
1
Syllabus (T.M. Al-Hussaini):
• Introduction to Retaining Structures

• Construction Dewatering
• Slurry Trench Wall Construction
• Braced Excavation
• Sheet Piles – Cantilever & Anchored
• Laterally loaded Pile
Reference Materials:
• Class Lecture
• Class Handouts
• Text Book Chapters
• Assignments
• Internet Sources
2
Introduction to Retaining
Structures
Block Retaining Wall
Source: Internet
CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 6
3
Gravity Retaining Wall
CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 7
Retaining Wall with Reinforcement
4
5
Source: Internet
6
Turkey
7
Reinforced Retaining Wall
Source: Internet
Construction of Reinforced Retaining Wall using

Geogrid
8
Sheet Piling
for Water Front Structure
Source: Internet
Sheet Piling
9
Braced
Excavation
Source: Internet
Construction Dewatering
10
Lateral Earth Presure on

Retaining Structure
11
Lateral Support
It is often necessary to retain soil to
prevent lateral soil movements.
Cantilever Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile

retaining wall
Tie rod
Anchor
Sheet pile
Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest (contd.)
Wall doesn’t move

While designing a wall that may be subjected to lateral earth pressure at rest, one must
take care in evaluating the value of K0 . Sherif, Fang, and Sherif (1984), on the basis of
their laboratory tests, showed that Jaky’s equation for K0[Eq. (13.5)] gives good results
when the backfill is loose sand. However, for a dense, compacted sand backfill, Eq. (13.5)
may grossly underestimate the lateral earth pressure at rest.
This underestimation results because of the process of compaction of backfill resulting in
overconsolidation of the soil.
Mayne and Kulhawy (1982), after evaluating 171 soils, recommended a modification to
Eq. (13.5):
12
Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest (contd.)
Earth Pressure at Rest

GL
v’
SOIL
h’ X
The ratio h’/v’ is a constant known as coefficient of earth pressure

at rest (K0). There are no lateral strains.
For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,

K0 = 1 – sin ’
For overconsolidated clays,

K0,overconsolidated = K0,normally consolidated OCR0.5
13
Active/Passive Earth Pressures
Source: Sivakugan (2001) - in granular soils
Wall moves
away from soil
Wall moves A
towards soil
B
smooth wall
Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the wall

movement.
Active Earth Pressure

Source: Sivakugan (2001)
v’ = z
v’ z
Initially, h’ = K0 v’ = K0 z
h’
A
Wall As the wall moves away from the soil,
SOIL
moves v’ remains the same; and h’
to left decreases till failure occurs.
Active state [ h ' ]active  K A v '
1  sin 
KA   tan 2 ( 45   / 2)
1  sin 
14
Passive Earth Pressure
Initially, soil is in K0 state.
v’ remains the same, and
v’
h’ increases till failure occurs.
h’ B
Passive state
1  sin 
[ h ' ] passive  K P v ' KP   tan 2 ( 45   / 2)
1  sin 
WALL SOIL
h’
Passive state
Active state
K0 state
Wall movement
(not to scale)
15
Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory c-
soil
[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P
 Assumes smooth wall
 Applicable only on vertical walls
Sheet Pile
16
Sheet pile walls consists of series of sheets driven side by side into the
ground thus forming a continuous vertical wall to retain earth or other
fill material. These walls are thinner in section as compared to other
retaining walls. Sheet pile walls are generally used for the following:
1. Water front structures, for example, in building wharves, quays, and
piers
2. Building diversion dams, such as cofferdams
3. River bank protection
4. Retaining the sides of cuts made in earth
Sheet piles may be of timber, reinforced concrete or steel. The most

common types of piles used are steel sheet piles. Steel piles possess
several advantages over the other types.
Steel sheet piles may be used as:

• Cantilever sheet piles
• Anchored bulkheads (Anchored sheet piles)
• Braced sheeting in cuts
• Single cell cofferdams
• Cellular cofferdams, circular type
• Cellular cofferdams (diaphragm)
• Double sheet pile wall
17
Source: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Sheet Pile Application
From McCarthy, 6th Edition

18
Sheet pile Driving
Russia 2018
Sheet Pile Sections

Some of the typical steel sheet pile
sections are shown in Fig. 20.3. The
archweb and Z-piles are used to resist
large bending moments, as in
anchored or cantilever walls. Where
the bending moments are less,
shallow-arch piles with corresponding
smaller section moduli can be used.
Straight-web sheet piles are used
where the web will be subjected to
tension, as in cellular cofferdams. The
ball-and-socket type of joints, Fig.
20.3 (d), offer less driving resistance
than the thumb-and-finger joints, Fig.
20.3 (c)
Marcel Dekker Inc. CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 38
19
Steel sheet piling is the most common because of several advantages
over other materials:
1. Provides high resistance to driving stresses.

2. Light weight
3. Can be reused on several projects.
4. Long service life above or below water with modest protection.
5. Easy to adapt the pile length by either welding or bolting
6. Joints are less apt to deform during driving.
Sheet pile wall disadvantages are:
1. Sections can rarely be used as part of the permanent structure.

2. Installation of sheet piles is difficult in soils with boulders or cobbles.
In such cases, the desired wall depths may not be reached.
3. Excavation shapes are dictated by the sheet pile section and
interlocking elements.
4. Sheet pile driving may cause neighborhood disturbace
5. Settlements in adjacent properties may take place due to installation
vibrations
20
Construction steps of Sheet pile walls:
1. Laying out a sequence of sheet pile sections, and ensuring that sheet
piles will interlock.
2. Driving (or vibrating) the individual sheet piles to the desired depth.
3. Driving the second sheet pile with the interlocks between the first
sheet pile and second "locked"
4. Repeating steps 2 & 3 until the wall perimeter is completed
5. Use connector elements when more complex shapes are used.
Sheet Pile Installation
Source: Internet
21
Sheet Pile Installation (contd.)
22
CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini

Source: Internet 45
23
Cantilever Sheet Pile
Cantilever sheet piles depend for their stability on an adequate
embedment into the soil below the dredge line. Since the piles are
fixed only at the bottom and are free at the top, they are called
cantilever sheet piles. These piles are economical only for moderate
wall heights (up to say 10 to 15 ft), since the required section modulus
increases rapidly with an increase in wall height, as the bending
moment increases with the cube of the cantilevered height of the wall.
The lateral deflection of this type of wall, because of the cantilever
action, will be relatively large. Erosion and scour in front of the wall,
i.e., lowering the dredge line, should be controlled since stability of
the wall depends primarily on the developed passive pressure in front
of the wall.
Analysis of Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

 stability depends on passive resistance
developed below the lower soil surface
 failure is by rotation about a point O near
bottom of wall
Active
Depth of E.P.
embedment, d
d
O Passive
fixity E.P.
48
24
Assume depth of penetration of sheet pile at the beginning of
design as follows:
Dense Soil - 0.75h

Firm Soil - 1.0h
Loose Soil - 1.5h
Very Loose Soil - 2.0h
Conventional Method
Active
Depth of E.P.
embedment, d
d
O Passive
fixity E.P.
50
25
Simplified Method
Active E.P.
Passive E.P.
d
R
C
51
2=115 pcf
ka2=0.25
kp2=5.0
c2=0
26
5.0
27
28
29
Solution by Simplified Method:
30
31
32
Due to
Surcharge
Water
Pressure
Backfill is cohesionless
33
Solution by Conventional Method
d & f unknown, which can be solved using
equations H=0 and Mo=0
34
35
36
37
Simplified Method:
Using undrained strength parameters for cohesive soil
(short-term analysis)
38
Simplified Method:
Using final (drained) strength parameters for cohesive soil
(Long-term analysis)
Cantilever sheet pile supporting cohesive soil
Tension
Zone
39
40
Cantilever Sheet pile in cohesive soil:

No backfill: Horizontal load on top
41
Unbalanced
water
pressure
Effect of
seepage
pressure
due to
upward
flow of
water
Effect of upward seepage

pressure
42
NY DOT
Unbalanced water pressure
Stability Number (for sheet pile driven in cohesive soil)

The height (h) of sheet pile retaining soil is limited by the unconfined
compressive strength (qu) below the dredge line. The sheet pile will fail
if this limiting height is exceeded.
43
The net earth pressure (the difference between the passive and the
active) is represented by abO'c in Fig. 20.5 (b). For design, the curve
bO'c is replaced by a straight line dc.
44
Anchored Sheet Pile
Anchored bulkheads consist of a single row of relatively light sheet piles
of which the lower ends are driven into the earth and the upper ends
are anchored by tie or anchor rods. The anchor rods are held in place by
anchors which are buried in the backfill at a considerable distance from
the bulkhead.
Anchored bulkheads are widely used for dock and harbor structures.
This construction provides a vertical wall so that ships may tie up
alongside, or to serve as a pier structure, which may jet out into the
water. In these cases sheeting may be required to laterally support a fill
on which railway lines, roads or warehouses may be constructed so that
ship cargoes may be transferred to other areas. The use of anchor rod
tends to reduce the lateral deflection, the bending moment, and the
depth of the penetration of the pile.
Free earth support pile

• Depth of embedment is small and pile rotates at its bottom tip.
• There is no point of inflection in the pile.
• Base of the pile is relatively free to rotate,
• Passive resistance is mobilized on one face only
Fixed earth support pile

• Depth of embedment is large and the bottom tip of the pile is fixed
against rotation.
• There is change in curvature of pile, hence inflection point occurs.
• Base of the pile is relatively fixed, so that there is a point of contra-
flexure above the toe of the pile.
• Passive resistance is mobilized on both faces (similar to cantilever pile)
45
Free Earth Support
Fixed Earth Support
46
Free Earth Support
tie rod
T da
A b
Passive E.P.
45° - /2
Active E.P.
anchor
d wall
45° + /2
no fixity
 Determine the depth of embedment, d by taking
moments about A (SMA = 0, apply FP)
 Find tension, T from SFH = 0 (don’t apply FP)
 Constraints: failure wedges must not overlap
b > ½da
47
48
49
Anchored Sheet pile in cohesive soil with

granular backfill:
50
Example (NY DOT)
51
52
53
54
Moment reduction for anchored wall
Rowe (1952) demonstrated that the Free Earth method overestimates
the maximum bending moment in anchored walls with horizontal tie
rods. The sheet piles are relatively flexible and these deflect
considerably. Their flexibility causes a redistribution of the lateral earth
pressure. The net effect is that the maximum bending moment is
considerably reduced below the value obtained for the free earth
supports. It is used to take into consideration the flexibility of the pile
and its effect on relieving the actual bending moment the wall
experiences. The reduced bending moment for design ( Mdesign) is given
by Mdesign = MmaxRm
where,
Mmax= maximum bending moment predicted by the Free Earth method,
Rm= reduction factor depending on wall geometry, wall flexibility, and foundation soil
characteristics.
55
Use of Moment Reduction factor:
56
Fixed Earth Support
57
58
(a) Location of deadman offers no resistance
(b) Efficiency of (c) Full capacity of

deadman greatly deadman
impaired
59
Pressure Distribution for Deadman

(NY DOT)
Kp’=Kp/F.S.
60
61
Flexible cantilevered or anchored retaining walls are defined as

temporary or permanent flexible wall systems, or shoring systems,
comprised of sheeting or soldier piles and lagging. An anchored system
may include the aforementioned shoring systems supported by grouted
tieback anchors, anchors to a deadman, rakers to a foundation block or
braces or struts to an equivalent or existing wall system or structural
element.
Sheeting members (sheet piles) of a shoring system are structural units

which, when connected one to another, will form a continuous wall. The
wall continuity is usually obtained by interlocking devices formed as part
of the manufactured product. In New York State, the majority of the
sheeting used is made of steel, with timber, vinyl, and concrete used less
often.
62
II. DESIGN PREMISE
A. Lateral Earth Pressures
A flexible wall system design is required to resist the anticipated lateral pressures
without undergoing significant or excessive lateral deflections. The following list
provides an acceptable geotechnical theory for the development of the lateral earth
pressures and potential external loads and soil backfill configurations which must be
accounted for in design:
1. Earth Pressure Theory:

Use the Rankine Theory for the development of earth pressures on a flexible wall
system. This theory assumes that wall friction (δ) equals zero.
2. Surcharge Loads:
This term usually refers to traffic loading that is in proximity to the wall system. Use
the Spangler Method of analysis (area load of finite length) or Boussinesq Method of
analysis to determine the lateral pressure caused by the surcharge loading. The
uniform surcharge is usually given a value of 250 psf (12 kPa) or an equivalent height
of fill. If heavier construction equipment is in the vicinity of the wall, the surcharge
loading shall be increased accordingly.
3. Hydrostatic Pressure:
Since the locks of sheeting are more or less water tight when installed and become
more watertight as soil is drawn in, water can be trapped behind the wall causing a
head imbalance and greatly increasing the total load. Therefore, the elevation, or head
difference, shall be accounted for in design of the wall system. The hydrostatic head is
the difference between the groundwater elevation and the bottom of dewatered
excavation.
4. Inclined Backfill:
An inclined backfill will induce an additional load on the wall. If the backfill slope is
assumed to extend infinitely away from the wall at an angle β, the Rankine earth
pressure is a function of the angle β.
7. Cohesive Soil:
Due to the variability of the length of time a shoring system is in place, cohesive soils
shall be modeled in the drained condition. These soils shall be modeled as
cohesiveless soils using the drained internal angle of friction. Typically, drained internal
angles of friction for New York State clays range from 22 to 26 degree (undrained shear
strength=0).
63
B. Analysis
Use either the Simplified Method or the Conventional

Method for the design of a cantilevered sheeting wall. To
account for the differences between the two methods, the
calculated depth of embedment, obtained using the
Simplified Method, shall be increased by 20%. This increase
is not a factor of safety. The factor of safety shall be applied
to the passive pressure coefficient as stated in “II. Design
Premise: B. Factor of Safety”.
64
Braced Excavation
Function of Trench Support Method:

Protect people from caving ground.
Provide support to nearby structures
Allow equipment access to the work
65
Typical applications of Braced Excavations:
• Laying underground pipeline
• Construction of bridge abutment.
• Construction of basement.
• Metro railway construction.
• Construction of subway tunnel.
Wale: Horizontal beam used to hold close lagging in

position.
Lagging: Sheeting/planks, in contact with soil, used to

support the excavation sides,
Strut: Horizontal member in compression resisting

thrust or pressure from the faces of an excavation.
Soldier: Vertical member, at strut location, used for

supporting a trench wall, taking the thrust from
horizontal walers and supported by struts.
66
Braced Excavation For narrow excavations, horizontal
struts across the excavation may be
appropriate. Struts are placed against
horizontal beams (wale) placed against
sheets or planks which support
excavation sides.
Braced
Excavation in
Sand:
Apparent
earth
pressure
diagram for
calculating
strut loads
(Peck et al., 1974)
0.65HKa
67
Braced
Excavation
Soft to in Clay:
Stiff Clay Med.Stiff
Clay Apparent
H/c4 H/c>4
earth
pressure
diagram for
calculating
strut loads
(Peck et al., 1974)
0.65HK
or 0.3H a
68
Experience has shown that if H/cb6, movements of the
bracing system and heave of the clay below base level are
small.
If H/cb7, the movements of a well-designed bracing

system can become intolerably large. Simple braced open
excavations should not be attempted under such
conditions.
(Peck et al., 1974)
Bottom Heave
Heaving of soil will occur at the bottom of the pit due to release of
overburden pressure at that point. The pit has to be safeguarded against
this heaving.
69
Factor of safety with respect
to Base Heave in clay
Clay bursting
The layer of soil below the excavation pit may not have sufficient depth
to resist the uplift force caused by water pressure in the sand layer. Then
this clay layer below the pit may burst open.
70
Clay
bursting
(contd.)
The factor of safety for clay bursting should be more than 1.3.
Design of Structural Members
Each strut takes the earth pressure on either halves up to half the vertical spacing (Sv).
The highest strut load is taken up for choosing the strut section which is provided
throughout.
71
Typically the struts are
either pipe or I- beam
sections and are usually
preloaded to provide a
very stiff system.
Installation of the
bracing struts is done by
excavating soil locally
around the strut and
only continuing the
excavation once
preloading is complete.
A typical sequence of
excavation in braced
excavations is shown in
Figure
It has become standard practice to

preload struts in order to minimize
wall movements.
Preloading done by inserting a

hydraulic jack as each side of an
individual pipe strut between the
wale beam and a special jacking
plate welded to the strut
In some earlier projects the struts

were not preloaded, and as a result
when the excavation progressed
deeper the soil and the wall
movements were large.
72
Prob:
Braced Cut in Clay
Peck et al., 1974
73
Raker Bracing
For very wide excavations, raker bracing is used. The support for the
rakers (driven piles or footings) need to be installed at the bottom of the
excavation.
74
Raker Bracing Installation
Source: Nemati, 2007

Raker Bracing (contd.)
75
Raymond (1997)
76
Laterally Loaded Pile
Laterally Loaded Pile

Lateral Loads on Structures can be due to:
- Wind Load
- Earthquake Load
- Impact of Ships
- Wave Action
- Lateral Earth Pressure
- Water Pressure
- Traffic braking Load
77
Broms (1964) Method:
Assumption for Short piles: Ultimate lateral resistance is governed by
the passive earth pressure of the surrounding soil and the length of
pile. It is independent of bending resistance of pile section.
Assumption for Long piles: Ultimate lateral resistance for piles with
large penetration depths is governed by the ultimate or yield resistance
of the pile section and is independent of pile length.
For clay, Broms sets the soil resistance to be zero for the first 1.5 pile
diameters and 9CuD below this depth.
The ultimate lateral earth pressure at failure in cohesionless soils is

estimated as three times the passive Rankine earth pressure.
Short Pile in Cohesive Soil (Broms Method)
COHESIVE COHESIONLESS
1.5D
9cuD 9cuD
Source: Tomlinson and Woodward, 2015
78
Long Pile in Cohesive Soil (Broms Method)
COHESIVE COHESIONLESS
Source: Tomlinson and Woodward, 2015

Free-Head Pile in Cohesionless Soil (Broms Method)

Failure Mechanism
Short Pile Long Pile
Source: Gunaratne, 2006
79
Fixed-Head Pile in Cohesionless Soil (Broms Method)
Broms Method (Contd):
Broms produced a series of nondimensional graphs which

can be used to quickly find the penetration depth of the
pile, if the load, diameter, soil strength and pile strength are
known.
It is also possible, to predict the deflections of the pile under

working loads. To do this, the pile deformations are assumed
to be linear elastic where the load is approximately between
0.3 and 0.5 times the ultimate load.
80
Fixed Head – Restrained at top

Pult/cuD2
CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Gunaratne, 2006 163
81
Pult/cuD2
Myield/cuD3
CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Gunaratne, 2006 165
82
Myield/D4kp

83
Lateral Pile Load Test
Lateral Pile Load Test
84
85
86
Broms Method (Contd):
The model has been validated by a large number of field

tests. The conclusion was that the calculated deflections
had a large variation compared to the measured
deflections. On strength, the method is conservative if the
soil is cohesionless and reasonably accurate if the soil is
cohesive.
L=10 ft
L=20 ft L=10 ft
L=40 ft, 60 ft L=20 ft
L=40 ft, 60 ft
Bending Moment (k-ft)
Deflection (ft)
87
Laterally loaded Pile: Pressure Diagram and Bending Moment
COHESIVE SOIL
88
Theoretical Solution for Laterally Loaded Pile

The governing equation for a laterally loaded pile in an elastic
medium is given by:
where, soil reaction (pressure) is given by
Broms (1964a,b) showed that a laterally loaded pile behaves as an

infinitely stiff member when the coefficient bL is less than 2.
Further, when bL≥4, it was shown to behave as an infinitely long
member in which failure occurs when the maximum bending
moment exceeds the yield resistance of the pile section.
89

90
Source:
Gunaratne, 2006
91
p-y Curve Method
This model, developed by Matlock and Reese, 1956, is

based on p-y curves and numerical
solutions that were obtained by hand-operated calculators.
This model offered at the time a
desirable solution to fully design piles in both the ultimate
limit state and serviceability limit
state while including nonlinear soil behavior. (Reese & Van
Impe, 2001).
p = Horizontal Pressure at a point of Pile

y = Horizontal Deflection of that point of Pile
92
93
p-y Curve Method (contd.)
It is asssumed that the stiffness of soil increases linearly with

the depth and is zero at the ground line. It is possible to
iteratively calculate moments and deflections along the pile. This
procedure is time consuming. The p-y curves have to be manually
created, and then at least two iterations follow. For each
iteration, multiple values have to be determined from the graphs.
Now that computers can numerically perform real p-y analyses,

the nondimensional method may be used to check computational
p-y analyses. The method gives good insight in the nonlinearity
effect of the problem.
Computational p-y Curve Method
p-y curve method has fully been adopted in computer

software like MPile. (MPile, version 4.1, 3D modelling of
single piles and pile groups) (Reese & Van Impe, Single piles
and pile groups under lateral loading, 2001).
The method of the p-y curves is based on a mass-spring

model. Except that the springs are nonlinear and for large
parts based on curves found by performing field tests. The
shapes of the curves depend on the strength parameters of
the soil and the surrounding
stress level.
94
Computational p-y Curve Method (contd.)
The program MPile uses p-y curves recommended by the

API or user defined p-y curves. The recommendations by
the API say that the soil stiffness is modeled as a
parabolic curve until an ultimate strength is reached. There
are a lot of possibilities with the method of the p-y curves
implemented in a computer program. It is now possible to
model the soil nonlinearly. The pile can consist of sections
with different bending stiffnesses. Axial loads can be applied.
And calculations can be executed in both the ultimate limit
state and the serviceability limit state.
p-y Curve Method (contd.)
95
3D FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Plaxis – 3D is a three dimensional finite element program,

specifically developed to predict soil-foundation interaction.
The program was first released in 2004. Various models can
be selected in Plaxis to simulate the soil behavior. The
simplest model available is a linear elastic perfectly plastic
model, known as the Mohr-Coulomb (MC-) model. Here, it
is assumed that the soil resistance increases linearly
with displacement, until the failure criterion is reached. The
failure criterion is determined by Mohr-Coulomb.
96
3D FEM Model of Laterally Loaded Single Pile
SAP-2000
8 noded brick
elements
Source: Tharrafi (2018)

PLAXIS
Laterally loaded
monopile
Note the deformations in
soil
97
3D FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (contd.)
Also more advanced models are available. These are the

hardening soil model, HS model, and the hardening soil
model which includes small strain stiffness, HSSmall
model. The last model includes the stress and strain
dependency of the soil. Whereas, the HS-model only
includes stress dependency and the MC-model includes
neither of the two. Because the pile has a large penetration
depth and the deformations of the soil are small, except near
the top of the pile, the HSS-model is the preferred model in
this situation.
98
3D FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (contd.)
The calculation method solves the problems numerically

with an iteration procedure until
equilibrium is reached between load and soil reaction.
The program is capable of performing complex

calculation with all different types of loads. There are
however several disadvantages. The use of the model is
difficult compared to the other models. Lots of input
parameters have to be determined. The time necessary to
setup the model may take some time.
OTHER METHODS
There are other methods such as Blum’s method (1931),

Brinch Hansen’s method (1961) that have been used. There
are also several software based on p-y curve analysis or fully
3D FEM method that may be used for analysis of laterally
loaded piles.
99
100
Techniques for Dewatering
Ground freezing and electro-osmosis techniques are extremely costly and used only for particularly
difficult dewatering applications
Jet Grouting /Cut-Off Wall

Jet grouting involves drilling
a small diameter hole into
the soil and then using a
high pressure jet of
cementitious grout to
internally erode the soils as
the drill string is withdrawn.
This forms a column of
mixed soil and grout of
variable diameter. We can
use jet grouting to create
subsurface cut-off or barrier
walls
101
Jet Grouting /Cut-Off Wall (Contd.)
 By installing jet grout columns at spacings where
adjacent columns overlap continually over the
depth of treatment, a cut-off wall can be formed.
 This method is ideal for areas with limited
accessibility for large equipment, or where the
zone of groundwater flow is limited in vertical
extent and is located at depth.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
102
 Cut-off wall is a permanent ground water control.

 It blocks the flow of ground water without
changing the ground water table.
 It is done specially when dewatering is also
required after construction.
 It is applied in basement, subway, tunnel
constructions.
Ground Freezing
Step 4
103
Ground Freezing
to contain
contaminated
water from
nuclear reactors
after
Fukushima
Disaster
Soil Permeability
104
Choice of Technique for Dewatering
Pumping Methods
(1) Open sump

(2) Well points – single stage and multi-stage
(3) Deep well
105
Open Sump
Well Points
This depth limitation is when using suction pumps !
106
Well Points (contd.)
Well Points (contd.)

107
Installing Well Points
Well Point System
108
Multiple Stage of Well Points
Multiple Stage of Well Points (contd.)
109
Well Point System
Spacing of Well Points
110
Field Tests of Well Points
Sand
ABM 150 Model Well Point Pump at work Site
111
With these pumps
which can have
high heads (up to
55 m), wellpoint
pumping may be
conducted in single
stage
CD225MV is a portable wellpoint system designed for a wide range

of on-site dewatering applications. The CD225MV offers flow rates
up to 3100 gpm (196 l/sec.), total heads to 180 feet (54.9M), and
can handle solids up to 3-1/8" (79mm) in diameter.
112
Deep Well
- Use of deep wells with submersible pumps located at
the bottom of well.
- Deep wells are usually between 6 to 18 in. diameter
and spaced 20 to 200 ft centre to centre.
- Well depth up to 100 m.
- Well screens may be 20 to 75 ft long and surrounded
by sand-gravel mixture filter.
- Suitable for high soil permeability. Works best in
sands and gravels.
- Can dewater large areas to great depths
Dewatering Submersible
Pumps is designed for
applications like:
• Lowest level dewatering.

• Dewatering high rise
buildings.
113
Pumping Rate
Pumping from a group of wells in a circle
114
Rate of Pumping
Single
well
115
Problem: Design of Wells
116
117
Slurry Trench-Wall
Construction
Slurry Trench Wall
118
Filter Skin
Construction of diaphragm wall
119
Slurry Circulation & Cleaning
Importance of Slurry Trench Wall
120
Advantages of Slurry Trench Wall
Loss of Slurry
Limitations of Slurry Trench Wall
121
Construction of Soil-Bentonite Cut-off Wall
Excavation for Diaphragm Wall

122
Tremie Concreting for Diaphragm Wall

Diaphragm walls are commonly used in congested areas for retention
systems and permanent foundation walls. Construction dewatering is not
required. It also acts as an impervious barrier. To construct diaphragm
walls, deep trenches are excavated in long sections using excavator (figure
2). At the same time thick bentonite slurry is pumped in to stabilize the
walls of the trench. After the excavation is completed, a steel
reinforcement cage is lowered in the trench and concrete placement
follows using tremie concrete method (figure 3), from bottom to the top. A
pump is set up at the surface of the excavation. As the bentonite is being
displaced with tremie concrete, it is pumped back to the bentonite plant,
cleaned and stored for construction of the next panel. A PVC (polyvinyl
chloride) waterstop joint is placed between each panel. The PVC waterstop
bridges the joint between the concrete sections to prevent water from
coming through the joint. Waterstops are typically used in large foundation
work, bridges, and Dams. When the concrete is cured, the construction
site is enclosed within a rigid, impervious barrier. This method has been
employed to depths exceeding 200 feet.
123
Tremie Concreting for Diaphragm Wall
30 ft
Diaphragm Wall
Construction for
BRAC University
Campus at
Badda
124
Construction
Site
Tremie
Concreting at
BRAC University
Campus at
Badda
Diaphragm
Wall
constructed
at BRAC
University
Campus,
Badda
125
?
126
Good Luck for your Exams!
127

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CE 443 (NEW)

EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES

If you have questions, you are welcome to have

Lecture Schedule (T.M. Al-Hussaini):

• Introduction to Retaining Structures

Block Retaining Wall

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 7

Retaining Wall with Reinforcement

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 8

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 10

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 14

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 15

Construction of Reinforced Retaining Wall using

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 16

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 18

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 19

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 20

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 21

Lateral Earth Presure on

Cantilever Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 23

Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest (contd.)

Wall doesn’t move

CE 381 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 24

CE 381 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 25

Earth Pressure at Rest

The ratio h’/v’ is a constant known as coefficient of earth pressure

For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,

For overconsolidated clays,

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 26

Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the wall

Active Earth Pressure

Active state [ h ' ]active  K A v '

Initially, soil is in K0 state.

v’ remains the same, and

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 29

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P

 Assumes smooth wall

 Applicable only on vertical walls

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 31

Sheet piles may be of timber, reinforced concrete or steel. The most

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 33

Steel sheet piles may be used as:

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 35

Sheet Pile Application

From McCarthy, 6th Edition

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 37

Sheet Pile Sections

Marcel Dekker Inc. CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 38

1. Provides high resistance to driving stresses.

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 39

Sheet pile wall disadvantages are:

1. Sections can rarely be used as part of the permanent structure.

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 40

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini 41

Sheet Pile Installation

CE 443 slides by T.M.Al-Hussaini Source: Internet 43

Sheet Pile Installation (contd.)