(MT) Modern History by MD Tarique (MT)

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 MODERN HISTORY MD TARIQUE SIR tried to drain India out of all the wealth that she
had
 MODERN FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1886-1947)
 Racial Superiority and discrimination: The British
 SOURCES
started to discriminate Indians on the basis of
 Class notes
their colour
 Handouts
 Literature of Protest and Patriotism: Bankim
 Bipin Chandra Chandra wrote the famous song Vande
 India’s struggle for Independence Mataram; Swami Vivekananda appealed to the
 For a good administrator spiritual side of nationalism; Bal Gangadhar Tilak
 Principles and Pragmatic approach needed organized Ganapati and Shivaji festivals to awaken
the masses. He thundered “Swaraj is my birth
 THEME OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE right and I shall have it”
 Emergence of Indian Nationalism &  Although Indian society was heterogeneous yet
many factors of late 19th century helped in
formation of INC arousing nationalist feelings
1. Nationalism & Indian Nationalism
 Unification of India through uniform
2. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian
administration & Modern judicial Institutions help
Nationalism
in developing a national consciousness
3. Formation of INC- Myth or reality
 Cultural consciousness result of socio-religious
4. The Moderate Phase of INC 1885-1905
reform Movements of 19th century gave
a. Demands/objectives/Goals
confidence to educated Indians about their past
b. Nature of movement/ Method of struggle
and culture, particularly among upper caste
c. Roles/achievements/Outcomes/
Hindus. Many of them saw India as a nation even
Significance/ critics etc
in ancient period , helpful in arousing a national
consciousness
1. NATIONALISM,INDIAN NATIONALISM
 Nationalism is a modern ideology. It is a feeling  Critique on British economic policies such as
of oneness in geographical border with shared Drain of wealth, poverty, high rate of taxation,
history & culture , shared values and shared famine, de-industrialization all helped in
aspirations arousing a national consciousness among
concerned educated Indians
 Nationalism is a feeling of oneness, togetherness
and common consciousness which may be based  Modern Liberal political thought like liberty ,
on political, historical, religious, linguistic, racial, equality, fraternity, justice, citizenship, helped in
cultural, psychological or some other identity. The arousing a national consciousness among
people of one nation may share common concerned educated middle class Indians
aspirations and dreams too. For most scholars,  Modern press journals , magazines both in English
India is a nation in making. & vernacular languages raised important national
 Indian nationalism emerged in 2 half of 19
nd th issues which helped in arousing a political
century in decades of 1860s-1870s & 1880s. firstly consciousness among readers
in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras among educated  Modern means of transportation &
Middle class communication such as railways , roads , Post,
 { when, where, among whom done} telegraph helped in uniting Indians both
physically and emotionally
2. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE  English Language helped in uniting educated
Indians of diverse vernacular languages. People
RISE/EMERGENCE OF INDIAN could discuss national issues more freely, because
NATIONALISM English became a lingua franca language.
 The Revolt of 1857: The people after the revolt  Ilbert Bill Controversy: The Indians realized
became politically conscious that the British would never let them come on
 The Imperialistic rule of the British: National par with them and that they would have to fight
sentiments grew among the Indians because for their rights.
British had a strong hold over the institutions and  The period of Lord Lytton was marked by many
Indian resources controversies which forced many concerned
 Economic Exploitation: The British tried to take educated Indians to join hands
away all that was possible from the Indians. They
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 1

PREDECESSORS OF INC felt a need of all India political organization

(gradual process not sudden)
A. Landholders Society (1838), to promote class  The Indian Nationalists felt that some English help
interests of Landlords of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. was needed as they were close to the Govt. & had
It was first political organization in India experiences in Govt. functioning. they also
B. Bengal British India Society (1843), to project and realized that the presence of few English in INC
promote general public interest. Both merged in would not create any suspicion in the mind of
British India Association (1851) authority (Congress founded by India so with the
C. Madras Native Association (1852) help of British not by British)
D. Bombay Association (1852)  So far, the claimed secret document has not been
E. East India Association: Dadabhai Nauroji (1866) to found
discuss Indian question and influence British  Objectives of Indian National Congress
public men to promote Indian welfare.  To promote friendly relations among
F. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1876) by Justice Govind nationalist political workers from different
Ranade, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi and S.H. parts of the country.
Chiplunkar  Formulation of popular demands and their
G. Indian Association (1876) by Anand Mohan Bose presentation before the
and Surendra Nath Banerjee, demanded reforms government/authorities.
in civil services  Mobilizing public opinion.
 Characters of these Organisations  Development and consideration of feeling of
 Dominated by wealthy Zamindars national unity.
 Local in character  Demands of Indian National Congress
 Worked mainly for administrative reforms  Expansion and reform of the Legislative
 They demanded larger employment of Indians Council
in administration, spread of education, etc.
 Greater opportunities for Indians in the public
……1st class ended,2nd started…….
services by holding ICS examination,
3. FORMATION OF INC simultaneously in England and in India.
 Re-imposition of import duties on cotton
a) Safety Valve theory (view) goods
 Lord ,Wutenburg claimed about the existence of a  Reduction of military expenditure
secret document consisting correspondence  Spread of technical and general education
between Lord Dufferin (1884-88 Gov-Gen &  Separation of judiciary from executive
Viceroy) and Allan Dctovian Hume ( a retired civil  NATURE OF THE MOVEMENTS
servant ICS) a) Confined themselves to speeches, meetings
 Based on this claimed secret document and some and resolution.
other developments the theory evolved regarding b) Persuasion of the British government, by
Formation of INC – in which it was believed that prayers, petitions, writings, representations.
Congress was formed / founded by British to
c) Believed in constitutional from of struggle
protect their empire & interest in India
only
(economic, political, cultural)
d) Confined their political activity to educated
 Further later Lala-Lajpat Rai gave a term “Safety class of cities only
Valve “ to this theory
Just telling Govt was worried about revolt 1857 &
 OFFICIAL ATTITUDE
similar can happen in future & let us create a body a) From the very beginning the government was
(INC) to avoid direct conflict between people and hostile towards the development of
Govt but it should be done through a body that nationalist forces.
represent people to Govt b) The government thought that Congress would
b) Nationalist theory confine itself to criticism of policies
 Indian nationalists before & after Independence c) The nationalist began to preach the messages
have rejected safety valve theory and argued that of nationalism through meetings and
a. Many political organizations were established pamphlets. The government did not like it.
in Bombay , Madras, Bengal in 1860s-70s-80s d) Lord Dufferin called INC as political
b. The leaders of these all organizations regularly organization of ‘Microscopic Minority’.
met Dadabhai Naoroji at London & A.O Hume e) Curzon wished to see Congress on its death
in India where they exchanged their ideas & bed
 INC AS A TRUE FIRST INDIAN NATIONAL Dutt, RC dutt, Gopal Krishan Gokhale, Dinsha
POLITICAL ORGANISATION watcha wrote about this theory
a) It represented all races, creeds and all  So early nationalists were Secular, reformists ,
communities. optimistic, and raised demands for all the
b) Its membership was open to persons of all classes
communities.  Some of their key demands
c) All communities have worked for its  Administrative Demands: To make
development. bureaucracy more responsive
d) It approached the country’s problems from an  Demand for Indianization of civil services
all-India point of view. through simultaneous ICS examinations in
e) Initially, it was represented by few but England and India.
represented for all  Higher jobs in the army for Indians and
the raising of an Indian volunteer force.
4. MODERATE PHASE OF INC  Economic Demands:
1885-1905  An enquiry into India’s growing poverty
and famines
 During this phase movement was confined to a
 Abolition of Salt Tax
handful of the educated middle class intelligentsia
who were inspired by western education and  Cuts in Home Charges and military
liberal thinkers expenditure
a) Demands/objectives/Goals  More funds for technical education to
 They were not demanding the independence promote Indian industries
 They demanded in 1906 & 1929  To end the unfair tariffs and excise duties
 1906:-demanded Swaraj first time by Dada Bhai  Civil Rights:
Naoroji in Calcutta  the moderates firmly opposed the
 1929:- poorna swaraj Lahore JL Nehru restrictions imposed on the freedom of
 More representations in the imperial council speech, press and association.
(legislature) & executive bodies both at centre  They demanded the scrapping of the
and provincial levels (council) Preventive Detection Act and restoration
 Separation of Judiciary from executive (theory of individual liberties
given by Montesque)  {write these kind of sentences always in
 Indianization of civil services beginning}
 Exam should be held in India also b) Nature of movement/ Method of struggle
 Syllabus should be changed  early nationalists moved into different cities
 To reduce the land revenue or tax towards the end of the year
 Reduction in expenditure on administration &  they would elect president initially through
army and using the same money in public welfare consensus and later through voting
programs  they would discuss various national issues
 To protect Indian industries , Govt should adopt with open mind (drain of wealth , famine)
some policies  they would adopt a resolution at end of the
 Provide freedom of speech and thought session generally through consensus if
 Implementation of famine code sincerely to check required by voting
drain of wealth  resolution would be presented in the form of
ANALYSIS OF early nationalists DEMANDS Prayers , petition , appeal , application etc to
ADD IN ANSWERS the concerned authorities and language used
Nationalist ✓ regional × was Soft & Humble (e.g sorry)
Secular ✓ communal × So they are called Moderates because of
Few class × All classes ✓ separate way of demanding (Soft & Humble)
believe in ✓ Wanted ×  early nationalists published the proceedings
reform independence &resolution of INC in different newspaper
optimistic ✓ pessimistic × both in English and vernacular languages
c) Achievements/Outcomes/ Significance /
 1867:- Dada Bhai Naoroji in an article “English
debt to India” wrote as first document about critics etc
drain of wealth. Further along with him , RP  Their demands were not met but they
achieved something better & paved an easy
way for later Nationalists to pursue National  Indian nationalists both moderates and extremists
movement rejected this claim of the Govt.
 early nationalists created all India political
platform (INC) on which leaders of later years
 They argued that
played their respective roles (M.Gandhi , JL a) Partition was based on divide and rule principle
Nehru) i.e. to divide Hindus and Muslims on the one hand
 early nationalists developed a democratic , & Bengalis and Non-Bengalis on other Hand. So
secular, political culture in India the British policy was Fissiparous policy
 early nationalists raised important national Note:- Behind every conflict in world there is
issues which awaken millions of Indians & hidden economic interest , always remember it,
arouse patriotic feelings among them religion, race, class , language are only used as
 early nationalists pressurized Govt. to bring identity tools to get economic interest in
some reforms as can be seen in Indian Council conflict
Acts of 1892, 1909 b) Other provinces like Madras Bombay madras
Add these in Answers Punjab were big, why not these were partitioned
 Democracy of India is attributed also to c) Calcutta was centre of anti-British activities by
early nationalists Moderates , extremists and revolutionaries and
 India secular ਪਰ democratic Calcutta was also capital of British-India, therefore
Curzon Govt. wanted to divide the nationalists
society India ਚ patriarchal
ਰ । Democracy1951-52 ਚ B. SWADESHI MOVEMENT
1880s ਚ ਰ ਪਰ
ਪ ਰ ਪਰ ਰ
 Cause
 The Swadeshi Movement was both an intellectual
ਪਰ ਰ ਚ ਗ
and mass reaction against Curzon’s reactionary
president ਚ so India ਚ ਏ legally policy and partition of Bengal. It was the first
ਪਰ constitutional morality base mass movement of the country and in many
ways it anticipated Gandhian movement
nd rd
………….2 class ended,3 started………
 In 1905 the Govt. of Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
announced that Bengal would be partitioned into
TIME PERIOD OF 1905 two parts
1. East Bengal & Assam with Dhaka As Capital
 Questions Come like 2. Bengal with Calcutta as capital
 Causes {background, context, circumstance }  Major events /course of the movement
 Major events /course of the movement
i. 16 oct. 1905 when Bengal was partitioned
 Salient’s features
people of Calcutta came on streets ,
 Outcome/result/significance etc
assembled at town hall ,protested against
A. PARTITION OF BENGAL Govt. and burnt English good especially
English clothes
 What do we mean by partition
ii. The protestors formed Swadeshi Bandhav
 Bengal partitioned into Bengal and east Bengal &
Smiti and mobilized support in favor of
Assam (Note:- it was not west Bengal)
Swadeshi Goods and appeal to the people to
 In 1905 the Govt. of Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
boycott English Goods
announced that Bengal would be partitioned into
iii. they boycotted the English educational
two parts
institutions and established their own
1. East Bengal & Assam with Dhaka As Capital
nationalists schools and colleges
2. Bengal with Calcutta as capital
iv. they also boycotted English courts i.e. HC,
 Why it is done, What Govt. Of the day said District and lower courts and used the
 Govt claimed that partition was necessary for services of traditional courts
administrative convenience as Bengal was Big v. Many Indians Returned their title and honors
province like Rai Bahadhur Khan Bahadhur etc
 BENGAL that time was { WB + BANGLADESH + BIHAR + vi. They also boycotted English colonies , stopped
JHARKHAND + ODIHA + CERTAIN PARTS OF ASSAM} supplying food , milk , vegetables ,
 Govt intended to claim that the people would newspapers, fruits in English colonies
benefit
 What the nationalists of the day said
 Salient features of Swadeshi movement l) Rabindranath Tagore (Gurudev) composed
i. It was a mass movement of urban areas in ‘Amar Sonar Bangala’(My golden Bengal) in
which industrial workers , traders , 1905 to arouse patriotic feelings, which later
professionals, intellectuals ,women and became national song of Bangladesh.
students actively participated {peasants and m) First time industrial workers also participated
farmers were not there because it was mainly in political movement. The Printer’s Union,
in urban areas) Kolkata and Postal Union, Bombay went on
ii. To mobilize common people , religious and strike.
cultural symbols, slogans and songs were used n) The most substantial legacy of swadeshi
such as Raksha Bandhan , Ganesh Chaturthi, movement was the growth of revolutionary
Durga Pooja and Holy bath in a river, which groups in Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab.
united a section of majority but divided a o) ‘Anushilan Smiti’, ‘Yugantar’, ‘Ashram’,
section of minority. Tagore, to inspire and ‘Sadhana’, ‘Abhinav Bharat’, and ‘Anujumane
unite Bengalis , wrote Amar Sonar Bangla (My Muhibbane Vatan’ etc. were the prominent
Golden Bengal) revolutionary groups
iii. Indian Industrialists and nationalists joined  Some emerging trends in Indian Politics
hands together and many indigenous a) Vande Matram movement spread in south
industries were established and promoted India too.
such as Handloom , cotton ,textile industries b) Industrial workers participated
of Bombay and Surat, paper , glass and c) First time women also participated in a
matches Industry political movement
 Important facts about Swadeshi movement d) Constructive Swadeshi was a new political
a) It was first time in Indian history that passive ideal
resistance and boycott, picketing of shops, e) Passive resistance was used as a political war,
selling foreign goods were used as political boycott was used effectively
weapons to oppose British Raj.  Outcome
b) The Bengal National College was founded with i.
Swadeshi movement although united many
Aurobindo Ghosh as its principle, National Indians in Bengal, Bombay , madras ,Punjab
School at Barisal was also set up. and activated leaders and volunteers
c) National Council was set up to facilitate ii. Despite opposition, Govt. partitioned Bengal
teaching from primary to the university level but in 1911 the two parts of Bengali speaking
with emphasis on vernaculars. region , however the Bihar and odisha got
d) The Bengal technical Institute was set up. separated from Bengal with Patna as common
e) Many organizations like ‘Swadeshi Bhandav headquarter
Smiti’ , ‘The Dawn Society’, ‘Sadhana’, were iii. Further Odisha was separated from Bihar
formed to promulgate the ideology of 1936 based on GOI Act 1935 {Odisha became
‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Swaraj’. new state 1936, but decision was taken in
f) Swadeshi movement gave impetus to the 1935}
growth of indigenous industries . Lakshmi iv. This movement exposed the differences
Cotton Mill and Bengal Chemicals were between moderates and extremists , was seen
leading examples of it. at Calcutta session 1906 presided by
g) Swadeshi also influenced the realm of Indian Dadabhai Naoroji in which Swaraj resolution
Art and Science. Armindra Nath and Nanda Lal was adopted ,but the surat session of
Basu revived Ajanta and Rajput style of congress held in 1907 became violent session
paintings. famously called surat split presided by Rash
h) Prafulla Chand Roy and Jagdish Chandra Bose Behari Gosh as the extremists leaders were
worked on indigenous science. expelled out from congress. And Govt. also
i) Literature of India also got a new genus. harassed and arrested the extremists and
‘Yuganter’ and ‘Bande Matram’ were the two  “Tilak” was arrested and sent to
leading news papers which had great impact “Mandley jail (Burma-1908-1914),
on politics.  lajpat Rai was exiled and forced to leave
j) “Thakur ma Jhuli” of Dakshin Ranjan Punjab and deported to Kashmir
Majumdar was wonderful literary work  Aurobindo ghosh left politics and became
written for children. Sanyasi in Pondicherry and collection of
k) Bengali theatre, ‘Jatra’ and ‘Baul Geet’ were his letters was published in book form
also used to preach patriotism. “New lamp for the Old”
 Decline of Swadeshi Movement, Causes c. Resolution on ‘Boycott’, ‘Swadeshi’ and
a) The government seeing its revolutionary ‘National Education’ was passed.
potential came down with heavy hands
 RISE OF EXTREMISM
b) Internal squabbles especially Surat split
weakened the movement  Causes:
c) Swadeshi movement lacked an effective a) Emergence of political consciousness about the
organization and party structure impact of colonial rule in India, especially the
d) Failed to reach the rural people, the peasants. exploitative character of economic policies like
‘drain of wealth’, ‘high rate of taxation’,
‘deindustrialization’, ‘poverty’, ‘regular
 MODERATES & EXTREMISTS (Dif.) occurrence of famine’ etc.
A. MODERATES b) Disillusionment from the moderate methods of
politics and loss of faith in constitutional politics
 Pherozeshah Merwanjee Mehta
c) Consistent repressive policy of the government
 Dada Bhai Naoroji
like:
 Surendranath Banerjee
 Gopal krishan Gokhale  Imprisonment of Tilak and some other editors
for preaching nationalism (1897)
 They believe in Constitutional politics
 Reforms through legislation ,appeal, prayers ,  Deportation of Nathu brothers without trial
petitions , writing in press etc (1897)
 They wanted Swadeshi movement should be  Enactment of a law making it an offence to
confined to Bengal preach nationalism (1898)
 What Moderates wanted?  Enactment of the Indian Official Secrets Act to
a. The annual session of Congress should be restrict the freedom of the press (1904)
held at Surat d) Inspiration from Irish Republican’s movement, and
b. Rash Behari Ghosh should be the Japanese victory over Russia (1904)
President e) The educated youth of Bengal and Poone region were
c. To drop the resolutions on boycott, more active in the early phase of Indian nationalism
Swadeshi and national education f) Anger, growth of self-respect and self-confidence
among section of educated and youth
B. EXTREMISTS g) Large scale unemployment
 Aurobindo ghosh h) The outbreak of plague in western part of the Bombay
presidency also acted as catalyst. The first political
 Lala Lajpat Rai (PB)
assassination took place in India during this time when
 Bal Gangadhar tilak (Pune) Chapekar brothers killed Rands, the Plague
 Bipin Chandra Pal (Bengal) Commissioner.
 They believe in passive resistance (boycott , strike i) The regressive policy of Lord Curzon like Calcutta
, public meetings , dharna (court arrest) (none of Corporation Act,1899, Indian Universities Act of 1904,
them is violent), writing in newspapers, The Official Secrets Act and the Partition of Bengal
pamphlets , posters (1905) further angered people.
 whereas extremists wanted Swadeshi movement  The Methods And Tactics used by the
should be spread in others parts of India along Extremists
with Bengal also  Passive resistance (Aurobindo Ghosh & Tilak are
 What Extremists wanted? regarded as father of passive resistance)
a. The annual session of Congress should be a. Mass Mobilization
held at Nagpur b. Public Speeches, posters, pamphlets
b. B.G.Tilak or Lajpat Rai as Congress c. Boycott of British goods, services, courts,
President educational institutions
c. Reiteration of resolutions on Boycott, d. Use of Swadeshi goods, services and institutions
Swadeshi and National Education e. Return of Titles and Honors
 Calcutta Congress Session in Dec.1906 f. Promotion of National Education
a. Extremists wanted Tilak or Lajpat Rai as  Surat Congress Session in Dec. 1907 and
President, Moderates proposed the name of Events, which led to Surat Split
Dadabhai Naoroji, who was finally elected a. The extremists wanted to extend the
b. Compromise was made: Swaraj was declared Swadeshi and boycott movement from Bengal
as goal of Congress. to the rest of the country.

b. They also wanted to gradually extend the demanded representation for Muslims in
boycott from foreign goods to every form of legislative council
association or co-operation with the colonial  Economic distress and famines alienated the
government. people from British rule
c. The moderates wanted to confine the boycott  The think tank of the Govt. was convinced
to parts of Bengal and were totally opposed to that some reforms were needed through
its extension to the government. which they could pacify at least the
d. By the end of 1907 they were looking at each Moderates
other as political enemy. Moderate leaders  In this background , Minto’s plan was to
such as Firoz Shah Mehta and extremist such placate political unrest by a dose of political
as Aurbindo Ghosh felt that the split was reforms . Morley (the secretary of state) and
inevitable Minto (Viceroy-Governal general ) suggested
e. Although Gokhle tried to avoid the split but some reforms which was enacted by British
there were differences in his camp. Parliament in 1909 as Indian Council Act 1909
f. At Surat, the extremist wanted to a guarantee  Government’s plan was to use political
that the four Calcutta resolutions be passed reforms as a device to drive a wedge between
and force it on the moderates Hindus and Muslims through communal
g. They objected on Ras Bihari Ghosh becoming electorates
as Congress President
h. The split soon became inevitable
B. THE PROVISIONS
 The size of Legislative Councils, both at the
 Outcome of the Surat Split:
Centre and in the Provinces, were expanded
a. With government encouragement moderates
 The size of Imperial council (central legislative
adopted compromising attitude
council) was expanded to 68 members (earlier
b. Moderates controlled the Congress fully,
it was 12 to 18 ) (Governor General + 7
extremists were expelled from the party
Executive Counselors + 60 Additional
c. Extremists were harassed, arrested and
Members)
deported in different parts of India and
Burma. Tilak was sent to Mandlay jail, Burma  TOTAL=68
(Mynmar) where he lived from 1908 to 1914  ELECTED  NOMINATED
d. The moderates too suffered, lost sheen in  36  32
politics and lost popularity among the masses
 Two types  Two types
…..3rd class ended, 4th started……….  By general electorate  Officials
 By Separate electorate  Non-officials
 THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1909
 Today ↓  Today ↓
(MORLEY- MINTO REFORM)  543 LS  2
A. BACKGROUND (in which context)  238 RJ  12
 The Indian councils Act of 1909 was a political  Tenure of office of ‘additional’ members was
maneuver to win the moderates in the to be 3 years
congress to the government side and to divide  Qualifications, both for candidates and for
various communities and interests in India voters. Women, minors, persons below 25
 Dissatisfaction with Indian Council Act,1892. years of age were not eligible to vote
The extremists in the Congress advocated the  Separate electorate (based on class or
policy of pressure to win political rights. The community) would be given to Hindu
1892 Act did not satisfy even the moderates jamidars , Indian Muslims and Chamber of
 In the early years of 20th century political commerce Calcutta and Chamber of
activities in many parts of India especially in commerce Bombay . First time, system of
Bengal, Bombay and madras had increased. class and communal electorates was
Anti-british activities of Moderates, extremists introduced in the Legislative Councils
and revolutionaries were on full swing Communal Electorate was provided for Hindu
 Curzon’s reactionary policies (Frazer Zamindars, Indian Muslims, Chambers of
Commission,1902, Indian University Act,1904) Commerce, Calcutta and Chambers of
and Partition of Bengal (1905) awoke the Commerce, Bombay
national consciousness of Indians  One Indian would be included in Gov-general
 Some Muslim leaders met Governal-general Executive council (1st time :- S.P.Sinha)
Lord Minto-II (1905-10) at Shimla and
 Two Indians would be included in India’s Legislative Council kept all authority in
council Office London {K.C.Gupta and Sayed government hands
Husain Bilgrami }  Disqualification clauses for elections to
 The legislatures got some more powers , they legislatures kept extremists’ nationalists out
could discuss on budget and could ask of councils
supplementary questions. Members could  Legislative Councils resembled durbars, not
discuss annual financial statement, propose parliament. The system of government of
resolutions, but budgets as a whole was not India remained “benevolent despotism” or
subject to vote of legislative council. Members “constitutional autocracy”.
could ask questions and supplementary  The act failed to produce the satisfactory
questions on matters of public interest. results, the members were elected indirectly
 Non-official members were in majority in and consequently the people took no active
Provincial Legislative Council interest in the election of the members.
 Number of members of Provincial Executive  The responsibility in the matter of
Councils of Bengal, Madras and Bombay was administration closely lay with the
raised to 4 each bureaucracy, which could flout the
 Note:- throughout british rule elections was recommendations of the members of the
based on limited suffrage till 1951-52 elections legislature
in India was not based on universal adult
suffrage TIME PERIOD OF 1916
 limited suffrage:- based on
 Education ( like certificate, degree ) A. THE HOME RULE LEAGUE
 Finance (income tax payers etc) MOVEMENT - HRL-1916
 This showed how many were voters at  The year 1916 saw the union of the Moderate and
that time radical section of the Congress, and Lucknow pact
 Universal adult suffrage based on :- for the common cause of India.
 citizen of India  The year 1916 is also memorable for the
 crossed 18 and inauguration of the two Home Rule Leagues, one
 no court of India deprives you from founded by the Lokmanya Tilak in April and
voting another by Annie Besant in September,1916.
 Annie Besant launched her campaign through her
C. CRITICAL EVALUATION / SIGNIFICANCE
two newspapers ‘New India’ and ‘Commonweal’
 The act disillusioned nationalists, even the and organized public meetings and conferences
moderates in the Congress were unhappy. and demanded self-government after the war.
Indian council act disappointed Indian  Tilak’s league was active in Central Provinces,
Nationalists because the legislators got Berar, Maharashtra, and Karnataka while Besant’s
limited powers .They had no control over league was active in Bombay, Madras and other
budget and executive parts of the country.
 Self-government not conceded. Morley  Tilak conducted his activities from Poona and
described it as moon-shine Beasant from Adyar (Madras).
 Number of nominated members was quite
high and with the members from separate
 Reasons for the Emergence of Home Rule
electorate. The act injected poison in the Leagues
 Many Indian nationalists opposed the war, while
Indian body-politic through introduction of
class and communal electorates. System of moderates and liberals backed the war. The issue
communal electorates slowly and steadily led divided India’s political classes.
 A section of the nationalists felt that popular
to the inevitable end- the partition of India
pressure was required to attain concessions from
 Separate electorate was based on Fissiparous
the government.
policy of the Govt. and polarized different
 The Moderates were disillusioned with the
religious communities as J.L Nehru rightly
Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Council Act,1909).
wrote “separate electorate institutionalized
 People were feeling the burden of wartime
communalism in India”
miseries caused by high taxation and a rise in
 Size of electoral or franchise was very limited prices, and were ready to participate in any
and majority of people (more than 90%) had movement of protest.
no voting rights. Official majority in Central

 The War, being fought among the major  To convey the message of Home Rule to
imperialist powers of the day and backed by common man in remote and politically not
propaganda against each other, exposed the myth conscious areas, new method of publicity was
of white superiority. used.
 Tilak was ready to assume leadership after his  Emphasis was on propaganda to make it mass
release in June 1914, and had made conciliatory based and stressed on public meeting to
gestures to reassure the government of his loyalty spread awareness among people. It got a new
and to the Moderates that he wanted, like the dimension with Annie Besant being elected as
Irish Home Rule League, a reform of the the President of Indian National Congress
administration and not an overthrow of the (1917). Many Congress leaders supported it
government. He also said that the acts of violence and joined the Movement.
had only served to retard the pace of political
progress in India. He urged all Indians to assist the 2. Nature of the movement
Government of India in its hour of crisis.  It was movement of two individuals not of
 Annie Besant, the Irish theosophist based in India congress party but joined by congress and
since 1893, had decided to enlarge the sphere of muslim league leaders
her activities to include the building of a  Tilak recruited volunteers from Poona, Berar
movement for Home Rule on the lines of the Irish (MH), Central province (CP, capital Nagpur)
Home Rule Leagues. and Karnataka region
 Annie Besant recruited volunteers from
 Annie Besant and Home Rule League Madras, Bombay and other parts of the
 At the annual session of the Congress in 1915 the country
efforts of Besant met with some success. It was  They held several Public meeting addressed
decided that the Extremists be admitted to common people , mostly in cities, in their
Congress. Although Besant failed to get the public meeting other leaders also addressed
Congress to approve her scheme of Home Rule such as JL Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
Leagues, the Congress did commit itself to a MD ali Jinnah , Mahatma Gandhi , Maulana
programme of educative propaganda and to a Azad
revival of local-level Congress Committees.  They also use newspapers like Tilak’s
 Not willing to wait for too long, Besant laid the newspapers were “Kesari in Marathi and
condition that if the Congress did not implement Marhatta in English” and “new India and
its commitments, she would be free to set up her Common weal by Annie Besant both are in
own League—which she finally had to, as there English”
was no response from the Congress.
 They also met different social groups
 Tilak and Besant set up their separate leagues to
particularly students to mobilize , motivate ,
avoid any friction.
to join Home rule league movement
 Besant’s League was set up in September 1916 in
 Major events in short
Madras and covered the rest of India (including
 Promoted political education and
Bombay city). It had 200 branches, was loosely
discussion
organized and had George Arundale as the
 Established libraries containing materials
organizing secretary. Besides Arundale, the main
on national politics
work was done by B.W. Wadia and C. P.
 Organized classes for students on politics
Ramaswamy Aiyar.
 Printed and circulated pamphlets 5.
 The move created considerable excitement at the
 Collected funds .
time, and attracted many members of the Indian
 Organized social work.
National Congress and the All-India Muslim
 Took part in local government activities
League, who had been allied since the 1916
 Arranged political meetings and lectures
Lucknow Pact
3. Outcome / result/ significance etc
 HOME RULE LEAGUE MOVEMENT1916  This movement created some impact on
1. Objectives and formation of HRL youth of some cities who became regular
 April:-1916 Bal Gangadhar Tilak established volunteers in subsequent nationalists
HRL at Poona movements particularly Gandhian movements
 September:- 1916 “Annie Besant” established  Emphasis on participation in freedom
it at Adiyar near Madras movement shifted from educated elite to
 They were inspired Irish Home rule league & masses, which gave it a new dimension
they wanted Swaraj or self rule
 Swaraj became popular slogan during this a) Reunion of the moderates and the extremists
period b) Pact between Muslim League and Congress at
 Some young leaders emerged from this Lucknow (1916)
movements such as JL Nehru, Maulana Azad, 3. Reunion of the moderates and the extremists took
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel place due to following factors:
 Pressure created by this movement made a) Tilak clarified his objective of attainment of
some impact on Government which is self-govt. by constitutional means
reflected in GOI Act 1919.( Declaration of b) Death of G.K. Gokhale and F. S. Mehta in
Montague – Chelmsford Reforms of 1918) 1915 softened moderates’ attitude
 It prepared the country for Gandhian style of c) Annie Besant and Mohammad Ali Jinnah
political action played the role of mediators
 Government’s reaction to the Home Rule a. Background
League Movement  During course of WW-1 (1914-18), Indians
 The Government tried to crush the new faced many hardships such as Death and
movement. Tilak’s entry into Punjab was Injury of thousands Indian soldiers , high rate
prohibited by the Punjab Government on the of inflation especially of the food articles
ground that Home Rule propaganda was which jumped almost 400% & curtailment of
threat to the public peace. civil liberties created unrest
 On June 15, 1917 the Madras Government  Initially the leadership of All-India Muslim
issued orders of arrest of Ms. Besant and her League was feudal, mostly nawabs, zamindars
colleagues, B. P. Wadia and G. S. Arundale or elite Muslims. They wished to establish
who were soon released on account of public friendly relations with the British to get some
pressure in September 1917. Ms. Besant was political concessions. But, by 1912-13 a new
soon elected as the President of the INC, at group of Muslim leaders entered in the fold of
Calcutta session in 1917 the Muslim League with a much different view
than their predecessors. The new leadership
 Impact of the Home Rule League
was modern, secular, and progressive. They
 Tilak and Besant infused a new spirit and life
were lawyers, Doctors, Journalist, teachers,
in the national movement and intensified the
poets, traders etc.
demand for the grant of self-government.
 Extremists were brought back in congress and
 The movement involved the participation of
many leaders of Muslim league were also
women, revival of swadeshi spirit and spread
members of Congress
of the movement far beyond the frontiers of
 They wanted swaraj (self-rule), their due place
India.
in Indian politics, economy and society with
 The Movement brought together the
their identity intact. Many of them were
Moderates and the Extremists in the
members of both Congress and Muslims
Congress.
League (Congress had the policy of dual
 The Congress and the League presented a
membership till 1938).
common demand i.e., Self-Government.
 A section of Muslims in India was anxious
 It created a generation of ardent nationalists
about Ottoman Turks and Caliph’s (Khalifa)
who formed the backbone of the national
future. The enmity of England towards the
movement when, under Mahatma’s
Turks made the Muslims hostile to the British
leadership, it entered its truly mass phase.
as the Caliph was regarded as religious head
B. LUCKNOW PACT 1916 of Muslims all over world.
 b/w congress and Indian union muslim league  At the close of the war, Lord Chelmsford
1. After the beginning of the First World War in (1916-21) had invited suggestions from the
1914, the British asked the Indian leaders for their Indians for post-World War I reform.
co-operation. Indian responses were of threefold:  In this background the leadership of congress
a) Moderate Congress leaders wanted to help and muslim league felt the need to join hands
the government as a matter of duty together and challenged the imperialist power
b) Extremist leaders promised to help in the untidily
hope of getting concessions b. The Pact
c) Revolutionaries hoped to fulfil their objectives They (Congress + Muslim league ) agreed to
out of England’s difficulties hold their annual session jointly
2. Two major developments during First World War  They agreed to struggle for Swaraj jointly and
in Indian politics were: wanted India to be treated as an independent
unit of the Empire, as a self-autonomous state 1919, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
with equal rights and responsibility movement 1920-22
 Provinces should be autonomous in their  The unity at top percolated at the bottom also
respective spheres. The Imperial Government and communal harmony was seen among
should only have a general right of Hindus and Muslims, the Muslims stopped
supervision of the provinces but not to slaughtering cows and Hindus stopped playing
interfere in their local affairs music nearby mosques
 Congress agreed not to oppose separate  Both the Congress and the League put forth
electorate their demands for political reforms and Self
 1/3rd elected (1/3rd of 36 = 12) seats of Government
Imperial council should be reserved for  Lucknow pact and the unity displayed both at
Muslims (based on Muslim population). top and bottom made Govt. little nervous and
 The strength of Central Legislative Council Govt. started promising to Indians that after
should be increased to 150 members out of the war a responsible Govt. would be
which four-fifths were to be elected and one- established .{also did in 1858 An act for better
fifth to be nominated Govt. in India, it means before British crown ,
 If a bill was opposed to 3/4th majority EIC rule was not assured}
members of minority community , which may  The unity between the Congress and the
be against their cultural interest , such bill Muslim League and between Moderates and
shall not be passed the extremists shown at the Lucknow session
 The Secretary of State for India should have of Congress clearly proved that the
the same powers as the Secretary of State for government could not repress the nationalist
other self-governing colonies. He should be movement by violent means and that the
assisted by two Under Secretaries, of whom, existing system needed to be reformed
one should be an Indian  Therefore in 1918, Montagu-Chelmsford
 The Hindu and Muslim leaders would work to (1916-21):-suggested some reforms which
promote communal harmony, muslim leaders was enacted in 1919 as GOI Act
would request muslim masses not to
 Note:- (Economic Historic Perspective)
slaughter cow and Hindu leaders would
 1800s
appeal to Hindu masses not to play music
 India’s Contribution to world’s GDP was 24% ,
nearby mosques at the time of Prayer
China’s was 20% , England’s was 2%
 Half the members of the Viceroy’s Executive
 1947:-
Council should be Indians elected by the
 India 2%
elected members of the Imperial Legislative
 England 47%
Council.
 2022
 Judiciary should be separated from the
 India:- 1.8-2%
Executive. Members of the Judiciary in every
Province should be placed under the control  USA:- 25% alone
of the highest court of that Province.  China:- 20%
 They would work together to promote  {Whenever you mention Indian less GDP
communal harmony and to strengthen Hindu mention period of 1800-1900 and also 1947-
Muslim relations. till now what happened in Past and what we
did till now}
 NOTE IT And USE IT
 All these reforms were the consequence of
 Democracy is the government elected by
compulsion of British in India
majority but elected for all.
…..4th class ended, 5th started……….  AUGUST DECLARATION 1917
c. Impact/Significance/consequence  In order to pacify the Indians, the Government
 Lucknow pact was a historic pact which declared a policy on August 20, 1917. Montagu,
helped in bringing nationalists (Hindus and Secretary of State, announced in the House of
Muslims ) together to face the challenges Commons, that the policy of the British
emerged from WW-1 and various colonial Government was to develop self-governing
policies institutions in India, which was enthusiastically
 Together they launched several mass received by the Indians.
movements such as Rowallt Satayagraha  The declaration failed to satisfy most people in
India who felt that no definite plan was

prescribed, by which India would reach the goal. 9. Powers of Central Legislative Assembly was
Nor was there any standard laid down by which enlarged but 75% of budget was still not votable
one could decide whether a certain stage for
further reforms had been initiated or not. MOHANDAS . K. GANDHI
GOVT. OF INDIA ACT, 1919 1. IN SOUTH AFRICA (1893-1914)
 BACKGROUND OF THE ACT A. MAJOR EVENTS
a) Policy of repression failed to contain political  In 1893, he was invited in South-Africa by his
unrest. Increased terrorist activities were a friend “Dada Bhai Abdulla” for his business
manifestation of rising Indian unrest. related case.
b) World War I raised Indian hopes for securing  He was humiliated in a train , was travelling b/w
right of self-determination. Pretoria to Durban, this impacted his thought
c) Formation of Home Rule Leagues, arrest of process
Annie Besant and judicial proceedings against
Tilak, Ali brothers etc. had embittered political
 {this incident made Gandhi to think why he
was humiliated even being so educated , well
atmosphere.
suited in English culture, so he got it is
d) A large section of Muslims were angry with
mindset of upper race and lower race. He also
the British over Turbo/Italian War (1911) and
thought “shall he accept it silently or resist it
Balkan War (1912).The Muslim leadership
for dignity}
both in Congress and Muslim League
responded to this anger and anxieties which is  Education is one part, bigger part is the
reflected in Lucknow Pact of 1916. mindset and should be challenged
e) In this background, Montagu, the Secretary of  Gandhi’s Entry so in Polity is not planned it
State and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy and was Accidental
Governor-General (1916-21) suggested some  He wanted to come back after winning the
reforms which were enacted as Government business related case but Indians mostly laborers
of India Act,1919. and traders requested him to stay for some more
 MAJOR PROVISIONS time
1. Secretary of state to be henceforth paid salary out  Gandhi eventually stayed more than 20 years
of the British Exchequer.  He fought against discriminatory laws for poor
2. The power of office of India Council was reduced. Indians such as “Pass law & marriage law”
Secretary of State was not obliged to consult  {Indians were not allowed to live inside the
India council except: i. On financial matters ii. city , for work they had to get a Pass inside
matters concerning to I.C.S. the city}
3. Secretary of State retained control over Indian  {All marriages were to be registered as
administration except over transferred bloc of Christian manner}
subject in the provinces.  To mobilize Indians for their rights and to fight
4. Demarcation of two lists of subjects: Central List against Racial Discrimination , Gandhi Founded
and Provincial List. “Natal National Congress”-his first political
5. Number of Indian members in the governor organization in South Africa
general’s executive council was raised from 1 to 3,  He edited a newspaper “weekly Indian Opinion”
out of a total of 8 members.  He established an Ashram “Tolstoy Farm “ At
6. Increase in governor general’s powers. He could Phoenix
restore cuts in grants; certify bills rejected by the  He gave a new name “satayagraha”(means
Legislative Assembly and he could issue holding onto truth) to his political thought and
ordinances. strategy and on 9th September 1906
7. Central Legislative Council (Imperial Council)  On the advice of G.K Gokhale , his political
became bicameral: mentor, and C.F Andrew (his lifelong friend):- on
a) Legislative Assembly – Term-3 Years, 145 the advice of these two Gandhi returned to India
members i on 9th Jan.1915 (known as Parvasi Bhartiya
b) Council of States - Term- 5 years, 60 Diwas)
members
 South African experiment of Gandhi
8. System of communal and class electorates was
further extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, (1893-1914
Anglo-Indians and Europeans. . 1. South African experiment of Gandhi (1893-1914)
provided him opportunity for leadership of the
Indian freedom struggle. He had the invaluable  Body means:- temple, mosque, church ,
experience of leading poor Indian labourers rituals , dargah etc}
(indented labourers) of seeing their capacity for  The centrality of all religions is same means
sacrifice and for bearing hardship, their morale in peripheries may be different
the face of repression.  Different religion are different rules for the
2. Gandhi also had the opportunity of leading same destination
Indians belonging to different religions; Hindus,  Note:-
Muslims, Christians and Parsis. They also came  he did not encourage conversion, says if you are
from different regions of India. They belonged to Hindu be a good hindu and etc..even if Conversion
different social classes; rich merchants combined happened , He did not object also as he knew
with poor indentured labourers. Women came destination is same {Gandhi’s relevance in 21st
along with men. century – you can write }
3. In South Africa he learnt the hardest way that  first he believed religion should not be separated
leadership involves facing the ire not only of the from politics than in 1940s he said it should be kept
enemy but also of one’s followers. There were separate
two occasions on which Gandhi faced with a
serious threat to his life. Once, when a white mob b) POLITICAL THOUGHTS
chased him down a street in Durban in 1896 and 1. Satyagraha (Insist of truth)
surrounded his house. The Second, when an  First Search for the truth
Indian, who was angry with him because of an  Absolute truth:- death
agreement he had reached with the government,  Relative truth:- right for me may be wrong for
assaulted him on the street. Gandhi learnt that you
leaders often have to take hard decisions that are  Now Insist on truth
unpopular with enthusiastic followers.  Make God as witness
4. South Africa provided Gandhi with an opportunity  Fearlessness {having no fear of any
for evolving his own style of politics and consequence(s) }
leadership, for trying out new techniques of  To change the heart and mind of the opponent
struggle, on a limited scale, untrammeled by the through self suffering {e.g fast}. His this view is
opposition of contending political currents. In based on philosophy that
South Africa, he had already taken the movement a. Man by nature is good
from its ‘Moderate’ phase into its ‘Gandhian’
b. Means must be right for a right end
phase. He already knew the strengths and the
weaknesses of the Gandhian method and he was ……….5th class ended,6th started……
convinced that it was the best method around. It 2. Vows for satayagraha
now remained for him to introduce it into India  Satya-truth
 Non-violence:- violence of two types according to
B. GANDHI’S THOUGHTS ARE :- Gandhi {passive-injustice, atrocities, inequality,
a) RELIGIOUS THOUGHTS discrimination, untouchabality and active- war,
civil war, riots, physical violence, violence against
 Sources impacted his religious thoughts women etc}. Active violence is the result of
 Parents
passive violence. Passive violence is more severe
 Bhagwat Geeta for a society.
 Jain Literature  Control over palate
 Other religious texts / teachings  Not to steal:- not to keep more than required
 Like Jesus Christ in chapter “the mountain” in {stealing according to Gandhi is the reason for
Bible: - Gandhi got phrase of Christ if anyone inequality}
slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the  Bramacharya
other also.
 Use of Swadeshi goods
 His religious thoughts are  Physical labour
 Truth is god & God is truth  Fearlessness
 Service to man is service to God  To fight against untouchability
 Soul of a religion is more important than its  Tolerance :- just understand the mening by
body example in tier form following
 {Soul means:- love, humanity, sympathy,  Tier-I:- I am celebrating the differences {best
Kindness, empathy, Truthfulness , form or highest tolerance}
compassion, Justice and
 Tier II :- I am respecting / honoring your  But the planters {either outsider European or
culture, religion, belief etc Indians} wanted heavy monetary compensation to
 Tier III ;- I am tolerating you release the peasants from contract. Besides, the
 Note :-Gandhi also said that violence is better peasants were forced to sell the produce at prices
than cowardness fixed by the Europeans, now a non-profitable
business
2. GANDHI IN INDIA  Peasants wanted freedom from indigo cultivation,
 Gandhi returned to India on January 09, 1915 at because it was no longer a profitable enterprise
the request of Gokhale, conveyed to him by C.F. unlike in the past especially after the invention of
Andrews. He brought an international reputation synthetic dye by the Germans in late 19th century
as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and besides the peasants also lost fertility of the soil
organizer. His efforts in South Africa were well due to high acidic value which was less than ph-7
known not only among the educated but also in indigo crop
among the masses. On Gokhale’s advise, he  Leaders & nature of the struggle
decided to tour the country and see for himself  The local peasant leader “Raj Kumar shukla”
the condition of the masses. invited Gandhi to visit Champaran , who visited
 He would never intervene in a situation without after initial reluctance
first studying it with great care. Initially, he did not  Along with Gandhi others leaders who visited
take stand on any political issue. Champaran were “
 He spent the year travelling around the country,  Dr.Rajendra Prashad,
seeing things for himself, and in organizing his  Anugraha Narayan Sinha,
Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad in 1917. (Earlier  Brajkishore Prasad
Ashram was at the Kocharab Bungalow of Jivanlal  Ramnavm prasad
Desai, a barrister) where he, and his devoted band  Mazhar-ul-haq,
of followers who had come with him from South  J.B kripalani ,
Africa, would lead a community life.  Narhari Parekh,
 His reasons for not joining the existing political  Mahadeo Desai”
organizations are best explained in his own words:  They reached Champaran to probe into the
“At my time of life and with views firmly formed matter, the authorities ordered him to leave the
on several matters, I could only join an area at once. Gandhi defied the order and
organization to affect its policy and not be preferred to face the punishment. This passive
affected by it.” resistance or civil disobedience of an unjust order
was a novel method at that time.
 GANDHI FROM 1917 TO 1919  Finally, the authorities retreated and permitted
 Between 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in Gandhi to make an enquiry
three struggles: Champaran, Ahmedabad and  Gandhi & Other leaders met the farmers of
Kheda before he launched his first all India Champaran and recorded their statement
movement, Rowlatt Satyagraha in 1919 {principle of search of truth working note it} and
a) 1917- Champaran satayagraha after confirmation Gandhi advised them not to
b) 1918- Ahmadabad satayagraha cultivate indigo
c) 1918-kheda satayagraha  He addressed several peasants meeting and
d) 1919- Rowlatt satayagraha or jallianwala taught them the virtue of truth and non-violence
massacre and trained them for constructive works in the
a) CHAMPARAN SATAYAGRAHA(BIHAR) villages like
1917  to fight against untouchability
 to promote hindu muslim unity,
 Issue
 to empower women ,
 The peasants of Champaran nowadays (Motihari  to develop the villages from its own resources
& Betiya districts) demanded freedom from “Tin and
Kathia system” and contract from indigo planters  to clean the villages
. The peasants had to grow indigo on 3/20th of
the total land (called tinkathia system) under their  Outcome/ result / significance?
contract. Towards the end of the nineteenth  The consistent struggle and resistance by the
century, German synthetic dyes replaced indigo; peasants their non violence methods compelled
the profit from natural indigo decreased the govt. to appoint an enquiry commission in
which Gandhi was also made a member {Note it
principle working :- To change the heart and mind  This attracted large workers ,media and
of the opponent} compelled the opponents (Indian mill
 The enquiry commission recommended that the industrialists)
force cannot be used to cultivate any crop & the  The opponents or the industrialists agreed to
peasants were free to grow crop of their choice appoint a “tribunal” {one –one representative
 Gandhi was able to convince the authorities that from both sides and one a neutral either be judge
the tinkathia system should be abolished and that or anyone}
the peasants should be compensated for the  The tribunal awarded 25-35% as against 50%
illegal dues extracted from them. As a bonus demanded by the workers {Gandhi just
compromise with the planters, he agreed that thought his principle to be accepted &
only 25 percent of the money taken should be Industrialists did this and Gandhi advised
compensated. compromise when the case is b/w Indians and
 Thus the first Gandhian satayagraha in India Indians. Note these two are the reasons why
ended successfully Gandhi accepted 25-35% against demand of 50% }
 It established Gandhi’s credibility and also
c) 1918-KHEDA SATAYAGRAHA(Gujarat)
established faith of people in truth and non-
 Because of drought in 1918, crops failed in Kheda
violence
district of Gujarat. According to the Revenue
 Other Works during Champaran Stay Code, if the yield was less than 1/4th of the
 Gandhi established an ashram in Champaran, normal produce, the farmers were entitled to
organizing scores of his veteran supporters and remission.
fresh volunteers from the region. He organized a  The peasants of this district in Gujarat demanded
detailed study and survey of the villages, complete exemption from land revenue or
accounting the atrocities and terrible episodes of “Malguzari”, due to failure of crops after severe
suffering, including the general state of drought
degenerate living.  But the tax authorities were not ready. With tax
 Building on the confidence of villagers, he began withheld, government’s collectors and inspectors
leading the clean-up of villages, building of sent the thugs to seize property and cattle, while
schools and hospitals and encouraging the village police forfeited the lands and all agrarian property
leadership to undo purdah, untouchability and the  Gandhi led the movement and told “Indu lal
suppression of women. He was joined by many Yagnik and Vallabh Bhai Patel” to visit the villages
young nationalists from all over India, including of kheda {Note:- search for truth principle was
Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugraha working and these two were locals so Gandhi
Narayan Sinha, Ram Navami Prasad etc knew regional leaders are important}
b) AHMADABAD SATAYAGRAHA(Gujarat)  After confirmation about the “plight of the
peasants” , Gandhi advised the peasants not to
1918- pay “land revenue”
 Ahmadabad mill strike  He held several meeting and taught them the
 The mill workers (cotton mill) of Ahmadabad virtues of “Truth , non-violence and unity”
demanded “plague bonus” but the industrialists ,  Farmers used their cash and valuables to donate
mostly Indians , did not agree to the Gujarat Sabha (Gandhi was its President)
 Gandhi then led the movement and advice the which was officially organizing the protest
workers to stop work and go on strike  The attendance of peasants in meeting continued
 He addressed several meeting of the workers and , which was a source of motivation for both the
taught them the virtues of truth and non-violence leaders and the peasants
and appealed to them to remain united  The government finally realized that the farmers
 To inspire and motivate the workers especially and their leaders were firm on their decisions ,
when he saw the attendance of workers in public therefore a “circular” was issued to the tax
meetings was declining, he decided to go on fast officials that land revenue should be collected
unto death (aamran Anshan). only from those peasants who were in position to
 First movement of Gandhi to goon “fast unto pay
death” { why this is done in pubic , to get  Gandhi advised the peasants to accept the order
attention of govt, public , media and the thus kheda satayagraha also ended successfully
opponents} {as per law and ethics Gandhi was demanding tax
exemption , principle, }

 During the Kheda Satyagraha, many young  Indian nationalists of all political shade opposed
nationalists such as Rowlatt act called it “draconian law” and chanted
 Vallabh Bahi Patel, slogans like “no appeal no wakil no daleel”
 Indulal Yagnik.  Md.Ali Jinnah protested and reigned from
 N.M. Joshi, “imperial council”
 Shankerlal Pareekh  Gandhi called for a nationwide protest in February
 and several others became Gandhi’s 1919. Gandhi named the Rowlatt Act as “Black
followers. Act”. Gandhi roped in younger members of Home
 Gains from Champaran, Ahmedabad Rule Leagues and the Pan Islamists.
 Satayagraha was to be launched on April 6, 1919
and Kheda but even before that, there were large-scale
 Gandhi demonstrated to the people the efficacy violent, anti-British demonstrations in Calcutta,
of his technique of Satyagraha. Bombay, Delhi, Ahmedabad, etc
 He found his feet among the masses and came to  Gandhi founded “Satayagraha sabha” & to
have a surer understanding of the strengths and
mobilize common people against this act he ,
weaknesses of the masses. started “Sarva Dharma Prathana Sabha”
 He acquired respect and commitment of many,
 (all religious meetings , it was his novelty ,
especially the youth. new thing , because Gandhi know common
d) 1919- ROWLATT SATAYAGRAHA OR people were not known about the act and
only way to make them aware is to get them
JALLIANWALA MASSACRE together by religious prayers)
 Rowlatt satayagraha  Gandhi gave a call of an “all India strike on 6
th
 In early 1919 , (January), the controversial Rowlatt st

April 1919” and 1 all India strike under Gandhian
act was passed , under which “any Indian” could leadership and was successful
have been arrested on the charge of “sedition”  In Delhi, strike was organized by
even on “suspicious” grounds for “2-years’  Asaf Ali
without “trial” {issues was its misuse and mis-  Dr. M.A.Ansari
interpretation and there was not any war , it was  In Punjab it was organized by
peace so clearly it was against movements of  Dr. Satya Pal Malik
Indians}  Dr. Saifudhin Kitchlew
 The Rowlatt Act was a legislative Act passed by  There was a radical change in the situation
the Imperial Legislative Council in London in 1919, by now:
by indefinitely extending “emergency measures” 1. The masses had found a direction; now they
(of the Defense of India Regulations Act) enacted could “act” instead of just giving verbal
during the First World War in order to control expression to their grievances.
public unrest and root out conspiracy in India. 2. From now onwards, peasants, artisans and
Passed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt the urban poor were to play an increasingly
Committee and named after its president, British important part in the struggle.
judge Sidney Rowlatt, the main provisions of this 3. Orientation of the national movement turned
Act were as follows:- to the masses permanently. Gandhi said that
1. The Act effectively authorized the salvation would come when masses were
government to imprison any person, awakened and became active in politics
suspected of terrorism living in the Raj, for up  What happened at Jallianwala Bagh (April
to two years without a trial.
13, 1919)
2. It provided for stricter control of the press,
 On Baisakhi day, a large crowd of people mostly
arrests without warrant, indefinite detention
without trial and juryless in camera trials for from neighbouring villages, unaware of the
proscribed political acts. prohibitory orders in the city, had gathered in this
3. The accused were denied the right to know small park to protest against the arrest of their
the accusers and the evidence used in the leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal Malik.
trial.  The Army surrounded the gathering under the
4. Those convicted were required to deposit
orders from General Dyer, the military
securities upon release, and were prohibited
from taking part in any political, educational, commander of Amritsar, and blocked the only exit
or religious activities point and opened fire on the unarmed crowd
killing more than one thousand. After this

massacre, martial law was proclaimed in Punjab. (resources-food, clothes, kits, arms). So they
The incident was followed by uncivilized needed leaders support (Gokhale, Gandhi, Feroz
brutalities on the inhabitants of Amritsar for shah Mehta). British started promising our leaders
to give a “responsible govt” after the completion
several days.
of war to Indians. So many Indian leaders started
 The entire nation was stunned. Rabindranath supporting British during the war with the hope to
Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest. get a better deal after the war. World War-I raised
Gandhi was overwhelmed by the total Indian hopes for securing right of self-
atmosphere of violence and withdrew the determination.
movement on April 18, 1919. b) A group of Indians had also launched anti-british
movement. Tilak and Annie Besant through home
 Congress boycotted the special committee
rule league movement and muslim leaders
headed by Lord Hunter to enquire into the killings. through Khilafat committee I defense of ottoman
 Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws turks and caliph (Abdul Majid III)
Committee, the Government of India repealed the c) Policy of repression failed to contain political
Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other unrest. Increased terrorist activities were a
laws in March 1922. manifestation of rising Indian unrest.
d) Formation of Home Rule Leagues, arrest of Annie
 Jallianwala massacre and aftermath Besant and judicial proceedings against Tilak, Ali
 On 13
th
april, the day of vaishaki people of brothers etc. had embittered political
Amritsar and surrounding villages assembled at atmosphere.
jallianwala bagh and they were not aware about e) A large section of Muslims were angry with the
the imposed curfew in the city British over Turbo/Italian War (1911) and Balkan
 Michel-O-Dyre the governor and general dyre in-
War (1912).The Muslim leadership both in
charge of law & order of Amritsar decided to open Congress and Muslim League responded to this
the fire on “innocent, un-armed people” anger and anxieties which is reflected in Lucknow
 Without warning or giving time to escape, general
Pact of 1916.
dyre opened a fire in which “379” people f) In this background, govt had to ensure the Indians
according to official people died , but local report that a responsible govt would be established
suggested it was more than 1000 people , mostly g) In this background, Montagu, the Secretary of
women and children State and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy and
 This incident shocked the nation and the world
Governor-General (1916-21) suggested/
and later on even “Churchill (PM of England” recommended some reforms in 1918 which were
called it as a blot of british empire enacted as Government of India Act, 1919.
 Gandhi immediately withdrew the movement
1. SOME FACTS ABOUT BRITISH INDIA
calling it his “Himalayan blunder”  1947= 11 provinces
 The govt. Removed “General dyre” and appointed  6= Hindu majority
an enquiry commission called “Hunter  5= muslim Majority
commission”. Indian nationalists called the report  Assam + Bengal= Muslim majority
of commission as “eye wash”  Odisha + Bihar= Hindu Majority
 However, general dyre was clearly saved and  UPCP= Hindu Majority
protected  Bombay+ Madras= Hindu Majority
 “house of lords “ praised general dyre and called  Punjab + Sind= Muslim majority
his act as “brave act”  NWFP=Muslim majority
 “the morning post” an English daily even 2. SOME FACTS ABOUT PRINCELY STATES
collected Pounds 30,000 to defend general dyre,  565= some say
all these episodes invited anger and upset  564= some say
 Ravindra nath Tagore who returned his  563= some say
knighthood title  562= some say
th th
…………6 class ended, 7 started……..  So write always 560+ as JL Nehru did not know
INDIA COUNCIL ACT, 1919 B. MAJOR PROVISIONS

1) Demarcation of two lists of subjects: Central List
A. BACKGROUND OF THE ACT and Provincial List.
a) During the course of 1914-18= WW-I:- British 2) Diarchy was to be introduced in the provinces
needed help of India for both men and material (state list)
 Governor now heading two bodies 9) Increase in governor general’s powers. He could
a) Executive council restore cuts in grants; certify bills rejected by the
 Reserved subjects Legislative Assembly and he could issue
 Number of Indian members in the ordinances.
governor general’s executive council was C. CRITICAL ANALYSIS / SIGNIFICANCE OF
raised from 1 to 3, out of a total of 8
members.
GOI ACT 1919
a) GOI Act 1919 Failed to satisfy Indian’s because the
 Includes subjects Finance , police,
core demand of Indians i.e. “swaraj” was not met.
irrigation, power / electricity {note
Neither the responsible govt ,as was promised,
stronger ministry was kept in British side
was given to Indians
always note to make difference for exam
b) Diarchy in provinces was opposed by Indians
perspective}
Nationalists because it was not practical
b) Council of ministers
c) Separate electorates was further broadened
 Transferred subjects
which polarized elections on communal identity
 The people (Indian) here as of moderate d) There was no check on powers of Governal
background whose intention More general and he always behaved as an absolute
concerned about concerns of people ruler
 Includes subjects Education Agriculture, e) The size of electorate was still very small and
Industry ,Local self govt, Health etc majority Indians did not have right to cast their
 These subjects are transferable to vote
executive council {keep in mind always for
exam perspective as here weak ministries  KHILAFAT & NON-COOPERATION
were given in hands of people (Indian
ministers)}
MOVEMENT 1920-22
3) Bicameral legislature was to be introduced at 1. CAUSES
center. The earlier Central Legislative Council A. THE PUNJAB WRONGS
(Imperial Council) now became bicameral:  What happened at Jallianwala Bagh (April
a) Legislative Assembly (Lower House) 13, 1919)
 Term-3 Years,
 On Baisakhi day, a large crowd of people mostly
 145 members
from neighbouring villages, unaware of the
a) 104 = elected
b) 41= nominated prohibitory orders in the city, had gathered in this
b) Council of States (upper house) small park to protest against the arrest of their
 Term- 5 years , leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal Malik.
 60 members  The Army surrounded the gathering under the
a) 36= elected orders from General Dyer, the military
b) 24= nominated
commander of Amritsar, and blocked the only exit
4) Separate electorates were given to others also
point and opened fire on the unarmed crowd
(along with Muslim). System of communal and
class electorates was further extended to Sikhs, killing more than one thousand. After this
Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans. . massacre, martial law was proclaimed in Punjab.
5) Legislatives got some more power especially on The incident was followed by uncivilized
budget. Powers of Central Legislative Assembly brutalities on the inhabitants of Amritsar for
was enlarged but 75% of budget was still not several days.
votable. Size of electorate was slightly broadened
 The entire nation was stunned. Rabindranath
6) Secretary of state to be henceforth paid salary
Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest.
out of the British Exchequer.
7) The power of office of India Council was reduced. Gandhi was overwhelmed by the total
Secretary of State was not obliged to consult atmosphere of violence and withdrew the
India council except: movement on April 18, 1919.
a) On financial matters  Congress boycotted the special committee
b) Matters concerning to I.C.S. headed by Lord Hunter to enquire into the killings.
8) Secretary of State retained control over Indian
 Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws
administration except over transferred bloc of
subject in the provinces. Committee, the Government of India repealed the

Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other  But other group of congress opposed this Idea and
laws in March 1922. they believed that masses are not disciplined and
a mass movement could be dangerous and
 Jallianwala massacre and aftermath decided Khilafat issue was a religious issue and

th
On 13 april, the day of vaishaki people of congress was a political party. The leaders who
Amritsar and surrounding villages assembled at opposed were Md Ali Jinnah, Motilal Nehru and
jallianwala bagh and they were not aware about CR das.
 In Dec 1920 , at Nagpur , annual session of
the imposed curfew in the city
 Michel-O-Dyre the governor and general dyre in- congress was held and in which two historic
charge of law & order of Amritsar decided to open resolutions were passed
the fire on “innocent, un-armed people” a. Constitution of congress was amended
 Without warning or giving time to escape, general b. Non-cooperation resolution was passed and
dyre opened a fire in which “379” people adopted, which was moved by CR Das. (Jinnah
according to official people died , but local report still opposed)
suggested it was more than 1000 people , mostly  KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
women and children 1) The Khilafat issue was not directly linked to Indian
 This incident shocked the nation and the world politics but it provided the immediate background
and later on even “Churchill (PM of England” to the movement and gave an added advantage of
called it as a blot of british empire cementing Hindu-Muslim unity against the British.
 Gandhi immediately withdrew the movement 2) The Khilafat issue paved the way for the
calling it his “Himalayan blunder” consolidation of the emergence of a radical
 The govt. removed “General Dyre” and appointed nationalist trend among the younger generation
an enquiry commission called “Hunter of Muslims and the section of traditional Muslim
commission”. Indian nationalists called the report scholars who were becoming increasingly critical
of commission as “eye wash” of the British rule. This time, they were angered
 However, general dyre was clearly saved and by the treatment meted out to Turkey by the
protected British after the First World War.
 “house of lords “ praised general dyre and called 3) Many Muslims in India, as the many Muslims of
his act as “brave act” other countries, regarded the Sultan of Turkey as
 “the morning post” an English daily even their spiritual leader (Khalifa) so their sympathies
were with Turkey. During the War, Turkey had
B. KHILAFAT WRONGS allied with Germany and Austria against the
 It is a pan Islamic movement launched in India in British.
1919-20 by Muslim leaders in defense of Ottoman 4) When the War ended, the British took a stern
turks and caliph (Abdul Mazid III) attitude towards Turkey—The movement gained
 They have three major concerns force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920)
a) What would be the fate/ future of caliph which imposed the partitioning of the Ottoman
b) What would be the fate of ottoman turks or Empire and gave Greece a powerful position in
Turkish empire Anatolia, to the distress of the Turks. This
c) What would be the fate of holy Islamic places incensed Muslims all over the world.
like Mecca & Medina and Jerusalem 5) In India, Ali Brothers (Mohammad Ali Jauhar and
 Ali Brothers (Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Shaukat Ali) along with some other Muslim
Ali) along with some other Muslim leaders such as leaders such as Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Raees-
Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Raees-ul-Muhajireen, ul-Muhajireen, Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo,
Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo, Hasrat Mohani, Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Dr.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Dr. Hakim Ajmal Hakim Ajmal joined hands and created an AllIndia
Khan demanded non-cooperation movement Khilafat Committee, at Lucknow in 1919 with Seth
against british and appealed Mahatma Gandhi to Chotani as president. It had two main demands,
lead the movement which were never accepted:
 Ali brothers and Gandhi travelled India extensively a) Caliph Sultan must retain sufficient territories
and they sensed the mood of the people so that he is able to defend the Islamic Faith.
therefore in September 1920 the special session b) The places which are called Jazirat-ul-arab,
of congress was called & non-cooperation including the Arabia, Syria, Iraq and Palestine
resolution was discussed strongly backed by ali must remain under Muslim suzerainty.
brothers and other khilaftists along with mahatma  6 October 17, 1919 was observed as Khilafat Day.
Gandhi. Hindus also joined hands with the Muslims and a
strike was called for. 5) English colonies were also boycotted, goods and
 CONGRESS STANDS ON KHILAFAT QUESTION services were also boycotted
1) It was quite clear that the support of Congress 3. THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE
was essential for the Khilafat movement to
MOVEMENT
succeed. Although Gandhi was in favour of
1) Khilafat / non-cooperation movement was an all
launching Satyagraha and non-cooperation
India mass movement in which the peasants,
against the Government on Khilafat issue, the
traders , industrial workers, professionals,
Congress was not united on this form of political
intellectuals, religious leaders , women and
action.
students actively participated {Gandhian Impact}
2) There was opposition to some of the other
2) Constructive programs of Gandhi were Linked
provisions of the Gandhi’s non-cooperation
with this Movement such as
programme also, such as boycott of Councils.
a) Village development program
3) Later, however, Gandhi was able to get the
b) Anti-liquor program
approval of the Congress for his programme of
c) Anti-untouchability program
political action and Congress felt inclined to
d) Hindu muslim unity program
support a non-cooperation programme on the
e) Khadi program (weave Khadi)
Khilafat question because—
3) Many Muslim leaders addressed hindu from Birla
a) The anger of Muslims against the British could be
channelized into a national movement temple like Ali brothers (that time inn Delhi) and
b) It was felt that this was a golden opportunity to Hindu leaders like Swami Shrada Nand addressed
cement Hindu-Muslim unity Muslims from Jama Masjid in Delhi
c) Different sections of society—Hindus, Muslims, 4) Non-cooperation movement changed the pattern
Sikhs, Christians, peasants, artisans, capitalists, of mass movement in India, the congress party
tribals, women, students—could come into the was better organised due to new structure
national movement by fighting for their own rights created after Nagpur session and the congress
and realizing that the colonial rule was opposed to workers at village block and district level
them established connections with common people
d) The Congress was losing faith in constitutional
struggle, especially after the Punjab incidents and 4. CONTROVERSY AND WHY WAS IT
the blatantly partisan Hunter Commission Report WITHDRAWN/ CONSEQUENCES
e) The Congress was aware that the masses were a) On 5th Feb. 1922, an angry mob consisting of
eager to give expression to their discontent. peasants and khilaftists chased policemen and
2. MAJOR EVENTS/ NATURE OF THE burnt police station at Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur
(UP) and killed
MOVEMENT b) This incident shocked Mahatma Gandhi, who
 On 1st January 1921, non-cooperation movement decided to call off this movement on 12th
started officially, though people already started in February at Bardoli (GJ), which was against his
1920 principle of satayagraha {Note it for answer
1) They started burning English goods and clothes writing and interview in exam as unpopular
and propagated the use of Swadeshi goods like decisions can be taken by not compromising the
khadi products principles}
2) English educational institutions were also c) His unilateral decision shocked, surprised &
boycotted. Many educational institutions were angered many nationalists especially Ali brothers,
established by Indian Nationalists such as JL Nehru, SC Bose etc
a. Kashi Vidyapeeth d) Nationalist historian defended Gandhian decision
b. Bihar Vidyapeeth on two major grounds
c. Gujarat Vidyapeeth a. Chauri Chaura incident was against Gandhian
d. Jamia Milia Islamia (first at Aligarh later 1925 principle of satayagraha
to Delhi) b. Non-cooperation was losing its shine and
3) Many lawyers resigned bar council and left early enthusiasm, therefore withdrawal was
practice such as natural and just a matter of time besides
a. C.R Das Gandhian Strategy of mass movement was
b. Motilal Nehru “Struggle-truce-struggle”
c. Asaf Ali e) But the Marxist historians Have criticized
4) Many returned their titles and honors like Gandhi Gandhian decision of withdrawal and argued that
returned “Kaisr-i-Hind” on Khilafat issue the peasants of eastern UP and Bihar had adopted
radical strategy and they wanted no tax against
jamidars , whereas many congress leaders were F. PROGRESS OF NON-COOPERATION
either jamidars or were supported by jamidars
MOVEMENT
 NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT 1) Gandhi returned his title Kaiser-i-Hind
2) Congressmen boycotted election
A. CAUSES
3) Bycott of government courts
1) Rowlatt Act was passed, which robbed the people
4) C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru left their lucrative
of their freedom. Jallianwala Bagh massacres and
practice
atrocities in Punjab had made the people angry
5) Students boycotted schools and colleges, law
2) Khilafat Issue- as discussed above
courts
3) Economic hardship in India due to price rise
6) Bonfire of foreign goods
during First World War and the slump after 1918.
7) Ashramas were opened
4) Hunter Committee report was a whitewash on
8) Visit of Prince of Wales was boycotted
Michael O’ Dwayer’s deeds.
9) Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth. Value of
5) No compensation was given to the victims of
imports of foreign cloth fell from Rs.102.00crore
Jallianwala Bagh’s genocide. Successful satyagraha
(1920-21) to Rs.57.00 crore (1921-22). Khadi
of Champaran, Ahmadabad and Kheda also must
became popular.
have boosted confidence of Mahatma Gandhi.
G. DIFFERENT PHASES
B. DEMANDS OF CONGRESS 1) Marked by boycott of government schools,
Congress put three demands before the British: colleges and courts
1) Annulment of Rowlatt Act and remedying Punjab 2) Concentration on raising funds for Tilak Swaraj
wrong Fund, enrolling common people as members of
2) Remedying the Khilafat wrong i.e. British should Congress and installing charkha.
adopt a lenient attitude towards Turkey 3) Concentration on the boycott of foreign goods
3) Satisfying the nationalist urge for Swaraj and on organization of volunteer bands to
C. THE LAUNCHING NON-CO-OPERATION organize a nationwide hartal on the eve of visit of
MOVEMENT Prince of Wales.
1) When the British refused to meet any of the 4) Some militant sections demanded complete
demands of Congress, a Party Conference was independence.
held at Allahabad in June 1920 and a programme H. THE SPREAD OF NON-COOPERATION
of boycott of government schools, colleges and MOVEMENT
law courts was approved. 1) This movement was very powerful in Bihar and
2) The Congress met in a special session in Gujrat. In Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu, there
September 1920 at Calcutta and agreed to start was very effective mass agitation.
the Non-Cooperation Movement unless the 2) In Andhra Pradesh, it was led by Venkatppaiya
British met the demands. and Silir Kammiya, while in Tamilnadu it was led
3) This was endorsed at Nagpur session by C. Rajgopalchari.
(December,1920) and thus Non Co-operation 3) In central province, it was led by Jawahar Lal
Movement started in January 1921. Nehru and in Bihar, Rajendra Prasad and Abdul
D. PROGRAMMES :- NON-COOPERATION Bari were the leaders of the movement. In
1) Surrender of Government titles and honours. Gujarat, Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel was the most
2) Congressmen not to attend Government durbars, important leader.
official functions etc. I. SUSPENSION OF KHILAFAT AND NON-
3) Boycott of
(a) Legislatures—Central and provincial
COOPERATION MOVEMENT
1) On February 5, 1922, in Chauri Chaura, after violent
(b) Government Courts clashes between the local police and the protesters in
(c) Government educational institutions. which three protesters were killed by police firing,
4) Boycott of foreign goods. police chowki (station) was set on fire by the mob,
killing 22 police men. This incident forced Gandhi to
E. CONSTRUCTIVE ASPECT call off the movement.
1) Use of Swadeshi goods 2) Gandhi felt that people had not learnt or fully
2) Hand spinning and hand wearing understood the method of nonviolence. Incidents like
3) Removal of social evils like untouchability Chauri-Chaura could lead to excitement and fervour
4) Hindu-Muslim unity turning the movement generally violent. 3. A violent
5) Collection of money for Tilak Swaraj fund movement could be easily suppressed by the colonial
6) Setting up national educational institutions regime that could use the |incidents of violence as an

excuse to use the armed might of the state against the
protestors. 4. The movement was also showing signs of  THE SWARAJ PARTY Feb 1922
fatigue. This was natural as it is not possible to sustain  The withdrawal of the Non-cooperation
any movement at a high pitch for very long time. The movement in February, 1922 and the arrest of
government seemed to be in no mood for negotiations.
Gandhi led to the spread of disintegration,
3) In the wake of these disturbances, Ali’s brothers began
disorganization and demoralization in the
distancing themselves from Gandhi and the Congress.
Ali brothers criticized Gandhi’s stand. nationalist ranks.
4) Although holding talks with the British and continuing  A new line of political activity was taken by C.R.
their activities, the Khilafat struggle weakened as Das and Motilal Nehru. They suggested that the
Muslims were divided between working for the nationalists should end the boycott of the
Congress, the Khilafat cause and the Muslim League. legislative council, enter them, expose them as
5) The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different ‘Sham parliaments’ and as a mask which the
political lines. Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari created bureaucracy has put on, and obstruct every work
Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam with the support of Chaudhry of the council.
Afzal Haq. Leaders such as Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad
 C.R. Das put forward this programme at the Gaya
and Hakim Ajmal Khan remained strong supporters of
Congress Session in December 1922. Another
Gandhi and the Congress. Ali brothers became more
active in Muslim League than in Congress. section of the Congress headed by Vallabh Bhai
6) The central theme of the agitation- ‘The Khilafat Patel, Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari
question’ dissipated soon. In November 1922, the opposed the proposal and the proposal was
people of Turkey rose under Mustafa Kamal Pasha and defeated.
deprived the Sultan of political power. Turkey was  Das and Motilal resigned from their respective
made a secular state. Thus, the Khilafat question lost offices in the Congress and on 01 January 1923,
its relevance. A European style of legal system was announced the formation of Congress-Khilafat
established in Turkey and extensive rights granted to Swarajist Party better known later as the Swaraj
women. Education was nationalized and modern Party. Das was the President and Motilal became
agriculture and industries developed. In 1924, the
one of the secretaries. The adherents of the
Caliphate was abolished.
council entry came to be known as pro-changers
J. THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT and those opposing it as no-changers.
FAILURES :-  The Swaraj Party accepted the Congress
1) Government did not pay heed on Punjab wrongs Programme in its entirety except in one respect- it
2) Khilafat grievances were not redressed would take part in elections due later in the year.
3) Gandhi’s promise of Swaraj within a year was not Later, Hakim Ajmal Khan joined the Swarajists
achieved while Vallabhbhai was of the no-changers which
K. SIGNIFICANCE OF KHILAFAT AND NON- also included Mazharul Huq and M.A. Ansari.
COOPERATION MOVEMENT  After the withdrawal of non-cooperation
1) Proponent of the Khilafat see it as the spark that led to movement , two camps emerged within the
the non-cooperation movement in India and a major congress
milestone in improving Hindu-Muslim relations a) Pro-changers:- group of these was led by CR
2) With the Non-Cooperation Movement, nationalist Das and Motilal Nehru
sentiments reached every nook and corner of the
b) No-changers:- this group was led by Gandhi
country and politicized every strata of population—
artisans, peasants, students, urban poor, women,
 The pro-changers founded “Congress-Khilafat
traders etc. It was this politicization and activeness of Swarajist party (famously known as Swaraj party
millions of men and women which imparted a mass 31dec 1922, in some prelims it is 1923)
character to the national movement. a) CR Das became President
3) The movement was successful enough to send strong b) ML Nehru became secretary
signals in the minds of British about the awakening of c) Swarajist wanted to contest the election
Indians. scheduled to be held in 1923
4) Colonial rule was based on two myths one, that such a d) There plan was to enter into the houses and
rule was in the interest of Indians and two, that it was to wreck the house from within
invincible.
e) They were doing because of commitment to a
5) The first myth had been exploded by the economic certain ideology
critique by the moderate nationalists. The second myth
f) At the Delhi special session of the Congress in
had been challenged by satayagraha through mass
struggle. Now, the masses lost the hitherto all
1923, a compromise formula was adopted
pervasive fear of the colonial rule and its mighty whereby the Swaraj Party was to fight
repressive organs elections to the councils and the assembly on
its own. At the Kakinada session of Congress
…………7th class ended, 8th started……..
of 1923, the Swarajists were permitted to education, to fight against untouchability and to
enter the councils. promote Khadi.
 The no changers ,on the other hand, led by
 SWARAJIST MANIFESTO FOR
Gandhi has decided to boycott the elections,
which was going to be based on GOI Act 1919 & ELECTIONS (RELEASED IN OCTOBER
the congress has already opposed various 1923)
provisions of the Act especially the diarchy a) The Swarajists would present the nationalist
 Thus a parting of ways was avoided. In the demand of self-government in councils
Belgaum Congress session of 1924, Gandhi b) If this demand was rejected, they would adopt
himself approved the compromise formula a policy of uniform, continuous and consistent
evolved earlier whereby the Swarajists could carry obstruction within the councils to make
on their work in the Legislature on behalf of the governance through councils impossible
Congress. c) Councils would thus be wrecked from within
 At the Kanpur session of Congress held in 1925, in by creating deadlocks on every measure
which Sarojini Naidu presided, full reconciliation  PROGRAMME OF SWARAJISTS
was brought about between the Swaraj Party and
1) Attainment of dominion status
the Congress
2) Right to frame a constitution
 Swarajist also supported the Khilafat movement
3) Control over bureaucracy
but this movement died by its own when Turkish
4) Establishment of a principle that bureaucracy
muslims led by led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,
derived its power from people
or Mustafa Kemal Pasha established a modern
5) Right of people to control machinery and
secular nation state, so institution of khalifa was
system of government
came to an end
6) Full provincial autonomy
 MAIN TECHNIQUES OF ACTION WERE: 7) Attainment of swarajya
a) Refusal to pass the budget 8) Organisation of labour– Industrial and
b) Cooperation in passing social welfare legislation Agricultural
c) Occasional acceptance of offices 9) Establishment of control over local and
d) Quitting the offices and resigning the membership municipal body
when asked to do so by the Congress 10) Agency for propaganda outside India
e) In the 1923 and the 1926 elections, the Swaraj 11) Federation of Asiatic countries for promotion
Party captured a fairly substantial number of of trade and commerce
elected seats. In 1923 elections the Swarajists got 12) Constructive programme of Congress
a majority in Bengal and Central Province
f) In the central legislative Assembly Motilal Nehru  DECLINE OF SWARAJISTS
was chosen the leader of the Swarajists. On 24 1) Two important expressions of the rift and
August 1925 Vithalbhai Patel was elected as the defection were emergence of the Nationalist
first non-official President (speaker) of the Indian Party under Malviya, N C Kelker etc. and the
Legislative Assembly and was re-elected to this Independent Party under M.A. Jinnah.
office on January 20, 1927. 2) By 1924, the Swarajist position had weakened
 ACHIEVEMENTS because of widespread communal riots, split
among Swarajists themselves on communal
1) They certainly did not become a limb of imperial
and Responsivist-Non-responsivist lines, and
legislation and carried the policy to the point of
the death of C.R. Das in 1925 weakened it
defiance.
further.
2) Outvoted government many times and took up
3) The Responsivists among Swarajists—Lala
five major sets of issues:
Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malaviya and N.C.
a) Constitutional advance leading to Self-
Kelkar— advocated cooperation with the
government
government and holding of office wherever
b) Civil liberties
possible to protect the socalled Hindu
c) Release of political prisoner
interests.
d) Repeal of reprieve laws
4) They accused the Non-responsivists like
e) Development of indigenous industries
Motilal Nehru of being anti-Hindu and a beef-
3) Inspired the politicized persons to keep their
eater. Thus, the main leadership of the
political interests alive
Swarajya Party reiterated faith in mass civil
4) Dominated large number of municipality and
disobedience and withdrew from legislatures
other local bodies
in March 1926, while another section of
5) Did excellent work in the field of sanitation,
Swarajists went into the 1926 elections as a  They were inspired by gods and goddess like Kali,
party in disarray, and did not fare well. durga, Bhawani. They were also inspired by Irish
5) Coming of Simon Commission gave rise to a republican army and Japanese victory over Russia
new political situation– parties joining hands in 1904-05.
as a result of anti-Simon agitation.  In 1897, Chapekar brothers, {Damodar and Bal
Constitutional programme lost its relevance. Krishna} killed an British official W. C. Rand in
6) In 1930, the Swarajists finally walked out as a .plague commissioner at Poona This incident is
result of the Lahore Congress resolution on regarded as first political murder of modern India.
purna swaraj and merged with Congress and Bal Gangadhar Tilak defended Chapekar
the beginning of the Civil Disobedience brothers. {Also killed his military escort
Movement (1930-31). Lieutenant Ayerst at Pune, Maharashtra}. This
 CAUSES OF DECLINE - SWARAJ PARTY was the first case of militant nationalism in India
1) Death of C.R. Das in June 1925 after the 1857 Revolt.
 In east Bengal and Poona, some revolutionaries
2) Motilal Nehru’s inability to keep party
together organisations were established such as
3) Swarajists accepted positions in government a) Anushilan samiti
committees, in Assemblies and Executive b) Sandhya
Councils c) Yugantar
4) Appearance of splinter groups in the party d) Mitra mela (Poona)
e) Abhinav bharat of V.D Savarkar (Poona)
 CONTRIBUTION OF SWARAJ PARTY TO  In 1908 two revolutionaries, Khudi ram bose and
FREEDOM STRUGGLE Prafula Kumar Chaki attempted to kill Kingsford,
a) Pressurized the British Government into the controversial magistrate at Muzzafarpur Bihar,
acceptance of some Indian demands but two English women died in the attack.
b) Party kept up the political struggle for Khudiram bose was given death sentence
freedom during 1923-28 (youngest Indian to be hand) whereas Prafula
c) British labour party accepted Dominion status kumar Chaki committed suicide to avoid arrest.
as goal of constitutional development in India Soon they become household names and patriotic
d) Legislatures used as platforms for national songs were written in their honor.
propaganda  In 1912, an attempt was made to kill lord
e) Exposed the autocracy of British Government Harding-II (1910-16, the viceroy & governor
and callousness of I.C.S. general) at chandni chownk, by a group of
f) Promoted the cause of Indian freedom and revolutionaries led by Ras Bihari Bose (not gosh
added parliamentary dimension to freedom note it). But the governor general survived with a
struggle after 1922. minor injury, his elephant rider died.
 KAMAGATA MARU INCIDENT
 REVOLUTIONARIES/MILITANT  Komgata Maru was a Japanese ocean ship which had
been hired by Gurudit Singh, to transport Punjabi’s
NATIONALIST:- (mostly Sikhs) from Singapore to Vancouver (Canada).
A. ORIGIN/EMERGENCE OF THEM 1. The ship reached Vancouver on May 23, 1914. But the
Canadian authorities refused permission to the ship to
Cover in this topic:- When, where, among land there, although it followed the Canadian rule that
whom, why, individuals and organisations , such immigrants would be allowed in Canada whose
sources of their inspirations and their activities ship came direct from port to port. This rule had been
 In late 19th and early 20th century, revolutionaries made specifically, to put obstacles against the Indians
activities among young politically conscious men because in going to Canada their ships used to touch
emerged in east Bengal & Poona region Chinese or Japanese ports.
 The major causes of emergence of revolutionaries 2. To get over this Canadian rule, Gurudit Singh, an Indian
activities were anger and frustration caused by businessman of Singapore, had directly come with
immigrants in a Japanese ship without touching any
exploitations and atrocities done by british, police
intermediate port on the way.
officials , money lenders , jamidars, & 3. The tired and angry passengers had to return from
controversial English officials Vancouver. The Indian government also gave them a
 This youth were disappointed with criminal justice rough treatment on return to Calcutta on September
system as they failed to get justice, they were also 27, 1914. There were nearly 250 Sikhs who got down
disappointed by the political leaders of congress from the ship and an armed engagement took place
both moderated and extremists with the police at Budge Budge, Calcutta, leading to
22 deaths (as per the official records), mostly Sikhs.
4. The embittered Sikhs persecuted by the Police spread b) Raj guru, Sukhdev, , Jatin Das, batukeshwar
anger in Punjab. Another Japanese ship Tosa Maru, dutta,
brought another batch of Indians from the U.S.A, c) Bhagwati Charan Vohra (he wrote the
many of whom had been indoctrinated with the philosophy of Bomb) etc
teachings of the Ghadar Party.
d) They believed in direct action
5. In 1914, nearly 8000 Punjabi’s returned from the U.S.A. e) They believed in socialist ideology
and Canada and spread revolutionary feeling among th
 1929 (8 April):- Bhagat singh and batukeshwar dutta
the people. They embittered returners spread the tales
threw two bombs in central legislative assembly Delhi.
of the cruel and racialist character of imperialism.
They were protesting against the controversial bills
a. Trade dispute bill, which curbed the rights of
B. REVOLUTIONARIES AFTER 1947 OR workers
POST WORLD WAR-I b. Public safety bill, which gave more power to british
a) Ideological & social base of these state (allowed to detain suspects without any trial)
revolutionaries  After this they surrendered because
a. Impact of Russian Revolution (October,1917) a. They wanted to use the platform of court to
b. Impact of Communist ideology, Marx and Lenin propagate their ideology
c. Impact of Trade Union Movements b. They have decided to give violent means and had
 The October 1917 revolution of Russia also known plan to work politically
as “Bolshevik revolution- a party of workers and c. But the police charged them also on murder case
peasants” , led by Lenin, believed in originally the of saunders a police officer (killed at Lahore on
Manifesto of German philosophers Karl Marx and 17th December, 1928 ) who was killed by some
Friedrich Engels of the Communist Party called revolutionaries at Lahore in 1928, who (saunders)
communist manifesto in 1848. Their ideas were was responsible for the death of Lala laj pat Rai
First revolution should take place all over the ,this case is called “Lahore conspiracy case” and
world d. Bhagat singh, raj guru, Sukhdev were given death
 This Russian revolution attracted and appealed sentence in Oct 1930 and sent for execution 23
millions of youth across the globe including march 1931 in Lahore central jail.
thousands of Indians  Chittagong Armoury raid case on 18th April, 1930 by
 They (Russian revolutionaries in Russian Surya Sen and his students 12.
revolution) were inspired by Karl Marx and Lenin  Execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru on
and wanted to protect the rights of workers and 23rd March, 1931 at Lahore Central Jail
peasants C. REVOLUTIONARIES OUTSIDE INDIA,
 They (Russian revolutionaries in Russian ACTIVITIES, ROLE/ CONTRIBUTIONS
revolution) also wanted a secular republic
 Many Indian revolutionaries left India in different
 This Russian revolution attracted and appealed phases to avoid arrest but they continued their mission
millions of youth across the globe including to free India from abroad or to take revenge
thousands of Indians  1913 (2 june January):- Ghadar party was one such
b) Organisations & individuals & their activities organisations founded for preparing for India’s
 In 1924, Meeting of revolutionaries at Kanpur in liberation at san Francisco USA by “Lala hardyal, Sohan
October 1924 to form HRA (Hindustan Republican Singh, Barkat-ul-lah etc
Association),some group of revolutionaries a) They wanted to free India by arms struggle
founder HRA (Hindustan republican association) b) They published two newspapers called Ghadar one
at Kanpur. Chandra shekar azad, Ram Prasad in Punjabi and other in Urdu language. Since
Bismil, Ashraf-ul-lah-khan, Rajendra Lahiri, November 1913, the weekly Ghadar (Urdu and
Punjabi languages) began to be published for
Sachindra Sanyal etc were prominent members of
spreading revolutionary ideas. The name Ghadar
HRA reminded the people of the great patriotic
 1925 (9th August):- Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashraf-ul- rebellion of 1857.
lah-khan and others were involved in Kakori rail c) They also raised funds , met local leaders,
Dacoity case (Lucknow) mobilized support for India’s freedom
 Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashraf-ul-lah-khan were given d) Hardyal, fearing trial and imprisonment in U.S.A.
death sentence, many more got life imprisonment went to Germany jumping the bail he was granted
 1928 (September):- HRA was transformed as after being arrested in the U.S.A. under British
HSRA (Hindustan Socialist republican association) instigation.
at Firozshah Kotla-Delhi.  Many individuals like Uddam singh, ajit singh (uncle of
Bhagat Singh) and Madam Bhikaji cama were active in
a) Bhagat singh (wrote why I am atheist and “the
England, France and Germany. They attacked, killed
lost leader” pamphlet on Lala lajpat Rai, he some controversial officers. Madam Bhikaji cama
also founded naujawan sabha), hoisted tri-color flag in France and Germany

 1942-1944:- b) The revolutionaries had no place for compromise; they
a) Some Indian revolutionaries in Southeast Asian wanted complete independence and they believed
countries became active to free India or liberate their goal could be achieved only by violent method by
India from British rule. overthrowing of an alien government.
b) 1942:- Ras Bihari Bose, founded Indian c) The partition of Bengal and the swadeshi movement
Independence league (IIL= political wing) at had facilitated the growth of revolutionary/militant
Tokyo, Japan. They also raised an army called INA movement
(Indian National army), consisting of former d) Moreover, contemporary international events had
prisoners of wars (PoWs= were more than 50,000 made a strong impact on the young patriots. The
in south-asian countries). defeat of the Italians at Adowa in 1894 at the hands of
c) 1943:- INA was formed at Singapore, due to the the Abyesinians, the victory of Japan over Russia in
efforts of captain Mohan singh (Indian) and major 1904-05, the rise of the Sinn Fein movement in Ireland
Fujiwara (Japanese). The name of battalion was as well as the Young Turk revolt, encouraged patriotic
named after heroes of freedom struggle such as Indians to look forward with confidence.
“Gandhi Battalion, Nehru battalion, Subhash e) The young conspirators derived inspiration from the
battalion, azad battalion, Rani Laxmi bai battalion Bhagvad Gita as well as from the lives of Mazzini,
(female battalion led by Capt. Laxmi Sehgal). Garibaldi (Italy) and Russian methods of revolutionary
activities.
 SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE AND INA
 1941 he escaped from house arrest  CRITIQUE ON REVOLUTIONARIES/
 He traveled extensively from Afghanistan to Russia,
MILITANTS
Germany to Italy and finally landed up at Tokyo and
met Tojo the Japanese PM, who promised all help a) They lacked mass base, despite remarkable
 1943:- became commander of INA at Singapore & heroism displayed by the revolutionaries,
established an interim government organized themselves in small secret societies
 He gave some slogans like b) Initially, they had only anger and revenge in their
a) “Jai Hind” along with Aabid ali. Both are given mind
credit for this slogan c) They used religious and cultural symbols to unite
b) Give me blood and I will give you freedom and mobilize the youth
c) Delhi chalo  CHRONOLOGY OF REVOLUTIONARY
 His interim govt was called “Aarzi hakumat Azad
ACTIVITIES, THE FIRST PHASE
hind”
 The Japanese to win confidence of INA, handed over A. MAHARASHTRA
Andaman and Nicobar islands , which were a) Chapekar brothers (Damodar and Balkrishna) killed
renamed as “Shaheed Dweep and swaraj Dweep” Rand, the plague commissioner at Poona on 22
respectively. June, 1897 because he forced house to house
 April 1944:- one battalion of INA led by captain search (recall some harsh measures during the
period of Pandemic 2020-21and recall your angers
“Shah Nawaz Khan” with the help of Japanese
and frustrations)
attacked India through Burma and entered
b) Shyamji Krishna Verma set up on 18 Feb, 1905
Manipur, captured many posts and seized imphal, India Home Rule Society in London to work for
but two factors led to their defeat Indian’s freedom
a) sudden withdrawal by Japanese from India c) Madan Lal Dhingra shot dead Col. William Curzon
b) bad weather Wyllie at India House, London on 01July, 1909
 1945:- INA Trial also known as “Red fort Trial” d) Jackson, District Magistrate of Nasik was shot dead
a) Captain shah Nawaz Khan on 21 Dec. 1909
b) Capt Prem kumar Sehgal B. BENGAL & DELHI
c) Captain Gurbaksh singh Dhillion a) Agitation against partition of Bengal stirred
 This was time of Hindu-muslims riots and demand political consciousness at an unprecedented pitch
of separate state for muslims during the early 20th century.
 Their case was defended by a team of layers led by b) Violent activities and robberies erupted in
Bhula Bhai desai (leader of lawyers team), other different parts of Bengal during 1906-07.
layers were Asaf ali, Sir Tej Bahadur , Kailash c) Muzaffarpur (Bihar) bomb case on 30 April, 1908
Bahadur Katju and J,L Nehru by Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Kumar Chaki, when
…………8th class ended, 9th started…….. they attempted to kill controversial magistrate,
 SUMMARY OF REVOLUTIONARIES PHASE Kingsford, but two English women were killed
d) Public prosecutor was shot dead in Calcutta in
 THE RISE OF REVOLUTIONARIES/MILITANTS February 1909
a) Revolutionary terrorism was one of the ways of e) Deputy Superintendent of police, Calcutta was
expressing patriotism and anger. The moderates had killed on 24 February, 1909
failed to achieve much with their constitutional
f) Bomb thrown at Lord Harding on 23 December
agitation. 1912 at Chandni Chowk by revolutionaries led by

Rash Bihari Bose D. OUTCOME / CONSEQUENCE /
C. GHADAR (REVOLT) MOVEMENT, 1913 SIGNIFICANCE OF REVOLUTIONARIES /
a) Lala Har Dyal went to U.S.A. in January 1911 and
founded the Ghadar party, on June 2, 1913, in MILITANT NATIONALIST IN HISTORY
San Francisco (USA) for preparing for India’s OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE OF INDIA
liberation. a. Revolutionaries or militant nationalist both in
b) Since November 1913, the weekly Ghadar (Urdu India and abroad played a significant role in
and Punjabi languages) began to be published for
history of freedom struggle of India. Their
spreading revolutionary ideas. The name Ghadar
contributions of late have been acknowledged by
reminded the people of the great patriotic
rebellion of 1857. both historians and common people.
c) Har Dayal, fearing trial and imprisonment in U.S.A. b. Their supreme sacrifices, courage and conviction
went to Germany jumping the bail he was granted became a source of inspiration for millions of the
after being arrested in the U.S.A. under British Indians to become patriotic , active in national
instigation. movement both directly & indirectly.
D. AREAS OF WORK c. Their activities were not only confined to taking
To expose the true nature of British rule in India such as revenge and indulging in a violent act But many of
the drain of wealth, low expenditure on health and high on them like members of HSRA also raised the issues
arms the destruction of Indian industries, the divide and of workers, peasants and communal politics.
rule policy etc. This was to be done by Katcha Chittha (crux) Which gave a new dimension to freedom struggle.
which appeared in the newspapers daily d. They also helped in strengthening the communal
a) Poems were written, which was marked by their harmony with their actions , slogans , songs and
secular tone and revolutionary zeal
issues which they took up. They themselves came
b) The newspaper evoked unprecedented response
from diverse socio-cultural background which
and in a very brief time changed the image of the
Punjabi immigrants from a loyal soldier to a rebel. became natural for them to think beyond their
c) At the outbreak of the 1st World War (1914- own religion, caste or any other ethnic identity.
1918) they decided to set the opportunity and e. Their continuous action based activities were
organised an armed revolt by going down to India serious concern for both the governments and
and win over the Indian soldiers. Many leaders mainstream political leaders , who had to act in
persuaded Indians living in Japan, Singapore, China response and reaction to the activities of
and Hong Kong to join the rebels at home. revolutionaries
d) These Ghadarites were closely monitored and
 Note:- any conflict related to caste, class, religion,
watched by the British. The response for an
language is not of either of these , but in fact is a
armed revolt among the Punjabis was very poor.
conflict of control off resources, power, opportunity
e) The plan leaked out and the movement was
E. IMPACT
crushed ruthlessly.
1. SIMON COMMISSION:-
a) Although the movement failed, it was in the realm of  Simon Commission, group appointed in November
ideology that it was the greatest success. This huge 1927 by the British Conservative government
propaganda effort motivated and educated an entire under Stanley Baldwin to report on the working
generation of workers and immigrants. of the Indian constitution established by the
b) Another marked feature was its democratic and Government of India Act of 1919 and to suggest
egalitarian control further reforms in the system of administration
c) Hardayal’s work led to the creation of a truly  Original name is “Indian Statutory commission”
international outlook among the Ghadar  In 1927 the british govt appointed “Indian
revolutionaries. Statutory commission” with 7 members to be
F. WEAKNESSES headed by Sir John Simon, therefore popularly
a) Underestimated the extent and amount of preparation called “Simon commission”.
at every level – organizational, strategic, tactical,  The objectives of simon commission were
financial – that was necessary for an armed revolt
a) To review the workings of the Government of
b) Underestimated the strength of British in India both
India Act of 1919 and
their armed and organizational might
c) Failed to generate an effective and sustained b) To suggest constitutional reforms (for future)
leadership that was capable of integrating the various  Members arrived in early 1928 (February), the
aspects of the movement Indian protested , displayed black flags and
d) Nonexistent organizational structure – It was sustained chanted slogans like “Simon Go Back”
more by the enthusiasm of the militants than by their  Indian were protesting because “no Indian was
effective organization. involved” in the commission, which became an
…………8th class ended, 9th started…….. “All white commission”

 In different parts of the country members have to members went.
travel and meet the stakeholders (could be  Many took innovative ways to protest, like
English, Indians) and the protesters chased them protester chased, chanted slogans against the
on their roots by train or by road and even waited commission members from Poona to Lonavla on
several hours at railway platform to protest & road when the members were in train
burn English Clothes infront of the members  In Lahore, Lajpat Rai led a mammoth procession
 In one such protest at Lahore , lala lajpat Rai was of demonstration against the commission. He was
injured and later he died . his death was revenged given several Lathi blows by the police as a result
by group of revolutionaries (Lahore conspiracy of which, he died after few days.
case)  Police oppression angered the people and this
 Simon Commission,its objective and the protests further alienated the people from colonial rule.
 Objectives  NOTE:-
1. Under section 84 of the Government of India Act,  Indian council, Act =1909
1919 a Statutory Commission was to be appointed  GOI Act= 1919
at the expiration of 10 years after the passing of  Next ACT supposed to be passed in 1929
the act for the purposes of:  So 1927 British appointed commission
a. To enquire the workings of the Government  1928 feb they sent members to India
b. To suggest the ways and means for the  1929:- supposed to pass, but happened a great
development of representative institutions in depression (The Great Depression was the worst
economic downturn in the history of the industrialized
India
world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. It began after
2. Therefore, Indian Statutory Commission was the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent
appointed in 1927, with seven members, headed Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of
by Sir John Simon. investors.)
3. Indians opposed and boycotted the Commission
because no Indian was included in the 2. NEHRU COMMITTEE REPORT
Commission and it was termed by Indians as “All  It is Moti-lal Nehru committee (note, not J.L Nehru)
White Commission”  After 1922, the demands of Swaraj were raised from
 Recommendations of Simon Commission: various quarters
 Dyarchy should be scrapped and the wide field of  Lord Birkenhead :- (Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st
provincial administration must be entrusted to Earl of Birkenhead) Secretary of State for India:
minister responsible to the Legislature 1924–28. From 1924 to 1928 Birkenhead served
 A unitary type of Government was considered as Secretary of State for India.
unsuitable for India  He challenged Indians to make a draft constitution
 Franchise should be extended, and the Legislature
which was acceptable to all Indians .
 he said “whatever you say true about India , the
should be enlarged
opposite is always true”.
 A strong and stable government at the centre was
Note:- never ever be stereotype and never ever do
considered essential. The method of periodical
generalize especially about India. Means if there is
parliamentary inquiry should be abandoned, and
poverty like African countries in India , there is
the new constitution should be so elastically opposite also true means there are some areas in India
framed as to enable it to develop by itself. as rich as USA and many more.
 The power of the Indian Council was to be limited.  At the Madras Congress Session (1927) and All
 Central legislature was to be enlarged and elected Parties Meet of 1928 it was decided to appoint a
by the provincial councils. sub-committee, with Motilal Nehru as the
 Burma was to be separated from India and Sind President to frame a Constitution of India
from the Bombay Presidency.  Indian leadership of different political parties held
 Protest by Indians an all party meeting in Delhi in February 1928,
 When the commission members landed in than in Bombay & Lucknow.
Bombay on February 7, 1928, it was greeted with  At Lucknow, a “Sub-committee” was formed
a countrywide hartal. The boycott of the under the Chairmanship of “Moti-lal Nehru”.
commission was successful beyond all Others members were
expectations.  Motilal Nehru- President of the Sub-Committee
 Congress and all other parties opposed Simon  Tej Bahadur Sapru – Member, Liberal Party
Commission at every stage and in every form  Sir Ali Imam, and Suhaib Qureshi – Members,
 Hartals were observed in towns, and black flag Muslim League

 M.S. Aney and M.R. Jaykar – Members, Hindu
demonstrations took place countrywide. Slogans
Mahasabha
of “Simon Go back” was chanted wherever the
 Mangal Singh- Member, Sikh League by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired
 N.M. Joshi- Member, Labour group by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting
 G.P. Paradhan – Member, Non- Brahmin as a secretary. There were nine other members in this
 Subhash Chandra Bose- Member, Congress committee. The final report was signed by Motilal
 Jawaharlal Nehru- Member, Constitution Making Nehru and Jawaharlal Nehru, Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur
Committee Sapru, Madhav Shrihari Aney, Mangal Singh, Shuaib
 The Nehru report was approved by the All-Parties Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and G. R. Pradhan
Conference in August 1928, at Lucknow. In august
1928, they presented the report & recommended 3. JINNAH’S DEMAND 1929:-
the followings  The Muslim league meeting at Delhi (28 March 1929)
 Dominion status should be given to India (on the lines rejected the Nehru Report and Mohammad Ali Jinnah
of self-governing dominions) (Governor-general could presented “fourteen points programme”
be English, crown could be English, Parliament should  In response to Nehru committee report, muslim league
be of Indians) led by Md. Ali. Jinnah presented 14 points program ,
 Secular state :- disassociation of the state from religion out of which 5 demands or programs were most
in any form important which were the basis of muslim league
 Fundamental rights like “freedom of speech & thought, politics , till 1940. These were as follows
freedom of movements, freedom of occupation” 1) Separate electorate should continue till universal
(today under Art-19) should be given to Indians adult suffrage was introduced
 Universal adult suffrage should be provided 2) Seats should be reserved to minorities in
 Declaration of Rights, including equal rights for women, proportion to their population
rd
universal adult suffrage, and right to form unions 3) 1/3 elected seats of “central legislative assembly”
 Joint Electorate for both Central and Provincial should be reserved for muslims
Legislature . Separate electorates should end. 4) The provinces should have more subjects and
 Seats should be reserved for minorities { Seats should Union shall have limited subjects
be reserved for Muslims at the centre and provinces 5) If a bill was opposed to majority members of
where they were in minority but not in those areas minority community which may be against their
where they had a numerical majority} cultural interest, such bills shall not be passed (also
 Cultural rights of the minorities should be protected part of luck now pact)
(today Art29,30)  ALL 14 ARE AS FOLLOWING
 Parliamentary form of government should be
1) Provincial Autonomy should be provided
established:
2) Federal Constitution with residual powers to the
a. Indian Parliament should consist of two houses-
The House of Representatives (Lower House), with provinces
total 500 members, to be elected through 3) All legislatures and elected bodies to have
universal adult suffrage for 5 years and The Senate adequate representation of Muslims in every
(Upper House), with 200 members, to be elected province without reducing a majority of Muslims
by the members of provincial councils for 7 years to a minority or equality
b. The Central Government was to be headed by 4) No constitutional amendment by the Centre
Governor-General, appointed by the British, but without the concurrence of the states constituting
paid out of Indian revenues, who would act on the the Indian federation
advice of Executive Council, responsible to the
5) Adequate representation to Muslims in the
Parliament
services and in self-governing bodies
c. Provincial Councils, to be elected on the basis of
adult suffrage, with a tenure of 5 years. 6) One third Muslim representation in the Central
d. The Provincial Government to be headed by a Legislative Assembly
Governor, acting on the advice of Executive 7) In any cabinet at the centre or in the provinces,
Council one third members should be Muslims
 Allocation of Subjects between the Union and the 8) Separate Electorate, in Muslim majority provinces,
Provinces and residuary power should be with the should continue till adult franchise is introduced
Centre. 9) Any territorial redistribution should not affect the
 Redistribution of provincial boundaries on linguistic Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP
basis
10) No bill or resolution in any legislature to be
 Independence of Judiciary with Supreme Court as its
passed if three- fourth members of a minority
head

community consider such a bill or resolution to be
 The Nehru Report of 10 August 1928 (approved on 28
against their interest.
August) was a memorandum to appeal for a
new dominion status and a federal set-up of
11) Sindh should be separated from Bombay
government for the constitution of India. It also 12) Constitutional reform should take place in
proposed for the Joint Electorates with reservation of Baluchistan and NWFP
seats for minorities in the legislatures. It was prepared 13) Protection of Muslim rights in religion, culture,

education and language
14) Full religious freedom to all communities TOPIC CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
 MUSLIM LEAGUE'S REACTION TO THE MOVEMENT 1930-31:-
NEHRU REPORT 1. CAUSES / CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING
 With few exceptions League leaders rejected the Nehru
proposals. In reaction Mohammad Ali Jinnah drafted TO THE OUTBREAK OF C.D.M
his Fourteen Points in 1929 which became the core  During the period of great depression(1929-33),
demands the Muslim community put forward as the an unrest developed among the wider section of
price of their participating in an independent united Indians due to poverty caused by unemployment,
India. Their main objections were: because of closer of Industries .
 Separate electorates and weightage — the 1916  Most Indians had to face several hardships due to
Congress-Muslim League agreement Lucknow shortage of goods or price rise of some
Pact provided these to the Muslim community whereas commodities, high rate of taxation, atrocities by
they were rejected by the Nehru Report.
the authorities , police etc
 Residuary powers — the Muslims realized that while
 In this situation of unrest, & chaos , Gandhi wrote
they would be a majority in the provinces of the North-
East and North-West of India, and hence would control a letter to Lord Irwin (viceroy & gov-gen 1926-31)
their provincial legislatures, they would always be a and presented 11 points demands , few of them
minority at the Centre. Thus they demanded, contrary were as follows
to the Nehru Report, that residuary powers go to the a) Salt law should be changed, tax on salt should
provinces. be removed, Indians should be allowed to
 According to Mohammad Ali Jinnah, “The Committee manufacture salt
has adopted a narrow minded policy to ruin the b) To reduce and revenue or tax
political future of the Muslims. I regret to declare that c) To protect Indian Industries
the report is extremely ambiguous and does not
d) To return the confiscated properties to its
deserve to be implemented.”
owner
 ASSESSMENT OF NEHRU REPORT e) To inquire against police atrocities
f) To strengthen Indian Rupee against pound
& JINNAH DEMANDS:- sterling
 Nehru committee report in many ways became g) To ban liquor
historic because  When these demands met with cold response (no
a) It raised the demand of several fundamental response) , congress leaders authorised Gandhi to
rights, which later on were incorporated into start a mass movement as and when Gandhi
Indian constitution decides
b) It divided congress leaders once again, the young
leaders like J.L Nehru & SC Bose were unhappy 2. MAJOR EVENTS / COURSE OF THE
with the demand of dominion status as they were MOVEMENT:-
in favor of “Purana swaraj”
 12th March 1930:- Gandhi started the famous
c) Jinnah’s 14 points program , especially 5 major
“Dandi March with 78 people from Sabarmati for
demands further created rift b/w congress and
Dandi (Navsari District)
muslim league & they started drifting away from
 After travelling a distance of 240miles (378km),
each other which proved dangerous in later years
they reached Dandi with thousands of people on
 PURNA SWARAJ RESOLUTION 1929 6th April 1930. {6th April is important as on this day
 The annual session of congress was held at Lahore Gandhi’s all India Strike after Rowlatt satayagraha,
, presided by J.L Nehru for first time, in which to evoke the similar kind of emotions as it
purna swaraj resolution was adopted and passed happened in 1919}
 31st dec 1929:- they hoisted “Tricolor flag” on the  After reaching dandi they picked the salt and
bank of river Ravi broke the law. Soon the movement spread across
 26th January 1930, they celebrated independence coastal India, people particularly peasants and
day , since than 26th January became historic and women would make salt to protest against salt
emotional day for Indians law.
 The Indian National Congress, on 19 December  In other parts of the country English goods,
1929, passed the historic 'Purna Swaraj' – (total services, and institutions were boycotted
independence) resolution – at its Lahore session.  In NWFP (north west frontier province), Khan
A public declaration was made on 26 January Abdul Ghaffar Khan (frontier Gandhi), started
1930 – a day which the Congress Party urged famous “Red shirt movement” , which is Red Shirt
Indians to celebrate as 'Independence Day' movement, with his volunteers, by name of
Khudai Khitmatgar (Persian: “Servants of God”), capitalists, so they were also contributing in
in support of the Indian National Congress Indian national movement.
 In different parts of India people responded
4. GANDHI IRWIN PACT & CONTROVERSY
differently to protest against the Govt.
 What were in the pact
….......9th class ended,10th started……….. th
 5 march 1931, Gandhi and lord Irwin (1926-31)
met in Delhi (Viceroy House = first occupant of
3. CHIEF CHARACTERISTIC / SALIENT viceroy house was Irwin ) and agreed on the
FEATURES OF THE MOVEMENT:- following points
 Note:- don’t right events in salient features  Gandhi agreed to suspend the CDM
a) CDM was a mass movement spread in coastal  Govt agreed to release all political prisoners
areas , especially successful more among women  Govt agreed to change salt law and People
and peasants. living in coastal areas were allowed to
b) The movement was more successful in those manufacture salt for self-consumption.
areas where Gandhian peaceful constructive  Peaceful protest against liquor was permitted
grounds had been implemented successfully (like  Gandhi agreed to participate in second round
anti-liquor programs, village development table conference
programs etc)  Govt agreed to return confiscated property to
 (conclusion from this is that people’s spirit was its owner if it was not given to a 3rd party (if it
very active so CDM also was successful in these is not auctioned, or sold out)
areas as people were in agitation before so they  What was the controversy related to this
continued in CDM also (very important point) pact
 Gandhi knew this human weakness that people 
must be in continuous agitation & must be  Analysis of the pact
continuous remain active, otherwise their spirit  There was a compromise from both the sides
would have gone lost.  Gandhi accepted some of the terms of the govt,
 Therefore, since Champaran, Gandhi activated and the govt accepted some of the demands of
ordinary Indians into constructive socio- the Gandhi showed “political maturity” from both
economic issues and people started coming in the sides.
political issues also. (for this Gandhi raised women  Gandhi was the first Indian , who was invited by
issues, workers issues, students issues) the Govt for one to one talk, it itself
 Gandhi also engaged them mentally along with demonstrates that govt had accepted Gandhi as
physically into issues. National leader.(rather than Jinnah & Nehru)
c) CDM was also famous for utmost discipline,  It shows flexibility from Gandhi’s Side that he
courage & sense of sacrifice demonstrated by accepted some of the contentious demands of
committed satayagrahis of Gandhi especially at the govt to prepare for next stage of the struggle
Dharasana salt factory in Gujarat {very important {as Gandhi’s believed we have got something now
example of peace and discipline for an agitation prepare to get more means freedom }
for interview and any other platform = note it as  The death sentence given to Bhagat singh and
this is resistance and resilience} other revolutionary was also raised by Gandhi at
d) Hindu-muslim unity was not as stronger as was least three times on different times to change it
seen earlier. {it was an event} because into life imprisonment but the govt declined ,
 Muslim populations were mostly in urban Gandhi cannot be blamed for Bhagat singh’s
India whereas CDM was more successful in execution because
rural areas  Revolutionary like Bhagat singh was working
 After 1928,the relationship b/w congress and against the principle of Gandhian satyagraha
muslim league had became cold.  Yet Gandhi tried his level best to save his life
e) The industrialists and the nationalists helped each because he appreciated their intentions and
other’s cause during CDM. The industrialists like love for the country , didn’t appreciate their
G.D.Birla, J.L Bajaj were close associates of actions or means
congress and Mahatma Gandhi. (J.L. Bajaj was  On March 12, 1930, Indian independence leader
also called as 5th son of Gandhi). Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march to the
 Note:- Nationalist, industrialists , and sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his
capitalists had come together because of each boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British
other’s cause rule in India. Britain's Salt Acts prohibited Indians
 However, they all were Indians so they also from collecting or selling salt, a staple in the
were nationalists as being industrialists , and
Indian diet j) Doing away with the services of the C.I.D
 civil disobedience, also called passive k) Freedom to keep firearms
resistance, the refusal to obey the demands or 3. On March 2, 1930, Gandhi wrote a letter to the
commands of a government or occupying power, Viceroy wherein he declared the British rule to be
without resorting to violence or active measures a curse which had to be combated by civil
of opposition; its usual purpose is to force disobedience. The Viceroy refused to accept the
concessions from the government or occupying demands put forward by Gandhi and regretted
power the contemplated recourse to Satyagraha because
 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT there would be a violation of law.
1. The period of 1930-34 during the course of 4. Gandhi and the Congress decided to start a
freedom struggle, timing of Salt Satyagraha and nationwide civil disobedience by breaking the salt
Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) should be law with his select band of 78 followers. Gandhi
viewed in the backdrop of accumulated Indian marched on 12 March, 1930, from Sabarmati
grievances and unfulfilled expectations. These, Ashram in Ahmedabad to Dandi on the Sea-coast.
along with the following events coalesced to Gandhi prepared salt out of seawater on April 6
propel the struggle during this phase: and a nation-wide ‘breaking of the salt law’
a) Appointment of Simon Commission started.
b) Nehru Report of 1928 5. Why Salt?
c) Economic Depression of 1929-32 which affected a) The Congress Working Committee gave Gandhi
Indian industry, commerce and labour market the responsibility for organising the first act of
d) Cotton prices crashed in world market affecting civil disobedience, Gandhi’s plan was to begin civil
Indian cotton exports disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the
e) Large scale labour strikes in Bombay, Calcutta, British salt tax.
and Jamshedpur during 1928-29. b) The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on
f) Arrest of labour leaders and trial of Meerut the collection and manufacture of salt, limiting its
Conspiracy Case in 1929. handling to government salt depots and levying a
g) Youth unrest in India. Formation of youth salt tax. Violation of the Salt Act was a criminal
organizations all over India. offence. Even though salt was freely available to
h) Rise of revolutionary activities. those living on the coast (by evaporation of sea
i) Arrest of Bhagat Singh and comrades and Lahore water), Indians were forced to purchase it from
Conspiracy Case. the colonial government.
j) Death due to hunger strike in jail of political c) Initially, Gandhi’s choice of the salt tax was met
prisoners like Jatin Das in September 1929 with incredulity by the Working Committee of the
k) Poorna Swaraj Resolution, 1929 and Congress, Jawaharlal Nehru and Dibyalochan
Independence Day pledge on 26 January, 1930. Sahoo were ambivalent; Sardar Patel suggested a
Indians demanded- ‘inalienable right to be free’ land revenue boycott instead.
l) Denial of freedom of speech and association. d) The British establishment too was not disturbed
2. Although the resolution affirming ‘Complete by these plans of resistance against the salt tax.
Independence’ as the goal by the The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, himself did not take the
 Congress and moved by Gandhi himself, was threat of a salt protest seriously writing to
passed in 1929, Mahatma put forward before the London, he said “At present the prospect of a salt
Viceroy Lord Irwin, on 30 January 1930, his 11 campaign does not keep me awake at night.”
demands, which were as follows: e) Gandhi had sound reasons for his decision. The
a) Abolition of salt tax salt tax was a deeply symbolic choice, since salt
b) Total prohibition was used by nearly everyone in India. An item of
c) The rupee to be valued at 16 pence daily use could resonate more with all classes of
d) At least 50% reduction in land revenue citizens than an abstract demand for greater
e) Reduction of military expenditure to at least 50% political rights.
to begin with f) The salt tax represented 8.2% of the British Raj tax
f) Reduction of government expenditure and revenue, and hurt the poorest the most
salaries of government officials significantly.
g) Protective tariff on the foreign cloth g) Explaining his choice, Gandhi said, “Next to air and
h) Indian strips to discharge the duty of coastal water, salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of
transport life.”
i) Release of all political prisoners and elimination of h) Gandhi felt that this protest would popularize the
section 124A from the Indian Panel Code demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ in a way that was
meaningful to the common man. He also Karnataka (Sanikatta Salt Works), Andhra,
reasoned that it would build unity between Midnapore, Balasore, Puri and Cuttack.
Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that  FORMS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOV.
touched them equally. 1. Dandi March was organized to break the law by
6. The rapid spread of the movement left the boiling sea water to manufacture salt on 6 April,
Government with little choice but to demonstrate 1930.
the force that lay behind its benevolent facade. 2. Assam: A powerful agitation was organized
Pressure from officials, Governors and the military against the infamous ‘Cunningham circular’ which
establishment started building up, and, on 4 May, forced parents, guardians and students to furnish
the Viceroy finally ordered Gandhi’s arrest. assurances of good behaviour.
7. Gandhi’s announcement that he would now 3. Bengal: Reading seditious literature in public,
proceed to continue his defiance of the salt laws selling foreign clothes, picketing of shops selling
by leading a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works liquor.
certainly forced the Government’s hand, but its 4. Bihar : A campaign was organized for refusal to
timing of Gandhiji’s arrest was nevertheless ill- pay chowkidari tax (to zamindars) and a call was
conceived. It had neither the advantage of an given for resignation of chowkidars and influential
early strike, which would have at least prevented members of chowkidari panchayat who appointed
Gandhi from carefully building up the momentum these chowkidars. This campaign was particularly
of the movement, nor did it allow the successful in Monghyr, Saran and Bhagalpur. The
Government to reap the benefits of their policy of government retaliated with beatings, torture and
sitting it out. confiscation of property.
 DHARSANA SALT SATYAGRAHA 5. Central Province : Defiance of forest laws by
1. On May 21, with Sarojini Naidu and Imam Saheb, cutting timber.
Gandhi’s comrade of the South African struggle, at 6. Gujarat : Defiance of law by non-payment of land
the helm, and Gandhi’s son, Manilal, in front revenue.
ranks, a band of 2000 marched towards the police 7. Manipur and Nagaland : These areas took a brave
cordon that had sealed off the Dharasana salt part in the movement. At the young age of
works. thirteen, Rani Gaidinliu of Nagaland raised the
2. As they came close, the police rushed forward banner of revolt against foreign rule. She was
with their steel-tipped lathis and set upon the captured in 1932 and sentenced to life
non-resisting Satyagrahis till they fell down. The imprisonment.
injured would be carried away by their comrades 8. N.W.F.P: Defiance of government laws by non-
on make-shift stretchers and another column payment of taxes. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan’s
would take their place, be beaten to pulp, and educational and social reform works among the
carried away. Pathans had politicized them. Gaffar Khan, also
3. Column after column advanced in this way; after a called Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi, had
while, instead of walking up to the cordon the started the first Pushto political monthly
men would sit down and wait for the police blows. Pukhtoon and had organised a volunteer brigade
Not an arm was raised in defence, and by 11 a.m., ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’, popularly known as the
when the temperature in the shade was 116 ‘Red-Shirts’, who were pledged to the freedom
degrees Fahrenheit, the toll was already 320 struggle and non-violence.
injured and two dead. 9. United Provinces : A no-revenue campaign was
4. Webb Miller, the American journalist, whose organized; a call was given to zamindars to refuse
account of the Dharasana Satyagraha was to carry to pay revenue to the government. Under a no-
the flavour of Indian nationalism to many distant rent campaign, a call was given to tenants against
lands, and whose description of the resolute zamindars. Since most of the zamindars were
heroism of the Satyagrahis demonstrated loyalists, the campaign became virtually a no-rent
effectively that nonviolent resistance was no campaign. The activity picked up speed in October
meek affair, summed up his impressions in these 1930, especially in Agra and Rai Bareilly.
words: ‘In eighteen years of my reporting in 10. Congressmen resigned from the legislative
twenty countries, during which I have witnessed Assembly and Councils. Many civil servants and
innumerable civil disturbances, riots, street fights local officials tendered their resignations.
and rebellions, I have never witnessed such 11. Government’s Reactions:
harrowing scenes as at Dharasana.’ a) Half a dozen ordinances
5. This new form of Salt Satyagraha was eagerly b) Press gagged
adopted by people in Wadala (Bombay), c) Congress was declared an illegal organization
d) Large-scale arrest of congressmen a) Gandhi’s decision to suspend the civil
e) Police and military resorted to firing, Lathi disobedience movement as agreed under the
charges and beating of satyagrahis at several Gandhi-Irwin Pact was not a retreat, because
places Almost 75000 satyagrahis were put in mass movements are mostly short-lived;
jails. b) Capacity of the masses to make sacrifices, unlike
 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT AND that of the activists, is limited; and
c) There were signs of exhaustion after September
PEASANT MOVEMENTS 1930, especially among shopkeepers and
 During 1901 to 1930, the agriculture production
merchants, who had participated so
fell sharply. Growing taxation in a stagnant
enthusiastically.
economy compelled the people to protest. This
d) Gandhi’s motives in concluding a pact with the
was manifested during Civil Disobedience
Viceroy can be best understood in terms of his
Movement in the states of Bihar, Bengal, UP and
technique. The satyagraha movements were
Gujarat. The great depression of early 1930s
commonly described as ‘struggle-truce-struggle’.
added fuel to the fire.
Owing, however, to the common connotation of
a) United Provinces: A non-revenue campaign by
these words, they seemed to lay a
Zamindars against paying revenue to the
disproportionate emphasis on the negative aspect
b) government and a No-Rent Campaign by tenants
of the movements, namely, opposition and
against Zamindars.
conflict.
c) UP Kisan Sabha and Bihar Kisan Sabha actively
e) The object of satyagraha was, however, not to
participated in the movement
achieve the physical elimination or moral
d) Bihar: Anti-Chowkidari tax campaign was
breakdown of an adversary—but, through
launched
suffering at his hands, to initiate a psychological
e) Bengal: Anti-Chowkidari tax and anti-union board
process that could make it possible for minds and
tax campaigns were launched
hearts to meet. In such a struggle, a compromise
f) Gujarat: No-tax movement was organized for
with an opponent was neither heresy nor treason,
refusal to pay land revenue.
but a natural and necessary step. If it turned out
 GANDHI-IRWIN PACT (05TH MARCH, that the compromise was premature and the
1931) adversary was unrepentant, nothing prevented
1. Mediations were taking place between Lord Irwin the satyagrahi from returning to non-violent
and Gandhi. Gandhi and the other members of struggle.
Congress Working Committee were released on f) Peasants of Gujarat were disappointed because
25th January 1931. From February 17, their lands were not restored immediately
negotiations began between the Viceroy and the (indeed, were restored only during the rule of the
Congress and on March 5, 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Congress ministry in the province).
Pact was finally signed. g) But vast masses of people were jubilant that the
2. The terms of the Gandhi-Irwin pact were: government had to regard their movement as
a) The people living near sea-shores were to prepare significant and treat their leader as an equal, and
salt without paying any duty sign a pact with him. The political prisoners when
b) The confiscated property of participants in the released from jails, were given a hero’s welcome
Salt-Satyagraha was to be restored to them.  THE COMPARISON WITH NON-
c) All political prisoners were to be released except
those against whom there were criminal charges. COOPERATION MOVEMENT
d) All ordinances promulgated during the Satyagraha 1. The Congress was organizationally much stronger.
period were to be withdrawn. 2. The stated objective during the period of Civil
e) Peaceful protest against liquor and foreign goods Disobedience Movement was complete
was permitted. independence not swaraj and not just demands of
f) The government was to be liberal in reinstating correcting the wrongs of 1919-20.
those who had resigned from service. 3. The methods involved the violation of law (salt
g) The Congress agreed to suspend civil law) from the very beginning and not just non-
disobedience. Mahatma Gandhi agreed not to cooperation with foreign rule.
press his demand for an enquiry into police excess 4. There was a decline in forms of protests involving
during the satyagraha period. The Congress also the intelligentsia, such as lawyers giving up
agreed to suspend boycott. practice, students giving up government schools
3. A critique on Gandhi-Irwin Pact and Civil to join national schools and colleges.
Disobedience Movement: 5. No major labour upsurge coincided with the

movement. Premier, at the plenary session of the Conference
6. But the massive participation of peasants and was immensely dissatisfying because it contained
business groups compensated for decline of other no reference to the grant of Dominion Status to
features. India. There was no assurance for the
7. The number of those imprisoned was about three establishment of responsible government in the
times more this time. provinces and at the centre.
 THE KARACHI SESSION OF CONGRESS-1931 5. Moreover, there was no assurance regarding
1. The Congress adopted a resolution appreciating fundamental rights. The proposed constitutional
the courage and self sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, reforms as outlined by the British Prime Minister
Rajguru and Sukhdeva on March 29, 1931. in December 1931 totally reserved defence and
2. Congress, under the presidentship of Vallabhbhai military affairs for control by the British
Patel accepted the Gandhi-Irwin pact but it Parliament and the Viceroy. Gandhi could not
repeated its commitment to the complete agree to such proposals specially in the context of
independence ideal. Gandhi was chosen as the the Complete Independence resolution of 1929.
sole representative on behalf of the Congress at C. The Third Round Table Conference
the coming Second Round Table Conference.  The Third Round Table Conference was held from
 This Congress Session was also important because November 17 to December 24, 1932, but it
it accepted a resolution moved by Gandhi on the couldn’t make any progress towards swaraj.
fundamental rights of equality, freedom of However, the deliberations at the third round
speech, press, association and conscience. Total table conference formed the basis on which the
non-discrimination, the right to privacy of draft of the Government of India Act, 1935 was
dwelling apartment and the right to bear arms in prepared.
accordance with law, were to be guaranteed.
These fundamental rights contain also important CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT,
economic categories like a living wage for workers SECOND PHASE (1932-34)
and children and the right to form unions. 1. On December 28, 1931, Gandhi reached Bombay
 ROUND TABLE-CONFERENCES on his way back from London after attending
Second Round Table Conference. In a letter to
A. First Round Table Conference Viceroy, Lord Willingdon. he protested again the
1. Since 1921, the Congress leaders and the Swaraj
reign of oppression, in N.W. frontier province,
Party were unsuccessfully demanding the holding
Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
of a Round Table Conference to settle India’s
2. In the context of the veiled threat of the
political and constitutional problems. When the
resumption of civil disobedience, the Viceroy
fervour of nationalism rose high, the government
refused to meet Gandhi. On April 17, 1931 Lord
did agree to hold the Round Table Conferences.
Willingdon who had earlier been the Governor of
2. The First Round Table Conference met from
Bombay and Madras had been chosen the
12.11.1930 to 19.01.1931 but it could not achieve
successor of Lord Irwin.
any significant success because Congress did not
participate. 3. With the failure of the Second Round Table
Conference, a tougher policy was being persuaded
B. Second Round Table Conference by the government. In the United Provinces,
1. Gandhi attended the Second Round Table leaders who were persuading the peasants for
Conference along with Madan Mohan Malaviya, non-payment of taxes were arrested.
Sarojini Naidu and B.R. Ambedkar, but no agreed 4. 4. Even Gandhi was not spared, and on January 4,
solution could be reached on the communal and 1932, he and Vallabhbhai Patel were arrested.
national problems. Soon oppression was let loose on the political
2. Gandhi was in favour of unicameralism. He prisoners lodged in different parts of the country.
pleaded that fundamental rights should be The government took the offensive in 1932.
guaranteed in the constitution and there should However the movement continued to linger untill
be judicial remedies for their enforcement. He early April 1934 when the inevitable decision to
also demanded full control over the army and withdraw it was taken by Gandhi at Patna.
foreign affairs.
3. Gandhi was all the time insistent on getting the  MCDONALD AWARD & POONA
substance of Swaraj. Once this fundamental goal
was realized the details could be settled
PACT 1932:-
 British prime minister James Ramsay MacDonald
subsequently.
announced that depressed class is a minority
4. The declaration of Ramsay Macdonald, the British
 They would get separate electorate like other Depressed Classes. But the seats reserved for the
minorities Depressed Classes were increased from 71 to 147
 Congress party opposed McDonald award in provincial legislatures and 18 percent of the
because it was based on divide & rule principle total in the central legislature.
and Mahatma gandi who was in Yarawada jail b) Election to seats shall be by joint electorates
(Yerwada jail) (poone = originally it was Agha khan subject, however, to the following procedure: All
palace) decided to go on fast onto death (lasted members of the Depressed Classes registered in
21 days) against MCdonald or communal award the general electoral roll of a constituency will
which had shocked him deeply form an electoral college which will elect a panel
 Gandhi was shocked because he believed and of four candidates belonging to the Depressed
believed it rightly that this would institutionalize Classes for each of such reserved seats by the
untouchability. method of the single vote and four persons
 Gandhi ji was of the fear of that it will getting the highest number of votes in such
institutionalize the untouchability in India forever. primary elections shall be the candidates for
That is main reason he went on fast. election by the general electorate.
 B.R Ambedkar rushed to poona and met hindu
leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya and congress TOPIC:-THE GoI ACT 1935:-
leaders like Mahatma Gandhi , they all agreed on A. BACKGROUND OF GOI 1935
the following points 1. The report of simon commission, Nehru
 There would be no separate electorate for committee report , discussions of three round
depressed class table conferences (RTCs 193031, 1931, 1932)
 The number of the seats would be increased helped in the making of draft of GoI Bill 1935.
from 71 to 147 in all the provinces (at that 2. The political activities in India and England both
time 9 provinces) but through reservation. through Gandhian and revolutionaries methods
 COMMUNAL AWARD had compelled the govt to bring some more
 Ramsay MacDonald, the British Premier, issued reforms, in this background the GoI Act 1935 was
the Communal Award in August, 1932. The passed.
award: B. PROVISION OF GOI ACT 1935
a) Declared Depressed Classes a minority 1. Autonomy would be given to provinces under
b) Gave separate electorate to the Depressed which:-
Classes, as was given earlier to Muslims, Sikhs and a) Each province would have elected legislative
Anglo-Indians council which would make laws on the
 The Congress Working Committee (CWC) declared subjects given in provincial list
that it would neither accept nor reject the award. b) Each province would have an elected govt to
Though, Congress strongly disagreed with the be headed by a Chief Minister.
communal award. 2. A federal court would be established at Delhi,
 Gandhi’s Response : Gandhi, in Yeraveda (Poona) which would :-
jail at the time, reacted very strongly. He saw the a) Resolve the disputes b/w union & provinces
award as an attack on Indian unity and b) Resolve the disputes b/w province and
nationalism, harmful to both Hinduism and the province/s
Depressed Classes. He believed declaring 3. Diarchy would end from provinces
Depressed Classes as a minority and giving them 4. Diarchy would be introduced at center {but this
separate electorate would institutionalize was never implemented}
untouchability. 5. An all India federation would be formed consisting
 Gandhi demanded that the representations of the of british India and princely States {but this was
depressed classes should be elected by the also not implemented}
general electorate. He went on fast unto death on 6. Odisha would be separated from Bihar
20 September, 1932 to enforce the demand. 7. Sind would be separated from Bombay (11
 Poona Pact: The Poona Pact refers to an province)
agreement between Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar 8. Burma would be separated from British India
and Mahatma Gandhi signed on 24 September,
1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune. The Poona
C. CRITICAL EVALUATION/SIGNIFICANCE
Pact was accepted by the government as an 1. GoI Act 1935 was most comprehensive Act first
amendment to the Communal Award. under crown’s rule, which gave a detailed
a) The Pact abandoned separate electorates for the description of rule of business of GoI i.e. the
jurisdiction of each official of the department.
2. The federal structure of India has its roots from 2) Federal Assembly (lower house), as also provided
GoI Act 1935 Government of India Act, 1919.
3. The Supreme court of Independent India a) Council of States was to be a permanent body with
developed from the federal court of GoI Act with one-third of its membership being vacated and
renewed every three years. It was to have 156 directly
adequate changes
elected members from the Indians States, to be
4. Despite all these progressive provisions, GoI Act
nominated by the princely state’s ruler.
1935 disappointed Indian Nationalists because b) Federal Assembly’s duration was for five years and was
a) Autonomy given to provinces was limited, to consist of 250 representatives of British India and up
Governor enjoys many discretionary powers. to 125 members were to be elected indirectly by the
b) Gov-general also enjoys many discretionary members of the provincial Legislative Assemblies on
powers which reduce the role and power of the system of proportional representation with the
elected legislature single transferable vote. The members from the states
c) Although the size of electorate was increased were to be nominated by the rulers of the Princely
to 12-13% yet majority Indians didn’t have states. Defence and foreign affairs would remain
right to cast their vote. outside the control of the federal legislature.
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935  CRITICISM

 The British Parliament passed the Government of India a) A unique feature of this system was that for the upper
Act in August 1935. The Act was based on the house the election Was to be direct while for the lower
recommendation and discussion of the following: house it was to be indirect unlike modern Indian
a) The Report of Simon Commission Parliamentary system.
b) The Report of the All Parties Conference (Nehru b) Some sensitive subjects were excluded from the
Committee Report). purview, and jurisdiction of Federal and provincial
c) The discussions of the three Round Table legislatures, like Royal family, British sovereignty.
Conferences. Armed forces, etc. On some other subjects, sanction of
d) The White Paper (March 1933). Governor-General was required to introduce a bill in
e) The Joint Select Committee report. the house.
f) The Lothian Report which determined the 3. ALL INDIA FEDERATION
electoral provisions of the Act.  An All India federation would be formed comprising
 The British Government was always worried about British India and princely states. For British India, it was
mass movement in India, especially due to post world compulsory to join the federation whereas for Princely
war events in India. Although they succeeded in states it was voluntary, which could come into effect
suppressing all those movements, yet they wanted to only after 50 percent of the princes had formally
weaken the nationalist movement through divide and acceded to it.
rule policy. They were aware that many in Congress 4. PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE WITH AUTONOMY
party and other political parties would support  The provinces were to be administered by a council of
`Constitutional reforms and limited political package to ministers headed by the Prime minister and appointed
Indians, but many, mostly radicals, would oppose it. by the Governor from elected members of the
The Government of India Act, 1935 should be seen in provincial legislature. The Governor enjoyed some
this perspective too. 'real' power. For the provinces like Central Provinces
 PROVISIONS 1. and Sindh, he had special responsibilities in which he
was not bound to seek the advice of Council of
1. FEDERAL EXECUTIVE ministers. He could, by a proclamation, take the entire
 Diarchy was removed from the provinces and government of the provinces into his hands (for six
brought at centre. External affairs, Defence, months) if he was satisfied that the government of the
administration of tribal areas were given to province could not be carried on in accordance with
Governor-General and Counsellors (not more than the normal provisions of the Act.
three), appointed by the Governor-General. The 5. PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES
other federal (central) subjects would be  The member of the Provincial Legislative Assembly
administered by the Governor-General and were to be directly elected by the people. Bi-cameral
Council of Ministers (not more than ten) chosen Legislature- Legislative Council and Legislative
by him, and to be responsible to the Federal Assembly, were introduced in six provinces-Madras,
Bombay, Bengal, U.P, Bihar and Assam. Some of the
Legislature. On certain matters, like peace and
members of the Legislative Council were nominated by
security of India, the Governor-General had
the Governor. The distribution of seats for various
'special responsibilities, and had full freedom to Legislative Assemblies was as follow:
accept or to reject the advice of the minister. 1) Bengal=250
2. FEDERAL LEGISLATURE 2) United Provinces = 228
 The Federal Legislature was to have two houses: 3) Madras= 215
1) Council of States (upper house) and 4) Bombay =175

5) Punjab= 175 were on a restricted franchise, they were a big
6) Bihar =192 improvement as compared to earlier elections
7) Central Provinces =112 conducted by the British Raj that had been extremely
8) Orissa = 60 restricted.
9) Sind = 60 6. The results were in favour of the Indian National
10) NWFP= 50 Congress. Of the total of 1,585 seats, it won 707
 The provision of separate electorate continues. For (44.6%). Among the 864 seats assigned “general”
depressed class, certain seats were reserved in the constituencies, it contested 739 and won 617. Of the
general constituency, as agreed at Poona (See the box 125 non-general constituencies contested by
on p. 8.16-Poona Pact). It was claimed by the Congress, 59 were reserved for Muslims and in those
government that maximum autonomy was granted to the Congress won 25 seats, 15 of them in the entirely-
the provinces, but in reality the Governor, centre’s Muslim North-West Frontier Province.
nominee, retained special powers. He could veto 7. The All-India Muslim League won 106 seats (6.7% of
legislative and administrative measures concerning the the total), placing it as the second-ranking party. The
issues of only other party to win more than 5 percent of the
a) The minorities assembly seats was the Unionist Party (Punjab), with
b) The rights of civil servants 101 seats.
c) Law and order  MADRAS PRESIDENCY
d) British business interests
 In Madras, the Congress won 74% of all seats, eclipsing
 The Governor also had the power to take over and run
the incumbent Justice Party (21 seats).
the administration of a province indefinitely.
6. FEDERAL COURT  SINDH
 The Sind Legislative Assembly had 60 members. The
 Federal court at centre which had both original and
Sind United Party emerged the leader with 22 seats,
appellate powers, besides power to interpret the
and the Congress secured 8 seats. Mohammad Ali
constitution, but the final court of appeal was Privy
Jinnah had tried to set up a League Parliamentary
Council in London.
Board in Sindh in 1936, but he failed, though 72% of
7. SECRETARY OF STATE the population was Muslim. Though 34 seats were
 Secretary of State (in England) was given advisers, who reserved for Muslims, the Muslim League could secure
might or might not be consulted. Indian council was none of them.
abolished because of much agitation in India. With the  UNITED PROVINCES
Act, the government hoped to divide the nationalists
 The UP legislature consisted of a Legislative Council of
and weaken the nationalist movement. To some
52 elected and 6 or 8 nominated members and a
extend , they succeeded too, which became evident at
Legislative Assembly of 228 elected members: some
the time of formation of ministries (1937).
from exclusive Muslim constituencies, some from
Nevertheless, the Act also inspired the members of
“General” constituencies, and some “Special”
Constituent Assembly (1946-49) to frame the
constituencies. The Congress won a clear majority in
Constitution of free India.
the United Provinces, with 133 seats, while the Muslim
 THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES League won only 27 out of the 64 seats reserved for
1. Provincial elections were held in British India in the Muslims.
winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of  ASSAM
India Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces  In Assam, the Congress won 33 seats out of a total of
2. Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United 108 making it the single largest party, though it was not
Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, in a position to form a ministry. The Governor called
Punjab and Sindh. upon Sir Muhammad Sadulla, ex-Judicial Member of
3. The final results of the elections were declared in Assam and Leader of the Assam Valley Muslim Party to
February 1937. The Indian National Congress formed form the ministry. The Congress was a part of the
government in eight provinces - the three exceptions ruling coalition.
being Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The All-India Muslim
League and Hindu Mahasabha failed to form  BOMBAY
government in any province.  In Bombay, the Congress fell just short of gaining half
4. The Congress ministries resigned in October 1939, in the seats. However, it was able to draw on the support
protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow’s action of of some small pro-Congress groups to form a working
declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World majority. B.G. Kher became the first Chief Minister of
War without consulting the Indian people. Bombay.
5. The 1937 election was the first in which large masses of  OTHER PROVINCES
Indians were eligible to participate. An estimated 30.1 1. In three additional provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar,
million persons, including 4.25 million women, had and Orissa, the Congress won clear majorities. In the
acquired the right to vote (12% of the total overwhelmingly Muslim North-West Frontier Province,
population), and 15.5 million of these, including Congress won 19 out of 50 seats and was able, with
917,000 women, participated to exercise their minor party support, to form a ministry.
franchise. Nehru admitted that while the elections 2. The Unionist Party under Sikander Hyat Khan formed
the government in Punjab with 67 out of 175 seats. The Mumbai. Although he was successful with the
Congress won 18 seats and the Akali Dal, 10. In Bengal, students, other professors objected to his sharing a
though the Congress was the largest party (with 54 drinking-water jug with them.
seats), The Krishak Praja Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq (with 7. Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the South
36 seats) was able to form a coalition government. Borough Committee, which was preparing the
 RESIGNATION OF MINISTRIES Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing,
1. Viceroy Linlithgow declared India at war with Germany Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and
on 3 September, 1939. The Congress objected strongly reservations for untouchables and other religious
to the declaration of war without prior consultation communities.
with Indians. The Congress Working Committee 8. In 1920, he bagan the publication of the weekly
suggested that it would cooperate if there were a Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the
central Indian national government formed, and a help of Shahu IV of Kolhapur.
commitment made to India’s independence after the 9. While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried
war. to promote education to untouchables and uplift them.
2. The Muslim League promised its support to the British, His first organised attempt was his establishment of
with Jinnah calling on Muslims to help the Raj by Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, which intended to promote
“honourable co-operation” at the “critical and difficult education and socioeconomic upliftment, as well as the
juncture,” while asking the Viceroy for increased welfare of “outcastes”,
protection for Muslims. 10. For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many
3. The government did not come up with any satisfactory periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and
response. The Viceroy Linlithgow could only offer to Equality Janta.
form a ‘consultative committee’ for advisory functions. 11. By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch active
Thus, Linlithgow refused the demands of the Congress. movements against untouchability. He began with
On 22 October 1939, all Congress ministries were public movements and marches to open up public
called upon to tender their resignations.” drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for
the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha
4. 4. Both the Viceroy Linlithgow and Muhammad Ali
in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable
Jinnah were pleased with the resignations. On 2
community to draw water from the main water tank of
December 1939, Jinnah put out an appeal, calling for
the town.
Indian Muslims to celebrate 22 December 1939 as a
12. In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly
“Day of Deliverance” from Congress.
condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti
….......10th class ended,11th started……….. (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste
discrimination and “untouchability”, and he
BHIMRAO RAMJI AMBEDKAR (14 ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25
APRIL 1891 - 06 DECEMBER 1956) December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn
1. Popularly known as Baba Saheb, was an Indian jurist, copies of Manusmrti. Thus annually 25 December is
economist, politician and social reformer who inspired celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti
the Dalit- Buddhist Movement and campaigned against Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.
social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), 13. In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple
while also supporting the rights of women and labour. Movement after three months of preparation. About
2. He was Independent India’s first law minister and one 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple
of the architects of the Constitution of India. He was satyagraha making one of the greatest processions of
also Chairman of Draft Committee of Indian Nashik. The procession was headed by a military band,
Constitution. a batch of scouts, women and men walked in
3. Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning doctorates in discipline, order and determination to see the god for
economics from both Columbia University and the the first time. When they reached to the gate, the
London School of Economics, and gained a reputation gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.
as a scholar for his research in law, economics and 14. In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the
political science. In his early career he was an Government Law College, Bombay, a position he held
economist, professor, and lawyer. for two years. He also served as the chairman of
4. His later life was marked by his political activities; he Governing body of Ramjas College, University of Delhi,
became involved in campaigning and negotiations for after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.
India’s independence, publishing journals, advocating 15. In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour
political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay election to
contributing significantly to the establishment of the the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved
State of India. and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats
5. Ambedkar was educated by the Maharaja of the State respectively.
of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed 16. In his work ‘Who Were the Shudras?’, Ambedkar tried
Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw
short time. Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in
6. In 1918, he became professor of Political Economy in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system, as a separate
the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in from Untouchables.
17. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political
party into the Scheduled Castes Federation, although it
performed poorly in the 1946 elections for Constituent
Assembly of India. Later he was elected into the
constituent assembly from Bengal where Muslim
League was in power.
18. On 29 August 1947, he was appointed as the Chairman
of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was
appointed by the Assembly to write India’s new
Constitution.
19. Just before one and half months of his death, he
converted along with four lakh people (approximately)
to Buddhism in revolt against Hinduism and Caste
System.

(MT) Modern History by MD Tarique (MT)

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NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022

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PREDECESSORS OF INC felt a need of all India political organization

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 In early 1919 , (January), the controversial Rowlatt st

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INDIA COUNCIL ACT, 1919 B. MAJOR PROVISIONS

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 Hartals were observed in towns, and black flag Muslim League

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 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935  CRITICISM

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