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7. Social philosophy as the study of human and o these are set of norms in society in accord to
their relation to society moral principles that supposed to determine
8. Ethics as the science of the morality of about the kind of actions people believe are
human acts morally and deter them from doing what is
considered as wrong Moral standards,
IMPERATIVES OF ETHICS
– Emerita Quito (2008) o Therefore, are those laws or commands that
1. Human Freedom allow specifies actions to be committed or
2. Existence of God those that disallow actions contrary to these
3. Immortality of the Soul norms.
o Moral standards are precepts to follow based
Ethics on mores or traditional norms and practices
From Greek word <ethos= or <ethikos=– that allow actions as good in specific time
character and place. Hence, failure to submit to these
Rule/s principles, one may be subjected to an
It is an instruction that tell what we are appropriate sanction.
allowed to do and not to do
Ethical Standards
Why rule/s is important? o are principles that when followed, promote
1. It organize relationship between individuals. values such as honesty, patience, respect,
2. Rules make it clear on what is right to do/follow and kindness. However, there is not one set
in a society and what re wrong to refrain from. of these standards that is imposed to every
3. It provides opportunity to achieve personal and setting/sector.
societal goals/
4. It regulates various social institution to fulfill Ethical principles
their integral roles for the common welfare. Truthfulness/Honesty – among the basic
principle of natural moral law
Moral Loyalty – the willing, practical, and
From Latin word <mos= – custom thoroughgoing devotion of a person to a
Refers to social, cultural and religious cause
beliefs/values practiced overtime by Respect – <respect for person=
individual/group to do what is right and Fairness – equity, respect, justice and
refrain from doing what is wrong stewardship of the shared world
Integrity – imposes an obligation on all
individuals to be straightforward and honest
in all professional and business relationship.
Moral Standard
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CHAPTER 3 - Moral agent and CULTURE majority culture. They have distinct norms and
values which make them sub-section of society.
Moral Agent 4. Popular Culture – it borrows the idea from high
➢ <Being who is capable of acting with culture and popularizes it, making it available for the
reference to right and wrong.= masses; a product of the media dominated world; it
➢ expected to meet the demands of morality is a positive force for it brings people of different
(choosing between good and evil) backgrounds together in a common culture.
➢ must also be capable of conforming to at 5. Multiculturalism – it is depicted to be very similar
least some of the demands of morality. to cultural diversity, other definitions align
➢ should have the capacity to rise above their multiculturalism with different ethnic groups living
feelings and passions and act for the sake of alongside each other.
the moral law. 6. Global Culture – A global culture is a key feature
➢ someone who is capable of doing things of globalization, they emerged due to patterns of
rightly or wrongly. migration, trends in international travel and the
➢ a person who has the ability to discern right spread of the media, exposing people to the same
from wrong and to be held accountable for images of the same dominant world companies.
his or her own actions.
➢ have a moral responsibility not to cause IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE
unjustified harm 1. Culture affects perceptions.
➢ those who can be held responsible for their 2. Culture influences behavior.
actions. 3. Culture shapes personalities.
4. Our culture shapes our value and belief systems.
Culture
➢ It is an aggregate of beliefs, attitudes etc. Moral behaviors
which can be viewed as a <blessing= and a ➢ are what one believes to be the right things to
preserver of values, heritage, arts and good do.
behavior. ➢ For example, following your society9s (or
➢ It can also be a <baggage= when we other social group9s) rules of good behavior
consider that it transmits some irrational and where honesty is highly valued, telling the
out-of-date attitudes included in it as truth is important.
custom.
➢ It changes with time. Role of Culture in Moral Behavior
➢ play a significant pseudo role within shaping
TYPES OF CULTURE moral behavior and extends even further to
1. High Culture – is linked with the elite, upper class social norms.
society, those families and individuals with an ➢ influences human behavior at any given
ascribed status position. It is often associated with the society9s belief system, laws, mores,
arts such as opera, ballet and classical music, and practices, language and attitudinal variables
sports such as polo. which make a people unique from others
2. Cultural Diversity – is a concept relating to (Victor, 2017).
culturally embedded differences within society, it9s ➢ has a great impact in the development of the
the fact that different cultures exist alongside each human person in varied ways; may it be in
other. physical, knowledge, thought, relationship,
3. Subculture – culture enjoyed by a small group religious or moral development.
within society. In this sense it is a minority part of ➢ to mold and establish a social identity that
brings people as well to provide the
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knowledge of common objectives which ➢ holds that ethical systems are subjective, it
members would try to achieve claims that none is better or worse than
➢ the principle that surrounds the moral another, that any system that claims to be true
development of the people that may not or absolute is evil, it falls ironic for it still
always promote what is good and just for all maintains a distinct moral principle leading to
the possibility of truth in ethics.
Cultural relativism
➢ is the principle of regarding the beliefs, Moral relativism can be understood in the
values, and practices of a culture from the following ways:
viewpoint of that culture itself. Factor as a. Descriptive moral relativism/cultural relativism -
diverse geography is the primary shaper of says that moral standards are culturally defined,
one9s culture. which is generally true.
➢ It is an affirmation that holds that societies b. Meta-ethical moral relativism - there are no
are dissimilar in their moral standards, their objective grounds for preferring the moral values of
laws and culture protocols. one culture over another.
c. Normative moral relativism - idea that all societies
Ethical relativism should accept each other9s differing moral values,
➢ is the theory that holds that morality is given that there are no universal moral principles.
relative to the norms of one9s culture. That
is, whether an action is right or wrong CHAPTER 4 - ASIAN MORAL CHARACTER
depends on the moral norms of the society in
which it is practiced. Buddhism Character
➢ It denies the existence of one universal moral ➢ Buddhism shapes character in Southeast Asia
law. It supports the idea that cultures of as Christianity does in Europe.
society are dissimilar in astronomical ways ➢ Theravada Buddhism encourages its
they accept, it follows that there is not one practitioners to keep their emotions and
correct set of precepts everyone should adopt. passions in check and stresses karma over
determination, which often means people are
Moral relativism more willing to accept their lot in life and is
➢ is the view that moral judgments are true or sometimes viewed by Westerners as a lack of
false only relative to some standpoint (for ambition or unwillingness to work hard to
instance, that of a culture or a historical improve their positions in life.
period) and that no standpoint is uniquely
privileged over all others Buddhism Five Basic Moral Prohibitions
➢ There is no universal or absolute set of moral 1) refrain for taking life.
principles. 2) don9t steal.
➢ It is an ethical judgment which claims that no 3) avoid illicit sexual activity.
ethical system is better than another (Jeff 4) don9t speak falsely; and
Landauer and Joseph Rowlands, 2001) 5) refrain from consuming inebriating substances.
➢ Believes that values are subjective
➢ Believes there is no objective morality; that Confucian Character: Five Cardinal Virtues:
there is no such thing as right or wrong, good 1) benevolence in terms of sympathy for others (jen).
or evil. 2) duty reflected in the shame felt after doing
➢ Believes the denial of truth in ethical something wrong (yi).
questions 3) manners, propriety and feelings of deference (li).
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