Hypothesis and Test-Statistics

MARLYN
Learner’s Module D. LUCAS and Probability
in Statistics
Quarter 4 ● Module 2 ● Week 2

Developer

Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

1
 What I Need To Know
Hello there! Welcome back to the world of Statistics and
Probability! In this self-learning module, you shall be primarily formulating
the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population mean and
identify the appropriate form of the test statistic given a data.
This module shall specifically guide you, our dear learners, to
acquire the following skills or competencies:
1. formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a
population mean; and
2. identify the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a) the
population variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population
variance is assumed to be unknown; and (c) the Central Limit
Theorem is to be used.

What I Know
Answer the following multiple-choice questions to get an overview of the
concepts that we shall be studying in this module. Write the letter before
the number.
1. It is an intelligent guess about the characteristic of a population.
a. mean b. proportion c. hypothesis d. test statistic
2. Which distribution applies if , population mean ( ) is known
and population standard deviation ( ) is unknown?
a. x-distribution c. s-distribution
b. z-distribution d. t-distribution
3. Which of the following test statistic is appropriate to use when the
sample data is less than 30?

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. A null hypothesis is denoted by .
b. In alternative hypothesis, the observations are the result of real
effect plus chance variations.
c. The null hypothesis is the hypothesis of effect.
2
 d.Alternative hypothesis is the theory that researchers believe not to
be true and aims to prove it.
5. Suppose we are interested in the average performance of a group
of students in English test. Specifically, we are interested in deciding
whether or not the mean performance of the students is say for
example, equal to 85. Which of the following represents the null
hypothesis of the given situation?
a.
b.
c. The mean score in English of the students is greater than 85.
d. The mean score of students in English is not 85.
6. From the situation in number 5, which of the following is the
alternative hypothesis?
a.
b.
The mean score in English of the students is greater than 85.
c.
d. The mean score of students in English is not 85.
7. Calculate the test statistic given the following data: , ,
, .
a. 0.606 c. 0.766
b. 0.706 d. 0.607
For numbers 8 – 10, refer to the situation below:
The body mass index is calculated by dividing a person’s weight by
the square of his/her height. That is, body mass index equals
weight/(height)2. This measure determines whether a person is
overweight or not. Suppose that a person is overweight if his/her
body mass index is above 24 kg/m 2 and a random sample of 20
individuals from a certain place have the following body mass
indices:
24.2 33.1 24.2 29.9 30.4 32.8 17.5
23.1 28.7 24.2 27.8 29.4 19.6 28.5
28.2 25.7 22.0 29.0 35.9 18.5
8. What is the mean body mass index of the random sample of 20
individuals and its standard deviation?
a. 26.64 and 4.96 c. 26.54 and 4.96
b. 25.54 and 4.97 d. 26.55 and 4.97
9. What distribution will be used in calculating the given situation?
a. x-distribution c. s-distribution
3
 b. z-distribution d. t-distribution
10. What is the calculated test statistic of the given situation?
a. 5.38 b. 4.38 c. 3.38 d. 2.38

What’s In

Many of the important decisions we have to make involves a choice

between alternatives. Even such an insignificant act as crossing a street
with oncoming cars, one decides whether to cross the street or wait until
the cars have passed. Here, different decisions are reached depending
on the assumption that works with, that is, the cars will either slow down
or they will not. Assumptions such as these are referred to as
hypothesis. Any assumption or assertion made on the distribution of a
population which is either true or false is called statistical hypothesis. A
statistical procedure in determining which hypothesis is more acceptable
as true or which hypothesis is more likely to be false is known as
hypothesis testing.

What’s New

What is your preferred distance learning

modality?
Suppose your school principal wants to know the preferred distance
learning modality of learners this time of pandemic so that the matter will
be brought for school policy formulation. How will he decide? What
evidence does the principal need in order to be credible?

4
 The given activity primarily gave us steps where we get a random
sample from the population, collect data from the sample, and use this
sample data to make decision. In coming up with decisions, we initially
have hypothesis in mind which is subject to test. Hypothesis, as you
have learned earlier, is a statement about the target population. Null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis are the types of hypothesis. In the
given activity, suppose that the principal claims that the preferred
distance learning modality of learners is modular (printed). The claim of
the principal can either be true or false which is then subject to
hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population based on the characteristics of a
sample. The decision is whether the characteristics is acceptable or not.
Between the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, it is usually the
null hypothesis that is subject to the rigor of a statistical test.
Going back to the activity, is the principal correct in claiming that the
preferred distance learning modality of learners is modular (printed)?
Let’s figure it out!
5
 What Is It

LESSON 1: FORMULATING NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Writing null and alternative hypothesis is a simple task. Given a
particular hypothesis, if you come up with a positive statement that says a
relationship exists or a difference exists between the groups, you have an
alternative hypothesis. If the statement such that a relationship does not
exist or there is no difference, you have a null hypothesis.
The null hypothesis(H0 ) is usually observations which are result
purely of chance or the hypothesis of no effect.
The alternative hypothesis ( Ha ) is that there is a real effect, or that
the observations are the result of this real effect plus chance variations.

Example 1: A researcher wants to determine whether male students

experience the same levels of test anxiety with male students.
Null hypothesis:
There is no difference in the test anxiety between male and female
students.
In symbol,
Alternative hypothesis:
a) There is difference in the test anxiety between male and female
students. (two-tailed test)
In symbol,
b) The test anxiety of male students is higher than the female
students. (one-tailed test, right tail)
In symbol,
c) The test anxiety of male students is lower than the female
students. (one-tailed test, left tail)
In symbol,
Example 2: A teacher thinks that using modules will enhance the
performance of students in Statistics. In the past, the average
grade of students was 80.
Null hypothesis:
6
 The average performance of students in Statistics will not be
enhanced, so it could be the same or even lower.
In symbol,
Alternative hypothesis:
The average performance of students in Statistics will increase.
The performance will be enhanced.
In symbol,
LESSON 2: SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE TEST STATISTICS
Given a statistical hypothesis, there is a specific and appropriate test
statistics for it. A test statistic is used in a hypothesis test when you are
deciding to support or reject the null hypothesis. The test statistic takes
your data from an experiment or survey and compares your results to the
results you would expect from the null hypothesis.
Testing population means
In testing the mean of a single population, the following cases are to
consider:

7
8
 The selection of the statistical test depends on the manner in which
the sample was drawn from the population, the nature of the population
and the level of measurement used in the collection of data. Once the test
statistic is chosen, then the sampling distribution is determined so that the
probability statements about the occurrence or non-occurrence of its
values can be obtained which you will discover in your next module.

What’s More

Answer what is being asked in each item.

1. A classroom teacher hypothesizes that using lecture method in
teaching specific lesson is the same as teaching it using
demonstration method in terms of students’ learning. This means
that students who were taught using the lecture method would
perform similarly (say on a test) than those were taught using
demonstration method. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
in sentence and in symbol.
2. According to NSCB statistics, the life expectancy of Filipino women
is 70.1 years. Suppose a random sample of 30 women in town B
yields a mean of 72.5 years with a population variance of 4.76 years,
would you say that the life expectancy of the women in town B is
greater than the average?
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis in sentence and
in symbol
b. Determine what test statistic to use
c. Compute the test statistic
3. Medical literature tells us that our blood is mainly composed of red
and white corpuscles and a normal human body must average
of white blood cell counts. If a sample of 15 individuals
chosen at random from a certain place has an average of
with a standard deviation of , would you say that the people
in that place have low white blood cell counts?
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis in sentence and
in symbol
b. Determine what test statistic to use
c. Compute the test statistic
9
 What I Have Learned

Complete the following sentences to summarize the concepts we have

tackled in this module.

1. A ____________________ is basically a statement about the target

population.
2. A _______________________ is an assertion or conjecture
concerning one or more population. Two forms of which is
_______________________ and _________________________.
3. A ____________________________ is used in a hypothesis test
when you are deciding to support or reject the null hypothesis.
4. The test statistic to use when the case is and population
mean ( ) and population variance ( ) are known is
________________________________.

5. The formula for test statistics is used when

____________________ .

What I Can Do

In the activity under What’s New, you were tasked to gather data
concerning the preferred distance learning modality of your classmates.
Suppose in your calculation you have surveyed 33 of your classmates
where the average mean of learners preferring modular (print) as their
preferred distance learning modality this time of pandemic is 3.42 with
population variance of 1.13. According to the school’s data, the average
preference of learners who prefer modular (print) is 2.91. Is the principal
correct in claiming that modular (print) is the preferred distance learning
modality of learners this time of pandemic?
Task:
1. Write the null and alternative hypothesis in words and in symbol.
10
2. Determine what test statistic to use.
3. Calculate the test statistic value.

Assessment

Answer the following multiple-choice questions to get an overview of the

concepts that we shall be studying in this module.
1. Which of the following is the test statistic to use when the sample
data is less than 30?

2. Which distribution applies if , population mean ( ) is known and

population standard deviation ( ) is unknown.
a. x-distribution c. z-distribution
b. s-distribution d. t-distribution
3. It is an intelligent guess about the characteristics of a population.
a. mean b. proportion c. hypothesis d. test statistic
4. Suppose we are interested in the average performance of a group
of students in English test. Specifically, we are interested in deciding
whether or not the mean performance of the students is say for
example, equal to 85. Which of the following represents the null
hypothesis of the given situation?
a.
b.
c. The mean score in English of the students is greater than 85.
d. The mean score of students in English is not 85.
5. From the situation in number 4, which of the following is the
alternative hypothesis?
a.
b.
c. The mean score in English of the students is greater than 85.
d. The mean score of students in English is not 85.
6. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. A null hypothesis is denoted by .

11
 b. In alternative hypothesis, the observations are the result of real
effect plus chance variations.
c. The null hypothesis is the hypothesis of effect.
d. Alternative hypothesis is the theory that researchers believe not to
be true and aims to prove it.
7. Calculate the test statistic given the following data: , ,
, .
a. 0.606 c. 0.766
b. 0.706 d. 0.607
For 8 – 10 items, refer to the situation below:
The body mass index is calculated by dividing a person’s weight by
the square of his/her height. That is, body mass index equals weight/
. This measure determines whether a person is overweight or
not. Suppose that a person is overweight if his/her body mass index
is above 24 kg/ and a random sample of 20 individuals from a
certain place have the following body mass indices:
24.2 33.1 24.2 29.9 30.4 32.8 17.5
23.1 28.7 24.2 27.8 29.4 19.6 28.5
28.2 25.7 22.0 29.0 35.9 18.5
8. What is the mean body mass index of the random sample of 20
individuals and its standard deviation?
a. 26.64 and 4.96 c. 26.54 and 4.96
b. 25.54 and 4.97 d. 26.55 and 4.97
9. What distribution will be used in calculating the given situation?
a. x-distribution c. s-distribution
b. z-distribution d. t-distribution
10. What is the calculated test statistic of the given situation?
a. 5.38 c. 3.38
b. 4.38 d. 2.38

Additional Activity
Try answering the following:
12
1. Use the internet to collect data worth investigating this time of
pandemic (mean age of NCOV19 positive cases in the different
regions, average recoveries of NCOV 19 per province, mean
percentage of number of NCOV positive per day in the inter world).
Formulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis of your data at
hand.
2. Mathematical Journal. Answer the question: Is hypothesis testing an
efficient way of solving problems? Explain your answer in not more than
10 sentence. Provide real life experience of your own.

ANSWER KEY

REFERENCES
Belecina, R.; Baccay, E.; & Mateo, E. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store
Dela Rosa, E. (2021). Statistics 2. Central Luzon State University Module

13
Lubrica, M. B. (2012). Stat 202: Statistics for the Social Sciences. Benguet State University Module
Mamhot, M. R. and Mamhot, A. A. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
StatisticsHowTo. (2021). Test Statistic: What is it? Types of Test Statistic. Retrieved from
https://www.statisticshowto.com/test-statistic/

14